Suppliant Maidens and Other Plays

AEschylus

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  • INTRODUCTION
  • THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS
  • THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS
  • THE PERSIANS
  • THE SEVEN AGAINST THEBES
  • PROMETHEUS BOUND
  • Produced by Ted Garvin, Robert Prince, Charles Franks
    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team

    FOUR PLAYS OF AESCHYLUS

    THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS
    THE PERSIANS
    THE SEVEN AGAINST THEBES
    THE PROMETHEUS BOUND

    TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH VERSE BY E.D.A. MORSHEAD, MA.

    INTRODUCTION

    The surviving dramas of Aeschylus are seven in number, though he is believed to have written nearly a hundred during his life of sixty-nine years, from 525 B.C. to 456 B.C. That he fought at Marathon in 490, and at Salamis in 480 B.C. is a strongly accredited tradition, rendered almost certain by the vivid references to both battles in his play of The Persians, which was produced in 472. But his earliest extant play was, probably, not The Persians but The Suppliant Maidens—a mythical drama, the fame of which has been largely eclipsed by the historic interest of The Persians, and is undoubtedly the least known and least regarded of the seven. Its topic—the flight of the daughters of Danaus from Egypt to Argos, in order to escape from a forced bridal with their first-cousins, the sons of Aegyptus—is legendary, and the lyric element predominates in the play as a whole. We must keep ourselves reminded that the ancient Athenian custom of presenting dramas in Trilogies- —that is, in three consecutive plays dealing with different stages of one legend—was probably not uniform: it survives, for us, in one instance only, viz. the Orestean Trilogy, comprising the Agamemnon, the Libation-Bearers, and the Eumenides, or Furies. This Trilogy is the masterpiece of the Aeschylean Drama: the four remaining plays of the poet, which are translated in this volume, are all fragments of lost Trilogies—that is to say, the plays are complete as poems, but in regard to the poet's larger design they are fragments; they once had predecessors, or sequels, of which only a few words, or lines, or short paragraphs, survive. It is not certain, but seems probable, that the earliest of these single completed plays is The Suppliant Maidens, and on that supposition it has been placed first in the present volume. The maidens, accompanied by their father Danaes, have fled from Egypt and arrived at Argos, to take sanctuary there and to avoid capture by their pursuing kinsmen and suitors. In the course of the play, the pursuers' ship arrives to reclaim the maidens for a forced wedlock in Egypt. The action of the drama turns on the attitude of the king and people of Argos, in view of this intended abduction. The king puts the question to the popular vote, and the demand of the suitors is unanimously rejected: the play closes with thanks and gratitude on the part of the fugitives, who, in lyrical strains of quiet beauty, seem to refer the whole question of their marriage to the subsequent decision of the gods, and, in particular, of Aphrodite.

    Of the second portion of the Trilogy we can only speak conjecturally. There is a passage in the Prometheus Bound (ll. 860-69), in which we learn that the maidens were somehow reclaimed by the suitors, and that all, except one, slew their bridegrooms on the wedding night. There is a faint trace, among the Fragments of Aeschylus, of a play called Thalamopoioi,—i.e. The Preparers of the Chamber,—which may well have referred to this tragic scene. Its grim title will recall to all classical readers the magnificent, though terrible, version of the legend, in the final stanzas of the eleventh poem in the third book of Horace's Odes. The final play was probably called The Danaides, and described the acquittal of the brides through some intervention of Aphrodite: a fragment of it survives, in which the goddess appears to be pleading her special prerogative. The legends which commit the daughters of Danaus to an eternal penalty in Hades are, apparently, of later origin. Homer is silent on any such penalty; and Pindar, Aeschylus' contemporary, actually describes the once suppliant maidens as honourably enthroned ( Pyth. ix. 112: Nem. x. ll. 1-10). The Tartarean part of the story is, in fact, post-Aeschylean.

    The Suppliant Maidens is full of charm, though the text of the part which describes the arrival of the pursuers at Argos is full of uncertainties. It remains a fine, though archaic, poem, with this special claim on our interest, that it is, probably, the earliest extant poetic drama. We see in it the tendency to grandiose language, not yet fully developed as in the Prometheus: the inclination of youth to simplicity, and even platitude, in religious and general speculation: and yet we recognize, as in the germ, the profound theology of the Agamemnon, and a touch of the political vein which appears more fully in the Furies. If the precedence in time here ascribed to it is correct, the play is perhaps worth more recognition than it has received from the countrymen of Shakespeare.

    The Persians has been placed second in this volume, as the oldest play whose date is certainly known. It was brought out in 472 B.C., eight years after the sea-fight of Salamis which it commemorates, and five years before the Seven against Thebes (467 B.C.). It is thought to be the second play of a Trilogy, standing between the Phineus and the Glaucus. Phineus was a legendary seer, of the Argonautic era—“Tiresias and Phineus, prophets old”—and the play named after him may have contained a prophecy of the great conflict which is actually described in The Persae: the plot of the Glaucus is unknown. In any case, The Persians was produced before the eyes of a generation which had seen the struggles, West against East, at Marathon and Thermopylae, Salamis and Plataea. It is as though Shakespeare had commemorated, through the lips of a Spanish survivor, in the ears of old councillors of Philip the Second, the dispersal of the Armada.

    Against the piteous want of manliness on the part of the returning Xerxes, we may well set the grave and dignified patriotism of Atossa, the Queen-mother of the Persian kingdom; the loyalty, in spite of their bewilderment, of the aged men who form the Chorus; and, above all, the royal phantom of Darius, evoked from the shadowland by the libations of Atossa and by the appealing cries of the Chorus. The latter, indeed, hardly dare to address the kingly ghost: but Atossa bravely narrates to him the catastrophe, of which, in the lower world, Darius has known nothing, though he realizes that disaster, soon or late, is the lot of mortal power. As the tale is unrolled, a spirit of prophecy possesses him, and he foretells the coming slaughter of Plataea; then, with a last royal admonition that the defeated Xerxes shall, on his return, be received with all ceremony and observance, and with a characteristic warning to the aged men, that they must take such pleasures as they may, in their waning years, he returns to the shades. The play ends with the undignified reappearance of Xerxes, and a melancholy procession into the palace of Susa. It was, perhaps, inevitable that this close of the great drama should verge on the farcical, and that the poltroonery of Xerxes should, in a measure, obscure Aeschylus' generous portraiture of Atossa and Darius. But his magnificent picture of the battle of Salamis is unequalled in the poetic annals of naval war. No account of the flight of the Armada, no record of Lepanto or Trafalgar, can be justly set beside it. The Messenger might well, like Prospero, announce a tragedy by one line—

      Sit still, and hear the last of our sea-sorrow.

    Five years after The Persians, in 467 B. C., the play which we call the Seven against Thebes was presented at Athens. It bears now a title which Aeschylus can hardly have given to it for, though the scene of the drama overlooks the region where the city of Thebes afterwards came into being, yet, in the play itself, Thebes is never mentioned. The scene of action is the Cadmea, or Citadel of Cadmus, and we know that, in Aeschylus' lifetime, that citadel was no longer a mere fastness, but had so grown outwards and enlarged itself that a new name, Thebes, was applied to the collective city. (All this has been made abundantly clear by Dr. Verrall in his Introduction to the Seven against Thebes, to which every reader of the play itself will naturally and most profitably refer.) In the time of Aeschylus, Thebes was, of course, a notable city, his great contemporary Pindar was a citizen of it. But the Thebes of Aeschylus' date is one thing, the fortress represented in Aeschylus' play is quite another, and is never, by him, called Thebes. That the play received, and retains, the name, The Seven against Thebes, is believed to be due to two lines of Aristophanes in his Frogs (406 B.C.), where he describes Aeschylus' play as “the Seven against Thebes, a drama instinct with War, which any one who beheld must have yearned to be a warrior.” This is rather an excellent description of the play than the title of it, and could not be its Aeschylean name, for the very sufficient reason that Thebes is not mentioned in the play at all. Aeschylus, in fact, was poetizing an earlier legend of the fortress of Cadmus. This being premised, we may adopt, under protest as it were, the Aristophanic name which has accrued to the play. It is the third part of a Trilogy which might have been called, collectively, The House of Laius. Sophocles and Euripides give us their versions of the legend, which we may epitomize, without, however, affirming that they followed exactly the lines of Aeschylus Trilogy—they, for instance, speak freely of Thebes. Laius, King of Thebes, married Iokaste; he was warned by Apollo that if he had any children ruin would befall his house. But a child was born, and, to avoid the threatened catastrophe, without actually killing the child he exposed it on Mount Cithaeron, that it should die. Some herdsmen saved it and gave it over to the care of a neighbouring king and queen, who reared it. Later on, learning that there was a doubt of his parentage, this child, grown now to maturity, left his foster parents and went to Delphi to consult the oracle, and received a mysterious and terrible warning, that he was fated to slay his father and wed his mother. To avoid this horror, he resolved never to approach the home of his supposed parents. Meantime his real father, Laius, on his way to consult the god at Delphi, met his unknown son returning from that shrine—a quarrel fell out, and the younger man slew the elder. Followed by his evil destiny, he wandered on, and found the now kingless Thebes in the grasp of the Sphinx monster, over whom he triumphed, and was rewarded by the hand of Iokaste, his own mother! Not till four children—two sons and two daughters—had been born to them, was the secret of the lineage revealed. Iokaste slew herself in horror, and the wretched king tore out his eyes, that he might never again see the children of his awful union. The two sons quarrelled over the succession, then agreed on a compromise; then fell at variance again, and finally slew each other in single combat. These two sons, according to one tradition, were twins: but the more usual view is that the elder was called Eteocles, the younger, Polynices.

    To the point at which the internecine enmity between Eteocles and Polynices arose, we have had to follow Sophocles and Euripides, the first two parts of Aeschylus' Trilogy being lost. But the third part, as we have said, survives under the name given to it by Aristophanes, the Seven against Thebes: it opens with an exhortation by Eteocles to his Cadmeans that they should “quit them like men” against the onslaught of Polynices and his Argive allies: the Chorus is a bevy of scared Cadmean maidens, to whom the very sound of war and tramp of horsemen are new and terrific. It ends with the news of the death of the two princes, and the lamentations of their two sisters, Antigone and Ismene. The onslaught from without has been repulsed, but the male line of the house of Laius is extinct. The Cadmeans resolve that Eteocles shall be buried in honour, and Polynices flung to the dogs and birds. Against the latter sentence Antigone protests, and defies the decree: the Chorus, as is natural, are divided in their sentiments.

    It is interesting to note that, in combination with the Laius and the Oedipus, this play won the dramatic crown in 467 B.C. On the other hand, so excellent a judge as Mr. Gilbert Murray thinks that it is “perhaps among Aeschylus' plays the one that bears least the stamp of commanding genius.” Perhaps the daring, practically atheistic, character of Eteocles; the battle-fever that burns and thrills through the play; the pathetic terror of the Chorus—may have given it favour, in Athenian eyes, as the work of a poet who— though recently (468 B.C.) defeated in the dramatic contest by the young Sophocles—was yet present to tell, not by mere report, the tale of Marathon and Salamis. Or the preceding plays, the Laius and the Oedipus, may have been of such high merit as to make up for defects observable in the one that still survives. In any case, we can hardly err in accepting Dr. Verral's judgment that “the story of Aeschylus may be, and in the outlines probably is, the genuine epic legend of the Cadmean war.”

    There remains one Aeschylean play, the most famous—unless we except the Agamemnon—in extant Greek literature, the Prometheus Bound. That it was the first of a Trilogy, and that the second and third parts were called the Prometheus Freed, and Prometheus the Fire-Bearer, respectively, is accepted: but the date of its performance is unknown.

    The Prometheus Bound is conspicuous for its gigantic and strictly superhuman plot. The Agamemnon is human, though legendary the Prometheus presents to us the gods of Olympus in the days when mankind crept like emmets upon the earth or dwelt in caves, scorned by Zeus and the other powers of heaven, and—still aided by Prometheus the Titan—wholly without art or science, letters or handicrafts. For his benevolence towards oppressed mankind, Prometheus is condemned by Zeus to uncounted ages of pain and torment, shackled and impaled in a lonely cleft of a Scythian precipice. The play opens with this act of divine resentment enforced by the will of Zeus and by the handicraft of Hephaestus, who is aided by two demons, impersonating Strength and Violence. These agents if the ire of Zeus disappear after the first scene, the rest of the play represents Prometheus in the mighty solitude, but visited after a while by a Chorus of sea nymphs who, from the distant depths of ocean, have heard the clang of the demons' hammers, and arrive, in a winged car, from the submarine palace of their father Oceanus. To them Prometheus relates his penalty and its cause: viz., his over tenderness to the luckless race of mankind. Oceanus himself follows on a hippogriff, and counsels Prometheus to submit to Zeus. But the Titan who has handled the sea nymphs with all gentleness, receives the advice with scorn and contempt, and Oceanus retires. But the courage which he lacks his daughters possess to the full; they remain by Prometheus to the end, and share his fate, literally in the crack of doom. But before the end, the strange half human figure of Io, victim of the lust of Zeus and the jealousy of Hera, comes wandering by, and tells Prometheus of her wrongs. He, by his divine power, recounts to her not only the past but also the future of her wanderings. Then, in a fresh access of frenzy, she drifts away into the unknown world. Then Prometheus partly reveals to the sea maidens his secret, and the mysterious cause of Zeus' hatred against him—a cause which would avail to hurl the tyrant from his power. So deadly is this secret, that Zeus will, in the lapse of ages, be forced to reconcile himself with Prometheus, to escape dethronement. Finally, Hermes, the messenger of Zeus, appears with fresh threats, that he may extort the mystery from the Titan. But Prometheus is firm, defying both the tyrant and his envoy, though already the lightning is flashing, the thunder rolling, and sky and sea are mingling their fury. Hermes can say no more; the sea nymphs resolutely refuse to retire, and wait their doom. In this crash of the world, Prometheus flings his final defiance against Zeus, and amid the lightnings and shattered rocks that are overwhelming him and his companions, speaks his last word, “It is unjust!”

    Any spectacular representation of this finale must, it is clear, have roused intense sympathy with the Titan and the nymphs alike. If, however, the sequel-plays had survived to us, we might conceivably have found and realized another and less intolerable solution. The name Zeus, in Greek, like that of God, in English, comprises very diverse views of divine personality. The Zeus in the Prometheus has little but the name in common with the Zeus in the first chorus of the Agamemnon, or in The Suppliant Maidens (ll. 86-103): and parallel reflections will give us much food for thought. But, in any case, let us realize that the Prometheus is not a human play: with the possible exception of Io, every character in it is an immortal being. It is not as a vaunt, but as a fact, that Prometheus declares, as against Zeus (l. 1053), that “Me at least He shall never give to death.”

    A stupendous theological drama of which two-thirds has been lost has left an aching void, which now can never be filled, in our minds. No reader of poetry needs to be reminded of the glorious attempt of Shelley to work out a possible and worthy sequel to the Prometheus. Who will not echo the words of Mr. Gilbert Murray, when he says that “no piece of lost literature has been more ardently longed for than the Prometheus Freed”?

    But, at the end of a rather prolonged attempt to understand and translate the surviving tragedies of Aeschylus, one feels inclined to repeat the words used by a powerful critic about one of the greatest of modern poets—“For man, it is a weary way to God, but a wearier far to any demigod.” We shall not discover the full sequel of Aeschylus' mighty dramatic conception: we “know in part, and we prophesy in part.” The Introduction (pp. xvi.-xviii.) prefixed by Mr. A. O. Prickard to his edition of the Prometheus is full of persuasive grace, on this topic: to him, and to Dr. Verrall of Cambridge—lucida sidera of help and encouragement in the study of Aeschylus—the translator's thanks are due, and are gratefully and affectionately rendered.

           E. D. A. M.

    THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS

    DEDICATION

      Take thou this gift from out the grave of Time.
      The urns of Greece lie shattered, and the cup
      That for Athenian lips the Muses filled,
      And flowery crowns that on Athenian hair
      Hid the cicala, freedom's golden sign,
      Dust in the dust have fallen. Calmly sad,
      The marble dead upon Athenian tombs
      Speak from their eyes “Farewell”: and well have fared
      They and the saddened friends, whose clasping hands
      Win from the solemn stone eternity.
      Yea, well they fared unto the evening god,
      Passing beyond the limit of the world,
      Where face to face the son his mother saw,
      A living man a shadow, while she spake
      Words that Odysseus and that Homer heard,—
      I too, O child, I reached the common doom,
      The grave, the goal of fate, and passed away
    .
      —Such, Anticleia, as thy voice to him,
      Across the dim gray gulf of death and time
      Is that of Greece, a mother's to a child,—
      Mother of each whose dreams are grave and fair—
      Who sees the Naiad where the streams are bright
      And in the sunny ripple of the sea
      Cymodoce with floating golden hair:
      And in the whisper of the waving oak
      Hears still the Dryad's plaint, and, in the wind
      That sighs through moonlit woodlands, knows the horn
      Of Artemis, and silver shafts and bow.
      Therefore if still around this broken vase,
      Borne by rough hands, unworthy of their load,
      Far from Cephisus and the wandering rills,
      There cling a fragrance as of things once sweet,
      Of honey from Hymettus' desert hill,
      Take thou the gift and hold it close and dear;
      For gifts that die have living memories—
      Voices of unreturning days, that breathe
      The spirit of a day that never dies.

    ARGUMENT

    Io, the daughter of Inachus, King of Argos, was beloved of Zeus. But Hera was jealous of that love, and by her ill will was Io given over to frenzy, and her body took the semblance of a heifer: and Argus, a many-eyed herdsman, was set by Hera to watch Io whithersoever she strayed. Yet, in despite of Argus, did Zeus draw nigh unto her in the shape of a bull. And by the will of Zeus and the craft of Hermes was Argus slain. Then Io was driven over far lands and seas by her madness, and came at length to the land of Egypt. There was she restored to herself by a touch of the hand of Zeus, and bare a child called Epaphus. And from Epaphus sprang Libya, and from Libya, Belus; and from Belus, Aegyptus and Danaus. And the sons of Aegyptus willed to take the daughters of Danaus in marriage. But the maidens held such wedlock in horror, and fled with their father over the sea to Argos; and the king and citizens of Argos gave them shelter and protection from their pursuers.


    THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS

    DRAMATIS PERSONAE

      DANAUS, THE KING OF ARGOS, HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.
      Chorus of the Daughters of Danaus. Attendants.

      Scene. —A sacred precinct near the gates of Argos: statue and
      shrines of Zeus and other deities stand around
    .

    CHORUS

      ZEUS! Lord and guard of suppliant hands!
        Look down benign on us who crave
        Thine aid—whom winds and waters drave
      From where, through drifting shifting sands,
        Pours Nilus to the wave.
      From where the green land, god-possest,
      Closes and fronts the Syrian waste,
      We flee as exiles, yet unbanned
      By murder's sentence from our land;
      But—since Aegyptus had decreed
      His sons should wed his brother's seed,—
      Ourselves we tore from bonds abhorred,
      From wedlock not of heart but hand,
      Nor brooked to call a kinsman lord!
      And Danaus, our sire and guide,
      The king of counsel, pond'ring well
      The dice of fortune as they fell,
      Out of two griefs the kindlier chose,
      And bade us fly, with him beside,
      Heedless what winds or waves arose,
      And o'er the wide sea waters haste,
      Until to Argos' shore at last
        Our wandering pinnace came—
      Argos, the immemorial home
      Of her from whom we boast to come—
      Io, the ox-horned maiden, whom,
      After long wandering, woe, and scathe,
      Zeus with a touch, a mystic breath,
        Made mother of our name.
      Therefore, of all the lands of earth,
      On this most gladly step we forth,
      And in our hands aloft we bear—
      Sole weapon for a suppliant's wear—
      The olive-shoot, with wool enwound!
        City, and land, and waters wan
      Of Inachus, and gods most high,
      And ye who, deep beneath the ground,
      Bring vengeance weird on mortal man,
      Powers of the grave, on you we cry!
      And unto Zeus the Saviour, guard
      Of mortals' holy purity!
      Receive ye us—keep watch and ward
      Above the suppliant maiden band!
      Chaste be the heart of this your land
      Towards the weak! but, ere the throng,
      The wanton swarm, from Egypt sprung,
      Leap forth upon the silted shore,
      Thrust back their swift-rowed bark again,
      Repel them, urge them to the main!
      And there, 'mid storm and lightning's shine,
      And scudding drift and thunder's roar,
      Deep death be theirs, in stormy brine!
      Before they foully grasp and win
      Us, maiden-children of their kin,
      And climb the couch by law denied,
      And wrong each weak reluctant bride.
        And now on her I call,

      Mine ancestress, who far on Egypt's shore
          A young cow's semblance wore,—
      A maiden once, by Hera's malice changed!
          And then on him withal,
      Who, as amid the flowers the grazing creature
          ranged,
      Was in her by a breath of Zeus conceived;
          And, as the hour of birth drew nigh,
      By fate fulfilled, unto the light he came;
          And Epaphus for name,
      Born from the touch of Zeus, the child received.
          On him, on him I cry,
          And him for patron hold—
        While in this grassy vale I stand,
          Where lo roamed of old!
      And here, recounting all her toil and pain,
      Signs will I show to those who rule the land
     That I am child of hers; and all shall understand,
     Hearing the doubtful tale of the dim past made plain.
            And, ere the end shall be,
      Each man the truth of what I tell shall see.
            And if there dwell hard by
      One skilled to read from bird-notes augury,
     That man, when through his ears shall thrill our
          tearful wail,
      Shall deem he hears the voice, the plaintive tale
     Of her, the piteous spouse of Tereus, lord of guile—
     Whom the hawk harries yet, the mourning nightingale.
     She, from her happy home and fair streams scared
          away,
        Wails wild and sad for haunts beloved erewhile.
        Yea, and for Itylus—ah, well-a-day!
          Slain by her own, his mother's hand,
     Maddened by lustful wrong, the deed by Tereus
          planned.
     Like her I wail and wail, in soft Ionian tones,
          And as she wastes, even so
      Wastes my soft cheek, once ripe with Nilus' suns
      And all my heart dissolves in utter woe
          Sad flowers of grief I cull,

      Fleeing from kinsmen's love unmerciful—
     Yea, from the clutching hands, the wanton crowd,
     I sped across the waves, from Egypt's land of cloud[1]

    [Footnote: 1: AeRas apogas This epithet may appear strange to modern readers accustomed to think of Egypt as a land of cloudless skies and pellucid atmosphere. Nevertheless both Pindar (Pyth iv 93) and Apollonius Rhodius (iv 267) speak of it in the same way as Aeschylus. It has been conjectured that they allude to the fog banks that often obscure the low coasts—a phenomenon likely to impress the early navigators and to be reported by them.]

      Gods of the ancient cradle of my race,
      Hear me, just gods! With righteous grace
          On me, on me look down!
     Grant not to youth its heart's unchaste desire,
     But, swiftly spurning lust's unholy fire,
      Bless only love and willing wedlock's crown
      The war-worn fliers from the battle's wrack
      Find refuge at the hallowed altar-side,
          The sanctuary divine,—
      Ye gods! such refuge unto me provide—
          Such sanctuary be mine!
      Though the deep will of Zeus be hard to track,
          Yet doth it flame and glance,
      A beacon in the dark, 'mid clouds of chance
            That wrap mankind
     Yea, though the counsel fall, undone it shall not be,
     Whate'er be shaped and fixed within Zeus' ruling mind—
     Dark as a solemn grove, with sombre leafage shaded,
        His paths of purpose wind,
        A marvel to man's eye

     Smitten by him, from towering hopes degraded,
        Mortals lie low and still
     Tireless and effortless, works forth its will
          The arm divine!
     God from His holy seat, in calm of unarmed power,
     Brings forth the deed, at its appointed hour!
        Let Him look down on mortal wantonness!
      Lo! how the youthful stock of Belus' line
          Craves for me, uncontrolled—
          With greed and madness bold—
        Urged on by passion's sunless stress—
     And, cheated, learns too late the prey has 'scaped
          their hold!
      Ah, listen, listen to my grievous tale,
      My sorrow's words, my shrill and tearful cries!
            Ah woe, ah woe!
        Loud with lament the accents use,
     And from my living lips my own sad dirges flow!
           O Apian land of hill and dale,
     Thou kennest yet, O land, this faltered foreign wail—
           Have mercy, hear my prayer!
      Lo, how again, again, I rend and tear
      My woven raiment, and from off my hair
           Cast the Sidonian veil!

     Ah, but if fortune smile, if death be driven away,
     Vowed rites, with eager haste, we to the gods will pay!
          Alas, alas again!
     O wither drift the waves? and who shall loose the pain?

              O Apian land of hill and dale,
     Thou kennest yet, O land, this faltered foreign wail!
              Have mercy, hear my prayer!
      Lo, how again, again, I rend and tear
      My woven raiment, and from off my hair
              Cast the Sidonian veil!

      The wafting oar, the bark with woven sail,
              From which the sea foamed back,
      Sped me, unharmed of storms, along the breeze's track—
              Be it unblamed of me!
      But ah, the end, the end of my emprise!
      May He, the Father, with all-seeing eyes,
              Grant me that end to see!
      Grant that henceforth unstained as heretofore
        I may escape the forced embrace
        Of those proud children of the race
              That sacred Io bore.

      And thou, O maiden-goddess chaste and pure—
              Queen of the inner fane,—
      Look of thy grace on me, O Artemis,
        Thy willing suppliant—thine, thine it is,
      Who from the lustful onslaught fled secure,
        To grant that I too without stain
      The shelter of thy purity may gain!

      Grant that henceforth unstained as heretofore
        I may escape the forced embrace
        Of those proud children of the race
              That sacred Io bore!

              Yet if this may not be,
        We, the dark race sun-smitten, we
        Will speed with suppliant wands
      To Zeus who rules below, with hospitable hands
      Who welcomes all the dead from all the lands:
     Yea by our own hands strangled, we will go,
     Spurned by Olympian gods, unto the gods below!

        Zeus, hear and save!
     The searching, poisonous hate, that Io vexed and drave,
      Was of a goddess: well I know
      The bitter ire, the wrathful woe
        Of Hera, queen of heaven—-
     A storm, a storm her breath, whereby we yet are driven!
        Bethink thee, what dispraise
      Of Zeus himself mankind will raise,
     If now he turn his face averted from our cries!
     If now, dishonoured and alone,
     The ox-horned maiden's race shall be undone,
     Children of Epaphus, his own begotten son—-
     Zeus, listen from on high!—to thee our prayers arise.

        Zeus, hear and save!
     The searching poisonous hate, that Io vexed and drave,
      Was of a goddess: well I know
      The bitter ire, the wrathful woe
        Of Hera, queen of heaven—
     A storm, a storm her breath, whereby we yet are driven!

    DANAUS

      Children, be wary—wary he with whom
      Ye come, your trusty sire and steersman old:
      And that same caution hold I here on land,
      And bid you hoard my words, inscribing them
      On memory's tablets. Lo, I see afar
      Dust, voiceless herald of a host, arise;
      And hark, within their grinding sockets ring
      Axles of hurrying wheels! I see approach,
      Borne in curved cars, by speeding horses drawn,
      A speared and shielded band. The chiefs, perchance,
      Of this their land are hitherward intent
      To look on us, of whom they yet have heard
      By messengers alone. But come who may,
      And come he peaceful or in ravening wrath
      Spurred on his path, 'twere best, in any case,
      Damsels, to cling unto this altar-mound
      Made sacred to their gods of festival,—
      A shrine is stronger than a tower to save,
      A shield that none may cleave. Step swift thereto,
      And in your left hands hold with reverence
      The white-crowned wands of suppliance, the sign
      Beloved of Zeus, compassion's lord, and speak
      To those that question you, words meek and low
      And piteous, as beseems your stranger state,
      Clearly avowing of this flight of yours
      The bloodless cause; and on your utterance
      See to it well that modesty attend;
      From downcast eyes, from brows of pure control,
      Let chastity look forth; nor, when ye speak,
      Be voluble nor eager—they that dwell
      Within this land are sternly swift to chide.
      And be your words submissive: heed this well;
      For weak ye are, outcasts on stranger lands,
      And froward talk beseems not strengthless hands.

    CHORUS

      O father, warily to us aware
      Thy words are spoken, and thy wisdom's best
      My mind shall hoard, with Zeus our sire to aid.

    DANAUS

      Even so—with gracious aspect let him aid.

    CHORUS

      Fain were I now to seat me by thy side.

    DANAUS

      Now dally not, but put our thought in act.

    CHORUS

      Zeus, pity our distress, or e'er we die.

    DANAUS

      If so he will, your toils to joy will turn.

    CHORUS

      Lo, on this shrine, the semblance of a bird.[2]

    DANAUS

      Zeus' bird of dawn it is; invoke the sign.

    CHORUS

      Thus I invoke the saving rays of morn.

    [Footnote: 2: The whole of this dialogue in alternate verses is disarranged in the MSS. The re-arrangement which has approved itself to Paley has been here followed. It involves, however, a hiatus, instead of the line to which this note is appended. The substance of the lost line being easily deducible from the context, it has been supplied in the translation.]

    DANAUS

      Next, bright Apollo, exiled once from heaven.

    CHORUS

      The exiled god will pity our exile.

    DANAUS

      Yea, may he pity, giving grace and aid.

    CHORUS

      Whom next invoke I, of these other gods?

    DANAUS

      Lo, here a trident, symbol of a god.

    CHORUS

      Who [3] gave sea-safety; may he bless on land!
          [Footnote: 3: Poseidon]

    DANAUS

      This next is Hermes, carved in Grecian wise.

    CHORUS

      Then let him herald help to freedom won.

    DANAUS

      Lastly, adore this altar consecrate
      To many lesser gods in one; then crouch
      On holy ground, a flock of doves that flee,
      Scared by no alien hawks, a kin not kind,
      Hateful, and fain of love more hateful still.
      Foul is the bird that rends another bird,
      And foul the men who hale unwilling maids,
      From sire unwilling, to the bridal bed.
      Never on earth, nor in the lower world,
      Shall lewdness such as theirs escape the ban:
      There too, if men say right, a God there is
      Who upon dead men turns their sin to doom,
      To final doom. Take heed, draw hitherward,
      That from this hap your safety ye may win.
                         [Enter the KING OF ARGOS.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Speak—of what land are ye? No Grecian band
      Is this to whom I speak, with Eastern robes
      And wrappings richly dight: no Argive maid,
      No woman in all Greece such garb doth wear.
      This too gives marvel, how unto this land,
      Unheralded, unfriended, without guide,
      And without fear, ye came? yet wands I see,
      True sign of suppliance, by you laid down
      On shrines of these our gods of festival.
      No land but Greece can read such signs aright.
      Much else there is, conjecture well might guess,
      But let words teach the man who stands to hear.

    CHORUS

      True is the word thou spakest of my garb;
      But speak I unto thee as citizen,
      Or Hermes' wandbearer, or chieftain king?

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      For that, take heart and answer without fear.
      I am Pelasgus, ruler of this land,
      Child of Palaichthon, whom the earth brought forth;
      And, rightly named from me, the race who reap
      This country's harvests are Pelasgian called.
      And o'er the wide and westward-stretching land,
      Through which the lucent wave of Strymon flows
      I rule; Perrhaebia's land my boundary is
      Northward, and Pindus' further slopes, that watch
      Paeonia, and Dodona's mountain ridge.
      West, east, the limit of the washing seas
      Restrains my rule—the interspace is mine.
      But this whereon we stand is Apian land,
      Styled so of old from the great healer's name;
      For Apis, coming from Naupactus' shore
      Beyond the strait, child of Apollo's self
      And like him seer and healer, cleansed this land
      From man-devouring monsters, whom the earth,
      Stained with pollution of old bloodshedding,
      Brought forth in malice, beasts of ravening jaws,
      A grisly throng of serpents manifold.
      And healings of their hurt, by knife and charm,
      Apis devised, unblamed of Argive men,
      And in their prayers found honour, for reward.
      —Lo, thou hast heard the tokens that I give:
      Speak now thy race, and tell a forthright tale;
      In sooth, this people loves not many words.

    CHORUS

      Short is my word and clear. Of Argive race
      We come, from her, the ox-horned maiden who
      Erst bare the sacred child. My word shall give
      Whate'er can 'stablish this my soothfast tale.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      O stranger maids, I may not trust this word,
      That ye have share in this our Argive race.
      No likeness of our country do ye bear,
      But semblance as of Libyan womankind.
      Even such a stock by Nilus' banks might grow;
      Yea and the Cyprian stamp, in female forms,
      Shows to the life, what males impressed the same.
      And, furthermore, of roving Indian maids
      Whose camping-grounds by Aethiopia lie,
      And camels burdened even as mules, and bearing
      Riders, as horses bear, mine ears have heard;
      And tales of flesh-devouring mateless maids
      Called Amazons: to these, if bows ye bare,
      I most had deemed you like. Speak further yet,
      That of your Argive birth the truth I learn.

    CHORUS

      Here in this Argive land—so runs the tale—
      Io was priestess once of Hera's fane.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Yea, truth it is, and far this word prevails:
      Is't said that Zeus with mortal mingled love?

    CHORUS

      Ay, and that Hera that embrace surmised.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      How issued then this strife of those on high?

    CHORUS

      By Hera's will, a heifer she became.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Held Zeus aloof then from the horned beast?

    CHORUS

      'Tis said, he loved, in semblance of a bull.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      And his stern consort, did she aught thereon?

    CHORUS

      One myriad-eyed she set, the heifer's guard.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      How namest thou this herdsman many-eyed?

    CHORUS

      Argus, the child of Earth, whom Hermes slew.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Still did the goddess vex the beast ill-starred?

    CHORUS

      She wrought a gadfly with a goading sting.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Thus drave she Io hence, to roam afar?

    CHORUS

      Yea—this thy word coheres exact with mine.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Then to Canopus and to Memphis came she?

    CHORUS

      And by Zeus' hand was touched, and bare a child.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Who vaunts him the Zeus-mated creature's son?

    CHORUS

      Epaphus, named rightly from the saving touch.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      And whom in turn did Epaphus beget?[4]

    [Footnote: 4: Here one verse at least has been lost. The conjecture of Bothe seems to be verified, as far as substance is concerned, by the next line, and has consequently been adopted.]

    CHORUS

      Libya, with name of a wide land endowed.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      And who from her was born unto the race?

    CHORUS

      Belus: from him two sons, my father one.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Speak now to me his name, this greybeard wise.

    CHORUS

      Revere the gods thus crowned, who steer the State.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Awe thrills me, seeing these shrines with leafage crowned.

    CHORUS

      Yea, stern the wrath of Zeus, the suppliants' lord.
        Child of Palaichthon, royal chief
          Of thy Pelasgians, hear!
        Bow down thine heart to my relief—
          A fugitive, a suppliant, swift with fear,
        A creature whom the wild wolves chase
        O'er toppling crags; in piteous case
          Aloud, afar she lows,
      Calling the herdsman's trusty arm to save her from her foes!

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Lo, with bowed heads beside our city shrines
      Ye sit 'neath shade of new-plucked olive-boughs.
      Our distant kin's resentment Heaven forefend!
      Let not this hap, unhoped and unforeseen,
      Bring war on us: for strife we covet not.

    CHORUS

      Justice, the daughter of right-dealing Zeus,
      Justice, the queen of suppliants, look down,
        That this our plight no ill may loose
          Upon your town!
        This word, even from the young, let age and wisdom learn:
        If thou to suppliants show grace,
        Thou shalt not lack Heaven's grace in turn,
      So long as virtue's gifts on heavenly shrines have place.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Not at my private hearth ye sit and sue;
      And if the city bear a common stain,
      Be it the common toil to cleanse the same:
      Therefore no pledge, no promise will I give,
      Ere counsel with the commonwealth be held.

    CHORUS

      Nay, but the source of sway, the city's self, art thou,
        A power unjudged! thine, only thine,
        To rule the right of hearth and shrine!
      Before thy throne and sceptre all men bow!
      Thou, in all causes lord, beware the curse divine!

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      May that curse fall upon mine enemies!
      I cannot aid you without risk of scathe,
      Nor scorn your prayers—unmerciful it were.
      Perplexed, distraught I stand, and fear alike
      The twofold chance, to do or not to do.

    CHORUS

      Have heed of him who looketh from on high,
        The guard of woeful mortals, whosoe'er
          Unto their fellows cry,
        And find no pity, find no justice there.
      Abiding in his wrath, the suppliants' lord
      Doth smite, unmoved by cries, unbent by prayerful word.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      But if Aegyptus' children grasp you here,
      Claiming, their country's right, to hold you theirs
      As next of kin, who dares to counter this?
      Plead ye your country's laws, if plead ye may,
      That upon you they lay no lawful hand.

    CHORUS

      Let me not fall, O nevermore,
        A prey into the young men's hand;
      Rather than wed whom I abhor,
        By pilot-stars I flee this land;
      O king, take justice to thy side,
      And with the righteous powers decide!

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Hard is the cause—make me not judge thereof.
      Already I have vowed it, to do nought
      Save after counsel with my people ta'en,
      King though I be; that ne'er in after time,
      If ill fate chance, my people then may say—
      In aid of strangers thou the state hast slain.

    CHORUS

      Zeus, lord of kinship, rules at will
        The swaying balance, and surveys
      Evil and good; to men of ill
        Gives evil, and to good men praise.
      And thou—since true those scales do sway—
      Shall thou from justice shrink away?

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      A deep, a saving counsel here there needs—
      An eye that like a diver to the depth
      Of dark perplexity can pass and see,
      Undizzied, unconfused. First must we care
      That to the State and to ourselves this thing
      Shall bring no ruin; next, that wrangling hands
      Shall grasp you not as prey, nor we ourselves
      Betray you thus embracing sacred shrines,
      Nor make the avenging all-destroying god,
      Who not in hell itself sets dead men free,
      A grievous inmate, an abiding bane.—
      Spake I not right, of saving counsel's need?

    CHORUS

      Yea, counsel take and stand to aid
        At Justice' side and mine.
      Betray not me, the timorous maid
        Whom far beyond the brine
      A godless violence cast forth forlorn.
        O King, wilt thou behold—
      Lord of this land, wilt thou behold me torn
        From altars manifold?
      Bethink thee of the young men's wrath and lust,
        Hold off their evil pride;
      Steel not thyself to see the suppliant thrust
        From hallowed statues' side,
      Haled by the frontlet on my forehead bound,
        As steeds are led, and drawn
      By hands that drag from shrine and altar-mound
        My vesture's fringed lawn.
      Know thou that whether for Aegyptus' race
        Thou dost their wish fulfil,
      Or for the gods and for each holy place—
        Be thy choice good or ill,
      Blow is with blow requited, grace with grace
        Such is Zeus' righteous will.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Yea, I have pondered: from the sea of doubt
      Here drives at length the bark of thought ashore;
      Landward with screw and windlass haled, and firm,
      Clamped to her props, she lies. The need is stern;
      With men or gods a mighty strife we strive
      Perforce, and either hap in grief concludes.
      For, if a house be sacked, new wealth for old
      Not hard it is to win—if Zeus the lord
      Of treasure favour—more than quits the loss,
      Enough to pile the store of wealth full high;
      Or if a tongue shoot forth untimely speech,
      Bitter and strong to goad a man to wrath,
      Soft words there be to soothe that wrath away:
      But what device shall make the war of kin
      Bloodless? that woe, the blood of many beasts,
      And victims manifold to many gods,
      Alone can cure. Right glad I were to shun
      This strife, and am more fain of ignorance
      Than of the wisdom of a woe endured.
      The gods send better than my soul foretells!

    CHORUS

      Of many cries for mercy, hear the end.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Say on, then, for it shall not 'scape mine ear.

    CHORUS

      Girdles we have, and bands that bind our robes.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Even so; such things beseem a woman's wear.

    CHORUS

      Know, then, with these a fair device there is—

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Speak, then: what utterance doth this foretell?

    CHORUS

      Unless to us thou givest pledge secure—

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      What can thy girdles' craft achieve for thee?

    CHORUS

      Strange votive tablets shall these statues deck.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Mysterious thy resolve—avow it clear.

    CHORUS

      Swiftly to hang me on these sculptured gods!

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Thy word is as a lash to urge my heart.

    CHORUS

      Thou seest truth, for I have cleared thine eye

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Yea, and woes manifold, invincible,
      A crowd of ills, sweep on me torrent-like.
      My bark goes forth upon a sea of troubles
      Unfathomed, ill to traverse, harbourless.
      For if my deed shall match not your demand,
      Dire, beyond shot of speech, shall be the bane
      Your death's pollution leaves unto this land.
      Yet if against your kin, Aegyptus' race,
      Before our gates I front the doom of war,
      Will not the city's loss be sore? Shall men
      For women's sake incarnadine the ground?
      But yet the wrath of Zeus, the suppliants' lord
      I needs must fear: most awful unto man
      The terror of his anger. Thou, old man,
      The father of these maidens, gather up
      Within your arms these wands of suppliance,
      And lay them at the altars manifold
      Of all our country's gods, that all the town
      Know, by this sign, that ye come here to sue.
      Nor, in thy haste, do thou say aught of me.
      Swift is this folk to censure those who rule;
      But, if they see these signs of suppliance,
      It well may chance that each will pity you,
      And loathe the young men's violent pursuit;
      And thus a fairer favour you may find:
      For, to the helpless, each man's heart is kind.

    DANAUS

      To us, beyond gifts manifold it is
      To find a champion thus compassionate;
      Yet send with me attendants, of thy folk,
      Rightly to guide me, that I duly find
      Each altar of your city's gods that stands
      Before the fane, each dedicated shrine;
      And that in safety through the city's ways
      I may pass onwards: all unlike to yours
      The outward semblance that I wear—the race
      that Nilus rears is all dissimilar
       That of Inachus. Keep watch and ward
       Lest heedlessness bring death: full oft, I ween,
       Friend hath slain friend, not knowing whom he slew.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Go at his side, attendants,—he saith well.
      On to the city's consecrated shrines!
      Nor be of many words to those ye meet,
      The while this suppliant voyager ye lead.
                         [Exit DANAUS with attendants.

    CHORUS

      Let him go forward, thy command obeying.
      But me how biddest, how assurest thou?

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Leave there the new-plucked boughs, thy sorrow's sign.

    CHORUS

      Thus beckoned forth, at thy behest I leave them.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Now to this level precinct turn thyself.

    CHORUS

      Unconsecrate it is, and cannot shield me.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      We will not yield thee to those falcons' greed.

    CHORUS

      What help? more fierce they are than serpents fell

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      We spake thee fair—speak thou them fair in turn.

    CHORUS

      What marvel that we loathe them, scared in soul?

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Awe towards a king should other fears transcend.

    CHORUS

      Thus speak, thus act, and reassure my mind.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Not long thy sire shall leave thee desolate.
      But I will call the country's indwellers,
      And with soft words th' assembly will persuade,
      And warn your sire what pleadings will avail.
      Therefore abide ye, and with prayer entreat
      The country's gods to compass your desire;
      The while I go, this matter to provide,
      Persuasion and fair fortune at my side.
                         [Exit the KING OF ARGOS.

    CHORUS

        O King of Kings, among the blest
        Thou highest and thou happiest,
            Listen and grant our prayer,
        And, deeply loathing, thrust
        Away from us the young men's lust,
              And deeply drown
      In azure waters, down and ever down,
        Benches and rowers dark,
        The fatal and perfidious bark!
      Unto the maidens turn thy gracious care;
      Think yet again upon the tale of fame,
      How from the maiden loved of thee there sprung
      Mine ancient line, long since in many a legend sung!
        Remember, O remember, thou whose hand
      Did Io by a touch to human shape reclaim.
     For from this Argos erst our mother came
            Driven hence to Egypt's land,
     Yet sprung of Zeus we were, and hence our birth we claim.
            And now have I roamed back
            Unto the ancient track
      Where Io roamed and pastured among flowers,
            Watched o'er by Argus' eyes,
      Through the lush grasses and the meadow bowers.
        Thence, by the gadfly maddened, forth she flies
        Unto far lands and alien peoples driven
        And, following fate, through paths of foam and surge,
        Sees, as she goes, the cleaving strait divide
            Greece, from the Eastland riven.
      And swift through Asian borders doth she urge
      Her course, o'er Phrygian mountains' sheep-clipt side;
      Thence, where the Mysian realm of Teuthras lies
        Towards Lydian lowlands hies,
      And o'er Cilician and Pamphylian hills
        And ever-flowing rills,
      And thence to Aphrodite's fertile shore, [5]
              [Footnote: 5: Cyprus.]
      The land of garnered wheat and wealthy store
      And thence, deep-stung by wild unrest,
      By the winged fly that goaded her and drave,
      Unto the fertile land, the god-possest,
          (Where, fed from far-off snows,
          Life-giving Nilus flows,
      Urged on by Typho's strength, a fertilizing wave)
      She roves, in harassed and dishonoured flight
      Scathed by the blasting pangs of Hera's dread despite.
          And they within the land
          With terror shook and wanned,
      So strange the sight they saw, and were afraid—
      A wild twy-natured thing, half heifer and half maid.
      Whose hand was laid at last on Io, thus forlorn,
        With many roamings worn?
      Who bade the harassed maiden's peace return?
        Zeus, lord of time eterne.
      Yea, by his breath divine, by his unscathing strength,
          She lays aside her bane,
      And softened back to womanhood at length
          Sheds human tears again.
      Then, quickened with Zeus' veritable seed,
          A progeny she bare,
      A stainless babe, a child of heavenly breed.
          Of life and fortune fair.
      His is the life of life—so all men say,—
        His is the seed of Zeus.
      Who else had power stern Hera's craft to stay,
        Her vengeful curse to loose
    ?

       Yea, all from Zeus befell!
       And rightly wouldst thou tell
     That we from Epaphus, his child, were born:
          Justly his deed was done;
          Unto what other one,
     Of all the gods, should I for justice turn?
          From him our race did spring;
          Creator he and King,
     Ancient of days and wisdom he, and might.
          As bark before the wind,
          So, wafted by his mind,
     Moves every counsel, each device aright.
          Beneath no stronger hand
          Holds he a weak command,
     No throne doth he abase him to adore;
          Swift as a word, his deed
          Acts out what stands decreed
     In counsels of his heart, for evermore.
                         [Re-enter DANAUS.

    DANAUS

      Take heart, my children: the land's heart is kind,
      And to full issue has their voting come.

    CHORUS

      All hail, my sire; thy word brings utmost joy.
      Say, to what issue is the vote made sure,
      And how prevailed the people's crowding hands?

    DANAUS

      With one assent the Argives spake their will,
      And, hearing, my old heart took youthful cheer,
      The very sky was thrilled when high in air
      The concourse raised right hands and swore their oath:—
      Free shall the maidens sojourn in this land.
      Unharried, undespoiled by mortal wight:
      No native hand, no hand of foreigner
      Shall drag them hence; if any man use force—
      Whoe'er of all our countrymen shall fail
      To come unto their aid, let him go forth,
      Beneath the people's curse, to banishment
    .
      So did the king of this Pelasgian folk
      Plead on behalf of us, and bade them heed
      That never, in the after-time, this realm
      Should feed to fulness the great enmity
      Of Zeus, the suppliants' guard, against itself!
      A twofold curse, for wronging stranger-guests
      Who are akin withal, confrontingly
      Should rise before this city and be shown
      A ruthless monster, fed on human doom.
      Such things the Argive people heard, and straight,
      Without proclaim of herald, gave assent:
      Yea, in full conclave, the Pelasgian folk
      Heard suasive pleas, and Zeus through them resolved.

    CHORUS

      Arouse we now to chant our prayer
      For fair return of service fair
        And Argos' kindly will.
      Zeus, lord of guestright, look upon
      The grace our stranger lips have won.
      In right and truth, as they begun,
      Guide them, with favouring hand, until
      Thou dost their blameless wish fulfil!

        Now may the Zeus-born gods on high
          Hear us pour forth
        A votive prayer for Argos' clan!—
        Never may this Pelasgian earth,
      Amid the fire-wrack, shrill the dismal cry
        On Ares, ravening lord of fight,
      Who in an alien harvest mows down man!
        For lo, this land had pity on our plight,
      And unto us were merciful and leal,
      To us, the piteous flock, who at Zeus' altar kneel!
      They scorned not the pleas of maidenhood,
      Nor with the young men's will hath their will stood.
          They knew right well.

      Th' unearthly watching fiend invincible,
      The foul avenger—let him not draw near!
      For he, on roofs ill-starred,
      Defiling and polluting, keeps a ghastly ward!
      They knew his vengeance, and took holy heed
      To us, the sister suppliants, who cry
        To Zeus, the lord of purity:
      Therefore with altars pure they shall the gods revere.

      Thus, through the boughs that shade our lips, fly forth in air,
          Fly forth, O eager prayer!
        May never pestilence efface
          This city's race,
        Nor be the land with corpses strewed,
          Nor stained with civic blood!
        The stem of youth, unpluckt, to manhood come,
        Nor Ares rise from Aphrodite's bower,
      The lord of death and bane, to waste our youthful flower.
            Long may the old
        Crowd to the altars kindled to consume
            Gifts rich and manifold—
        Offered to win from powers divine
        A benison on city and on shrine:
          Let all the sacred might adore
            Of Zeus most high, the lord
          Of guestright and the hospitable board,
      Whose immemorial law doth rule Fate's scales aright:
            The garners of earth's store
            Be full for evermore,
      And grace of Artemis make women's travail light;
        No devastating curse of fell disease
            This city seize;
        No clamour of the State arouse to war
            Ares, from whom afar
        Shrinketh the lute, by whom the dances fail—
            Ares, the lord of wail.
        Swarm far aloof from Argos' citizens
            All plague and pestilence,
        And may the Archer-God our children spare!
        May Zeus with foison and with fruitfulness
            The land's each season bless,
        And, quickened with Heaven's bounty manifold,
            Teem grazing flock and fold.
        Beside the altars of Heaven's hallowing
            Loud let the minstrels sing,
      And from pure lips float forth the harp-led strain in air!
        And let the people's voice, the power
        That sways the State, in danger's hour
          Be wary, wise for all;
        Nor honour in dishonour hold,
        But—ere the voice of war be bold—
        Let them to stranger peoples grant
        Fair and unbloody covenant—
          Justice and peace withal;
        And to the Argive powers divine
        The sacrifice of laurelled kine,
          By rite ancestral, pay.
        Among three words of power and awe,
        Stands this, the third, the mighty law—
        Your gods, your fathers deified,
        Ye shall adore
    . Let this abide
          For ever and for aye.

    DANAUS

      Dear children, well and wisely have ye prayed;
      I bid you now not shudder, though ye hear
      New and alarming tidings from your sire.
      From this high place beside the suppliants' shrine
      The bark of our pursuers I behold,
      By divers tokens recognized too well.
      Lo, the spread canvas and the hides that screen
      The gunwale; lo, the prow, with painted eyes
      That seem her onward pathway to descry,
      Heeding too well the rudder at the stern
      That rules her, coming for no friendly end.
      And look, the seamen—all too plain their race—
      Their dark limbs gleam from out their snow-white garb;
      Plain too the other barks, a fleet that comes
      All swift to aid the purpose of the first,
      That now, with furled sail and with pulse of oars
      Which smite the wave together, comes aland.
      But ye, be calm, and, schooled not scared by fear,
      Confront this chance, be mindful of your trust
      In these protecting gods. And I will hence,
      And champions who shall plead your cause aright
      Will bring unto your side. There come perchance
      Heralds or envoys, eager to lay hand
      And drag you captive hence; yet fear them not;
      Foiled shall they be. Yet well it were for you
      (If, ere with aid I come, I tarry long),
      Not by one step this sanctuary to leave.
      Farewell, fear nought: soon shall the hour be born
      When he that scorns the gods shall rue his scorn

    CHORUS

      Ah but I shudder, father!—ah, even now,
      Even as I speak, the swift-winged ships draw nigh!

      I shudder, I shiver, I perish with fear:
          Overseas though I fled,
      Yet nought it avails; my pursuers are near!

    DANAUS

      Children, take heart; they who decreed to aid
      Thy cause will arm for battle, well I ween.

    CHORUS

      But desperate is Aegyptus' ravening race,
      With fight unsated; thou too know'st it well.

      In their wrath they o'ertake us; the prow is deep-dark
          In the which they have sped,
      And dark is the bench and the crew of the bark!

    DANAUS

      Yea but a crew as stout they here shall find,
      And arms well steeled beneath a noon-day sun.

    CHORUS

      Ah yet, O father, leave us not forlorn!
      Alone, a maid is nought, a strengthless arm.
      With guile they Pursue me, with counsel malign,
          And unholy their soul;
      And as ravens they seize me, unheeding the shrine!

    DANAUS

      Fair will befall us, children, in this chance,
      If thus in wrath they wrong the gods and you.

    CHORUS

      Alas, nor tridents nor the sanctity
      Of shrines will drive them, O my sire, from us!

      Unholy and daring and cursed is their ire,
          Nor own they control
      Of the gods, but like jackals they glut their desire!

    DANAUS

      Ay, but Come wolf, flee jackal, saith the saw;
      Nor can the flax-plant overbear the corn.

    CHORUS

      Lustful, accursed, monstrous is their will
      As of beasts ravening—'ware we of their power!

    DANAUS

      Look you, not swiftly puts a fleet to sea,
      Nor swiftly to its moorings; long it is
      Or e'er the saving cables to the shore
      Are borne, and long or e'er the steersmen cry,
      The good ship swings at anchor—all is well.
      Longest of all, the task to come aland
      Where haven there is none, when sunset fades
      In night. To pilot wise, the adage saith,
      Night is a day of wakefulness and pain.
      Therefore no force of weaponed men, as yet
      Scatheless can come ashore, before the bank
      Lie at her anchorage securely moored.
      Bethink thee therefore, nor in panic leave
      The shrine of gods whose succour thou hast won
      I go for aid—men shall not blame me long,
      Old, but with youth at heart and on my tongue
                         [Exit DANAUS.

    CHORUS

      O land of hill and dale, O holy land,
      What shall befall us? whither shall we flee,
      From Apian land to some dark lair of earth?

      O would that in vapour of smoke I might rise to the
          clouds of the sky,
      That as dust which flits up without wings I might pass
          and evanish and die!
      I dare not, I dare not abide: my heart yearns, eager
          to fly;
      And dark is the cast of my thought; I shudder and
          tremble for fear.
      My father looked forth and beheld: I die of the sight
          that draws near.
      And for me be the strangling cord, the halter made
          ready by Fate,
      Before to my body draws nigh the man of my horror
          and hate.
      Nay, ere I will own him as lord, as handmaid to
          Hades I go!
      And oh, that aloft in the sky, where the dark clouds
          are frozen to snow,
      A refuge for me might be found, or a mountain-top
          smooth and too high

      For the foot of the goat, where the vulture sits lonely,
         and none may descry
      The pinnacle veiled in the cloud,
          the highest and sheerest of all,
      Ere to wedlock that rendeth my heart,
          and love that is loveless, I fall!
      Yea, a prey to the dogs and the birds of the mount
           will I give me to be,—
      From wailing and curse and pollution it is death,
          only death, sets me free:
      Let death come upon me before
          to the ravisher's bed I am thrust;
      What champion, what saviour but death can I find,
          or what refuge from lust?
      I will utter my shriek of entreaty,
          a prayer that shrills up to the sky,
      That calleth the gods to compassion,
          a tuneful, a pitiful cry,
      That is loud to invoke the releaser.
          O father, look down on the fight;
      Look down in thy wrath on the wronger,
          with eyes that are eager for right.
      Zeus, thou that art lord of the world,
          whose kingdom is strong over all,
      Have mercy on us! At thine altar for refuge
          and safety we call.
      For the race of Aegyptus is fierce,
          with greed and with malice afire;
      They cry as the questing hounds,
          they sweep with the speed of desire.
      But thine is the balance of fate,
          thou rulest the wavering scale,
      And without thee no mortal emprise
          shall have strength to achieve or prevail.

        Alack, alack! the ravisher—
      He leaps from boat to beach, he draweth near!
        Away, thou plunderer accurst!
          Death seize thee first,
      Or e'er thou touch me—off! God, hear our cry,
          Our maiden agony!
      Ah, ah, the touch, the prelude of my shame.
          Alas, my maiden fame!
        O sister, sister, to the altar cling,
          For he that seizeth me,
      Grim is his wrath and stern, by land as on the sea.
          Guard us, O king!
                         [Enter the HERALD OF AEGYPTUS]

    HERALD OF AEGYPTUS

      Hence to my barge—step swiftly, tarry not.

    CHORUS

      Alack, he rends—he rends my hair! O wound on
          wound!
      Help! my lopped head will fall, my blood gush o'er
          the ground!

    HERALD OF AEGYPTUS

      Aboard, ye cursed—with a new curse, go!

    CHORUS

        Would God that on the wand'ring brine
        Thou and this braggart tongue of thine
          Had sunk beneath the main—
        Thy mast and planks, made fast in vain!
        Thee would I drive aboard once more,
      A slayer and a dastard, from the shore!

    HERALD OF AEGYPTUS

        Be still, thou vain demented soul;
        My force thy craving shall control.
      Away, aboard! What, clingest to the shrine?
      Away! this city's gods I hold not for divine.

    CHORUS

          Aid me, ye gods, that never, never
            I may again behold
          The mighty, the life-giving river,
        Nilus, the quickener of field and fold!
        Alack, O sire, unto the shrine I cling—
      Shrine of this land from which mine ancient line did spring!

    HERALD OF AEGYPTUS

      Shrines, shrines, forsooth!—the ship, the ship be shrine!
      Aboard, perforce and will-ye nill-ye, go!
          Or e'er from hands of mine
      Ye suffer torments worse and blow on blow.

    CHORUS

          Alack, God grant those hands may strive in vain
            With the salt-streaming wave,
          When 'gainst the wide-blown blasts thy bark shall strain
      To round Sarpedon's cape, the sandbank's treach'rous grave.

    HERALD OF AEGYPTUS

      Shrill ye and shriek unto what gods ye may,
      Ye shall not leap from out Aegyptus' bark,
      How bitterly soe'er ye wail your woe.

    CHORUS

      Alack, alack my wrong!
      Stern is thy voice, thy vaunting loud and strong.
      Thy sire, the mighty Nilus, drive thee hence
      Turning to death and doom thy greedy violence!

    HERALD OF AEGYPTUS

      Swift to the vessel of the double prow,
      Go quickly! let none linger, else this hand
      Ruthless will hale you by your tresses hence.

    CHORUS

      Alack, O father! from the shrine
      Not aid but agony is mine.
      As a spider he creeps and he clutches his prey,
      And he hales me away.
      A spectre of darkness, of darkness. Alas and alas! well-a-day!
      O Earth, O my mother! O Zeus, thou king of the earth, and her child!
      Turn back, we pray thee, from us his clamour and threatenings wild!

    HERALD OF AEGYPTUS

      Peace! I fear not this country's deities.
      They fostered not my childhood nor mine age.

    CHORUS

      Like a snake that is human he comes,
          he shudders and crawls to my side;
      As an adder that biteth the foot,
          his clutch on my flesh doth abide.
      O Earth, O my mother! O Zeus, thou king of the earth,
          and her child!
      Turn back, we pray thee, from us his clamour
          and threatenings wild!

    HERALD OF AEGYPTUS

      Swift each unto the ship; repine no more,
      Or my hand shall not spare to rend your robe.

    CHORUS

      O chiefs, O leaders, aid me, or I yield!

    HERALD OF AEGYPTUS

      Peace! if ye have not ears to hear my words,
      Lo, by these tresses must I hale you hence.

    CHORUS

      Undone we are, O king! all hope is gone.

    HERALD OF AEGYPTUS

      Ay, kings enow ye shall behold anon,
      Aegyptus' sons—Ye shall not want for kings.
                         [Enter the KING OF ARGOS.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Sirrah, what dost thou? in what arrogance
      Darest thou thus insult Pelasgia's realm?
      Deemest thou this a woman-hearted town?
      Thou art too full of thy barbarian scorn
      For us of Grecian blood, and, erring thus,
      Thou dost bewray thyself a fool in all!

    HERALD OF AEGYPTUS

      Say thou wherein my deeds transgress my right.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      First, that thou play'st a stranger's part amiss.

    HERALD OF AEGYPTUS

      Wherein? I do but search and claim mine own.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      To whom of our guest-champions hast appealed?

    HERALD OF AEGYPTUS

      To Hermes, herald's champion, lord of search.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Yea, to a god—yet dost thou wrong the gods!

    HERALD OF AEGYPTUS

      The gods that rule by Nilus I revere.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Hear I aright? our Argive gods are nought?

    HERALD OF AEGYPTUS

      The prey is mine, unless force rend it from me.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      At thine own peril touch them—'ware, and soon!

    HERALD OF AEGYPTUS

      I hear thy speech, no hospitable word.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      I am no host for sacrilegious hands.

    HERALD OF AEGYPTUS

      I will go tell this to Aegyptus' sons.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Tell it! my pride will ponder not thy word.

    HERALD OF AEGYPTUS

      Yet, that I have my message clear to say
      (For it behooves that heralds' words be clear,
      Be they or ill or good), how art thou named?
      By whom despoiled of this sister-band
      Of maidens pass I homeward?—speak and say!
      For lo, henceforth in Ares' court we stand,
      Who judges not by witness but by war:
      No pledge of silver now can bring the cause
      To issue: ere this thing end, there must be
      Corpse piled on corpse and many lives gasped forth.

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      What skills it that I tell my name to thee?
      Thou and thy mates shall learn it ere the end.
      Know that if words unstained by violence
      Can change these maidens' choice, then mayest thou,
      With full consent of theirs, conduct them hence.
      But thus the city with one voice ordained—

        No force shall bear away the maiden band.

      Firmly this word upon the temple wall
      Is by a rivet clenched, and shall abide:
      Not upon wax inscribed and delible,
      Nor upon parchment sealed and stored away.—
      Lo, thou hast heard our free mouths speak their will:
      Out from our presence—tarry not, but go!

    HERALD OF AEGYPTUS

      Methinks we stand on some new edge of war:
      Be strength and triumph on the young men's side!

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      Nay but here also shall ye find young men,
      Unsodden with the juices oozed from grain.[6]
                         [Exit HERALD OF AEGYPTUS
      But ye, O maids, with your attendants true,
      Pass hence with trust into the fenced town,
      Ringed with a wide confine of guarding towers.
      Therein are many dwellings for such guests
      As the State honours; there myself am housed
      Within a palace neither scant nor strait.
      There dwell ye, if ye will to lodge at ease
      In halls well-thronged: yet, if your soul prefer,
      Tarry secluded in a separate home.
      Choose ye and cull, from these our proffered gifts,
      Whiche'er is best and sweetest to your will:
      And I and all these citizens whose vote
      Stands thus decreed, will your protectors be.
      Look not to find elsewhere more loyal guard.

    [Footnote: 6: For this curious taunt, strongly illustrative of what Browning calls “nationality in drinks,” see Herodotus, ii. 77. A similar feeling may perhaps be traced in Tacitus' description of the national beverage of the Germans: “Potui humor ex hordeo aut frumento, in quandam similitudinem vini corruptus” (Germania, chap, xxiii).]

    CHORUS

      O godlike chief, God grant my prayer:
      Fair blessings on thy proffers fair,
      Lord of Pelasgia's race
    !
      Yet, of thy grace, unto our side
      Send thou the man of courage tried,
      Of counsel deep and prudent thought,—
      Be Danaus to his children brought;
      For his it is to guide us well
      And warn where it behoves to dwell—
      What place shall guard and shelter us
      From malice and tongues slanderous:
      Swift always are the lips of blame
      A stranger-maiden to defame—
      But Fortune give us grace!

    THE KING OF ARGOS

      A stainless fame, a welcome kind
      From all this people shall ye find:
      Dwell therefore, damsels, loved of us,
      Within our walls, as Danaus
      Allots to each, in order due,
      Her dower of attendants true.
                         [Re-enter DANAUS. DANAUS

      High thanks, my children, unto Argos con,
      And to this folk, as to Olympian gods,
      Give offerings meet of sacrifice and wine;
      For saviours are they in good sooth to you.
      From me they heard, and bitter was their wrath,
      How those your kinsmen strove to work you wrong,
      And how of us were thwarted: then to me
      This company of spearmen did they grant,
      That honoured I might walk, nor unaware
      Die by some secret thrust and on this land
      Bring down the curse of death, that dieth not.
      Such boons they gave me: it behoves me pay
      A deeper reverence from a soul sincere.
      Ye, to the many words of wariness
      Spoken by me your father, add this word,
      That, tried by time, our unknown company
      Be held for honest: over-swift are tongues
      To slander strangers, over-light is speech
      To bring pollution on a stranger's name.
      Therefore I rede you, bring no shame on me
      Now when man's eye beholds your maiden prime.
      Lovely is beauty's ripening harvest-field,
      But ill to guard; and men and beasts, I wot,
      And birds and creeping things make prey of it.
      And when the fruit is ripe for love, the voice
      Of Aphrodite bruiteth it abroad,
      The while she guards the yet unripened growth.
      On the fair richness of a maiden's bloom
      Each passer looks, o'ercome with strong desire,
      With eyes that waft the wistful dart of love.
      Then be not such our hap, whose livelong toil
      Did make our pinnace plough the mighty main:
      Nor bring we shame upon ourselves, and joy
      Unto my foes. Behold, a twofold home—
      One of the king's and one the people's gift—
      Unbought, 'tis yours to hold,—a gracious boon.
      Go—but remember ye your sire's behest,
      And hold your life less dear than chastity.

    CHORUS

      The gods above grant that all else be well.
      But fear not thou, O sire, lest aught befall
      Of ill unto our ripened maidenhood.
      So long as Heaven have no new ill devised,
      From its chaste path my spirit shall not swerve.

    SEMI-CHORUS

      Pass and adore ye the Blessed, the gods of the city
          who dwell
      Around Erasinus, the gush of the swift immemorial
          tide.

    SEMI-CHORUS

      Chant ye, O maidens; aloud let the praise of
          Pelasgia swell;
      Hymn we no longer the shores where Nilus to ocean
          doth glide.

    SEMI-CHORUS

      Sing we the bounteous streams that ripple and gush
          through the city;
      Quickening flow they and fertile, the soft new life of
          the plain.

    SEMI-CHORUS

      Artemis, maiden most pure, look on us with grace
          and with pity—
      Save us from forced embraces: such love hath no
          crown but a pain.

    SEMI-CHORUS

      Yet not in scorn we chant, but in honour of
          Aphrodite;
      She truly and Hera alone have power with Zeus and
          control.
      Holy the deeds of her rite, her craft is secret and
          mighty,
      And high is her honour on earth, and subtle her
          sway of the soul.

    SEMI-CHORUS

      Yea, and her child is Desire: in the train of his
          mother he goeth—
      Yea and Persuasion soft-lipped, whom none can deny
          or repel:
      Cometh Harmonia too, on whom Aphrodite bestoweth
      The whispering parley, the paths of the rapture that
          lovers love well.

    SEMI-CHORUS

      Ah, but I tremble and quake lest again they should
          sail to reclaim!
      Alas for the sorrow to come, the blood and the
          carnage of war.
      Ah, by whose will was it done that o'er the wide
          ocean they came,
      Guided by favouring winds, and wafted by sail and
          by oar?

    SEMI-CHORUS

      Peace! for what Fate hath ordained will surely not
          tarry but come;
      Wide is the counsel of Zeus, by no man escaped or
          withstood:
      Only I Pray that whate'er, in the end, of this wedlock
          he doom,
      We as many a maiden of old, may win from the ill
        to the good.[7]

    [Footnote: 7: The ambiguity of these two lines is reproduced from the original. The Semi-Chorus appear to pray, in one aspiration, that the threatened wedlock may never take place, and, if it does take place, may be for weal, not woe.]

    SEMI-CHORUS

      Great Zeus, this wedlock turn from me—
      Me from the kinsman bridegroom guard!

    SEMI-CHORUS

      Come what come may, 'tis Fate's decree.

    SEMI-CHORUS

      Soft is thy word—the doom is hard.

    SEMI-CHORUS

      Thou know'st not what the Fates provide.

    SEMI-CHORUS

      How should I scan Zeus' mighty will,
      The depth of counsel undescried?

    SEMI-CHORUS

      Pray thou no word of omen ill.

    SEMI-CHORUS

      What timely warning wouldst thou teach?

    SEMI-CHORUS

      Beware, nor slight the gods in speech.

    SEMI-CHORUS

      Zeus, hold from my body the wedlock detested, the
          bridegroom abhorred!
        It was thou, it was thou didst release
      Mine ancestress Io from sorrow: thine healing it
          was that restored,
        The touch of thine hand gave her peace.

    SEMI-CHORUS

      Be thy will for the cause of the maidens! of two ills,
          the lesser I pray—
        The exile that leaveth me pure.
      May thy justice have heed to my cause, my prayers
          to thy mercy find way!
        For the hands of thy saving are sure.
                         [Exeunt omnes.


    THE PERSIANS

    ARGUMENT

    Xerxes, son of Darius and of his wife Atossa, daughter of Cyrus,
    went forth against Hellas, to take vengeance upon those who had defeated his father at Marathon. But ill fortune befell the king and his army both by land and sea; neither did it avail him that he cast a bridge over the Hellespont and made a canal across the promontory of Mount Athos, and brought myriads of men, by land and sea, to subdue the Greeks. For in the strait between Athens and the island of Salamis the Persian ships were shattered and sunk or put to flight by those of Athens and Lacedaemon and Aegina and Corinth, and Xerxes went homewards on the way by which he had come, leaving his general Mardonius with three hundred thousand men to strive with the Greeks by land: but in the next year they were destroyed near Plataea in Boeotia, by the Lacedaemonians and Athenians and Tegeans. Such was the end of the army which Xerxes left behind him. But the king himself had reached the bridge over the Hellespont, and late and hardly and in sorry plight and with few companions came home unto the Palace of Susa.


    DRAMATIS PERSONAE

      CHORUS OF PERSIAN ELDERS.
      ATOSSA, WIDOW OF DARIUS AND MOTHER OF XERXES.
      A MESSENGER.
      THE GHOST OF DARIUS.
      XERXES.

        The Scene is laid at the Palace of Susa.

    CHORUS

      Away unto the Grecian land
      Hath passed the Persian armament:
      We, by the monarch's high command,
      We are the warders true who stand,
      Chosen, for honour and descent,
      To watch the wealth of him who went—
      Guards of the gold, and faithful styled
      By Xerxes, great Darius' child!

      But the king went nor comes again—
      And for that host, we saw depart
      Arrayed in gold, my boding heart
      Aches with a pulse of anxious pain,
      Presageful for its youthful king!
      No scout, no steed, no battle-car
      Comes speeding hitherward, to bring
      News to our city from afar!
      Erewhile they went, away, away,
      From Susa, from Ecbatana,
      From Kissa's timeworn fortress grey,
      Passing to ravage and to war—
      Some upon steeds, on galleys some,
      Some in close files, they passed from home,
      All upon warlike errand bent—
      Amistres, Artaphernes went,
      Astaspes, Megabazes high,
      Lords of the Persian chivalry,
      Marshals who serve the great king's word
      Chieftains of all the mighty horde!
      Horsemen and bowmen streamed away,
      Grim in their aspect, fixed to slay,
      And resolute to face the fray!
      With troops of horse, careering fast,
      Masistes, Artembares passed:
      Imaeus too, the bowman brave,
      Sosthanes, Pharandakes, drave—
      And others the all-nursing wave
      Of Nilus to the battle gave;
      Came Susiskanes, warrior wild,
      And Pegastagon, Egypt's child:
      Thee, brave Arsames! from afar
      Did holy Memphis launch to war;
      And Ariomardus, high in fame,
      From Thebes the immemorial came,
      And oarsmen skilled from Nilus' fen,
      A countless crowd of warlike men:
      And next, the dainty Lydians went—
      Soft rulers of a continent—
      Mitragathes and Arcteus bold
      In twin command their ranks controlled,
      And Sardis town, that teems with gold,
      Sent forth its squadrons to the war—
      Horse upon horse, and car on car,
      Double and triple teams, they rolled,
      In onset awful to behold.
      From Tmolus' sacred hill there came
      The native hordes to join the fray,
      And upon Hellas' neck to lay
      The yoke of slavery and shame;
      Mardon and Tharubis were there,
      Bright anvils for the foemen's spear!
      The Mysian dart-men sped to war,
      And the long crowd that onward rolled
      From Babylon enriched with gold—
      Captains of ships and archers skilled
      To speed the shaft, and those who wield
      The scimitar;—the eastern band
      Who, by the great king's high command,
      Swept to subdue the western land!

      Gone are they, gone—ah, welladay!
      The flower and pride of our array;
      And all the Eastland, from whose breast
      Came forth her bravest and her best,
      Craves longingly with boding dread—
      Parents for sons, and brides new-wed
      For absent lords, and, day by day,
      Shudder with dread at their delay!

      Ere now they have passed o'er the sea,
          the manifold host of the king—
      They have gone forth to sack and to burn;
          ashore on the Westland they spring!
      With cordage and rope they have bridged
          the sea-way of Helle, to pass
      O'er the strait that is named by thy name,
          O daughter of Athamas!
      They have anchored their ships in the current,
          they have bridled the neck of the sea—
      The Shepherd and Lord of the East
          hath bidden a roadway to be!
      From the land to the land they pass over,
          a herd at the high king's best;
      Some by the way of the waves,
          and some o'er the planking have pressed.
      For the king is a lord and a god:
          he was born of the golden seed
      That erst upon Danae fell—
          his captains are strong at the need!
      And dark is the glare of his eyes,
          as eyes of a serpent blood-fed,
      And with manifold troops in his train
          and with manifold ships hath he sped—
      Yea, sped with his Syrian cars:
          he leads on the lords of the bow
      To meet with the men of the West,
          the spear-armed force of the foe!
      Can any make head and resist him,
          when he comes with the roll of a wave?
      No barrier nor phalanx of might,
          no chief, be he ever so brave!
      For stern is the onset of Persia,
          and gallant her children in fight.
      But the guile of the god is deceitful,
          and who shall elude him by flight?
      And who is the lord of the leap,
          that can spring and alight and evade?
      For Ate deludes and allures,
          till round him the meshes are laid,
      And no man his doom can escape!
          it was writ in the rule of high Heaven,
      That in tramp of the steeds and in crash of the charge
          the war-cry of Persia be given:
      They have learned to behold the forbidden,
          the sacred enclosure of sea,
      Where the waters are wide and in stress
          of the wind the billows roll hoary to lee!
      And their trust is in cable and cordage,
          too weak in the power of the blast,
      And frail are the links of the bridge
         whereby unto Hellas they passed.

      Therefore my gloom-wrapped heart
        is rent with sorrow
        For what may hap to-morrow!
      Alack, for all the Persian armament—
       Alack, lest there be sent
      Dread news of desolation, Susa's land
        Bereft, forlorn, unmanned—
      Lest the grey Kissian fortress echo back
        The wail, Alack, Alack!
      The sound of women's shriek, who wail and mourn,
        With fine-spun raiment torn!
      The charioteers went forth nor come again,
        And all the marching men
      Even as a swarm of bees have flown afar,
        Drawn by the king to war—
      Crossing the sea-bridge, linked from side to side,
        That doth the waves divide:
      And the soft bridal couch of bygone years
        Is now bedewed with tears,
      Each princess, clad in garments delicate,
        Wails for her widowed fate—

      Alas my gallant bridegroom, lost and gone,
        And I am left alone
    !

      But now, ye warders of the state,
      Here, in this hall of old renown,
      Behoves that we deliberate
      In counsel deep and wise debate,
        For need is surely shown!
      How fareth he, Darius' child,
      The Persian king, from Perseus styled?

      Comes triumph to the eastern bow,
      Or hath the lance-point conquered now?
                         [Enter ATOSSA.
      See, yonder comes the mother-queen,
      Light of our eyes, in godlike sheen,
      The royal mother of the king!—
      Fall we before her! well it were
      That, all as one, we sue to her,
      And round her footsteps cling!

      Queen, among deep-girded Persian dames thou highest and most royal,
      Hoary mother, thou, of Xerxes, and Darius' wife of old!
      To godlike sire, and godlike son, we bow us and are loyal—
      Unless, on us, an adverse tide of destiny has rolled!

    ATOSSA

      Therefore come I forth to you, from chambers decked and golden,
        Where long ago Darius laid his head, with me beside,
      And my heart is torn with anguish, and with terror am I holden,
        And I plead unto your friendship and I bid you to my side.

      Darius, in the old time, by aid of some Immortal,
        Raised up the stately fabric, our wealth of long-ago:
      But I tremble lest it totter down, and ruin porch and portal,
        And the whirling dust of downfall rise above its overthrow!

      Therefore a dread unspeakable within me never slumbers, Saying,
        Honour not the gauds of wealth if men have ceased to grow,
      Nor deem that men, apart from wealth,
           can find their strength in numbers

        We shudder for our light and king, though we have gold enow!

      No light there is, in any house, save presence of the master
        So runs the saw, ye aged men! and truth it says indeed—
      On you I call, the wise and true, to ward us from disaster,
        For all my hope is fixed on you, to prop us in our need!

    CHORUS

      Queen-Mother of the Persian land, to thy commandment bowing,
        Whate'er thou wilt, in word or deed, we follow to fulfil—
      Not twice we need thine high behest, our faith and duty knowing,
        In council and in act alike, thy loyal servants still!

    ATOSSA

      Long while by various visions of the night
      Am I beset, since to Ionian lands
      With marshalled host my son went forth to war.
      Yet never saw I presage so distinct
      As in the night now passed.—Attend my tale!—
      A dream I had: two women nobly clad
      Came to my sight, one robed in Persian dress,
      The other vested in the Dorian garb,
      And both right stately and more tall by far
      Than women of to-day, and beautiful
      Beyond disparagement, and sisters sprung
      Both of one race, but, by their natal lot,
      One born in Hellas, one in Eastern land.
      These, as it seemed unto my watching eyes,
      Roused each the other to a mutual feud:
      The which my son perceiving set himself
      To check and soothe their struggle, and anon
      Yoked them and set the collars on their necks;
      And one, the Ionian, proud in this array,
      Paced in high quietude, and lent her mouth,
      Obedient, to the guidance of the rein.
      But restively the other strove, and broke
      The fittings of the car, and plunged away
      With mouth un-bitted: o'er the broken yoke
      My son was hurled, and lo! Darius stood
      In lamentation o'er his fallen child.
      Him Xerxes saw, and rent his robe in grief.

      Such was my vision of the night now past;
      But when, arising, I had dipped my hand
      In the fair lustral stream, I drew towards
      The altar, in the act of sacrifice,
      Having in mind to offer, as their due,
      The sacred meal-cake to the averting powers,
      Lords of the rite that banisheth ill dreams.
      When lo! I saw an eagle fleeing fast
      To Phoebus' shrine—O friends, I stayed my steps,
      Too scared to speak! for, close upon his flight,
      A little falcon dashed in winged pursuit,
      Plucking with claws the eagle's head, while he
      Could only crouch and cower and yield himself.
      Scared was I by that sight, and eke to you
      No less a terror must it be to hear!
      For mark this well—if Xerxes have prevailed,
      He shall come back the wonder of the world:
      If not, still none can call him to account—
      So he but live, he liveth Persia's King!

    CHORUS

      Queen, it stands not with my purpose to abet these fears of thine,
      Nor to speak with glazing comfort! nay, betake thee to the shrine!
      If thy dream foretold disaster, sue to gods to bar its way,
      And, for thyself, son, state, and friends, to bring fair fate
           to-day.
      Next, unto Earth and to the Dead be due libation poured,
      And by thee let Darius' soul be wistfully implored—
      I saw thee, lord, in last night's dream, a phantom from the grave,
      I pray thee, lord, from earth beneath come forth to help and save!
      To me and to thy son send up the bliss of triumph now,
      And hold the gloomy fates of ill, dim in the dark below
    !
      Such be thy words! my inner heart good tidings doth foretell,
      And that fair fate will spring thereof, if wisdom guide us well.

    ATOSSA

      Loyal thou that first hast read this dream, this vision of the
           night,
      With loyalty to me, the queen—be then thy presage right!
      And therefore, as thy bidding is, what time I pass within
      To dedicate these offerings, new prayers I will begin,
      Alike to gods and the great dead who loved our lineage well.
      Yet one more word—say, in what realm do the Athenians dwell?

    CHORUS

      Far hence, even where, in evening land, goes down our Lord the Sun.

    ATOSSA

      Say, had my son so keen desire, that region to o'errun?

    CHORUS

      Yea—if she fell, the rest of Greece were subject to our sway!

    ATOSSA

      Hath she so great predominance, such legions in array?

    CHORUS

      Ay—such a host as smote us sore upon an earlier day.

    ATOSSA

      And what hath she, besides her men? enow of wealth in store?

    CHORUS

      A mine of treasure in the earth, a fount of silver ore!

    ATOSSA

      Is it in skill of bow and shaft that Athens' men excel?

    CHORUS

      Nay, they bear bucklers in the fight,
        and thrust the spear-point well.

    ATOSSA

      And who is shepherd of their host and holds them in command?

    CHORUS

      To no man do they bow as slaves, nor own a master's hand.

    ATOSSA

      How should they bide our brunt of war, the East upon the West?

    CHORUS

      That could Darius' valiant horde in days of yore attest!

    ATOSSA

      A boding word, to us who bore the men now far away!

    CHORUS

      Nay—as I deem, the very truth will dawn on us to-day.
      A Persian by his garb and speed, a courier draws anear—
      He bringeth news, of good or ill, for Persia's land to hear.
                         [Enter A MESSENGER. MESSENGER

      O walls and towers of all the Asian realm,
      O Persian land, O treasure-house of gold!
      How, by one stroke, down to destruction, down,
      Hath sunk our pride, and all the flower of war
      That once was Persia's, lieth in the dust!
      Woe on the man who first announceth woe—
      Yet must I all the tale of death unroll!
      Hark to me, Persians! Persia's host lies low.

    CHORUS

      O ruin manifold, and woe, and fear!
      Let the wild tears run down, for the great doom is here!

    MESSENGER

      This blow hath fallen, to the utterance, And I, past hope, behold my safe return!

    CHORUS

      Too long, alack, too long this life of mine,
      That in mine age I see this sudden woe condign!

    MESSENGER

      As one who saw, by no loose rumour led,
      Lords, I would tell what doom was dealt to us.

    CHORUS

      Alack, how vainly have they striven!
      Our myriad hordes with shaft and bow
      Went from the Eastland, to lay low
        Hellas, beloved of Heaven!

    MESSENGER

      Piled with men dead, yea, miserably slain,
      Is every beach, each reef of Salamis!

    CHORUS

      Thou sayest sooth—ah well-a-day!
      Battered amid the waves, and torn,
      On surges hither, thither, borne,
      Dead bodies, bloodstained and forlorn,
      In their long cloaks they toss and stray!

    MESSENGER

      Their bows availed not! all have perished, all,
      By charging galleys crushed and whelmed in death.

    CHORUS

      Shriek out your sorrow's wistful wail!
        To their untimely doom they went;
      Ill strove they, and to no avail,
        And minished is their armament!

    MESSENGER

      Out on thee, hateful name of Salamis,
      Out upon Athens, mournful memory!

    CHORUS

      Woe upon this day's evil fame!
        Thou, Athens, art our murderess;
      Alack, full many a Persian dame
        Is left forlorn and husbandless!

    ATOSSA

      Mute have I been awhile, and overwrought
      At this great sorrow, for it passeth speech,
      And passeth all desire to ask of it.
      Yet if the gods send evils, men must bear.
                         (To the MESSENGER)
      Unroll the record! stand composed and tell,
      Although thy heart be groaning inwardly,
      Who hath escaped, and, of our leaders, whom
      Have we to weep? what chieftains in the van
      Stood, sank, and died and left us leaderless?

    MESSENGER

      Xerxes himself survives and sees the day.

    ATOSSA

      Then to my line thy word renews the dawn
      And golden dayspring after gloom of night!

    MESSENGER

      But the brave marshal of ten thousand horse,
      Artembares, is tossed and flung in death
      Along the rugged rocks Silenian.
      And Dadaces no longer leads his troop,
      But, smitten by the spear, from off the prow
      Hath lightly leaped to death; and Tenagon,
      In true descent a Bactrian nobly born,
      Drifts by the sea-lashed reefs of Salamis,
      The isle of Ajax. Gone Lilaeus too,
      Gone are Arsames and Argestes! all,
      Around the islet where the sea-doves breed,
      Dashed their defeated heads on iron rocks;
      Arcteus, who dwelt beside the founts of Nile,
      Adeues, Pheresseues, and with them
      Pharnuchus, from one galley's deck went down.
      Matallus, too, of Chrysa, lord and king
      Of myriad hordes, who led unto the fight
      Three times ten thousand swarthy cavaliers,
      Fell, with his swarthy and abundant beard
      Incarnadined to red, a crimson stain
      Outrivalling the purple of the sea!
      There Magian Arabus and Artames
      Of Bactra perished—taking up, alike,
      In yonder stony land their long sojourn.
      Amistris too, and he whose strenuous spear
      Was foremost in the fight, Amphistreus fell,
      And gallant Ariomardus, by whose death
      Broods sorrow upon Sardis: Mysia mourns
      For Seisames, and Tharubis lies low—
      Commander, he, of five times fifty ships,
      Born in Lyrnessus: his heroic form
      Is low in death, ungraced with sepulchre.
      Dead too is he, the lord of courage high,
      Cilicia's marshal, brave Syennesis,
      Than whom none dealt more carnage on the foe,
      Nor perished by a more heroic end.
      So fell the brave: so speak I of their doom,
      Summing in brief the fate of myriads!

    ATOSSA

      Ah well-a-day! these crowning woes I hear,
      The shame of Persia and her shrieks of dole!
      But yet renew the tale, repeat thy words,
      Tell o'er the count of those Hellenic ships,
      And how they ventured with their beaked prows
      To charge upon the Persian armament.

    MESSENGER

      Know, if mere count of ships could win the day,
      The Persians had prevailed. The Greeks, in sooth,
      Had but three hundred galleys at the most,
      And other ten, select and separate.
      But—I am witness—Xerxes held command
      Of full a thousand keels, and, those apart,
      Two hundred more, and seven, for speed renowned!—
      So stands the reckoning, and who shall dare
      To say we Persians had the lesser host?

    ATOSSA

      Nay, we were worsted by an unseen power
      Who swayed the balance downward to our doom!

    MESSENGER

      In ward of heaven doth Pallas' city stand.

    ATOSSA

      How then? is Athens yet inviolate?

    MESSENGER

      While her men live, her bulwark standeth firm!

    ATOSSA

      Say, how began the struggle of the ships?
      Who first joined issue? did the Greeks attack,
      Or Xerxes, in his numbers confident?

    MESSENGER

      O queen, our whole disaster thus befell,
      Through intervention of some fiend or fate—
      I know not what—that had ill will to us.
      From the Athenian host some Greek came o'er,
      To thy son Xerxes whispering this tale—
      Once let the gloom of night have gathered in,
      The Greeks will tarry not, but swiftly spring
      Each to his galley-bench, in furtive flight,
      Softly contriving safety for their life
    .
      Thy son believed the word and missed the craft
      Of that Greek foeman, and the spite of Heaven,
      And straight to all his captains gave this charge—
      As soon as sunlight warms the ground no more,
      And gloom enwraps the sanctuary of sky,
      Range we our fleet in triple serried lines
      To bar the passage from the seething strait,
      This way and that: let other ships surround
      The isle of Ajax, with this warning word—
      That if the Greeks their jeopardy should scape
      By wary craft, and win their ships a road.
      Each Persian captain shall his failure pay
      By forfeit of his head
    . So spake the king,
      Inspired at heart with over-confidence,
      Unwitting of the gods' predestined will.
      Thereon our crews, with no disordered haste,
      Did service to his bidding and purveyed
      The meal of afternoon: each rower then
      Over the fitted rowlock looped his oar.
      Then, when the splendour of the sun had set,
      And night drew on, each master of the oar
      And each armed warrior straightway went aboard.
      Forward the long ships moved, rank cheering rank,
      Each forward set upon its ordered course.
      And all night long the captains of the fleet
      Kept their crews moving up and down the strait.
      So the night waned, and not one Grecian ship
      Made effort to elude and slip away.
      But as dawn came and with her coursers white
      Shone in fair radiance over all the earth,
      First from the Grecian fleet rang out a cry,
      A song of onset! and the island crags
      Re-echoed to the shrill exulting sound.
      Then on us Eastern men amazement fell
      And fear in place of hope; for what we heard
      Was not a call to flight! the Greeks rang out
      Their holy, resolute, exulting chant,
      Like men come forth to dare and do and die
      Their trumpets pealed, and fire was in that sound,
      And with the dash of simultaneous oars
      Replying to the war-chant, on they came,
      Smiting the swirling brine, and in a trice
      They flashed upon the vision of the foe!
      The right wing first in orderly advance
      Came on, a steady column; following then,
      The rest of their array moved out and on,
      And to our ears there came a burst of sound,
      A clamour manifold.—On, sons of Greece!
      On, for your country's freedom! strike to save
      Wives, children, temples of ancestral gods,
      Graves of your fathers! now is all at stake
    .
      Then from our side swelled up the mingled din
      Of Persian tongues, and time brooked no delay—
      Ship into ship drave hard its brazen beak
      With speed of thought, a shattering blow! and first
      One Grecian bark plunged straight, and sheared away
      Bowsprit and stem of a Phoenician ship.
      And then each galley on some other's prow
      Came crashing in. Awhile our stream of ships
      Held onward, till within the narrowing creek
      Our jostling vessels were together driven,
      And none could aid another: each on each
      Drave hard their brazen beaks, or brake away
      The oar-banks of each other, stem to stern,
      While the Greek galleys, with no lack of skill,
      Hemmed them and battered in their sides, and soon
      The hulls rolled over, and the sea was hid,
      Crowded with wrecks and butchery of men.
      No beach nor reef but was with corpses strewn,
      And every keel of our barbarian host
      Hurried to flee, in utter disarray.
      Thereon the foe closed in upon the wrecks
      And hacked and hewed, with oars and splintered planks,
      As fishermen hack tunnies or a cast
      Of netted dolphins, and the briny sea
      Rang with the screams and shrieks of dying men,
      Until the night's dark aspect hid the scene.
      Had I a ten days' time to sum that count
      Of carnage, 'twere too little! know this well—
      One day ne'er saw such myriad forms of death!

    ATOSSA

      Woe on us, woe! disaster's mighty sea
      Hath burst on us and all the Persian realm!

    MESSENGER

      Be well assured, the tale is but begun—
      The further agony that on us fell
      Doth twice outweigh the sufferings I have told!

    ATOSSA

      Nay, what disaster could be worse than this?
      Say on! what woe upon the army came,
      Swaying the scale to a yet further fall?

    MESSENGER

      The very flower and crown of Persia's race,
      Gallant of soul and glorious in descent,
      And highest held in trust before the king,
      Lies shamefully and miserably slain.

    ATOSSA

      Alas for me and for this ruin, friends!
      Dead, sayest thou? by what fate overthrown?

    MESSENGER

      An islet is there, fronting Salamis—
      Strait, and with evil anchorage: thereon
      Pan treads the measure of the dance he loves
      Along the sea-beach. Thither the king sent
      His noblest, that, whene'er the Grecian foe
      Should 'scape, with shattered ships, unto the isle,
      We might make easy prey of fugitives
      And slay them there, and from the washing tides
      Rescue our friends. It fell out otherwise
      Than he divined, for when, by aid of Heaven,
      The Hellenes held the victory on the sea,
      Their sailors then and there begirt themselves
      With brazen mail and bounded from their ships,
      And then enringed the islet, point by point,
      So that our Persians in bewilderment
      Knew not which way to turn. On every side,
      Battered with stones, they fell, while arrows flew
      From many a string, and smote them to the death.
      Then, at the last, with simultaneous rush
      The foe came bursting on us, hacked and hewed
      To fragments all that miserable band,
      Till not a soul of them was left alive.
      Then Xerxes saw disaster's depth, and shrieked,
      From where he sat on high, surveying all—
      A lofty eminence, beside the brine,
      Whence all his armament lay clear in view.
      His robe he rent, with loud and bitter wail,
      And to his land-force swiftly gave command
      And fled, with shame beside him! Now, lament
      That second woe, upon the first imposed!

    ATOSSA

      Out on thee, Fortune! thou hast foiled the hope
      And power of Persia: to this bitter end
      My son went forth to wreak his great revenge
      On famous Athens! all too few they seemed,
      Our men who died upon the Fennel-field!
      Vengeance for them my son had mind to take,
      And drew on his own head these whelming woes.
      But thou, say on! the ships that 'scaped from wreck—
      Where didst thou leave them? make thy story clear.

    MESSENGER

      The captains of the ships that still survived
      Fled in disorder, scudding down the wind,
      The while our land-force on Boeotian soil
      Fell into ruin, some beside the springs
      Dropping before they drank, and some outworn,
      Pursued, and panting all their life away.
      The rest of us our way to Phocis won,
      And thence to Doris and the Melian gulf,
      Where with soft stream Spercheus laves the soil.
      Thence to the northward did Phthiotis' plain,
      And some Thessalian fortress, lend us aid,
      For famine-pinched we were, and many died
      Of drought and hunger's twofold present scourge.
      Thence to Magnesia came we, and the land
      Where Macedonians dwell, and crossed the ford
      Of Axius, and Bolbe's reedy fen,
      And mount Pangaeus, in Edonian land.
      There, in the very night we came, the god
      Brought winter ere its time, from bank to bank
      Freezing the holy Strymon's tide. Each man
      Who heretofore held lightly of the gods,
      Now crouched and proffered prayer to Earth and Heaven!
      Then, after many orisons performed,
      The army ventured on the frozen ford:
      Yet only those who crossed before the sun
      Shed its warm rays, won to the farther side.
      For soon the fervour of the glowing orb
      Did with its keen rays pierce the ice-bound stream,
      And men sank through and thrust each other down—
      Best was his lot whose breath was stifled first!
      But all who struggled through and gained the bank,
      Toilfully wending through the land of Thrace
      Have made their way, a sorry, scanted few,
      Unto this homeland. Let the city now
      Lament and yearn for all the loved and lost.
      My tale is truth, yet much untold remains
      Of ills that Heaven hath hurled upon our land.

    CHORUS

      Spirit of Fate, too heavy were thy feet,
      Those ill to match! that sprang on Persia's realm.

    ATOSSA

      Woe for the host, to wrack and ruin hurled!
      O warning of the night, prophetic dream!
      Thou didst foreshadow clearly all the doom,
      While ye, old men, made light of woman's fears!
      Ah well—yet, as your divination ruled
      The meaning of the sign, I hold it good,
      First, that I put up prayer unto the gods,
      And, after that, forth from my palace bring
      The sacrificial cake, the offering due
      To Earth and to the spirits of the dead.
      Too well I know it is a timeless rite
      Over a finished thing that cannot change!
      But yet—I know not—there may come of it
      Alleviation for the after time.
      You it beseems, in view of what hath happed,
      T' advise with loyal hearts our loyal guards:
      And to my son—if, ere my coming forth,
      He should draw hitherward—give comfort meet,
      Escort him to the palace in all state,
      Lest to these woes he add another woe!
                         [Exit ATOSSA.

    CHORUS

      Zeus, lord and king! to death and nought
      Our countless host by thee is brought.
      Deep in the gloom of death, to-day,
      Lie Susa and Ecbatana:
      How many a maid in sorrow stands
      And rends her tire with tender hands!
      How tears run down, in common pain
      And woeful mourning for the slain!
      O delicate in dole and grief,
      Ye Persian women! past relief
      Is now your sorrow! to the war
      Your loved ones went and come no more!
      Gone from you is your joy and pride—
      Severed the bridegroom from the bride—
      The wedded couch luxurious
      Is widowed now, and all the house
      Pines ever with insatiate sighs,
      And we stand here and bid arise,
      For those who forth in ardour went
      And come not back, the loud lament!

      Land of the East, thou mournest for the host,
      Bereft of all thy sons, alas the day!
      For them whom Xerxes led hath Xerxes lost—
      Xerxes who wrecked the fleet, and flung our hopes away!

      How came it that Darius once controlled,
      And without scathe, the army of the bow,
      Loved by the folk of Susa, wise and bold?
      Now is the land-force lost, the shipmen sunk below!

      Ah for the ships that bore them, woe is me!
      Bore them to death and doom! the crashing prows
      Of fierce Ionian oarsmen swept the sea,
      And death was in their wake, and shipwreck murderous!

      Late, late and hardly—if true tales they tell—
      Did Xerxes flee along the wintry way
      And snows of Thrace—but ah, the first who fell
      Lie by the rocks or float upon Cychrea's bay!

        Mourn, each and all! waft heavenward your cry,
          Stung to the soul, bereaved, disconsolate!
        Wail out your anguish, till it pierce the sky,
      In shrieks of deep despair, ill-omened, desperate!

        The dead are drifting, yea, are gnawed upon
          By voiceless children of the stainless sea,
        Or battered by the surge! we mourn and groan
      For husbands gone to death, for childless agony!

        Alas the aged men, who mourn to-day
          The ruinous sorrows that the gods ordain!
        O'er the wide Asian land, the Persian sway
      Can force no tribute now, and can no rule sustain.

        Yea, men will crouch no more to fallen power
          And kingship overthrown! the whole land o'er,
        Men speak the thing they will, and from this hour
      The folk whom Xerxes ruled obey his word no more.

        The yoke of force is broken from the neck—
          The isle of Ajax and th' encircling wave
        Reek with a bloody crop of death and wreck
      Of Persia's fallen power, that none can lift nor save!
                        [Re-enter ATOSSA, in mourning robes.

    ATOSSA

      Friends, whosoe'er is versed in human ills,
      Knoweth right well that when a wave of woe
      Comes on a man, he sees in all things fear;
      While, in flood-tide of fortune, 'tis his mood
      To take that fortune as unchangeable,
      Wafting him ever forward. Mark me now—
      The gods' thwart purpose doth confront mine eyes,
      And all is terror to me; in mine ears
      There sounds a cry, but not of triumph now—
      So am I scared at heart by woe so great.
      Therefore I wend forth from the house anew,
      Borne in no car of state, nor robed in pride
      As heretofore, but bringing, for the sire
      Who did beget my son, libations meet
      For holy rites that shall appease the dead—
      The sweet white milk, drawn from a spotless cow,
      The oozing drop of golden honey, culled
      By the flower-haunting bee, and therewithal
      Pure draughts of water from a virgin spring;
      And lo! besides, the stainless effluence,
      Born of the wild vine's bosom, shining store
      Treasured to age, this bright and luscious wine.
      And eke the fragrant fruit upon the bough
      Of the grey olive-tree, which lives its life
      In sprouting leafage, and the twining flowers,
      Bright children of the earth's fertility.
      But you, O friends! above these offerings poured
      To reconcile the dead, ring out your dirge
      To summon up Darius from the shades,
      Himself a shade; and I will pour these draughts,
      Which earth shall drink, unto the gods of hell.

    CHORUS

      Queen, by the Persian land adored,
      By thee be this libation poured,
      Passing to those who hold command
      Of dead men in the spirit-land!
      And we will sue, in solemn chant,
      That gods who do escort the dead
      In nether realms, our prayer may grant—
        Back to us be Darius led!

      O Earth, and Hermes, and the king
      Of Hades, our Darius bring!
      For if, beyond the prayers we prayed,
      He knoweth aught of help or aid,
      He, he alone, in realms below,
      Can speak the limit of our woe!

      Doth he hear me, the king we adored, who is god
           among gods of the dead?
        Doth he hear me send out in my sorrow the pitiful,
           manifold cry,
      The sobbing lament and appeal? is the voice of my
           suffering sped
        To the realm of the shades? doth he hear me and
           pity my sorrowful sigh?
      O Earth, and ye Lords of the dead! release ye that
           spirit of might,
      Who in Susa the palace was born! let him rise up
           once more to the light!

        There is none like him, none of all
      That e'er were laid in Persian sepulchres!
        Borne forth he was to honoured burial,
      A royal heart! and followed by our tears.
        God of the dead, O give him back to us,
      Darius, ruler glorious!
        He never wasted us with reckless war—
      God, counsellor, and king, beneath a happy star!
        Ancient of days and king, awake and come—
          Rise o'er the mounded tomb!
      Rise, plant thy foot, with saffron sandal shod
        Father to us, and god!
      Rise with thy diadem, O sire benign,
        Upon thy brow!
      List to the strange new sorrows of thy line,
        Sire of a woeful son!

      A mist of fate and hell is round us now,
      And all the city's flower to death is done!
      Alas, we wept thee once, and weep again!
      O Lord of lords, by recklessness twofold
      The land is wasted of its men,
      And down to death are rolled
      Wreckage of sail and oar,
      Ships that are ships no more,
      And bodies of the slain!
                         [The GHOST OF DARIUS rises.

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      Ye aged Persians, truest of the true,
      Coevals of the youth that once was mine,
      What troubleth now our city? harken, how
      It moans and beats the breast and rends the plain!
      And I, beholding how my consort stood
      Beside my tomb, was moved with awe, and took
      The gift of her libation graciously.
      But ye are weeping by my sepulchre,
      And, shrilling forth a sad, evoking cry,
      Summon me mournfully, Arise, arise.
      No light thing is it, to come back from death,
      For, in good sooth, the gods of nether gloom
      Are quick to seize but late and loth to free!
      Yet among them I dwell as one in power—
      And lo, I come! now speak, and speed your words,
      Lest I be blamed for tarrying overlong!
      What new disaster broods o'er Persia's realm?

      CHORUS

      With awe on thee I gaze,
      And, standing face to face,
      I tremble as I did in olden days!

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      Nay, but as I rose to earth again, obedient to your call,
      Prithee, tarry not in parley! be one word enough for all—
      Speak and gaze on me unshrinking, neither let my face appal!

    CHORUS


      I tremble to reveal,
      Yet tremble to conceal
      Things hard for friends to feel!

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      Nay, but if the old-time terror on your spirit keeps its hold,
      Speak thou, O royal lady who didst couch with me of old!
      Stay thy weeping and lamenting and to me reveal the truth—
      Speak! for man is born to sorrow; yea, the proverb sayeth sooth!
      'Tis the doom of mortal beings, if they live to see old age,
      To suffer bale, by land and sea, through war and tempest's rage.

    ATOSSA

      O thou whose blissful fate on earth all mortal weal excelled—
      Who, while the sunlight touched thine eyes, the lord of all wert
           held!
      A god to Persian men thou wert, in bliss and pride and fame—
      I hold thee blest too in thy death, or e'er the ruin came!
      Alas, Darius! one brief word must tell thee all the tale—
      The Persian power is in the dust, gone down in blood and bale!

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      Speak—by what chance? did man rebel, or pestilence descend?

    ATOSSA

      Neither! by Athens' fatal shores our army met its end.

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      Which of my children led our host to Athens? speak and say.

    ATOSSA

      The froward Xerxes, leaving all our realm to disarray.

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      Was it with army or with fleet on folly's quest he went?

    ATOSSA

      With both alike, a twofold front of double armament.

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      And how then did so large a host on foot pass o'er the sea?

    ATOSSA

      He bridged the ford of Helle's strait by artful carpentry.

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      How? could his craft avail to span the torrent of that tide?

    ATOSSA

      'Tis sooth I say—some unknown power did fatal help provide!

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      Alas, that power in malice came, to his bewilderment!

    ATOSSA

      Alas, we see the end of all, the ruin on us sent.

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      Speak, tell me how they fared therein, that thus ye mourn and weep?

    ATOSSA

      Disaster to the army came, through ruin on the deep!

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      Is all undone? hath all the folk gone down before the foe?

    ATOSSA

      Yea, hark to Susa's mourning cry for warriors laid low!

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      Alas for all our gallant aids, our Persia's help and pride!

    ATOSSA

      Ay! old with young, the Bactrian force hath perished at our side!

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      Alas, my son! what gallant youths hath he sent down to death!

    ATOSSA

      Alone, or with a scanty guard—for so the rumour saith—

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      He came—but how, and to what end? doth aught of hope remain?

    ATOSSA

      With joy he reached the bridge that spanned the Hellespontine main.

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      How? is he safe, in Persian land? speak soothly, yea or nay!

    ATOSSA

      Clear and more clear the rumour comes, for no man to gainsay.

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      Woe for the oracle fulfilled, the presage of the war
      Launched on my son, by will of Zeus! I deemed our doom afar
      In lap of time; but, if a king push forward to his fate,
      The god himself allures to death that man infatuate!
      So now the very fount of woe streams out on those I loved,
      And mine own son, unwisely bold, the truth hereof hath proved!
      He sought to shackle and control the Hellespontine wave,
      That rushes from the Bosphorus, with fetters of a slave!—
      To curb and bridge, with welded links, the streaming water-way,
      And guide across the passage broad his manifold array!
      Ah, folly void of counsel! he deemed that mortal wight
      Could thwart the will of Heaven itself and curb Poseidon's might!
      Was it not madness? much I fear lest all my wealth and store
      Pass from my treasure-house, to be the snatcher's prize once more!

    ATOSSA

      Such is the lesson, ah, too late! to eager Xerxes taught—
      Trusting random counsellors and hare-brained men of nought,
      Who said Darius mighty wealth and fame to us did bring,
      But thou art nought, a blunted spear, a palace-keeping king
    !
      Unto those sorry counsellors a ready ear he lent,
      And led away to Hellas' shore his fated armament.

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      Therefore through them hath come calamity
      Most huge and past forgetting; nor of old
      Did ever such extermination fall
      Upon the city Susa. Long ago
      Zeus in his power this privilege bestowed,
      That with a guiding sceptre one sole man
      Should rule this Asian land of flock and herd.
      Over the folk a Mede, Astyages,
      Did grasp the power: then Cyaxares ruled
      In his sire's place, and held the sway aright,
      Steering his state with watchful wariness.
      Third in succession, Cyrus, blest of Heaven,
      Held rule and 'stablished peace for all his clan:
      Lydian and Phrygian won he to his sway,
      And wide Ionia to his yoke constrained,
      For the god favoured his discretion sage.
      Fourth in the dynasty was Cyrus' son,
      And fifth was Mardus, scandal of his land
      And ancient lineage. Him Artaphrenes,
      Hardy of heart, within his palace slew,
      Aided by loyal plotters, set for this.
      And I too gained the lot for which I craved,
      And oftentimes led out a goodly host,
      Yet never brought disaster such as this
      Upon the city. But my son is young
      And reckless in his youth, and heedeth not
      The warnings of my mouth. Mark this, my friends,
      Born with my birth, coeval with mine age—
      Not all we kings who held successive rule
      Have wrought, combined, such ruin as my son!

    CHORUS

      How then, O King Darius? whitherward
      Dost thou direct thy warning? from this plight
      How can we Persians fare towards hope again?

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      By nevermore assailing Grecian lands,
      Even tho' our Median force be double theirs—
      For the land's self protects its denizens.

    CHORUS

      How meanest thou? by what defensive power?

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      She wastes by famine a too countless foe.

    CHORUS

      But we will bring a host more skilled than huge.

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      Why, e'en that army, camped in Hellas still,
      Shall never win again to home and weal!

    CHORUS

      How say'st thou? will not all the Asian host
      Pass back from Europe over Helle's ford?

    GHOST OF DARIUS

      Nay—scarce a tithe of all those myriads,
      If man may trust the oracles of Heaven
      When he beholds the things already wrought,
      Not false with true, but true with no word false
      If what I trow be truth, my son has left
      A chosen rear-guard of our host, in whom
      He trusts, now, with a random confidence!
      They tarry where Asopus laves the ground
      With rills that softly bless Boeotia's plain—
      There is it fated for them to endure
      The very crown of misery and doom,
      Requital for their god-forgetting pride!
      For why? they raided Hellas, had the heart
      To wrong the images of holy gods,
      And give the shrines and temples to the flame!
      Defaced and dashed from sight the altars fell,
      And each god's image, from its pedestal
      Thrust and flung down, in dim confusion lies!
      Therefore, for outrage vile, a doom as dark
      They suffer, and yet more shall undergo—
      They touch no bottom in the swamp of doom,
      But round them rises, bubbling up, the ooze!
      So deep shall lie the gory clotted mass
      Of corpses by the Dorian spear transfixed
      Upon Plataea's field! yea, piles of slain
      To the third generation shall attest
      By silent eloquence to those that see—
      Let not a mortal vaunt him overmuch.
      For pride grows rankly, and to ripeness brings
      The curse of fate, and reaps, for harvest, tears!
      Therefore when ye behold, for deeds like these,
      Such stern requital paid, remember then
      Athens and Hellas. Let no mortal wight,
      Holding too lightly of his present weal
      And passionate for more, cast down and spill
      The mighty cup of his prosperity!
      Doubt not that over-proud and haughty souls
      Zeus lours in wrath, exacting the account.
      Therefore, with wary warning, school my son,
      Though he be lessoned by the gods already,
      To curb the vaunting that affronts high Heaven!
      And thou, O venerable Mother-queen,
      Beloved of Xerxes, to the palace pass
      And take therefrom such raiment as befits
      Thy son, and go to meet him: for his garb
      In this extremity of grief hangs rent
      Around his body, woefully unstitched,
      Mere tattered fragments of once royal robes!
      Go thou to him, speak soft and soothing words—
      Thee, and none other, will he bear to hear,
      As well I know. But I must pass away
      From earth above, unto the nether gloom;
      Therefore, old men, take my farewell, and clasp,
      Even amid the ruin of this time,
      Unto your souls the pleasure of the day,
      For dead men have no profit of their gold!
                         [The GHOST OF DARIUS sinks.

    CHORUS

      Alas, I thrill with pain for Persia's woes—
      Many fulfilled, and others hard at hand!

    ATOSSA

      O spirit of the race, what sorrows crowd
      Upon me! and this anguish stings me worst,
      That round my royal son's dishonoured form
      Hang rags and tatters, degradation deep!
      I will away, and, bringing from within
      A seemly royal robe, will straightway strive
      To meet and greet my son: foul scorn it were
      To leave our dearest in his hour of shame.
                         [Exit ATOSSA.

    CHORUS

      Ah glorious and goodly they were,
          the life and the lot that we gained,
      The cities we held in our hand
          when the monarch invincible reigned,
      The king that was good to his realm,
          sufficing, fulfilled of his sway,
      A lord that was peer of the gods,
          the pride of the bygone day!
      Then could we show to the skies
          great hosts and a glorious name,
      And laws that were stable in might;
          as towers they guarded our fame!
      There without woe or disaster
          we came from the foe and the fight,
      In triumph, enriched with the spoil,
          to the land and the city's delight.
      What towns ere the Halys he passed!
          what towns ere he came to the West,
      To the main and the isles of the Strymon,
          and the Thracian region possess'd!
      And those that stand back from the main,
          enringed by their fortified wall,
      Gave o'er to Darius, the king,
          the sceptre and sway over all!
      Those too by the channel of Helle,
          where southward it broadens and glides,
      By the inlets, Propontis! of thee,
          and the strait of the Pontic tides,
      And the isles that lie fronting our sea-board,
          and the Eastland looks on each one,
      Lesbo and Chios and Paros,
          and Samos with olive-trees grown,
      And Naxos, and Myconos' rock,
          and Tenos with Andros hard by,
      And isles that in midmost Aegean,
          aloof from the continent, lie—
      And Lemnos and Icaros' hold—
         all these to his sceptre were bowed,
      And Cnidos and neighbouring Rhodes,
          and Soli, and Paphos the proud,
      And Cyprian Salamis, name-child of her
          who hath wrought us this wrong!
      Yea, and all the Ionian tract,
          where the Greek-born inhabitants throng,
      And the cities are teeming with gold—
          Darius was lord of them all,
      And, great by his wisdom, he ruled,
          and ever there came to his call,
      In stalwart array and unfailing,
          the warrior chiefs of our land,
      And mingled allies from the tribes
          who bowed to his conquering hand!
      But now there are none to gainsay
          that the gods are against us; we lie
      Subdued in the havoc of wreck,
          and whelmed by the wrath of the sky!
                         [Enter XERXES in disarray.

    XERXES

      Alas the day, that I should fall
      Into this grimmest fate of all,
        This ruin doubly unforeseen!
      On Persia's land what power of Fate
      Descends, what louring gloom of hate?
        How shall I bear my teen?
      My limbs are loosened where they stand,
      When I behold this aged band—
      Oh God! I would that I too, I,
        Among the men who went to die,
      Were whelmed in earth by Fate's command!

    CHORUS

      Ah welladay, my King! ah woe
      For all our heroes' overthrow—
        For all the gallant host's array,
        For Persia's honour, pass'd away,
        For glory and heroic sway
        Mown down by Fortune's hand to-day!
      Hark, how the kingdom makes its moan,
      For youthful valour lost and gone,
      By Xerxes shattered and undone!
        He, he hath crammed the maw of hell
        With bowmen brave, who nobly fell,
      Their country's mighty armament,
      Ten thousand heroes deathward sent!
        Alas, for all the valiant band,
        O king and lord! thine Asian land
      Down, down upon its knee is bent!

    XERXES

      Alas, a lamentable sound,
      A cry of ruth! for I am found
      A curse to land and lineage,
      With none my sorrow to assuage!

    CHORUS

      Alas, a death-song desolate
        I send forth, for thy home-coming!
      A scream, a dirge for woe and fate,
        Such as the Asian mourners sing,
      A sorry and ill-omened tale
      Of tears and shrieks and Eastern wail!

    XERXES

      Ay, launch the woeful sorrow's cry,
      The harsh, discordant melody,
      For lo, the power, we held for sure,
      Hath turned to my discomfiture!

    CHORUS

      Yea, dirges, dirges manifold
      Will I send forth, for warriors bold,
      For the sea-sorrow of our host!
      The city mourns, and I must wail
      With plashing tears our sorrow's tale,
      Lamenting for the loved and lost!

    XERXES

      Alas, the god of war, who sways
      The scales of fight in diverse ways,
      Gives glory to Ionia!
      Ionian ships, in fenced array,
      Have reaped their harvest in the bay,
      A darkling harvest-field of Fate,
      A sea, a shore, of doom and hate!

    CHORUS

      Cry out, and learn the tale of woe!
      Where are thy comrades? where the band
      Who stood beside thee, hand in hand,
        A little while ago?
      Where now hath Pharandakes gone,
      Where Psammis, and where Pelagon?
      Where now is brave Agdabatas,
      And Susas too, and Datamas?
      Hath Susiscanes past away,
      The chieftain of Ecbatana?

    XERXES

      I left them, mangled castaways,
        Flung from their Tyrian deck, and tossed
      On Salaminian water-ways,
        From surging tides to rocky coast!

    CHORUS

      Alack, and is Pharnuchus slain,
      And Ariomardus, brave in vain?
      Where is Seualces' heart of fire?
      Lilaeus, child of noble sire?
      Are Tharubis and Memphis sped?
      Hystaechmas, Artembares dead?
      And where is brave Masistes, where?
      Sum up death's count, that I may hear!

    XERXES

      Alas, alas, they came, their eyes surveyed
      Ancestral Athens on that fatal day.
      Then with a rending struggle were they laid
      Upon the land, and gasped their life away!

    CHORUS

      And Batanochus' child, Alpistus great,
        Surnamed the Eye of State—
      Saw you and left you him who once of old
      Ten thousand thousand fighting-men enrolled?
      His sire was child of Sesamas, and he
      From Megabates sprang. Ah, woe is me,
        Thou king of evil fate!
      Hast thou lost Parthus, lost Oebares great?
        Alas, the sorrow! blow succeedeth blow
      On Persia's pride; thou tellest woe on woe!

    XERXES

      Bitter indeed the pang for comrades slain,
        The brave and bold! thou strikest to my soul
      Pain, pain beyond forgetting, hateful pain.
        My inner spirit sobs and sighs with dole!

    CHORUS

      Another yet we yearn to see,
      And see not! ah, thy chivalry,
      Xanthis, thou chief of Mardian men
      Countless! and thou, Anchares bright,
      And ye, whose cars controlled the fight,
      Arsaces and Diaixis wight,
      Kegdadatas, Lythimnas dear,
      And Tolmus, greedy of the spear!
      I stand bereft! not in thy train
      Come they, as erst! ah, ne'er again
      Shall they return unto our eyes,
      Car-borne, 'neath silken canopies!

    XERXES

      Yea, gone are they who mustered once the host!

    CHORUS

      Yea, yea, forgotten, lost!

    XERXES

      Alas, the woe and cost!

    CHORUS

      Alas, ye heavenly powers!
      Ye wrought a sorrow past belief,
        A woe, of woes the chief!
      With aspect stern, upon us Ate looms!

    XERXES

      Smitten are we—time tells no heavier blow!

    CHORUS

      Smitten! the doom is plain!

    XERXES

      Curse upon curse and pang on pang we know!

    CHORUS

      With the Ionian power
      We clashed, in evil hour!
      Woe falls on Persia's race, yea, woe again, again!

    XERXES

      Yea, smitten am I, and my host is all to ruin hurled!

    CHORUS

      Yea verily—in mighty wreck hath sunk the Persian world!

    XERXES (holding up a torn robe and a quiver)

      See you this tattered rag of pride?

    CHORUS

      I see it, welladay!

    XERXES

      See you this quiver?

    CHORUS

      Say, hath aught survived and 'scaped the fray?

    XERXES

      A store for darts it was, erewhile!

    CHORUS

      Remain but two or three!

    XERXES

      No aid is left!

    CHORUS

      Ionian folk such darts, unfearing, see!

    XERXES

      Right resolute they are! I saw disaster unforeseen.

    CHORUS

      Ah, speakest thou of wreck, of flight, of carnage that hath been?

    XERXES

      Yea, and my royal robe I rent, in terror at their fall!

    CHORUS

      Alas, alas!

    XERXES

      Yea, thrice alas!

    CHORUS

      For all have perished, all!

    XERXES

      Ah woe to us, ah joy to them who stood against our pride!

    CHORUS

      And all our strength is minished and sundered from our side!

    XERXES

      No escort have I!

    CHORUS

      Nay, thy friends are whelmed beneath the tide!

    XERXES

      Wail, wail the miserable doom, and to the palace hie!

    CHORUS

      Alas, alas, and woe again!

    XERXES

      Shriek, smite the breast, as I!

    CHORUS

      An evil gift, a sad exchange, of tears poured out in vain!

    XERXES

      Shrill out your simultaneous wail!

    CHORUS

      Alas the woe and pain!

    XERXES

      O, bitter is this adverse fate!

    CHORUS

      I voice the moan with thee!

    XERXES

      Smite, smite thy bosom, groan aloud for my calamity!

    CHORUS

      I mourn and am dissolved in tears!

    XERXES

      Cry, beat thy breast amain!

    CHORUS

      O king, my heart is in thy woe!

    XERXES

      Shriek, wail, and shriek again!

    CHORUS

      O agony!

    XERXES

      A blackening blow—

    CHORUS

      A grievous stripe shall fall!

    XERXES

      Yea, beat anew thy breast, ring out the doleful Mysian call!

    CHORUS

      An agony, an agony!

    XERXES

      Pluck out thy whitening beard!

    CHORUS

      By handfuls, ay, by handfuls, with dismal tear-drops smeared!

    XERXES

      Sob out thine aching sorrow!

    CHORUS

      I will thine best obey.

    XERXES

      With thine hands rend thy mantle's fold—

    CHORUS

      Alas, woe worth the day!

    XERXES

      With thine own fingers tear thy locks, bewail the army's weird!

    CHORUS

      By handfuls, yea, by handfuls, with tears of dole besmeared!

    XERXES

      Now let thine eyes find overflow—

    CHORUS

      I wend in wail and pain!

    XERXES

      Cry out for me an answering moan—

    CHORUS

      Alas, alas again!

    XERXES

      Shriek with a cry of agony, and lead the doleful train!

    CHORUS

      Alas, alas, the Persian land is woeful now to tread!

    XERXES

      Cry out and mourn! the city now doth wail above the dead!

    CHORUS

      I sob and moan!

    XERXES

      I bid ye now be delicate in grief!

    CHORUS

      Alas, the Persian land is sad and knoweth not relief!

    XERXES

      Alas, the triple banks of oars and those who died thereby!

    CHORUS

      Pass! I will lead you, bring you home, with many a broken sigh!
                         [Exeunt


    THE SEVEN AGAINST THEBES


    DRAMATIS PERSONAE

      ETEOCLES.
      A SPY.
      CHORUS OF CADMEAN MAIDENS.
      ANTIGONE.
      ISMENE.
      A HERALD.


    ETEOCLES

      Clansmen of Cadmus, at the signal given
      By time and season must the ruler speak
      Who sets the course and steers the ship of State
      With hand upon the tiller, and with eye
      Watchful against the treachery of sleep.
      For if all go aright, thank Heaven, men say,
      But if adversely—which may God forefend!—
      One name on many lips, from street to street,
      Would bear the bruit and rumour of the time,
      Down with Eteocles!—a clamorous curse,
      A dirge of ruin. May averting Zeus
      Make good his title here, in Cadmus' hold!
      You it beseems now boys unripened yet
      To lusty manhood, men gone past the prime
      And increase of the full begetting seed,
      And those whom youth and manhood well combined
      Array for action—all to rise in aid
      Of city, shrines, and altars of all powers
      Who guard our land; that ne'er, to end of time,
      Be blotted out the sacred service due
      To our sweet mother-land and to her brood.
      For she it was who to their guest-right called
      Your waxing youth, was patient of the toil,
      And cherished you on the land's gracious lap,
      Alike to plant the hearth and bear the shield
      In loyal service, for an hour like this.
      Mark now! until to-day, luck rules our scale;
      For we, though long beleaguered, in the main
      Have with our sallies struck the foemen hard.
      But now the seer, the feeder of the birds,
      (Whose art unerring and prophetic skill
      Of ear and mind divines their utterance
      Without the lore of fire interpreted)
      Foretelleth, by the mastery of his art,
      That now an onset of Achaea's host
      Is by a council of the night designed
      To fall in double strength upon our walls.
      Up and away, then, to the battlements,
      The gates, the bulwarks! don your panoplies,
      Array you at the breast-work, take your stand
      On floorings of the towers, and with good heart
      Stand firm for sudden sallies at the gates,
      Nor hold too heinous a respect for hordes
      Sent on you from afar: some god will guard!
      I too, for shrewd espial of their camp,
      Have sent forth scouts, and confidence is mine
      They will not fail nor tremble at their task,
      And, with their news, I fear no foeman's guile.
                         [Enter A SPY.

    THE SPY

      Eteocles, high king of Cadmus' folk,
      I stand here with news certified and sure
      From Argos' camp, things by myself descried.
      Seven warriors yonder, doughty chiefs of might,
      Into the crimsoned concave of a shield
      Have shed a bull's blood, and, with hands immersed
      Into the gore of sacrifice, have sworn
      By Ares, lord of fight, and by thy name,
      Blood-lapping Terror, Let our oath be heard—
      Either to raze the walls, make void the hold
      Of Cadmus—strive his children as they may—
      Or, dying here, to make the foemen's land
      With blood impasted
    . Then, as memory's gift
      Unto their parents at the far-off home,
      Chaplets they hung upon Adrastus' car,
      With eyes tear-dropping, but no word of moan.
      For their steeled spirit glowed with high resolve,
      As lions pant, with battle in their eyes.
      For them, no weak alarm delays the clear
      Issues of death or life! I parted thence
      Even as they cast the lots, how each should lead,
      Against which gate, his serried company.
      Rank then thy bravest, with what speed thou may'st,
      Hard by the gates, to dash on them, for now,
      Full-armed, the onward ranks of Argos come!
      The dust whirls up, and from their panting steeds
      White foamy flakes like snow bedew the plain.
      Thou therefore, chieftain! like a steersman skilled,
      Enshield the city's bulwarks, ere the blast
      Of war comes darting on them! hark, the roar
      Of the great landstorm with its waves of men!
      Take Fortune by the forelock! for the rest,
      By yonder dawn-light will I scan the field
      Clear and aright, and surety of my word
      Shall keep thee scatheless of the coming storm.

    ETEOCLES

      O Zeus and Earth and city-guarding gods,
      And thou, my father's Curse, of baneful might,
      Spare ye at least this town, nor root it up,
      By violence of the foemen, stock and stem!
      For here, from home and hearth, rings Hellas' tongue.
      Forbid that e'er the yoke of slavery
      Should bow this land of freedom, Cadmus' hold!
      Be ye her help! your cause I plead with mine—
      A city saved doth honour to her gods!
                [Exit ETEOCLES, etc. Enter the CHORUS OF MAIDENS.

    CHORUS

      I wail in the stress of my terror,
          and shrill is my cry of despair.
      The foemen roll forth from their camp
          as a billow, and onward they bear!
      Their horsemen are swift in the forefront,
          the dust rises up to the sky,
      A signal, though speechless, of doom,
          a herald more clear than a cry!
      Hoof-trampled, the land of my love
          bears onward the din to mine ears.
      As a torrent descending a mountain,
          it thunders and echoes and nears!
      The doom is unloosened and cometh!
          O kings and O queens of high Heaven,
      Prevail that it fall not upon us:
          the sign for their onset is given—
      They stream to the walls from without,
          white-shielded and keen for the fray.
      They storm to the citadel gates—
          what god or what goddess can stay
      The rush of their feet? to what shrine
          shall I bow me in terror and pray?
      O gods high-throned in bliss,
          we must crouch at the shrines in your home!
      Not here must we tarry and wail:
          shield clashes on shield as they come—
      And now, even now is the hour
          for the robes and the chaplets of prayer!
      Mine eyes feel the flash of the sword,
          the clang is instinct with the spear!
      Is thy hand set against us, O Ares,
          in ruin and wrath to o'erwhelm
      Thine own immemorial land,
          O god of the golden helm?
      Look down upon us, we beseech thee,
          on the land that thou lovest of old,
      And ye, O protecting gods,
          in pity your people behold!
      Yea, save us, the maidenly troop,
          from the doom and despair of the slave,
      For the crests of the foemen come onward,
          their rush is the rush of a wave
      Rolled on by the war-god's breath!
          almighty one, hear us and save
      From the grasp of the Argives' might!
          to the ramparts of Cadmus they crowd,
      And, clenched in the teeth of the steeds,
          the bits clink horror aloud!
      And seven high chieftains of war,
          with spear and with panoply bold,
      Are set, by the law of the lot,
          to storm the seven gates of our hold!
      Be near and befriend us, O Pallas,
          the Zeus-born maiden of might!
      O lord of the steed and the sea,
          be thy trident uplifted to smite
      In eager desire of the fray, Poseidon!
          and Ares come down,
      In fatherly presence revealed,
          to rescue Harmonia's town!
      Thine too, Aphrodite, we are!
          thou art mother and queen of our race,
      To thee we cry out in our need,
          from thee let thy children have grace!
      Ye too, to scare back the foe,
          be your cry as a wolf's howl wild,
      Thou, O the wolf-lord, and thou,
          of she-wolf Leto the child!
      Woe and alack for the sound,
          for the rattle of cars to the wall,
      And the creak of the grinding axles!
          O Hera, to thee is our call!
      Artemis, maiden beloved!
          the air is distraught with the spears,
      And whither doth destiny drive us,
          and where is the goal of our fears?
      The blast of the terrible stones
          on the ridge of our wall is not stayed,
      At the gates is the brazen clash
          of the bucklers—Apollo to aid!
      Thou too, O daughter of Zeus,
          who guidest the wavering fray
      To the holy decision of fate,
          Athena! be with us to-day!
      Come down to the sevenfold gates
          and harry the foemen away!
      O gods and O sisters of gods,
          our bulwark and guard! we beseech
      That ye give not our war-worn hold
          to a rabble of alien speech!
      List to the call of the maidens,
          the hands held up for the right,
      Be near us, protect us, and show
          that the city is dear in your sight!

      Have heed for her sacrifice holy,
          and thought of her offerings take,
      Forget not her love and her worship,
          be near her and smite for her sake!
                         [Re-enter ETEOCLES. ETEOCLES

      Hark to my question, things detestable!
      Is this aright and for the city's weal,
      And helpful to our army thus beset,
      That ye before the statues of our gods
      Should fling yourselves, and scream and shriek your fears?
      Immodest, uncontrolled! Be this my lot—
      Never in troublous nor in peaceful days
      To dwell with aught that wears a female form!
      Where womankind has power, no man can house,
      Where womankind feeds panic, ruin rules
      Alike in house and city! Look you now—
      Your flying feet, and rumour of your fears,
      Have spread a soulless panic on our walls,
      And they without do go from strength to strength,
      And we within make breach upon ourselves!
      Such fate it brings, to house with womankind.
      Therefore if any shall resist my rule—
      Or man, or woman, or some sexless thing—
      The vote of sentence shall decide their doom,
      And stones of execution, past escape,
      Shall finish all. Let not a woman's voice
      Be loud in council! for the things without,
      A man must care; let women keep within—
      Even then is mischief all too probable!
      Hear ye? or speak I to unheeding ears?

    CHORUS

      Ah, but I shudder, child of Oedipus!
        I heard the clash and clang!
      The axles rolled and rumbled; woe to us
        Fire-welded bridles rang!

    ETEOCLES

      Say—when a ship is strained and deep in brine,
      Did e'er a seaman mend his chance, who left
      The helm, t'invoke the image at the prow?

    CHORUS

      Ah, but I fled to the shrines, I called to our helpers on high,
        When the stone-shower roared at the portals!
      I sped to the temples aloft, and loud was my call and my cry,
        Look down and deliver. Immortals!

    ETEOCLES

      Ay, pray amain that stone may vanquish steel!
      Were not that grace of gods? ay, ay—methinks,
      When cities fall, the gods go forth from them!

    CHORUS

      Ah, let me die, or ever I behold
        The gods go forth, in conflagration dire!
      The foemen's rush and raid, and all our hold
        Wrapt in the burning fire!

    ETEOCLES

      Cry not: on Heaven, in impotent debate!
      What saith the saw?—Good saving Strength, in verity,
      Out of Obedience breeds the babe Prosperity
    .

    CHORUS

      'Tis true: yet stronger is the power divine,
        And oft, when man's estate is overbowed
      With bitter pangs, disperses from his eyne
        The heavy, hanging cloud!

    ETEOCLES

      Let men with sacrifice and augury
      Approach the gods, when comes the tug of war;
      Maids must be silent and abide within.

    CHORUS

      By grace of the gods we hold it,
          a city untamed of the spear,
      And the battlement wards from the wall
          the foe and his aspect of fear!
      What need of displeasure herein?

    ETEOCLES

      Ay, pay thy vows to Heaven; I grudge them not,
      But—so thou strike no fear into our men—
      Have calm at heart, nor be too much afraid.

    CHORUS

      Alack, it is fresh in mine ears,
        the clamour and crash of the fray,
      And up to our holiest height
        I sped on my timorous way,
      Bewildered, beset by the din!

    ETEOCLES

      Now, if ye hear the bruit of death or wounds,
      Give not yourselves o'ermuch to shriek and scream,
      For Ares ravens upon human flesh.

    CHORUS

      Ah, but the snorting of the steeds I hear!

    ETEOCLES

      Then, if thou hearts, hear them not too well!

    CHORUS

      Hark, the earth rumbles, as they close us round!

    ETEOCLES

      Enough if I am here, with plans prepared.

    CHORUS

      Alack, the battering at the gates is loud!

    ETEOCLES

      Peace! stay your tongue, or else the town may hear!

    CHORUS

      O warders of the walls, betray them not!

    ETEOCLES

      Bestrew your cries! in silence face your fate.

    CHORUS

      Gods of our city, see me not enslaved!

    ETEOCLES

      On me, on all, thy cries bring slavery.

    CHORUS

      Zeus, strong to smite, turn upon foes thy blow!

    ETEOCLES

      Zeus, what a curse are women, wrought by thee!

    CHORUS

      Weak wretches, even as men, when cities fall.

    ETEOCLES

      What! clasping gods, yet voicing thy despair?

    CHORUS

      In the sick heart, fear machete prey of speech.

    ETEOCLES

      Light is the thing I ask thee—do my will!

    CHORUS

      Ask swiftly: swiftly shall I know my power.

    ETEOCLES

      Silence, weak wretch! nor put thy friends in fear.

    CHORUS

      I speak no more: the general fate be mine!

    ETEOCLES

      I take that word as wiser than the rest.
      Nay, more: these images possess thy will—
      Pray, in their strength, that Heaven be on our side!
      Then hear my prayers withal, and then ring out
      The female triumph-note, thy privilege—
      Yea, utter forth the usage Hellas knows,
      The cry beside the altars, sounding clear
      Encouragement to friends, alarm to foes.
      But I unto all gods that guard our walls,
      Lords of the plain or warders of the mart
      And to Isthmus' stream and Dirge's rills,
      I swear, if Fortune smiles and saves our town,
      That we will make our altars reek with blood
      Of sheep and kine, shed forth unto the gods,
      And with victorious tokens front our fannies—
      Corsets and cases that once our foemen wore,
      Spear-shattered now—to deck these holy homes!
      Be such thy vows to Heaven—away with sighs,
      Away with outcry vain and barbarous,
      That shall avail not, in a general doom!
      But I will back, and, with six chosen men
      Myself the seventh, to confront the foe
      In this great aspect of a poised war,
      Return and plant them at the sevenfold gates,
      Or e'er the prompt and clamorous battle-scouts
      Haste to inflame our counsel with the need.
                         [Exit ETEOCLES.

    CHORUS

      I mark his words, yet, dark and deep,
      My heart's alarm forbiddeth sleep!
      Close-clinging cares around my soul
      Enkindle fears beyond control,
      Presageful of what doom may fall
      From the great leaguer of the wall!
      So a poor dove is faint with fear
      For her weak nestlings, while anew
      Glides on the snaky ravisher!
      In troop and squadron, hand on hand,
      They climb and throng, and hemmed we stand,
      While on the warders of our town
      The flinty shower comes hurtling down!

      Gods born of Zeus! put forth your might
      For Cadmus' city, realm, and right!
      What nobler land shall e'er be yours,
      If once ye give to hostile powers
      The deep rich soil, and Dirce's wave,
      The nursing stream, Poseidon gave
      And Tethys' children? Up and save!
      Cast on the ranks that hem us round
      A deadly panic, make them fling
      Their arms in terror on the ground,
      And die in carnage! thence shall spring
      High honour for our clan and king!
      Come at our wailing cry, and stand
      As throned sentries of our land!

      For pity and sorrow it were
         that this immemorial town
      Should sink to be slave of the spear,
          to dust and to ashes gone down,
      By the gods of Achaean worship
          and arms of Achaean might
      Sacked and defiled and dishonoured,
          its women the prize of the fight—
      That, haled by the hair as a steed,
          their mantles dishevelled and torn,
      The maiden and matron alike
          should pass to the wedlock of scorn!
      I hear it arise from the city,
          the manifold wail of despair—
      Woe, woe for the doom that shall be
          as in grasp of the foeman they fare!
      For a woe and a weeping it is,
          if the maiden inviolate flower
      Is plucked by the foe in his might,
          not culled in the bridal bower!
      Alas for the hate and the horror—
          how say it?—less hateful by far
      Is the doom to be slain by the sword,
          hewn down in the carnage of war!
      For wide, ah! wide is the woe
          when the foeman has mounted the wall;
      There is havoc and terror and flame,
          and the dark smoke broods over all,
      And wild is the war-god's breath,
          as in frenzy of conquest he springs,
      And pollutes with the blast of his lips
          the glory of holiest things!

      Up to the citadel rise clash and din,
        The war-net closes in,
      The spear is in the heart: with blood imbrued
        Young mothers wail aloud,
      For children at their breast who scream and die!
        And boys and maidens fly,
      Yet scape not the pursuer, in his greed
        To thrust and grasp and feed!
      Robber with robber joins, each calls his mate
        Unto the feast of hate—
      The banquet, lo! is spread—
          seize, rend, and tear!
        No need to choose or share
    !
      And all the wealth of earth to waste is poured—
        A sight by all abhorred!
      The grieving housewives eye it;
          heaped and blent,
        Earth's boons are spoiled and spent,
      And waste to nothingness; and O alas,
        Young maids, forlorn ye pass—
      Fresh horror at your hearts—beneath the power
        Of those who crop the flower!
      Ye own the ruffian ravisher for lord,
        And night brings rites abhorred!
      Woe, woe for you! upon your grief and pain
        There comes a fouler stain.
                         [Enter, on one side, THE SPY;
                         on the other, ETEOCLES
                         and the SIX CHAMPIONS.

    SEMI-CHORUS

      Look, friends! methinks the scout, who parted hence
      To spy upon the foemen, comes with news,
      His feet as swift as wafting chariot-wheels.

    SEMI-CHORUS

      Ay, and our king, the son of Oedipus,
      Comes prompt to time, to learn the spy's report—
      His heart is fainter than his foot is fast!

    THE SPY

      Well have I scanned the foe, and well can say
      Unto which chief, by lot, each gate is given.
      Tydeus already with his onset-cry
      Storms at the gate called Proetides; but him
      The seer Amphiaraus holds at halt,
      Nor wills that he should cross Ismenus' ford,
      Until the sacrifices promise fair.
      But Tydeus, mad with lust of blood and broil,
      Like to a cockatrice at noontide hour,
      Hisses out wrath and smites with scourge of tongue
      The prophet-son of Oecleus—Wise thou art,
      Faint against war, and holding back from death
    !
      With such revilings loud upon his lips
      He waves the triple plumes that o'er his helm
      Float overshadowing, as a courser's mane;
      And at his shield's rim, terror in their tone,
      Clang and reverberate the brazen bells.
      And this proud sign, wrought on his shield, he bears—
      The vault of heaven, inlaid with blazing stars;
      And, for the boss, the bright moon glows at full,
      The eye of night, the first and lordliest star.
      Thus with high-vaunted armour, madly bold,
      He clamours by the stream-bank, wild for war,
      As a steed panting grimly on his bit,
      Held in and chafing for the trumpet's bray!
      Whom wilt thou set against him? when the gates
      Of Proetus yield, who can his rush repel?

    ETEOCLES

      To me, no blazon on a foeman's shield
      Shall e'er present a fear! such pointed threats
      Are powerless to wound; his plumes and bells,
      Without a spear, are snakes without a sting.
      Nay, more—that pageant of which thou tellest—
      The nightly sky displayed, ablaze with stars,
      Upon his shield, palters with double sense—
      One headstrong fool will find its truth anon!
      For, if night fall upon his eyes in death,
      Yon vaunting blazon will its own truth prove,
      And he is prophet of his folly's fall.
      Mine shall it be, to pit against his power
      The loyal son of Astacus, as guard
      To hold the gateways—a right valiant soul,
      Who has in heed the throne of Modesty
      And loathes the speech of Pride, and evermore
      Shrinks from the base, but knows no other fear.
      He springs by stock from those whom Ares spared,
      The men called Sown, a right son of the soil,
      And Melanippus styled. Now, what his arm
      To-day shall do, rests with the dice of war,
      And Ares shall ordain it; but his cause
      Hath the true badge of Right, to urge him on
      To guard, as son, his motherland from wrong.

    CHORUS

      Then may the gods give fortune fair
      Unto our chief, sent forth to dare
         War's terrible arbitrament!
      But ah! when champions wend away,
      I shudder, lest, from out the fray,
         Only their blood-stained wrecks be sent!

    THE SPY

      Nay, let him pass, and the gods' help be his!
      Next, Capaneus comes on, by lot to lead
      The onset at the gates Electran styled:
      A giant he, more huge than Tydeus' self,
      And more than human in his arrogance—
      May fate forefend his threat against our walls!
      God willing, or unwilling—such his vaunt—
      I will lay waste this city; Pallas' self,
      Zeus' warrior maid, although she swoop to earth
      And plant her in my path, shall stay me not
    .
      And, for the flashes of the levin-bolt,
      He holds them harmless as the noontide rays.
      Mark, too, the symbol on his shield—a man
      Scornfully weaponless but torch in hand,
      And the flame glows within his grasp, prepared
      For ravin: lo, the legend, wrought in words,
      Fire for the city bring I, flares in gold!
      Against such wight, send forth—yet whom? what man
      Will front that vaunting figure and not fear?

    ETEOCLES

      Aha, this profits also, gain on gain!
      In sooth, for mortals, the tongue's utterance
      Bewrays unerringly a foolish pride!
      Hither stalks Capaneus, with vaunt and threat
      Defying god-like powers, equipt to act,
      And, mortal though he be, he strains his tongue
      In folly's ecstasy, and casts aloft
      High swelling words against the ears of Zeus.
      Right well I trust—if justice grants the word—
      That, by the might of Zeus, a bolt of flame
      In more than semblance shall descend on him.
      Against his vaunts, though reckless, I have set,
      To make assurance sure, a warrior stern—
      Strong Polyphontes, fervid for the fray;
      A sturdy bulwark, he, by grace of Heaven
      And favour of his champion Artemis!
      Say on, who holdeth the next gate in ward?

    CHORUS

      Perish the wretch whose vaunt affronts our home!
        On him the red bolt come,
      Ere to the maiden bowers his way he cleave,
        To ravage and bereave!

    THE SPY

      I will say on. Eteoclus is third—
      To him it fell, what time the third lot sprang
      O'er the inverted helmet's brazen rim,
      To dash his stormers on Neistae gate.
      He wheels his mares, who at their frontlets chafe
      And yearn to charge upon the gates amain.
      They snort the breath of pride, and, filled therewith,
      Their nozzles whistle with barbaric sound.
      High too and haughty is his shield's device—
      An armed man who climbs, from rung to rung,
      A scaling ladder, up a hostile wall,
      Afire to sack and slay; and he too cries,
      (By letters, full of sound, upon the shield)
      Not Ares' self shall cast me from the wall.
      Look to it, send, against this man, a man
      Strong to debar the slave's yoke from our town.
                         ETEOCLES (pointing to MEGAREUS)

      Send will I—even this man, with luck to aid—
      By his worth sent already, not by pride
      And vain pretence, is he. 'Tis Megareus,
      The child of Creon, of the Earth-sprung born!
      He will not shrink from guarding of the gates,
      Nor fear the maddened charger's frenzied neigh,
      But, if he dies, will nobly quit the score
      For nurture to the land that gave him birth,
      Or from the shield-side hew two warriors down
      Eteoclus and the figure that he lifts—
      Ay, and the city pictured, all in one,
      And deck with spoils the temple of his sire!
      Announce the next pair, stint not of thy tongue!

    CHORUS

      O thou, the warder of my home,
        Grant, unto us, Fate's favouring tide,
      Send on the foemen doom!
        They fling forth taunts of frenzied pride,
      On them may Zeus with glare of vengeance come;

    THE SPY

      Lo, next him stands a fourth and shouts amain,
      By Pallas Onca's portal, and displays
      A different challenge; 'tis Hippomedon!
      Huge the device that starts up from his targe
      In high relief; and, I deny it not,
      I shuddered, seeing how, upon the rim,
      It made a mighty circle round the shield—
      No sorry craftsman he, who wrought that work
      And clamped it all around the buckler's edge!
      The form was Typhon: from his glowing throat
      Rolled lurid smoke, spark-litten, kin of fire!
      The flattened edge-work, circling round the whole,
      Made strong support for coiling snakes that grew
      Erect above the concave of the shield:
      Loud rang the warrior's voice; inspired for war,
      He raves to slay, as doth a Bacchanal,
      His very glance a terror! of such wight
      Beware the onset! closing on the gates,
      He peals his vaunting and appalling cry!

    ETEOCLES

      Yet first our Pallas Onca—wardress she,
      Planting her foot hard by her gate—shall stand,
      The Maid against the ruffian, and repel
      His force, as from her brood the mother-bird
      Beats back the wintered serpent's venom'd fang
      And next, by her, is Oenops' gallant son,
      Hyperbius, chosen to confront this foe,
      Ready to seek his fate at Fortune's shrine!

      In form, in valour, and in skill of arms,
      None shall gainsay him. See how wisely well
      Hermes hath set the brave against the strong!
      Confronted shall they stand, the shield of each
      Bearing the image of opposing gods:
      One holds aloft his Typhon breathing fire,
      But, on the other's shield, in symbol sits
      Zeus, calm and strong, and fans his bolt to flame—
      Zeus, seen of all, yet seen of none to fail!
      Howbeit, weak is trust reposed in Heaven—
      Yet are we upon Zeus' victorious side,
      The foe, with those he worsted—if in sooth
      Zeus against Typhon held the upper hand,
      And if Hyperbius, (as well may hap
      When two such foes such diverse emblems bear)
      Have Zeus upon his shield, a saving sign.

    CHORUS

      High faith is mine that he whose shield
      Bears, against Zeus, the thing of hate.
      The giant Typhon, thus revealed,
      A monster loathed of gods eterne
      And mortal men—this doom shall earn
      A shattered skull, before the gate!

    THE SPY

      Heaven send it so!
      A fifth assailant now
      Is set against our fifth, the northern, gate,
      Fronting the death-mound where Amphion lies
      The child of Zeus.

      This foeman vows his faith,
      Upon a mystic spear-head which he deems
      More holy than a godhead and more sure
      To find its mark than any glance of eye,
      That, will they, nill they, he will storm and sack
      The hold of the Cadmeans. Such his oath—
      His, the bold warrior, yet of childish years,
      A bud of beauty's foremost flower, the son
      Of Zeus and of the mountain maid. I mark
      How the soft down is waxing on his cheek,
      Thick and close-growing in its tender prime—
      In name, not mood, is he a maiden's child—
      Parthenopaeus; large and bright his eyes
      But fierce the wrath wherewith he fronts the gate:
      Yet not unheralded he takes his stand
      Before the portal; on his brazen shield,
      The rounded screen and shelter of his form,
      I saw him show the ravening Sphinx, the fiend
      That shamed our city—how it glared and moved,
      Clamped on the buckler, wrought in high relief!
      And in its claws did a Cadmean bear—
      Nor heretofore, for any single prey,
      Sped she aloft, through such a storm of darts
      As now awaits her. So our foe is here—
      Like, as I deem, to ply no stinted trade
      In blood and broil, but traffick as is meet
      In fierce exchange for his long wayfaring!

    ETEOCLES

      Ah, may they meet the doom they think to bring—
      They and their impious vaunts—from those on high!
      So should they sink, hurled down to deepest death!
      This foe, at least, by thee Arcadian styled,
      Is faced by one who bears no braggart sign,
      But his hand sees to smite, where blows avail—
      Actor, own brother to Hyperbius!
      He will not let a boast without a blow
      Stream through our gates and nourish our despair,
      Nor give him way who on his hostile shield
      Bears the brute image of the loathly Sphinx!
      Blocked at the gate, she will rebuke the man
      Who strives to thrust her forward, when she feels
      Thick crash of blows, up to the city wall.
      With Heaven's goodwill, my forecast shall be true.

    CHORUS

      Home to my heart the vaunting goes,
        And, quick with terror, on my head
      Rises my hair, at sound of those
        Who wildly, impiously rave!
      If gods there be, to them I plead—
        Give them to darkness and the grave.

    THE SPY

      Fronting the sixth gate stands another foe,
      Wisest of warriors, bravest among seers—
      Such must I name Amphiaraus: he,
      Set steadfast at the Homoloid gate,
      Berates strong Tydeus with reviling words—
      The man of blood, the bane of state and home,
      To Argos, arch-allurer to all ill,
      Evoker of the fury-fiend of hell,
      Death's minister, and counsellor of wrong
      Unto Adrastus in this fatal field
    .
      Ay, and with eyes upturned and mien of scorn
      He chides thy brother Polynices too
      At his desert, and once and yet again
      Dwells hard and meaningly upon his name
      Where it saith glory yet importeth feud.
      Yea, such thou art in act, and such thy grace
      In sight of Heaven, and such in aftertime
      Thy fame, for lips and ears of mortal men!
      “He strove to sack the city of his sires
      And temples of her gods, and brought on her
      An alien armament of foreign foes.
      The fountain of maternal blood outpoured
      What power can staunch? even so, thy fatherland
      Once by thine ardent malice stormed and ta'en,
      Shall ne'er join force with thee.” For me, I know
      It doth remain to let my blood enrich
      The border of this land that loves me not—
      Blood of a prophet, in a foreign grave!
      Now, for the battle! I foreknow my doom,
      Yet it shall be with honour
    . So he spake,
      The prophet, holding up his targe of bronze
      Wrought without blazon, to the ears of men
      Who stood around and heeded not his word.
      For on no bruit and rumour of great deeds,
      But on their doing, is his spirit set,
      And in his heart he reaps a furrow rich,
      Wherefrom the foison of good counsel springs.
      Against him, send brave heart and hand of might,
      For the god-lover is man's fiercest foe.

    ETEOCLES

      Out on the chance that couples mortal men,
      Linking the just and impious in one!
      In every issue, the one curse is this—
      Companionship with men of evil heart!
      A baneful harvest, let none gather it!
      The field of sin is rank, and brings forth death
      At whiles a righteous man who goes aboard
      With reckless mates, a horde of villainy,
      Dies by one death with that detested crew;
      At whiles the just man, joined with citizens
      Ruthless to strangers, recking nought of Heaven,
      Trapped, against nature, in one net with them,
      Dies by God's thrust and all-including blow.
      So will this prophet die, even Oecleus' child,
      Sage, just, and brave, and loyal towards Heaven,
      Potent in prophecy, but mated here
      With men of sin, too boastful to be wise!
      Long is their road, and they return no more,
      And, at their taking-off, by hand of Zeus,
      The prophet too shall take the downward way.
      He will not—so I deem—assail the gate—
      Not as through cowardice or feeble will,
      But as one knowing to what end shall be
      Their struggle in the battle, if indeed
      Fruit of fulfilment lie in Loxias' word.
      He speaketh not, unless to speak avails!
      Yet, for more surety, we will post a man,
      Strong Lasthenes, as warder of the gate,
      Stern to the foeman; he hath age's skill,
      Mated with youthful vigour, and an eye
      Forward, alert; swift too his hand, to catch
      The fenceless interval 'twixt shield and spear!
      Yet man's good fortune lies in hand of Heaven.

    CHORUS

      Unto our loyal cry, ye gods, give ear!
      Save, save the city! turn away the spear,
        Send on the foemen fear!
      Outside the rampart fall they, rent and riven
        Beneath the bolt of heaven!

    THE SPY

      Last, let me name yon seventh antagonist,
      Thy brother's self, at the seventh portal set—
      Hear with what wrath he imprecates our doom,
      Vowing to mount the wall, though banished hence,
      And peal aloud the wild exulting cry—
      The town is ta'en—then clash his sword with thine,
      Giving and taking death in close embrace,
      Or, if thou 'scapest, flinging upon thee,
      As robber of his honour and his home,
      The doom of exile such as he has borne.
      So clamours he and so invokes the gods
      Who guard his race and home, to hear and heed
      The curse that sounds in Polynices' name!
      He bears a round shield, fresh from forge and fire,
      And wrought upon it is a twofold sign—
      For lo, a woman leads decorously
      The figure of a warrior wrought in gold;
      And thus the legend runs—I Justice am,
      And I will bring the hero home again,
      To hold once more his place within this town,
      Once more to pace his sire's ancestral hall
    .
      Such are the symbols, by our foemen shown—
      Now make thine own decision, whom to send
      Against this last opponent! I have said—
      Nor canst thou in my tidings find a flaw—
      Thine is it, now, to steer the course aright.

    ETEOCLES

      Ah me, the madman, and the curse of Heaven!
      And woe for us, the lamentable line
      Of Oedipus, and woe that in this house
      Our father's curse must find accomplishment!
      But now, a truce to tears and loud lament,
      Lest they should breed a still more rueful wail!
      As for this Polynices, named too well,
      Soon shall we know how his device shall end—
      Whether the gold-wrought symbols on his shield,
      In their mad vaunting and bewildered pride,
      Shall guide him as a victor to his home!
      For had but Justice, maiden-child of Zeus,
      Stood by his act and thought, it might have been!
      Yet never, from the day he reached the light
      Out of the darkness of his mother's womb,
      Never in childhood, nor in youthful prime,
      Nor when his chin was gathering its beard,
      Hath Justice hailed or claimed him as her own.
      Therefore I deem not that she standeth now
      To aid him in this outrage on his home!
      Misnamed, in truth, were Justice, utterly,
      If to impiety she lent her hand.
      Sure in this faith, I will myself go forth
      And match me with him; who hath fairer claim?
      Ruler, against one fain to snatch the rule,
      Brother with brother matched, and foe with foe,
      Will I confront the issue. To the wall!

    CHORUS

      O thou true heart, O child of Oedipus,
      Be not, in wrath, too like the man whose name
      Murmurs an evil omen! 'Tis enough
      That Cadmus' clan should strive with Argos' host,
      For blood there is that can atone that stain!
      But—brother upon brother dealing death—
      Not time itself can expiate the sin!

    ETEOCLES

      If man find hurt, yet clasp his honour still,
      'Tis well; the dead have honour, nought beside.
      Hurt, with dishonour, wins no word of praise!

    CHORUS

          Ah, what is thy desire?
        Let not the lust and ravin of the sword
        Bear thee adown the tide accursed, abhorred!
      Fling off thy passion's rage, thy spirit's prompting dire!

    ETEOCLES

      Nay—since the god is urgent for our doom,
      Let Laius' house, by Phoebus loathed and scorned,
      Follow the gale of destiny, and win
      Its great inheritance, the gulf of hell!

    CHORUS

        Ruthless thy craving is—
      Craving for kindred and forbidden blood
        To be outpoured—a sacrifice imbrued
      With sin, a bitter fruit of murderous enmities!

    ETEOCLES

      Yea, my own father's fateful Curse proclaims—
      A ghastly presence, and her eyes are dry—
      Strike! honour is the prize, not life prolonged!

    CHORUS

      Ah, be not urged of her! for none shall dare
      To call thee coward, in thy throned estate!
      Will not the Fury in her sable pall
      Pass outward from these halls, what time the gods
      Welcome a votive offering from our hands?

    ETEOCLES

      The gods! long since they hold us in contempt,
      Scornful of gifts thus offered by the lost!
      Why should we fawn and flinch away from doom?

    CHORUS

      Now, when it stands beside thee! for its power
      May, with a changing gust of milder mood,
      Temper the blast that bloweth wild and rude
        And frenzied, in this hour!

    ETEOCLES

      Ay, kindled by the curse of Oedipus—
      All too prophetic, out of dreamland came
      The vision, meting out our sire's estate!

    CHORUS

      Heed women's voices, though thou love them not!

    ETEOCLES

      Say aught that may avail, but stint thy words.

    CHORUS

      Go not thou forth to guard the seventh gate!

    ETEOCLES

      Words shall not blunt the edge of my resolve.

    CHORUS

      Yet the god loves to let the weak prevail.

    ETEOCLES

      That to a swordsman, is no welcome word!

    CHORUS

      Shall thine own brother's blood be victory's palm?

    ETEOCLES

      Ill which the gods have sent thou canst not shun!
                         [Exit ETEOCLES. CHORUS

      I shudder in dread of the power,
          abhorred by the gods of high heaven,
      The ruinous curse of the home
          till roof-tree and rafter be riven!
      Too true are the visions of ill,
          too true the fulfilment they bring
      To the curse that was spoken of old
          by the frenzy and wrath of the king!
      Her will is the doom of the children,
          and Discord is kindled amain,
      And strange is the Lord of Division,
          who cleaveth the birthright in twain,—
      The edged thing, born of the north,
          the steel that is ruthless and keen,
      Dividing in bitter division
          the lot of the children of teen!
      Not the wide lowland around,
          the realm of their sire, shall they have,
      Yet enough for the dead to inherit,
          the pitiful space of a grave!

      Ah, but when kin meets kin, when sire and child,
        Unknowing, are defiled
      By shedding common blood, and when the pit
        Of death devoureth it,
      Drinking the clotted stain, the gory dye—
        Who, who can purify?
      Who cleanse pollution, where the ancient bane
        Rises and reeks again?
      Whilome in olden days the sin was wrought,
        And swift requital brought—
      Yea on the children of the child came still
        New heritage of ill!
      For thrice Apollo spoke this word divine,
        From Delphi's central shrine,
      To Laius—Die thou childless! thus alone
        Can the land's weal be won!
      But vainly with his wife's desire he strove,
        And gave himself to love,
      Begetting Oedipus, by whom he died,
        The fateful parricide!
      The sacred seed-plot, his own mother's womb,
        He sowed, his house's doom,
      A root of blood! by frenzy lured, they came
        Unto their wedded shame.
      And now the waxing surge, the wave of fate,
        Rolls on them, triply great—
      One billow sinks, the next towers, high and dark,
        Above our city's bark—
      Only the narrow barrier of the wall
        Totters, as soon to fall;
      And, if our chieftains in the storm go down,
        What chance can save the town?
      Curses, inherited from long ago,
        Bring heavy freight of woe:
      Rich stores of merchandise o'erload the deck,
        Near, nearer comes the wreck—
      And all is lost, cast out upon the wave,
        Floating, with none to save!

      Whom did the gods, whom did the chief of men,
        Whom did each citizen
      In crowded concourse, in such honour hold,
        As Oedipus of old,
      When the grim fiend, that fed on human prey,
        He took from us away?

      But when, in the fulness of days,
          he knew of his bridal unblest,
      A twofold horror he wrought,
          in the frenzied despair of his breast—
      Debarred from the grace of the banquet,
          the service of goblets of gold,
      He flung on his children a curse
          for the splendour they dared to withhold,
      A curse prophetic and bitter—
          The glory of wealth and of pride,
      With iron, not gold, in your hands,
          ye shall come, at the last, to divide
    !
      Behold, how a shudder runs through me,
          lest now, in the fulness of time,
      The house-fiend awake and return,
          to mete out the measure of crime!
                         [Enter THE SPY.

    THE SPY

      Take heart, ye daughters whom your mothers' milk
      Made milky-hearted! lo, our city stands,
      Saved from the yoke of servitude: the vaunts
      Of overweening men are silent now,
      And the State sails beneath a sky serene,
      Nor in the manifold and battering waves
      Hath shipped a single surge, and solid stands
      The rampart, and the gates are made secure,
      Each with a single champion's trusty guard.
      So in the main and at six gates we hold
      A victory assured; but, at the seventh,
      The god that on the seventh day was born,
      Royal Apollo, hath ta'en up his rest
      To wreak upon the sons of Oedipus
      Their grandsire's wilfulness of long ago.

    CHORUS

      What further woefulness besets our home?

    THE SPY

      The home stands safe—but ah, the princes twain—

    CHORUS

      Who? what of them? I am distraught with fear.

    THE SPY

      Hear now, and mark! the sons of Oedipus—

    CHORUS

      Ah, my prophetic soul! I feel their doom.

    THE SPY

      Have done with questions!—with their lives crushed out—

    CHORUS

      Lie they out yonder? the full horror speak!
      Did hands meet hands more close than brotherly?
      Came fate on each, and in the selfsame hour?

    THE SPY

      Yea, blotting out the lineage ill-starred!
      Now mix your exultation and your tears,
      Over a city saved, the while its lords,
      Twin leaders of the fight, have parcelled out
      With forged arbitrament of Scythian steel
      The full division of their fatherland,
      And, as their father's imprecation bade,
      Shall have their due of land, a twofold grave.
      So is the city saved; the earth has drunk
      Blood of twin princes, by each other slain.

    CHORUS

      O mighty Zeus and guardian powers,
      The strength and stay of Cadmus' towers!
      Shall I send forth a joyous cry,
        Hail to the lord of weal renewed?
      Or weep the misbegotten twain,
      Born to a fatal destiny?
      Each numbered now among the slain,
         Each dying in ill fortitude,
      Each truly named, each child of feud?

      O dark and all-prevailing ill,
         That broods o'er Oedipus and all his line,
      Numbing my heart with mortal chill!
         Ah me, this song of mine,
      Which, Thyad-like, I woke, now falleth still,
         Or only tells of doom,
         And echoes round a tomb!

      Dead are they, dead! in their own blood they lie—
      Ill-omened the concent that hails our victory!
      The curse a father on his children spake
        Hath faltered not, nor failed!
      Nought, Laius! thy stubborn choice availed—
      First to beget, then, in the after day
          And for the city's sake,
          The child to slay!
          For nought can blunt nor mar
          The speech oracular!
        Children of teen! by disbelief ye erred—
      Yet in wild weeping came fulfilment of the word!
                         [ANTIGONE and ISMENE approach,
                         with a train of mourners, bearing the
                         bodies of
    ETEOCLES and POLYNICES.

        Look up, look forth! the doom is plain,
        Nor spake the messenger in vain!
        A twofold sorrow, twofold strife—
        Each brave against a brother's life!
        In double doom hath sorrow come—
        How shall I speak it?—on the home!

      Alas, my sisters! be your sighs the gale,
      The smiting of your brows the plash of oars,
      Wafting the boat, to Acheron's dim shores
      That passeth ever, with its darkened sail,
      On its uncharted voyage and sunless way,
      Far from thy beams, Apollo, god of day—
        The melancholy bark
      Bound for the common bourn, the harbour of the dark!
        Look up, look yonder! from the home
        Antigone, Ismene come,
      On the last, saddest errand bound,
      To chant a dirge of doleful sound,
      With agony of equal pain
      Above their brethren slain!
      Their sister-bosoms surely swell,
      Heart with rent heart according well
      In grief for those who fought and fell!
      Yet—ere they utter forth their woe—
      We must awake the rueful strain
      To vengeful powers, in realms below,
      And mourn hell's triumph o'er the slain!

      Alas! of all, the breast who bind,—
      Yea, all the race of womankind—
        O maidens, ye are most bereaved!
      For you, for you the tear-drops start—
        Deem that in truth, and undeceived,
      Ye hear the sorrows of my heart!
        (To the dead.)
      Children of bitterness, and sternly brave—
        One, proud of heart against persuasion's voice,
        One, against exile proof! ye win your choice—
      Each in your fatherland, a separate grave!

        Alack, on house and heritage
      They brought a baneful doom, and death for wage!
      One strove through tottering walls to force his way,
      One claimed, in bitter arrogance, the sway,
        And both alike, even now and here,
      Have closed their suit, with steel for arbiter!
        And lo, the Fury-fiend of Oedipus, their sire,
      Hath brought his curse to consummation dire!
          Each in the left side smitten, see them laid—
            The children of one womb,
            Slain by a mutual doom!
          Alas, their fate! the combat murderous,
            The horror of the house,
          The curse of ancient bloodshed, now repaid!
          Yea, deep and to the heart the deathblow fell,
            Edged by their feud ineffable—
          By the grim curse, their sire did imprecate—
            Discord and deadly hate!
          Hark, how the city and its towers make moan—
          How the land mourns that held them for its own!
          Fierce greed and fell division did they blend,
            Till death made end!
          They strove to part the heritage in twain,
            Giving to each a gain—
          Yet that which struck the balance in the strife,
            The arbitrating sword,
          By those who loved the twain is held abhorred—
          Loathed is the god of death, who sundered each from life!
            Here, by the stroke of steel, behold! they lie—
              And rightly may we cry
        Beside their fathers, let them here be laid—
        Iron gave their doom, with iron their graves be made—
        Alack, the slaying sword, alack, th' entombing spade
    !

        Alas, a piercing shriek, a rending groan,
        A cry unfeigned of sorrow felt at heart!
        With shuddering of grief, with tears that start,
        With wailful escort, let them hither come—
        For one or other make divided moan!
        No light lament of pity mixed with gladness,
        But with true tears, poured from the soul of sadness,
      Over the princes dead and their bereaved home

        Say we, above these brethren dead,
          On citizen, on foreign foe,
        Brave was their rush, and stern their blow—
          Now, lowly are they laid
    !
        Beyond all women upon earth
        Woe, woe for her who gave them birth!
        Unknowingly, her son she wed—
        The children of that marriage-bed,
        Each in the self-same womb, were bred—
        Each by a brother's hand lies dead!

      Yea, from one seed they sprang, and by one fate
          Their heritage is desolate,
        The heart's division sundered claim from claim,
          And, from their feud, death came!
          Now is their hate allayed,
          Now is their life-stream shed,
        Ensanguining the earth with crimson dye—
      Lo, from one blood they sprang, and in one blood they lie!
        A grievous arbiter was given the twain—
          The stranger from the northern main,
            The sharp, dividing sword,
            Fresh from the forge and fire
        The War-god treacherous gave ill award
      And brought their father's curse to a fulfilment dire!
          They have their portion—each his lot and doom,
            Given from the gods on high!
          Yea, the piled wealth of fatherland, for tomb,
            Shall underneath them lie!
          Alas, alas! with flowers of fame and pride
            Your home ye glorified;
          But, in the end, the Furies gathered round
            With chants of boding sound,

      Shrieking, In wild defeat and disarray,
        Behold, ye pass away
    !
      The sign of Ruin standeth at the gate,
        There, where they strove with Fate—
      And the ill power beheld the brothers' fall,
        And triumphed over all!
                         ANTIGONE, ISMENE, and CHORUS
                         (Processional Chant)

      Thou wert smitten, in smiting,
        Thou didst slay, and wert slain—
      By the spear of each other
        Ye lie on the plain,
      And ruthless the deed that ye wrought was,
        and ruthless the death of the twain!

      Take voice, O my sorrow!
        Flow tear upon tear—
      Lay the slain by the slayer,
        Made one on the bier!
      Our soul in distraction is lost,
        and we mourn o'er the prey of the spear!

      Ah, woe for your ending,
        Unbrotherly wrought!
      And woe for the issue,
        The fray that ye fought,
      The doom of a mutual slaughter
        whereby to the grave ye are brought!

      Ah, twofold the sorrow—
        The heard and the seen!
      And double the tide
        Of our tears and our teen,
      As we stand by our brothers in death
        and wail for the love that has been!

      O grievous the fate
      That attends upon wrong!
      Stern ghost of our sire,
      Thy vengeance is long!
      Dark Fury of hell and of death, the hands of thy
      kingdom are strong!

      O dark were the sorrows
      That exile hath known!
      He slew, but returned not
      Alive to his own!
      He struck down a brother, but fell, in the moment of
      triumph hewn down!

      O lineage accurst,
      O doom and despair!
      Alas, for their quarrel,
      The brothers that were!
      And woe! for their pitiful end, who once were our
      love and our care!

      O grievous the fate
      That attends upon wrong!
      Stern ghost of our sire,
      Thy vengeance is long!
      Dark Fury of hell and of death, the hands of thy
      kingdom are strong!

      By proof have ye learnt it!
      At once and as one,
      O brothers beloved,
      To death ye were done!
      Ye came to the strife of the sword, and behold! ye
      are both overthrown!

      O grievous the tale is,
      And grievous their fall,
      To the house, to the land,
      And to me above all!
      Ah God! for the curse that hath come, the sin and
      the ruin withal!

      O children distraught,
      Who in madness have died!
      Shall ye rest with old kings
      In the place of their pride?
      Alas for the wrath of your sire if he findeth you laid
      by his side!
                         [Enter a HERALD.

    HERALD

      I bear command to tell to one and all
      What hath approved itself and now is law,
      Ruled by the counsellors of Cadmus' town.
      For this Eteocles, it is resolved
      To lay him on his earth-bed, in this soil,
      Not without care and kindly sepulture.
      For why? he hated those who hated us,
      And, with all duties blamelessly performed
      Unto the sacred ritual of his sires,
      He met such end as gains our city's grace,—
      With auspices that do ennoble death.
      Such words I have in charge to speak of him:
      But of his brother Polynices, this—
      Be he cast out unburied, for the dogs
      To rend and tear: for he presumed to waste
      The land of the Cadmeans, had not Heaven—
      Some god of those who aid our fatherland—
      Opposed his onset, by his brother's spear,
      To whom, tho' dead, shall consecration come!
      Against him stood this wretch, and brought a horde
      Of foreign foemen, to beset our town.
      He therefore shall receive his recompense,
      Buried ignobly in the maw of kites—
      No women-wailers to escort his corpse
      Nor pile his tomb nor shrill his dirge anew—
      Unhouselled, unattended, cast away!
      So, for these brothers, doth our State ordain.

    ANTIGONE

      And I—to those who make such claims of rule
      In Cadmus' town—I, though no other help,
      (Pointing to the body of POLYNICES)
      I, I will bury this my brother's corse
      And risk your wrath and what may come of it!
      It shames me not to face the State, and set
      Will against power, rebellion resolute:
      Deep in my heart is set my sisterhood,
      My common birthright with my brothers, born
      All of one womb, her children who, for woe,
      Brought forth sad offspring to a sire ill-starred.
      Therefore, my soul! take thou thy willing share,
      In aid of him who now can will no more,
      Against this outrage: be a sister true,
      While yet thou livest, to a brother dead!
      Him never shall the wolves with ravening maw
      Rend and devour: I do forbid the thought!
      I for him, I—albeit a woman weak—
      In place of burial-pit, will give him rest
      By this protecting handful of light dust
      Which, in the lap of this poor linen robe,
      I bear to hallow and bestrew his corpse
      With the due covering. Let none gainsay!
      Courage and craft shall arm me, this to do.

    HERALD

      I charge thee, not to flout the city's law!

    ANTIGONE

      I charge thee, use no useless heralding!

    HERALD

      Stern is a people newly 'scaped from death.

    ANTIGONE

      Whet thou their sternness! Burial he shall have.

    HERALD

      How? Grace of burial, to the city's foe?

    ANTIGONE

      God hath not judged him separate in guilt.

    HERALD

      True—till he put this land in jeopardy.

    ANTIGONE

      His rights usurped, he answered wrong with wrong.

    HERALD

      Nay—but for one man's sin he smote the State.

    ANTIGONE

      Contention doth out-talk all other gods!
      Prate thou no more—I will to bury him.

    HERALD

      Will, an thou wilt! but I forbid the deed.
                         [Exit the HERALD.

    CHORUS

      Exulting Fates, who waste the line
      And whelm the house of Oedipus!
      Fiends, who have slain, in wrath condign,
      The father and the children thus!
      What now befits it that I do,
      What meditate, what undergo?
      Can I the funeral rite refrain,
      Nor weep for Polynices slain?
      But yet, with fear I shrink and thrill,
      Presageful of the city's will!
      Thou, O Eteocles, shalt have
      Full rites, and mourners at thy grave,
      But he, thy brother slain, shall he,
      With none to weep or cry Alas,
      To unbefriended burial pass?
      Only one sister o'er his bier,
      To raise the cry and pour the tear—
      Who can obey such stern decree?

    SEMI-CHORUS

      Let those who hold our city's sway
      Wreak, or forbear to wreak, their will
      On those who cry, Ah, well-a-day!
      Lamenting Polynices still!
      We will go forth and, side by side
      With her, due burial will provide!
      Royal he was; to him be paid
      Our grief, wherever he be laid!
      The crowd may sway, and change, and still
      Take its caprice for Justice' will!
      But we this dead Eteocles,
      As Justice wills and Right decrees,
      Will bear unto his grave!
      For—under those enthroned on high
      And Zeus' eternal royalty—
      He unto us salvation gave!
      He saved us from a foreign yoke,—
      A wild assault of outland folk,
      A savage, alien wave!
                         [Exeunt.


    PROMETHEUS BOUND

    ARGUMENT

    In the beginning, Ouranos and Gaia held sway over Heaven and Earth.
    And manifold children were born unto them, of whom were Cronos, and Okeanos, and the Titans, and the Giants. But Cronos cast down his father Ouranos, and ruled in his stead, until Zeus his son cast him down in his turn, and became King of Gods and men. Then were the Titans divided, for some had good will unto Cronos, and others unto Zeus; until Prometheus, son of the Titan lapetos, by wise counsel, gave the victory to Zeus. But Zeus held the race of mortal men in scorn, and was fain to destroy them from the face of the earth; yet Prometheus loved them, and gave secretly to them the gift of fire, and arts whereby they could prosper upon the earth. Then was Zeus sorely angered with Prometheus, and bound him upon a mountain, and afterward overwhelmed him in an earthquake, and devised other torments against him for many ages; yet could he not slay Prometheus, for he was a God.


    DRAMATIS PERSONAE

      STRENGTH AND FORCE.
      HEPHAESTUS.
      PROMETHEUS.
      CHORUS OF SEA-NYMPHS,
      DAUGHTERS OF OCEANUS.
      OCEANUS.
      IO.
      HERMES.

             Scene—A rocky ravine in the mountains of Scythia.


    STRENGTH

      Lo, the earth's bound and limitary land,
      The Scythian steppe, the waste untrod of men!
      Look to it now, Hephaestus—thine it is,
      Thy Sire obeying, this arch-thief to clench
      Against the steep-down precipice of rock,
      With stubborn links of adamantine chain.
      Look thou: thy flower, the gleaming plastic fire,
      He stole and lent to mortal man—a sin
      That gods immortal make him rue to-day,
      Lessoned hereby to own th' omnipotence
      Of Zeus, and to repent his love to man!

    HEPHAESTUS

      O Strength and Force, for you the best of Zeus
      Stands all achieved, and nothing bars your will:
      But I—I dare not bind to storm-vext cleft
      One of our race, immortal as are we.
      Yet, none the less, necessity constrains,
      For Zeus, defied, is heavy in revenge!
                         (To PROMETHEUS)

      O deep-devising child of Themis sage,
      Small will have I to do, or thou to bear,
      What yet we must. Beyond the haunt of man
      Unto this rock, with fetters grimly forged,
      I must transfix and shackle up thy limbs,
      Where thou shalt mark no voice nor human form,
      But, parching in the glow and glare of sun,
      Thy body's flower shall suffer a sky-change;
      And gladly wilt thou hail the hour when Night
      Shall in her starry robe invest the day,
      Or when the Sun shall melt the morning rime.
      But, day or night, for ever shall the load
      Of wasting agony, that may not pass,
      Wear thee away; for know, the womb of Time
      Hath not conceived a power to set thee free.
      Such meed thou hast, for love toward mankind
      For thou, a god defying wrath of gods,
      Beyond the ordinance didst champion men,
      And for reward shalt keep a sleepless watch,
      Stiff-kneed, erect, nailed to this dismal rock,
      With manifold laments and useless cries
      Against the will inexorable of Zeus.
      Hard is the heart of fresh-usurped power!

    STRENGTH

      Enough of useless ruth! why tarriest thou?
      Why pitiest one whom all gods wholly hate,
      One who to man gave o'er thy privilege?

    HEPHAESTUS

      Kinship and friendship wring my heart for him.

    STRENGTH

      Ay—but how disregard our Sire's command?
      Is not thy pity weaker than thy fear?

    HEPHAESTUS

      Ruthless as ever, brutal to the full!

    STRENGTH

      Tears can avail him nothing: strive not thou,
      Nor waste thine efforts thus unaidingly.

    HEPHAESTUS

      Out on my cursed mastery of steel!

    STRENGTH

      Why curse it thus? In sooth that craft of thine
      Standeth assoiled of all that here is wrought.

    HEPHAESTUS

      Would that some other were endowed therewith!

    STRENGTH

      All hath its burden, save the rule of Heaven,
      And freedom is for Zeus, and Zeus alone.

    HEPHAESTUS

      I know it; I gainsay no word hereof.

    STRENGTH

      Up, then, and hasten to do on his bonds,
      Lest Zeus behold thee indolent of will!

    HEPHAESTUS

      Ah well—behold the armlets ready now!

    STRENGTH

      Then cast them round his arms and with sheer strength
      Swing down the hammer, clinch him to the crags.

    HEPHAESTUS

      Lo, 'tis toward—no weakness in the work!

    STRENGTH

      Smite harder, wedge it home—no faltering here!
      He hath a craft can pass th' impassable!

    HEPHAESTUS

      This arm is fast, inextricably bound.

    STRENGTH

      Then shackle safe the other, that he know
      His utmost craft is weaker far than Zeus.

    HEPHAESTUS

      He, but none other, can accuse mine art!

    STRENGTH

      Now, strong and sheer, drive thro' from breast to back
      The adamantine wedge's stubborn fang.

    HEPHAESTUS

      Alas, Prometheus! I lament thy pain.

    STRENGTH

      Thou, faltering and weeping sore for those
      Whom Zeus abhors! 'ware, lest thou rue thy tears!

    HEPHAESTUS

      Thou gazest on a scene that poisons sight.

    STRENGTH

      I gaze on one who suffers his desert.
      Now between rib and shoulder shackle him—

    HEPHAESTUS

      Do it I must—hush thy superfluous charge!

    STRENGTH

      Urge thee I will—ay, hound thee to the prey.
      Step downward now, enring his legs amain!

    HEPHAESTUS

      Lo, it is done—'twas but a moment's toil.

    STRENGTH

      Now, strongly strike, drive in the piercing gyves—
      Stern is the power that oversees thy task!

    HEPHAESTUS

      Brutish thy form, thy speech brutality!

    STRENGTH

      Be gentle, an thou wilt, but blame not me
       For this my stubbornness and anger fell!

    HEPHAESTUS

      Let us go hence; his legs are firmly chained.

    STRENGTH (To PROMETHEUS)

      Aha! there play the insolent, and steal,
      For creatures of a day, the rights of gods!
      O deep delusion of the powers that named thee
      Prometheus, the Fore-thinker! thou hast need
      Of others' forethought and device, whereby
      Thou may'st elude this handicraft of ours!
                         [Exeunt HEPHAESTUS, STRENGTH,
                         and FORCE.—A pause.

    PROMETHEUS

      O Sky divine, O Winds of pinions swift,
      O fountain-heads of Rivers, and O thou,
      Illimitable laughter of the Sea!
      O Earth, the Mighty Mother, and thou Sun,
      Whose orbed light surveyeth all—attest,
      What ills I suffer from the gods, a god!
      Behold me, who must here sustain
      The marring agonies of pain,
      Wrestling with torture, doomed to bear
      Eternal ages, year on year!
      Such and so shameful is the chain
      Which Heaven's new tyrant doth ordain
      To bind me helpless here.
      Woe! for the ruthless present doom!
      Woe! for the Future's teeming womb!
      On what far dawn, in what dim skies,
      Shall star of my deliverance rise?

      Truce to this utterance! to its dimmest verge
      I do foreknow the future, hour by hour,
      Nor can whatever pang may smite me now
      Smite with surprise. The destiny ordained
      I must endure to the best, for well I wot
      That none may challenge with Necessity.
      Yet is it past my patience, to reveal,
      Or to conceal, these issues of my doom.
      Since I to mortals brought prerogatives,
      Unto this durance dismal am I bound:
      Yea, I am he who in a fennel-stalk,
      By stealthy sleight, purveyed the fount of fire,
      The teacher, proven thus, and arch-resource
      Of every art that aideth mortal men.
      Such was my sin: I earn its recompense,
      Rock-riveted, and chained in height and cold.
                         [A pause.
      Listen! what breath of sound,
      what fragrance soft hath risen
      Upward to me? is it some godlike essence,
      Or being half-divine, or mortal presence?
      Who to the world's end comes, unto my craggy prison?
      Craves he the sight of pain, or what would he behold?
      Gaze on a god in tortures manifold,
      Heinous to Zeus, and scorned by all
      Whose footsteps tread the heavenly hall,
      Because too deeply, from on high,
      I pitied man's mortality!
      Hark, and again! that fluttering sound
      Of wings that whirr and circle round,
      And their light rustle thrills the air—
      How all things that unseen draw near
      Are to me Fear!
                         [Enter the CHORUS OF OCEANIDES,
                         in winged cars]
      CHORUS

      Ah, fear us not! as friends, with rivalry
      Of swiftly-vying wings, we came together
      Unto this rock and thee!
      With our sea-sire we pleaded hard, until
      We won him to our will,
      And swift the wafting breezes bore us hither.
      The heavy hammer's steely blow
      Thrilled to our ocean-cavern from afar,
      Banished soft shyness from our maiden brow,
      And with unsandalled feet we come, in winged car!

    PROMETHEUS

      Ah well-a-day! ye come, ye come
      From the Sea-Mother's teeming home—
      Children of Tethys and the sire
      Who around Earth rolls, gyre on gyre,
      His sleepless ocean-tide!
      Look on me—shackled with what chain,
      Upon this chasm's beetling side
      I must my dismal watch sustain!

    CHORUS

      Yea, I behold, Prometheus! and my fears
      Draw swiftly o'er mine eyes a mist fulfilled of tears,
      When I behold thy frame
      Bound, wasting on the rock, and put to shame
      By adamantine chains!
      The rudder and the rule of Heaven
      Are to strange pilots given:
      Zeus with new laws and strong caprice holds sway,
      Unkings the ancient Powers, their might constrains,
      And thrusts their pride away!

    PROMETHEUS

      Had he but hurled me, far beneath
      The vast and ghostly halls of Death,
      Down to the limitless profound Of Tartarus,
      in fetters bound, Fixed by his unrelenting hand!
      So had no man, nor God on high,
      Exulted o'er mine agony—
      But now, a sport to wind and sky,
      Mocked by my foes, I stand!

    CHORUS

      What God can wear such ruthless heart
      As to delight in ill?
      Who in thy sorrow bears not part?
      Zeus, Zeus alone! for he, with wrathful will,
      Clenched and inflexible,
      Bears down Heaven's race—nor end shall be, till hate
      His soul shall satiate,
      Or till, by some device, some other hand
      Shall wrest from him his sternly-clasped command!

    PROMETHEUS

      Yet,—though in shackles close and strong
      I lie in wasting torments long,—-
      Yet the new tyrant, 'neath whose nod
      Cowers down each blest subservient god,
      One day, far hence, my help shall need,
      The destined stratagem to read,
      Whereby, in some yet distant day,
      Zeus shall be reaved of pride and sway:
      And no persuasion's honied spell
      Shall lure me on, the tale to tell;
      And no stern threat shall make me cower
      And yield the secret to his power,
      Until his purpose be foregone,
      And shackles yield, and he atone
      The deep despite that he hath done!

    CHORUS

      O strong in hardihood, thou striv'st amain
      Against the stress of pain!
      But yet too free, too resolute thy tongue
      In challenging thy wrong!
      Ah, shuddering dread doth make my spirit quiver,
      And o'er thy fate sits Fear!
      I see not to what shore of safety ever
      Thy bark can steer—
      In depths unreached the will of Zeus doth dwell,
      Hidden, implacable!

    PROMETHEUS

      Ay, stern is Zeus, and Justice stands,
      Wrenched to his purpose, in his hands—
      Yet shall he learn, perforce, to know
      A milder mood, when falls the blow—
      His ruthless wrath he shall lay still,
      And he and I with mutual will
      In concord's bond shall go.

    CHORUS

      Unveil, say forth to us the tale entire,
      Under what imputation Zeus laid hands
      On thee, to rack thee thus with shameful pangs?
      Tell us—unless the telling pain thee—all!

    PROMETHEUS

      Grievous alike are these things for my tongue,
      Grievous for silence—rueful everyway.
      Know that, when first the gods began their strife,
      And heaven was all astir with mutual feud—
      Some willing to fling Cronos from his throne,
      And set, forsooth, their Zeus on high as king,
      And other some in contrariety
      Striving to bar him from heaven's throne for aye—
      Thereon I sought to counsel for the best
      The Titan brood of Ouranos and Earth;
      Yet I prevailed not, for they held in scorn
      My glozing wiles, and, in their hardy pride,
      Deemed that sans effort they could grasp the sway.
      But, for my sake, my mother Themis oft,
      And Earth, one symbol of names manifold,
      Had held me warned, how in futurity
      It stood ordained that not by force or power,
      But by some wile, the victors must prevail.
      In such wise I interpreted; but they
      Deigned not to cast their heed thereon at all.
      Then, of things possible, I deemed it best,
      Joining my mother's wisdom to mine own,
      To range myself with Zeus, two wills in one.
      Thus, by device of mine, the murky depth
      Of Tartarus enfoldeth Cronos old
      And those who strove beside him. Such the aid
      I gave the lord of heaven—my meed for which
      He paid me thus, a penal recompense!
      For 'tis the inward vice of tyranny,
      To deem of friends as being secret foes.
      Now, to your question—hear me clearly show
      On what imputed fault he tortures me.
      Scarce was he seated on his father's throne,
      When he began his doles of privilege
      Among the lesser gods, allotting power
      In trim division; while of mortal men
      Nothing he recked, nor of their misery
      Nay, even willed to blast their race entire
      To nothingness, and breed another brood;
      And none but I was found to cross his will.
      I dared it, I alone; I rescued men
      From crushing ruin and th' abyss of hell—
      Therefore am I constrained in chastisement
      Grievous to bear and piteous to behold,—
      Yea, firm to feel compassion for mankind,
      Myself was held unworthy of the same—
      Ay, beyond pity am I ranged and ruled
      To sufferance—a sight that shames his sway!

    CHORUS

      A heart of steel, a mould of stone were he,
      Who could complacently behold thy pains
      I came not here as craving for this sight,
      And, seeing it, I stand heart-wrung with pain.

    PROMETHEUS

      Yea truly, kindly eyes must pity me!

    CHORUS

      Say, didst thou push transgression further still?

    PROMETHEUS

      Ay, man thro' me ceased to foreknow his death.

    CHORUS

      What cure couldst thou discover for this curse?

    PROMETHEUS

      Blind hopes I sent to nestle in man's heart.

    CHORUS

      This was a goodly gift thou gavest them.

    PROMETHEUS

      Yet more I gave them, even the boon of fire.

    CHORUS

      What? radiant fire, to things ephemeral?

    PROMETHEUS

      Yea—many an art too shall they learn thereby!

    CHORUS

      Then, upon imputation of such guilt,
      Doth Zeus without surcease torment thee thus?
      Is there no limit to thy course of pain?

    PROMETHEUS

      None, till his own will shall decree an end.

    CHORUS

      And how shall he decree it? say, what hope?
      Seest thou not thy sin? yet of that sin
      It irks me sore to speak, as thee to hear.
      Nay, no more words hereof; bethink thee now,
      From this ordeal how to find release.

    PROMETHEUS

      Easy it is, for one whose foot is set
      Outside the slough of pain, to lesson well
      With admonitions him who lies therein.
      With perfect knowledge did I all I did,
      I willed to sin, and sinned, I own it all—
      I championed men, unto my proper pain.
      Yet scarce I deemed that, in such cruel doom,
      Withering upon this skyey precipice,
      I should inherit lonely mountain crags,
      Here, in a vast tin-neighboured solitude.
      Yet list not to lament my present pains,
      But, stepping from your cars unto the ground,
      Listen, the while I tell the future fates
      Now drawing near, until ye know the whole.
      Grant ye, O grant my prayer, be pitiful
      To one now racked with woe! the doom of pain
      Wanders, but settles, soon or late, on all.

    CHORUS

      To willing hearts, and schooled to feel,
      Prometheus, came thy tongue's appeal;
      Therefore we leave, with lightsome tread,
      The flying cars in which we sped—
      We leave the stainless virgin air
      Where winged creatures float and fare,
      And by thy side, on rocky land,
      Thus gently we alight and stand,
      Willing, from end to end, to know
      Thine history of woe.
                         [The CHORUS alight from their winged cars.
                         Enter
    OCEANUS, mounted on a griffin. OCEANUS

      Thus, over leagues and leagues of space
      I come, Prometheus, to thy place—
      By will alone, not rein, I guide
      The winged thing on which I ride;
      And much, be sure, I mourn thy case—
      Kinship is Pity's bond, I trow;
      And, wert thou not akin, I vow
      None other should have more than thou
      Of my compassion's grace!
      'Tis said, and shall be proved; no skill
      Have I to gloze and feign goodwill!
      Name but some mode of helpfulness,
      And thou wilt in a trice confess
      That I, Oceanus, am best
      Of all thy friends, and trustiest.

    PROMETHEUS

      Ho, what a sight of marvel! what, thou too
      Comest to contemplate my pains, and darest—
      (Yet how, I wot not!) leaving far behind
      The circling tide, thy namefellow, and those
      Rock-arched, self-hollowed caverns—thus to come
      Unto this land, whose womb bears iron ore?
      Art come to see my lot, resent with me
      The ills I bear? Well, gaze thy fill! behold
      Me, friend of Zeus, part-author of his power—
      Mark, in what ruthlessness he bows me down!

    OCEANUS

      Yea, I behold, Prometheus! and would warn
      Thee, spite of all thy wisdom, for thy weal!
      Learn now thyself to know, and to renew
      A rightful spirit within thee, for, made new
      With pride of place, sits Zeus among the gods!
      Now, if thou choosest to fling forth on him
      Words rough with anger thus and edged with scorn,
      Zeus, though he sit aloof, afar, on high,
      May hear thine utterance, and make thee deem
      His present wrath a mere pretence of pain.
      Banish, poor wretch! the passion of thy soul,
      And seek, instead, acquittance from thy pangs!
      Belike my words seem ancientry to thee—
      Such, natheless, O Prometheus, is the meed
      That doth await the overweening tongue!
      Meek wert thou never, wilt not crouch to pain,
      But, set amid misfortunes, cravest more!
      Now—if thou let thyself be schooled by me—
      Thou must not kick against the goad. Thou knowest,
      A despot rules, harsh, resolute, supreme,
      Whose law is will. Yet shall I go to him,
      With all endeavour to relieve thy plight—
      So thou wilt curb the tempest of thy tongue!
      Surely thou knowest, in thy wisdom deep,
      The saw—Who vaunts amiss, quick pain is his.

    PROMETHEUS

      O enviable thou, and unaccused—
      Thou who wast art and part in all I dared!
      And now, let be! make this no care of thine,
      For Zeus is past persuasion—urge him not!
      Look to thyself, lest thine emprise thou rue.

    OCEANUS

      Thou hast more skill to school thy neighbour's fault
      Than to amend thine own: 'tis proved and plain,
      By fact, not hearsay, that I read this well.
      Yet am I fixed to go—withhold me not—
      Assured I am, assured, that Zeus will grant
      The boon I crave, the loosening of thy bonds.

    PROMETHEUS

      In part I praise thee, to the end will praise;
      Goodwill thou lackest not, but yet forbear
      Thy further trouble! If thy heart be fain,
      Bethink thee that thy toil avails me not.
      Nay, rest thee well, aloof from danger's brink!
      I will not ease my woe by base relief
      In knowing others too involved therein.
      Away the thought! for deeply do I rue
      My brother Atlas' doom. Far off he stands
      In sunset land, and on his shoulder bears
      The pillar'd mountain-mass whose base is earth,
      Whose top is heaven, and its ponderous load
      Too great for any grasp. With pity too
      I saw Earth's child, the monstrous thing of war,
      That in Cilicia's hollow places dwelt—
      Typho; I saw his hundred-headed form
      Crushed and constrained; yet once his stride was fierce,
      His jaws gaped horror and their hiss was death,
      And all heaven's host he challenged to the fray,
      While, as one vowed to storm the power of Zeus,
      Forth from his eyes he shot a demon glare.
      It skilled not: the unsleeping bolt of Zeus,
      The downward levin with its rush of flame,
      Smote on him, and made dumb for evermore
      The clamour of his vaunting: to the heart
      Stricken he lay, and all that mould of strength
      Sank thunder-shattered to a smouldering ash;
      And helpless now and laid in ruin huge
      He lieth by the narrow strait of sea,
      Crushed at the root of Etna's mountain-pile.
      High on the pinnacles whereof there sits
      Hephaestus, sweltering at the forge; and thence
      On some hereafter day shall burst and stream
      The lava-floods, that shall with ravening fangs
      Gnaw thy smooth lowlands, fertile Sicily!
      Such ire shall Typho from his living grave
      Send seething up, such jets of fiery surge,
      Hot and unslaked, altho' himself be laid
      In quaking ashes by Zeus' thunderbolt.
      But thou dost know hereof, nor needest me
      To school thy sense: thou knowest safety's road—
      Walk then thereon! I to the dregs will drain,
      Till Zeus relent from wrath, my present woe.

    OCEANUS

      Nay, but, Prometheus, know'st thou not the saw—
      Words can appease the angry soul's disease?

    PROMETHEUS

      Ay—if in season one apply their salve,
      Not scorching wrath's proud flesh with caustic tongue.

    OCEANUS

      But in wise thought and venturous essay
      Perceivest thou a danger? prithee tell!

    PROMETHEUS

      I see a fool's good nature, useless toil.

    OCEANUS

      Let me be sick of that disease; I know,
      Loyalty, masked as folly, wins the way.

    PROMETHEUS

     But of thy blunder I shall bear the blame.

    OCEANUS

      Clearly, thy word would send me home again.

    PROMETHEUS

      Lest thy lament for me should bring thee hate.

    OCEANUS

      Hate from the newly-throned Omnipotence?

    PROMETHEUS

      Be heedful—lest his will be wroth with thee!

    OCEANUS

      Thy doom, Prometheus, cries to me Beware!

    PROMETHEUS

      Mount, make away, discretion at thy side!

    OCEANUS

      Thy word is said to me in act to go:
      For lo, my hippogriff with waving wings
      Fans the smooth course of air, and fain is he
      To rest his limbs within his ocean stall.
                         [Exit OCEANUS. CHORUS

      For the woe and the wreck and the doom,
         Prometheus I utter my sighs;
      O'er my cheek flows the fountain of tears
         from tender, compassionate eyes.
      For stern and abhorred is the sway
         of Zeus on his self-sought throne,
      And ruthless the spear of his scorn,
         to the gods of the days that are done.
      And over the limitless earth
         goes up a disconsolate cry:
      Ye were all so fair, and have fallen;
         so great and your might has gone by
    !
      So wails with a mighty lament
         the voice of the mortals, who dwell
      In the Eastland, the home of the holy,
         for thee and the fate that befel;
      And they of the Colchian land, the
         maidens whose arm is for war;
      And the Scythian bowmen, who roam
         by the lake of Maeotis afar;
      And the blossom of battling hordes,
         that flowers upon Caucasus' height,
      With clashing of lances that pierce,
         and with clamour of swords that smite.
      Strange is thy sorrow! one only I know
         who has suffered thy pain—
      Atlas the Titan, the god,
         in a ruthless, invincible chain!
      He beareth for ever and ever
         the burden and poise of the sky,
      The vault of the rolling heaven,
         and earth re-echoes his cry.
      The depths of the sea are troubled;
         they mourn from their caverns profound,
      And the darkest and innermost hell
         moans deep with a sorrowful sound;
      And the rivers of waters, that flow
         from the fountains that spring without stain,
      Are as one in the great lamentation,
         and moan for thy piteous pain.

    PROMETHEUS

      Deem not that I in pride or wilful scorn
      Restrain my speech; 'tis wistful memory
      That rends my heart, when I behold myself
      Abased to wretchedness. To these new gods
      I and none other gave their lots of power
      In full attainment; no more words hereof
      I speak—the tale ye know. But listen now
      Unto the rede of mortals and their woes,
      And how their childish and unreasoning state
      Was changed by me to consciousness and thought.
      Yet not in blame of mortals will I speak,
      But as in proof of service wrought to them.
      For, in the outset, eyes they had and saw not;
      And ears they had but heard not; age on age,
      Like unsubstantial shapes in vision seen,
      They groped at random in the world of sense,
      Nor knew to link their building, brick with brick,
      Nor how to turn its aspect to the sun,
      Nor how to join the beams by carpentry,
      In hollowed caves they dwelt, as emmets dwell,
      Weak feathers for each blast, in sunless caves.
      Nor had they certain forecast of the cold,
      Nor of the advent of the flowery spring,
      Nor of the fruitful summer. All they wrought,
      Unreasoning they wrought, till I made clear
      The laws of rising stars, and inference dim,
      More hard to learn, of what their setting showed.
      I taught to them withal that art of arts,
      The lore of number, and the written word
      That giveth sense to sound, the tool wherewith
      The gift of memory was wrought in all,
      And so came art and song. I too was first
      To harness 'neath the yoke strong animals,
      Obedient made to collar and to weight,
      That they might bear whate'er of heaviest toil
      Mortals endured before. For chariots too
      I trained, and docile service of the rein,
      Steeds, the delight of wealth and pomp and pride.
      I too, none other, for seafarers wrought
      Their ocean-roaming canvas-winged cars.
      Such arts of craft did I, unhappy I,
      Contrive for mortals: now, no feint I have
      Whereby I may elude my present woe.

    CHORUS

      A rueful doom is thine! distraught of soul,
      And all astray, and like some sorry leech
      Art thou, repining at thine own disease,
      Unskilled, unknowing of the needful cure.

    PROMETHEUS

      More wilt thou wonder when the rest thou hearest—
      What arts for them, what methods I devised.
      Foremost was this: if any man fell sick,
      No aiding art he knew, no saving food,
      No curing oil nor draught, but all in lack
      Of remedies they dwindled, till I taught
      The medicinal blending of soft drugs,
      Whereby they ward each sickness from their side.
      I ranged for them the methods manifold
      Of the diviner's art; I first discerned
      Which of night's visions hold a truth for day,
      I read for them the lore of mystic sounds,
      Inscrutable before; the omens seen
      Which bless or ban a journey, and the flight
      Of crook-clawed birds, did I make clear to man—
      And how they soar upon the right, for weal,
      How, on the left, for evil; how they dwell,
      Each in its kind, and what their loves and hates,
      And which can flock and roost in harmony.
      From me, men learned what deep significance
      Lay in the smoothness of the entrails set
      For sacrifice, and which, of various hues,
      Showed them a gift accepted of the gods;
      They learned what streaked and varied comeliness
      Of gall and liver told; I led them, too,
      (By passing thro' the flame the thigh-bones, wrapt
      In rolls of fat, and th' undivided chine),
      Unto the mystic and perplexing lore
      Of omens; and I cleared unto their eyes
      The forecasts, dim and indistinct before,
      Shown in the flickering aspect of a flame.
      Of these, enough is said. The other boons,
      Stored in the womb of earth, in aid of men—
      Copper and iron, silver, gold withal—
      Who dares affirm he found them ere I found?
      None—well I know—save who would babble lies!
      Know thou, in compass of a single phrase—
      All arts, for mortals' use, Prometheus gave.

    CHORUS

      Nay, aid not mortal men beyond their due,
      Holding too light a reckoning of thyself
      And of thine own distress: good hope have I
      To see thee once again from fetters free
      And matched with Zeus in parity of power.

    PROMETHEUS

      Not yet nor thus hath Fate ordained the end—
      Not until age-long pains and countless woes
      Have bent and bowed me, shall my shackles fall;
      Art strives too feebly against destiny.

    CHORUS

      But what hand rules the helm of destiny?

    PROMETHEUS

      The triform Fates, and Furies unforgiving.

    CHORUS

      Then is the power of Zeus more weak than theirs?

    PROMETHEUS

      He may not shun the fate ordained for him.

    CHORUS

      What is ordained for him, save endless rule?

    PROMETHEUS

      Seek not for answer: this thou may'st not learn.

    CHORUS

      Surely thy silence hides some solemn thing.

    PROMETHEUS

      Think on some other theme: 'tis not the hour,
      This secret to unveil; in deepest dark
      Be it concealed: by guarding it shall I
      Escape at last from bonds, and scorn, and pain.

    CHORUS

      O never may my weak and faint desire
          Strive against God most high—
      Never be slack in service, never tire
          Of sacred loyalty;
      Nor fail to wend unto the altar-side,
          Where with the blood of kine
      Steams up the offering, by the quenchless tide
          Of Ocean, Sire divine!
      Be this within my heart, indelible—
          Offend not with thy tongue!
      Sweet, sweet it is, in cheering hopes to dwell,
          Immortal, ever young,
      In maiden gladness fostering evermore
          A soft content of soul!
      But ah, I shudder at thine anguish sore—
          Thy doom thro' years that roll!
      Thou could'st not cower to Zeus: a love too great
          Thou unto man hast given—
      Too high of heart thou wert—ah, thankless fate!
          What aid, 'gainst wrath of Heaven,
      Could mortal man afford? in vain thy gift
          To things so powerless!
      Could'st thou not see? they are as dreams that drift;
          Their strength is feebleness
      A purblind race, in hopeless fetters bound,
          They have no craft or skill,
      That could o'erreach the ordinance profound
          of the eternal will.
      Alas, Prometheus! on thy woe condign
          I looked, and learned this lore;
      And a new strain floats to these lips of mine—
          Not the glad song of yore,
      When by the lustral wave I sang to see
          My sister made thy bride,
      Decked with thy gifts, thy loved Hesione,
          And clasped unto thy side.
                         [Enter IO, horned like a cow.]

    IO

      Alack! what land, what folk are here?
      Whom see I clenched in rocky fetters drear
      Unto the stormy crag?
         for what thing done
      Dost thou in agony atone?
      Ah, tell me whither, well-a-day!
      My feet have roamed their weary way?
      Ah, but it maddens, the sting!
         it burns in my piteous side!
      Ah, but the vision, the spectre,
         the earth-born, the myriad-eyed!
      Avoid thee! Earth, hide him,
         thine offspring! he cometh—O aspect of ill!
      Ghostly, and crafty of face,
         and dead, but pursuing me still!
      Ah, woe upon me, woe ineffable!
      He steals upon my track, a hound of hell—
      Where'er I stray, along the sands and brine,
      Weary and foodless, come his creeping eyne!
          And ah, the ghostly sound—
      The wax-stopped reed-flute's weird and drowsy drone!
      Alack my wandering woes, that round and round
      Lead me in many mazes, lost, foredone!
      O child of Cronos! for what deed of wrong
      Am I enthralled by thee in penance long?
      Why by the stinging bruise, the thing of fear,
      Dost thou torment me, heart and brain?
      Nay, give me rather to the flames that sear,
          Or to some hidden grave,
      Or to the rending jaws, the monsters of the main!
      Nor grudge the boon for which I crave, O king!
      Enough, enough of weary wandering,
          Pangs from which none can save!
          Hearken! in pity hold
      Io, the ox-horned maid, thy love of old!

    PROMETHEUS

      Hear Zeus or not, I hear and know thee well,
      Daughter of Inachus; I know thee driven,
      Stung by the gadfly, mazed with agony.
      Ay, thou art she whose beauty fired the breast
      Of Zeus with passion; she whom Hera's hate
      Now harasses o'er leagues and leagues of land.

    IO

          Alack, thou namest Inachus my sire!
      Wottest thou of him? how, from lips of pain,
      Comes to my woeful ears truth's very strain?
          How knowest thou the curse, the burning fire
      The god-sent, piercing pest that stings and clings?
      Ah me! in frenzied, foodless wanderings
      Hither I come, and on me from on high
          Lies Hera's angry craft! Ah, men unblest!
      Not one there is, not one, that is unblest as I.
         But thou—tell me the rest!
      Utter the rede of woes to come for me;
      Utter the aid, the cure, if aid or cure there be!

    PROMETHEUS

      Lo, clearly will I show forth all thy quest—
      Not in dark speech, but with such simple phrase
      As doth befit the utterance of a friend.
      I am Prometheus, who gave fire to men.

    IO

      O daring, proven champion of man's race,
      What sin, Prometheus, dost thou thus atone?

    PROMETHEUS

      One moment since, I told my woes and ceased.

    IO

      Then should I plead my suit to thee in vain?

    PROMETHEUS

      Nay, speak thy need; nought would I hide from thee.

    IO

      Pronounce who nailed thee to the rocky cleft.

    PROMETHEUS

      Zeus, by intent; Hephaestus, by his hand.

    IO

      For what wrongdoing do these pains atone?

    PROMETHEUS

      What I have said, is said; suffice it thee!

    IO

      Yet somewhat add; forewarn me in my woe
      What time shall bring my wandering to its goal?

    PROMETHEUS

      Fore-knowledge is fore-sorrow; ask it not.

    IO

      Nay, hide not from me destiny's decree.

    PROMETHEUS

      I grudge thee not the gift which I withhold.

    IO

      Then wherefore tarry ere thou tell me all?

    PROMETHEUS

      Nothing I grudge, but would not rack thy soul.

    IO

      Be not compassionate beyond my wish.

    PROMETHEUS

      Well, thou art fain, and I will speak. Attend!

    CHORUS

      Nay—ere thou speak, hear me, bestow on me
      A portion of the grace of granted prayers.
      First let us learn how lo's frenzy came—
      (She telling her disasters manifold)
      Then of their sequel let her know from thee.

    PROMETHEUS

      Well were it, Io, thus to do their will—
      Right well! they are the sisters of thy sire.
      'Tis worth the waste and effluence of time,
      To tell, with tears of perfect moan, the doom
      Of sorrows that have fallen, when 'tis sure
      The listeners will greet the tale with tears.

    IO

      I know not how I should mistrust your prayer;
      Therefore the whole that ye desire of me
      Ye now shall learn in one straightforward tale.
      Yet, as it leaves my lips, I blush with shame
      To tell that tempest of the spite of Heaven,
      And all the wreck and ruin of my form,
      And whence they swooped upon me, woe is me!
      Long, long in visions of the night there came
      Voices and forms into my maiden bower,
      Alluring me with smoothly glozing words—
      O maiden highly favoured of high Heaven,
      Why cherish thy virginity so long?
      Thine is it to win wedlock's noblest crown!
      Know that Zeus' heart thro' thee is all aflame,
      Pierced with desire as with a dart, and longs
      To join in utmost rite of love with thee.
      Therefore, O maiden, shun not with disdain

      Th' embrace of Zeits, but hie thee forth straightway
      To the lush growth of Lerna's meadow-land,
      Where are the flocks and steadings of thy home,
      And let Zeus' eye be eased of its desire
    .
      Night after night, haunted by dreams like these,
      Heartsick, I ventured at the last to tell
      Unto my sire these visions of the dark.
      Then sent he many a wight, on sacred quest,
      To Delphi and to far Dodona's shrine,
      Being fall fain to learn what deed or word
      Would win him favour from the powers of heaven.
      But they came back repeating oracles
      Mystic, ambiguous, inscrutable,
      Till, at the last, an utterance direct,
      Obscure no more, was brought to Inachus—
      A peremptory charge to fling me forth
      Beyond my home and fatherland, a thing
      Sent loose in banishment o'er all the world;
      And—should he falter—Zeus should launch on him
      A fire-eyed bolt, to shatter and consume
      Himself and all his race to nothingness.
      Bowing before such utterance from the shrine
      Of Loxias, he drave me from our halls,
      Barring the gates against me: loth he was
      To do, as I to suffer, this despite:
      But the strong curb of Zeus had overborne
      His will to me-ward. As I parted thence,
      In form and mind I grew dishumanized,
      And horned as now ye see me, poison-stung
      By the envenomed bitings of the brize,
      I leapt and flung in frenzy, rushed away
      To the bright waters of Cerchneia's stream
      And Lerna's beach: but ever at my side,
      A herdsman by his heifer, Argus moved,
      Earth-born, malevolent of mood, and peered,
      With myriad eyes, where'er my feet would roam.
      But on him in a moment, unforeseen,
      Came Fate, and sundered him from life; but I,
      Still maddened by the gadfly's sting, the scourge
      Of God's infliction, roam the weary world.
      How I have fared, thou hearest: be there aught
      Of what remains to bear, that thou canst tell,
      Speak on! but let not thy compassion warm
      Thy words to cheering falsehood. Worst of woes
      Are words that break their promise to our hope!

    CHORUS

      Woe! woe! avaunt—thou and thy tale of bane!
        O never, never dared I dream
      Such horror of strange sounds should pierce mine ear;
      Such loathly sights, such tortures hard to bear,
      Outrage, pollution, agony supreme,
      Wasting my heart with double edge of pain!
      Ah Fate, ah Fate! I gaze on Io's dole,
      And shudder to my soul!

    PROMETHEUS

      Thou wailest all too soon, fulfilled of fear—
      Tarry awhile, till thou have learned the whole.

    CHORUS

      Say on, reveal it! suffering souls are fain
      To know aright what yet remains to bear.

    PROMETHEUS

      Lightly, with help of mine, did ye achieve
      That which ye first desired: from Io's mouth
      craved to hear, recounted by herself,
      The story of her strivings. Listen now
      To what shall follow, to what woefulness
      The wrath of Hera must compel this maid.
                         (To Io)
      And thou, O child of Inachus, within
      Thine inmost heart store up these words of mine,
      That thou may'st learn thy wanderings and their goal.
      First from this spot toward the sunrise turn,
      And cross the steppe that knoweth not the plough:
      Thus to the nomad Scythians shalt thou come,
      Who dwell in wattled homes, not built on earth
      But borne along on wains of sturdy wheel—
      Equipped, themselves, with bows of mighty reach.
      Pass them avoidingly, and leave their land,
      And skirt the beaches where the tides make moan,
      Till lo! upon the left hand thou shalt find
      The Chalybes, stout craftsmen of the steel—
      Beware of them! no gentleness is theirs,
      No kindly welcome to a stranger's foot!
      Thence to the Stream of Violence shalt thou come—
      Like name, like nature; see thou cross it not,
      ('Tis fatal to the forder!) till thou come
      Right to the very Caucasus, the peak
      That overtops the world, and from its brows
      The river pants in spray its wrathful stream.
      Thence, o'er the pinnacles that court the stars,
      Onward and southward thou must take thy way,
      And reach the warlike horde of Amazons,
      Maidens through hate of man; and gladly they
      Will guide thy maiden feet. That host, in days
      That are not yet, shall fix their home and dwell
      At Themiscyra, on Thermodon's bank,
      Nigh whereunto the grim projecting fang
      Of Salmydessus' cape affronts the main,
      The seaman's curse, to ships a stepmother!
      Then at the jutting land, Cimmerian styled,
      That screens the narrowing portal of the mere,
      Thou shalt arrive; pass o'er it, brave at heart,
      And ferry thee across Macotis' ford.
      So shall there be great rumour evermore,
      In ears of mortals, of thy passage strange;
      And Bosporos shall be that channel's name,
      Because the ox-horned thing did pass thereby.
      So, from the wilds of Europe wander'd o'er,
      To Asia's continent thou com'st at last.
                         (To the CHORUS)
      And ye, what think ye? Seems he not, that lord
      And tyrant of the gods, as tyrannous
      Unto all other lives? A high god's lust
      Constrained this mortal maid to roam the world!
                         (To Io)
      Poor maid! a brutal wooer sure was thine!
      For know that all which I have told thee now
      Is scarce the prelude of thy woes to come.

    IO

      Alas for me, alas!

    PROMETHEUS

      Again thou criest, with a heifer's low.
      What wilt thou do, learning thy future woes?

    CHORUS

      What, hast thou further sorrows for her ear?

    PROMETHEUS

      Yea, a vext ocean of predestined pain.

    IO

      What profit then is life to me? Ah, why
      Did I not cast me from this stubborn crag?
      So with one spring, one crash upon the ground,
      I had attained surcease from all my woes.
      Better it is to die one death outright
      Than linger out long life in misery.

    PROMETHEUS

      Ill would'st thou bear these agonies of mine—
      Mine, with whose fate it standeth not to win
      The goal of death, which were release from pain!
      Now, there is set no limit to my woe
      Till Zeus be hurled from his omnipotence.

    IO

      Zeus hurled from pride of place! Can such things be?

    PROMETHEUS

      Thou wert full fain, methinks, to see that sight!

    IO

      Even so—his overthrow who wrought my pain.

    PROMETHEUS

      Then may'st thou know thereof; such fall shall be.

    IO

      And who shall wrench the sceptre from his hand?

    PROMETHEUS

      By his own mindless counsels shall he fall.

    IO

      And how? unless the telling harm, say on!

    PROMETHEUS

      Wooing a bride, his ruin he shall win.

    IO

      Goddess, or mortal? tell me, if thou may'st.

    PROMETHEUS

      No matter which—more must not be revealed.

    IO

      Doth then a consort thrust him from his throne?

    PROMETHEUS

      The child she bears him shall o'ercome his sire.

    IO

      And hath he no avoidance of this doom?

    PROMETHEUS

      None, surely—till that I, released from bonds—

    IO

      Who can release thee, but by will of Zeus?

    PROMETHEUS

      Fate gives this duty to a child of thine!

    IO

      How? Shall a child of mine undo thy woes?

    PROMETHEUS

      Yea, of thy lineage, thirteen times removed.

    IO

      Dark beyond guessing grows thine oracle.

    PROMETHEUS

      Yea—seek not therefore to foreknow thy woes.

    IO

      As thou didst proffer hope, withdraw it not.

    PROMETHEUS

      Two tales I have—choose! for I grant thee one.

    IO

      And which be they? reveal, and leave me choice.

    PROMETHEUS

      I grant it: shall I in all clearness show
      Thy future woes, or my deliverance?

    CHORUS

      Nay! of the two, vouchsafe her wish to her
      And mine to me, deigning a truth to each—
      To her, reveal her future wanderings—
      To me, thy future saviour, as I crave!

    PROMETHEUS

      I will not set myself to thwart your will
      Withholding aught of what ye crave to know.
      First to thee, Io, will I tell and trace
      Thy scared circuitous wandering mark it well,
      Deep in retentive tablets of the soul.
      When thou hast overpast the ferry's flow
      That sunders continent from continent,
      Straight to the eastward and the flaming face
      Of dawn, and highways trodden by the sun,
      Pass, till thou come unto the windy land
      Of daughters born to Boreas: beware
      Lest the strong spirit of the stormy blast
      Snatch thee aloft, and sweep thee to the void,
      On wings of raving wintry hurricane!
      Wend by the noisy tumult of the wave,
      Until thou reach the Gorgon-haunted plains
      Beside Cisthene. In that solitude
      Dwell Phorcys' daughters, beldames worn with time,
      Three, each swan-shapen, single-toothed, and all
      Peering thro' shared endowment of one eye;
      Never on them doth the sun shed his rays,
      Never falls radiance of the midnight moon.
      But, hard by these, their sisters, clad with wings,
      Serpentine-curled, dwell, loathed of mortal men,—
      The Gorgons!—he of men who looks on them
      Shall gasp away his life. Of such fell guard
      I bid thee to beware. Now, mark my words
      When I another sight of terror tell—
      Beware the Gryphon pack, the hounds of Zeus,
      As keen of fang as silent of their tongues!
      Beware the one-eyed Arimaspian band
      That tramp on horse-hoofs, dwelling by the ford
      Of Pluto and the stream that flows with gold:
      Keep thou aloof from these. To the world's end
      Thou comest at the last, the dark-faced tribe
      That dwell beside the sources of the sun,
      Where springs the river, Aethiopian named.
      Make thou thy way along his bank, until
      Thou come unto the mighty downward slope
      Where from the overland of Bybline hills
      Nile pours his hallowed earth-refreshing wave.
      He by his course shall guide thee to the realm
      Named from himself, three-angled, water-girt;
      There, Io, at the last, hath Fate ordained,
      For thee and for thy race, the charge to found,
      Far from thy native shore, a new abode.
      Lo, I have said: if aught hereof appear
      Hard to thy sense and inarticulate,
      Question me o'er again, and soothly learn—
      God wot, I have too much of leisure here!

    CHORUS

      If there be aught beyond, or aught pass'd o'er,
      Which thou canst utter, of her woe-worn maze,
      Speak on! if all is said, then grant to us
      That which we asked, as thou rememberest.

    PROMETHEUS

      She now hath learned, unto its utmost end,
      Her pilgrimage; but yet, that she may know
      That 'tis no futile fable she hath heard,
      I will recount her history of toil
      Ere she came hither; let it stand for proof
      Of what I told, my forecast of the end.
      So, then—to sum in brief the weary tale—
      I turn me to thine earlier exile's close.
      When to Molossia's lowland thou hadst come,
      Nigh to Dodona's cliff and ridge sublime,
      (Where is the shrine oracular and seat
      Of Zeus, Thesprotian styled, and that strange thing
      And marvel past belief, the prophet-oaks
      That syllable his speech), thou by their tongues,
      With clear acclaim and unequivocal,
      Wert thus saluted—Hail, O bride of Zeus
      That art to be
    —hast memory thereof?
      Thence, stung anew with frenzy, thou didst hie
      Along the shoreward track, to Rhea's lap,
      The mighty main; then, stormily distraught,
      Backward again and eastward. To all time,
      Be well assured, that inlet of the sea
      All mortal men shall call Ionian,
      In memory that Io fared thereby.
      Take this for proof and witness that my mind
      Hath more in ken than ever sense hath shown.
                         (To the CHORUS)
      That which remains, to you and her alike
      I will relate, and, to my former words
      Reverting, add this final prophecy.
                         (To Io)
      There lieth, at the verge of land and sea,
      Where Nilus issues thro' the silted sand,
      A town, Canopus called: and there at length
      Shall Zeus renew the reason in thy brain
      With the mere touch and contact of his hand
      Fraught now with fear no more: and thou shalt bear
      A child, dark Epaphus—his very name
      Memorial of Zeus' touch that gave him life.
      And his shall be the foison and the fruit
      Of all the land enriched by spreading Nile.
      Thence the fifth generation of his seed
      Back unto Argos, yet unwillingly,
      Shall flee for refuge—fifty maidens they,
      Loathing a wedlock with their next in blood,
      More kin than kind, from their sire's brother sprung.
      And on their track, astir with wild desire,
      Like falcons fierce closing on doves that flee,
      Shall speed the suitors, craving to achieve
      A prey forbidden, a reluctant bride.
      Yet power divine shall foil them, and forbid
      Possession of the maids, whom Argive land
      Shall hold protected, when unsleeping hate,
      Horror, and watchful ambush of the night,
      Have laid the suitors dead, by female hands.
      For every maid shall smite a man to death,
      Dyeing a dagger's edges in his throat—
      Such bed of love befall mine enemies!
      Yet in one bride shall yearning conquer hate,
      Bidding her spare the bridegroom at her side,
      Blunting the keen edge of her set resolve.
      Thus of two scorns the former shall she choose,
      The name of coward, not of murderess.
      In Argos shall she bear, in after time,
      A royal offspring. Long it were to tell
      In clear succession all that thence shall be.
      Take this for sooth—in lineage from her
      A hero shall arise, an archer great,
      And he shall be my saviour from these woes.
      Such knowledge of the future Themis gave,
      The ancient Titaness, to me her son.
      But how, and by what skill, 'twere long to say,
      And no whit will the knowledge profit thee.

    IO

      O woe, O rending and convulsive pain,
      Frenzy and agony, again, again
          Searing my heart and brain!
      O dagger of the sting, unforged with fire
      Yet burning, burning ever! O my heart,
      Pulsing with horror, beating at my breast!
      O rolling maddened eyes! away, apart,
          Raving with anguish dire,
      I spring, by frenzy-fiends possest.
      O wild and whirling words, that sweep in gloom
          Down to dark waves of doom!
                         [Exit IO.

    CHORUS

      O well and sagely was it said—
        Yea, wise of heart was he who first
        Gave forth in speech the thought he nursed—
      In thine own order see thou wed!

      Let not the humble heart aspire
        To the gross home of wealth and pride;
        Nor be it to a hearth allied
      That vaunts of many a noble sire.

      O Fates, of awful empery!
        Never may I by Zeus be wooed—
        Never give o'er my maidenhood
      To any god that dwells on high.

      A shudder to my soul is sent,
        Beholding Io's doom forlorn—
        By Hera's malice put to scorn,
      Roaming in mateless banishment.

      From wedlock's crown of fair desire
        I would not shrink—an idle fear!
        But may no god to me draw near
      With shunless might and glance of fire!

      That were a strife wherein no chance
        Of conquest lies: from Zeus most high
        And his resolve, no subtlety
      Could win me my deliverance.

    PROMETHEUS

      And yet shall Zeus, for all his stubborn pride,
      Be brought to low estate! aha, he schemes
      Such wedlock as shall bring his doom on him,
      Flung from his kingship to oblivion's lap!
      Ay, then the curse his father Cronos spake
      As he fell helpless from his agelong throne,
      Shall be fulfilled unto the utterance!
      No god but I can manifest to him
      A rescue from such ruin as impends—
      I know it, I, and how it may be foiled.
      Go to, then, let him sit and blindly trust
      His skyey rumblings, for security,
      And wave his levin with its blast of flame!
      All will avail him not, nor bar his fall
      Down to dishonour vile, intolerable
      So strong a wrestler is he moulding now
      To his own proper downfall—yea, a shape
      Portentous and unconquerably huge,
      Who truly shall reveal a flame more strong
      Than is the lightning, and a crash of sound
      More loud than thunder, and shall dash to nought
      Poseidon's trident-spear, the ocean-bane
      That makes the firm earth quiver. Let Zeus strike
      Once on this rock, he speedily shall learn
      How far the fall from power to slavery!

    CHORUS

      Beware! thy wish doth challenge Zeus himself.

    PROMETHEUS

      I voice my wish and its fulfilment too.

    CHORUS

      What, dare we look for one to conquer Zeus?

    PROMETHEUS

      Ay—Zeus shall wear more painful bonds than mine

    CHORUS

      Darest thou speak such taunts and tremble not?

    PROMETHEUS

      Why should I fear, who am immortal too?

    CHORUS

      Yet he might doom thee to worse agony.

    PROMETHEUS

      Out on his dooming! I foreknow it all.

    CHORUS

      Yet do the wise revere Necessity.

    PROMETHEUS

      Ay, ay—do reverence, cringe and crouch to power
      Whene'er, where'er thou see it! But, for me,
      I reck of Zeus as something less than nought.
      Let him put forth his power, attest his sway,
      Howe'er he will—a momentary show,
      A little brief authority in heaven!
      Aha, I see out yonder one who comes,
      A bidden courier, truckling at Zeus' nod,
      A lacquey in his new lord's livery,
      Surely on some fantastic errand sped!
                         [Enter HERMES. HERMES

      Thou, double-dyed in gall of bitterness,
      Trickster and sinner against gods, by giving
      The stolen fire to perishable men!
      Attend—the Sire supreme doth bid thee tell
      What is the wedlock which thou vauntest now,
      Whereby he falleth from supremacy?
      Speak forth the whole, make all thine utterance clear,
      Have done with words inscrutable, nor cause
      To me, Prometheus! any further toil
      Or twofold journeying. Go to—thou seest
      Zeus doth not soften at such words as thine!

    PROMETHEUS

      Pompous, in sooth, thy word, and swoln with pride,
      As doth befit the lacquey of thy lords!
      O ye young gods! how, in your youthful sway,
      Ye deem secure your citadels of sky,
      Beyond the reach of sorrow or of fall!
      Have I not seen two dynasties of gods
      Already flung therefrom? and soon shall see
      A third, that now in tyranny exults,
      Shamed, ruined, in an hour! What sayest thou?
      Crouch I and tremble at these stripling powers?
      Small homage unto such from me, or none!
      Betake thee hence, sweat back along thy road—
      Look for no answer from me, get thee gone!

    HERMES

      Think—it was such audacities of will
      That drove thee erst to anchorage in woe!

    PROMETHEUS

      Ay—but mark this: mine heritage of pain
      I would not barter for thy servitude.

    HERMES

      Better, forsooth, be bond-slave to a crag,
      Than true-born herald unto Zeus the Sire!

    PROMETHEUS

      Take thine own coin—taunts for a taunting slave!

    HERMES

      Proud art thou in thy circumstance, methinks!

    PROMETHEUS

      Proud? in such pride then be my foemen set,
      And I to see—and of such foes art thou!

    HERMES

      What, blam'st thou me too for thy sufferings?

    PROMETHEUS

      Mark a plain word—I loathe all gods that are,
      Who reaped my kindness and repay with wrong.

    HERMES

      I hear no little madness in thy words.

    PROMETHEUS

      Madness be mine, if scorn of foes be mad.

    HERMES

      Past bearing were thy pride, in happiness.

    PROMETHEUS

      Ah me!

    HERMES

      Zeus knoweth nought of sorrow's cry!

    PROMETHEUS

      He shall! Time's lapse bringeth all lessons home.

    HERMES

      To thee it brings not yet discretion's curb.

    PROMETHEUS

      No—else I had not wrangled with a slave!

    HERMES

      Then thou concealest all that Zeus would learn?

    PROMETHEUS

      As though I owed him aught and should repay!

    HERMES

      Scornful thy word, as though I were a child—

    PROMETHEUS

      Child, ay—or whatsoe'er hath less of brain—
      Thou, deeming thou canst wring my secret out!
      No mangling torture, no, nor sleight of power
      There is, by which he shall compel my speech,
      Until these shaming bonds be loosed from me.
      So, let him fling his blazing levin-bolt!
      Let him with white and winged flakes of snow,
      And rumbling earthquakes, whelm and shake the world!
      For nought of this shall bend me to reveal
      The power ordained to hurl him from his throne.

    HERMES

      Bethink thee if such words can mend thy lot

    PROMETHEUS

      All have I long foreseen, and all resolved.

    HERMES

      Perverse of will! constrain, constrain thy soul
      To think more wisely in the grasp of doom!

    PROMETHEUS

      Truce to vain words! as wisely wouldst thou strive
      To warn a swelling wave: imagine not
      That ever I before thy lord's resolve
      Will shrink in womanish terror, and entreat,
      As with soft suppliance of female hands,
      The Power I scorn unto the utterance,
      To loose me from the chains that bind me here—
      A world's division 'twixt that thought and me!

    HERMES

      So, I shall speak, whate'er I speak, in vain!
      No prayer can melt or soften thy resolve;
      But, as a colt new-harnessed champs the bit,
      Thou strivest and art restive to the rein.
      But all too feeble is the stratagem
      In which thou art so confident: for know
      That strong self-will is weak and less than nought
      In one more proud than wise. Bethink thee now—
      If these my words thou shouldest disregard—
      What storm, what might as of a great third wave
      Shall dash thy doom upon thee, past escape!
      First shall the Sire, with thunder and the flame
      Of lightning, rend the crags of this ravine,
      And in the shattered mass o'erwhelm thy form,
      Immured and morticed in a clasping rock.
      Thence, after age on age of durance done,
      Back to the daylight shall thou come, and there
      The eagle-hound of Zeus, red-ravening, fell
      With greed, shall tatter piecemeal all thy flesh
      To shreds and ragged vestiges of form—
      Yea, an unbidden guest, a day-long bane,
      That feeds, and feeds—yea, he shall gorge his fill
      On blackened fragments, from thy vitals gnawed.
      Look for no respite from that agony
      Until some other deity be found,
      Ready to bear for thee the brunt of doom,
      Choosing to pass into the lampless world
      Of Hades and the murky depths of hell.
      Hereat, advise thee! 'tis no feigned threat
      Whereof I warn thee, but an o'er-true tale.
      The lips of Zeus know nought of lying speech,
      But wreak in action all their words foretell.
      Therefore do thou look warily, and deem
      Prudence a better saviour than self-will.

    CHORUS

      Meseems that Hermes speaketh not amiss,
      Bidding thee leave thy wilfulness and seek
      The wary walking of a counselled mind.
      Give heed! to err through anger shames the wise.

    PROMETHEUS

      All, all I knew, whate'er his tongue
      In idle arrogance hath flung.
      'Tis the world's way, the common lot—
      Foe tortures foe and pities not.
      Therefore I challenge him to dash
      His bolt on me, his zigzag flash
        Of piercing, rending flame!
      Now be the welkin stirred amain
      With thunder-peal and hurricane,
      And let the wild winds now displace
      From its firm poise and rooted base
        The stubborn earthly frame!
      The raging sea with stormy surge
      Rise up and ravin and submerge
        Each high star-trodden way!
      Me let him lift and dash to gloom
      Of nether hell, in whirls of doom!
      Yet—do he what extremes he may—
      He cannot crush my life away!

    HERMES

      Such are the counsels, such the strain,
      Heard from wild lips and frenzied brain!
      In word or thought, how fails his fate
      Of madness wild and desperate?
                         (To the CHORUS)
      But ye, who stand compassionate
      Here at his side, depart in haste!
      Lest of his penalty ye taste,
      And shattered brain and reason feel
      The roaring, ruthless thunder-peal!

    CHORUS

      Out on thee! if thy heart be fain
      I should obey thee, change thy strain!
      Vile is thine hinted cowardice,
      And loathed of me thy base advice,
        Weakly to shrink from pain!
      Nay, at his side, whate'er befall,
      I will abide, endure it all!
      Among all things abhorr'd, accurst,
      I hold betrayers for the worst!

    HERMES

      Nay, ye are warned! remember well—
      Nor cry, when meshed in nets of hell,
      Ah cruel fate, ah Zeus unkind—
      Thus, by a sentence undivined,
      To dash us to the realms below
    !
      It is no sudden, secret blow—
      Nay, ye achieve your proper woe—
      Warn'd and foreknowing shall ye go,
      Through your own folly trapped and ta'en,
      Into the net the Fates ordain—
      The vast, illimitable pain!
                         [Thunder and lightning.

    PROMETHEUS

      Hark! for no more in empty word,
      But in sheer sooth, the world is stirred!
      The massy earth doth heave and sway,
      And thro' their dark and secret way
        The cavern'd thunders boom!
      See, how they gleam athwart the sky,
        The lightnings, through the gloom!
      And whirlwinds roll the dust on high,
      And right and left the storm-clouds leap
      To battle in the skyey deep,
      In wildest uproar unconfined,
      An universe of warring wind!
      And falling sky and heaving sea
      Are blent in one! on me, on me,
      Nearer and ever yet more near,
      Flaunting its pageantry of fear,
      Drives down in might its destined road
      The tempest of the wrath of God!
      O holy Earth, O mother mine!
      O Sky, that biddest speed along
      Thy vault the common Light divine,—
        Be witness of my wrong!
                         [The rocks are rent with fire and earthquake,
                         and fall, burying
    PROMETHEUS in the ruins.