The Vedanta-Sutras
INTRODUCTION.
FIRST ADHYAYA.
- FIRST PADA.
- THE SMALL PURVAPAKSHA.
- THE SMALL SIDDHANTA.
- THE GREAT PURVAPAKSHA.
- THE GREAT SIDDHANTA.
- There is no proof of non-differenced substance.
- Sabda proves difference.
- Pratyaksha—even of the nirvikalpaka kind—proves
difference.
- The bhedabheda view is untenable.
- Inference also teaches difference.
- Perception does not reveal mere being.
- Plurality is not unreal.
- Being and consciousness are not one.
- The true meaning of Svayamprakasatva.
- Consciousness is not eternal.
- There is no consciousness without object.
- Consciousness is capable of change.
- Consciousness is the attribute of a permanent
Conscious self.
- The view that the conscious subject is something
unreal, due to the ahamkara, cannot be maintained.
- The conscious subject persists in deep sleep.
- The conscious subject persists in the state of
release.
- In cases of Scripture conflicting with Perception,
Scripture is not stronger. The True cannot be known through the Untrue.
- No scriptural texts teach a Brahman devoid of all
difference.
- Nor do Smriti and Purana teach such a doctrine.
- The theory of Nescience cannot be proved.
- All knowledge is of the Real.
- Neither Scripture nor Smriti and Purana teach
Nescience.
- Scripture does not teach that Release is due to
the knowledge of a non- qualified Brahman.—the meaning of 'tat tvam
asi.'
- Summary statement as to the way in which different
scriptural texts are to reconciled.
- Nescience cannot be terminated by the simple act
of cognising Brahman as the universal self.
- The Vedantin aiming to ascertain the nature of
Brahman from Scripture, need not be disconcerted by the Mimamsa-theory
of all speech having informing power with regard to actions only.
- 2. (Brahman is that) from which the origin, &c.,
of this (world proceed).
- 3. Because Scripture is the source (of the
knowledge of Brahman).
- 4. But that (i.e. the authoritativeness of
Scripture with regard to Brahman) exists on account of the connexion
(of Scripture with the highest aim of man).
- 5. On account of seeing (i.e. thinking) that which
is not founded on Scripture (i.e. the Pradhana) is not (what is taught
by the texts referring to the origination of the world).
- 6. If it be said that (the word 'seeing') has a
secondary (figurative) meaning; we deny this, on account of the word
'Self' (being applied to the cause of the world).
- The next following Sutra confirms the same view.
- The Pradhana is not the cause of the world for the
following reason also:
- 9. And on account of the contradiction of the
initial statement.
- 10. On account of (the individual soul) going to
the Self.
- 11. On account of the uniformity of view.
- 12. And because it is directly stated in
Scripture.
- 13. The Self consisting of Bliss (is the highest
Self) on account of multiplication.
- 14. If, on account of its being a word denoting an
effect, (anandamaya be said) not (to denote the highest Self); (we say)
no, on account of abundance.
- 15. And because he is declared to be the cause of
thatra.
- 16. And because that (Brahman) which is referred
to in the mantra is declared (to be the anandamaya).
- 17. Not the other, on account of impossibility.
- 18. And on account of the declaration of
difference.
- 19. And on account of desire, there is no regard
to what is inferred (i. e. matter).
- 20. And Scripture teaches the joining of this
(i.e. the individual soul) with that (i.e. bliss) in that (i.e. the
anandamaya).
- 21. The one within (the sun and the eye); on
account of his qualities being declared.
- 22. And on account of the declaration of
difference (the highest Self is) other (than the individual souls of
the sun, &c.).
- 23. Ether (is Brahman), on account of the
characteristic marks.
- 24. For the same reason breath (is Brahman).
- 25. The light (is Brahman), on account of the
mention of feet.
- 26. If it be objected that (Brahman is) not
(denoted) on account of the metre being denoted; (we reply) not so,
because thus the direction of the mind (on Brahman) is declared; for
thus it is seen.
- 27. And thus also, because (thus only) the
designation of the beings, and so on, being the (four) feet is
possible.
- 28. If it be said that (Brahman is) not
(recognised) on account of the difference of designation; (we say) not
so, on account of there being no contradiction in either (designation).
- 29. Prana is Brahman, on account of connexion.
- 30. If it be said that (Brahman is) not (denoted)
on account of the speaker denoting himself; (we say, not so), because
the multitude of connexions with the inner Self (is possible only) in
that (speaker if viewed as Brahman).
- 31. The instruction (given by Indra about himself)
(is possible) through insight based on Scripture, as in the case of
Vamadeva.
- 32. If it be said (that Brahman is not meant) on
account of characteristic marks of the individual soul and the chief
vital air; we say no, on account of the threefoldness of meditation; on
account of (such threefold meditation) being met (in other texts also);
and on account of (such threefold meditation) being appropriate here
(also).
- SECOND PADA.
- 1. Everywhere; because there is taught what is
known.
- 2. And because the qualities meant to be stated
are possible (in Brahman).
- 3. But, on account of impossibility, not the
embodied soul.
- 4. And because there is (separate) denotation of
the object and the agent.
- 5. On account of the difference of words.
- 6. And on account of Smriti.
- 7. Should it be said that (the passage does) not
(refer to Brahman) on account of the smallness of the abode, and on
account of the denotation of that (viz. minuteness of the being
meditated on); we say no, because (Brahman) has thus to be meditated
upon, and because (in the same passage) it is said to be like ether.
- 8. Should it be said that there is attainment of
fruition (of pleasure and pain); we reply, not so, on account of
difference.
- 9. The eater (is the highest Self) on account of
there being taken all that is movable and immovable.
- 10. And on account of the topic of the whole
section.
- 11. The 'two entered into the cave' are the two
Selfs; on account of this being seen.
- 12. And on account of distinctive qualities.
- 13. (The Person) within the eye (is the highest
Self) on account of suitability.
- 14. And on account of the statement as to abode,
and so on.
- 15. And on account of the text referring only to
what is characterised by pleasure.
- 16. For that very reason that (ether) is Brahman.
- 17. And on account of the statement of the way of
him who has heard the Upanishads.
- 18. Not any other, on account of non-permanency of
abode, and of impossibility.
- 19. The internal Ruler (referred to) in the
clauses with respect to the gods, with respect to the worlds, &c. (is
the highest Self), because the attributes of that are designated.
- 20. And not that which Smriti assumes, on account
of the declaration of qualities not belonging to that; nor the embodied
one.
- 21. For both also speak of it as something
different.
- 22. That which possesses the qualities of
invisibility, &c., on account of the declaration of attributes.
- 23. Not the two others, on account of distinction
and statement of difference.
- 24. And on account of the description of its form.
- 25. Vaisvanara (is the highest Self), on account
of the distinctions qualifying the common term.
- 26. That which the text refers to is an
inferential mark—thus.
- 27. Should it be said that it is not so, on
account of the word, &c., and on account of the abiding within; we say,
no; on account of meditation being taught thus, on account of
impossibility; and because they read of him as person.
- 28. For the same reasons not the divinity and the
element.
- 29. Jaimini thinks that there is no objection to
(the word 'Agni') directly (denoting the highest Self).
- 30. On account of definiteness; thus Asmarathya
opines.
- 31. On account of meditation, Badari thinks.
- 32. On account of imaginative identification, thus
Jaimini thinks; for thus the text declares.
- 33. Moreover, they record him in that.
- THIRD PADA.
- 2. And on account of its being declared that to
which the released have to resort.
- 3. Not that which is inferred, on account of the
absence of terms denoting it, and (so also not) the bearer of the
Pranas (i. e. the individual soul).
- 4. On account of the declaration of difference.
- 5. On account of the subject-matter.
- 6. And on account of abiding and eating.
- 7. The bhuman (is the highest Self), as the
instruction about it is additional to that about serenity.
- 8. And on account of the suitability of the
attributes.
- 9. The Imperishable (is Brahman), on account of
its supporting that which is the end of ether.
- 10. And this (supporting) (springs) from command.
- 11. And on account of the exclusion of (what is
of) another nature (than Brahman).
- 12. On account of his being designated as the
object of seeing, he (i.e. the highest Self) (is that object).
- 13. The small (ether) (is Brahman), on account of
the subsequent (arguments).
- 14. On account of the going and of the word; for
thus it is seen; and (there is) an inferential sign.
- 15. And on account of there being observed in
that (small ether), supporting which is a greatness of that (i. e.
Brahman).
- 16. And on account of the settled meaning.
- 17. If it be said that on account of reference to
the other one he is meant; we say no, on account of impossibility.
- 18. Should it be said that from a subsequent
passage (it appears that the individual Soul is meant); rather (the
soul) in so far as its true nature has become manifest.
- 19. And the reference has a different meaning.
- 20. If it be said, owing to the scriptural
declaration of smallness; that has been explained.
- 21. And on account of the imitation of that.
- 22. The same is declared by Smriti also.
- 23. On account of the term, the one measured.
- 24. But with reference to the heart, men being
qualified.
- 25. Also beings above them (i.e. men), Badarayana
thinks, on account of possibility.
- 26. If it be said that there results a
contradiction to work; we deny this, on account of the observation of
the assumption of several (bodies).
- 27. If it be said (that a contradiction will
result) with regard to words; we say no, since beings originate from
them (as appears) from perception and inference.
- 28. And for this very reason eternity (of the
Veda).
- 29. And on account of the equality of names and
forms there is no contradiction, even in the renovation (of the world);
as appears from— Sruti and Smriti.
- 30. On account of the impossibility (of
qualification for the madhuvidya, &c.) (Jaimini maintains the
non-qualification (of gods, &c.).)
- 31. And on account of (meditating on the part of
the gods) being in the Light.
- 32. But Badarayana (maintains) the existence (of
qualification); for there is (possibility of such).
- 33. (That) grief of him (arose), this is
intimated by his (Janasruti's) resorting to him (Raikva) on hearing a
disrespectful speech about himself.
- 34. And on account of (Janasruti )
kshattriya-hood being understood.
- 35. On account of the inferential sign further
on, together with Kaitraratha.
- 36. On account of the reference to ceremonial
purifications, and on account of the declaration of their absence.
- 37. And on account of the procedure, on the
ascertainment of the non- being of that.
- 38. And on account of the prohibition of hearing,
studying, and performance of (Vedic) matter.
- 39. And on account of Smriti.
- 40. On account of the trembling.
- 41. On account of light being seen (declared in
the text).
- 42. The ether, on account of the designation of
something different, and so on.
- 43. On account of difference in deep sleep and
departing.
- 44. And on account of such words as Lord.
- FOURTH PADA.
- 2. But the subtle (body), on account of its
capability.
- To this the next Sutra replies—
- 4. And on account of there being no statement of
its being an object of knowledge.
- 5. Should it be said that (the text) declares
(it); we say, not so; for the intelligent Self (is meant), on account
of subject-matter.
- 6. And of three only there is this mention and
question.
- 7. And as in the case of the 'Great.'
- 8. On account of there being no special
characteristic; as in the case of the cup.
- 9. But she begins with light; for thus some read
in their text.
- 10. And on account of the teaching of formation
(i.e. creation) there is no contradiction; as in the case of the honey.
- 11. Not from the mention of the number even, on
account of the diversity and of the excess.
- 12. The breath, and so on, on the ground of the
complementary passage.
- 13. By light, food not being (mentioned in the
text) of some.
- 14. And on account of (Brahman) as described
being declared to be the cause with regard to Ether, and so on.
- 15. From connexion.
- 16. Because it denotes the world.
- 17. Should it be said that this is not so on
account of the inferential marks of the individual soul and the chief
vital air; we reply that this has been explained before.
- 18. But Jaimini thinks that it has another
purport, on account of the question and answer; and thus some also.
- 19. On account of the connected meaning of the
sentences.
- 20. (It is) a mark indicating that the promissory
statement is proved; thus Asmarathya thinks.
- 21. Because (the soul) when it will depart is
such; thus Audulomi thinks.
- 22. On account of (Brahman's) abiding (within the
individual soul); thus Kasakritsna (holds).
- 23. (Brahman is) the material cause on account of
this not being in conflict with the promissory statements and the
illustrative instances.
- 24. And on account of the statement of
reflection.
- 25. And on account of both being directly
declared.
- 26. On account of (the Self) making itself.
- 27. Owing to modification.
- 28. And because it is called the womb.
- 29. Herewith all (texts) are explained,
explained.
SECOND ADHYAYA
- FIRST PADA.
- 2. And on account of the non-perception (of truth
on the part) of others.
- 3. Hereby the Yoga is refuted.
- 4. Not, on account of the difference of character
of that; and its being such (appears) from Scripture.
- 5. But (there is) denotation of the superintending
(deities), on account of distinction and entering.
- 6. But it is seen.
- 7. If it be said that (the effect is) non-existing;
we say no, there being a mere denial.
- 8. On account of such consequences in reabsorption
(the Vedanta-texts would be) inappropriate.
- 9. Not so; as there are parallel instances.
- 10. And on account of the objections to his view.
- 11. Also in consequence of the ill-foundedness of
reasoning.
- 12. Should it be said that inference is to be
carried on in a different way; (we reply that) thus also it follows
that (the objection raised) is not got rid of.
- 13. Thereby also the remaining (theories) which
are not comprised (within the Veda) are explained.
- 14. If it be said that from (Brahman) becoming an
enjoyer, there follows non-distinction (of Brahman and the individual
soul); we reply—it may be as in ordinary life.
- 15. The non-difference (of the world) from that
(viz. Brahman) follows from what begins with the word arambhana.
- 16. And because (the cause) is perceived in the
existence of the effect.
- 17. And on account of the existence of that which
is posterior.
- 18. If it be said 'not, on account of the
designation of the (effect as the) non-existent; we reply, not so, on
account (of such designation being due to) another attribute, (as
appears) from the complementary passage, from Reasoning, and from
another Vedic text.
- 19. And like a piece of cloth.
- 20. And as the different vital airs.
- 21. From the designation of the 'other' (as
non-different from Brahman) there result (Brahman's) not creating what
is beneficial, and other imperfections.
- 22. But (Brahman is) additional, on account of the
declaration of difference.
- 23. And as in the analogous case of stones and the
like, there is impossibility of that.
- 24. Should it be said that (it is) not, on account
of the observation of employment; we say, not so; for as in the case of
milk.
- 25. And as in the case of the gods and so on, in
(their) world.
- 26. Or the consequence of the entire (Brahman
entering into the effect), and stultification of (Brahman's) being
devoid of parts.
- 27. But on account of Scripture; (Brahman's
possession of various powers) being founded upon the word.
- 28. And thus in the Self; for (there are) manifold
(powers).
- 29. And on account of the defects of his view
also.
- 30. And (the divinity is) endowed with all powers,
because that is seen.
- 31. Not, on account of the absence of organs; this
has been explained (before).
- 32. (Brahman is) not (the cause); on account of
(the world) having the nature of what depends on a motive.
- 33. But (it is) mere sport, as in ordinary life.
- 34. Not inequality and cruelty, on account of
there being regard; for so (Scripture) declares.
- 35. If it be said 'not so, on account of
non-distinction of deeds'; we say, 'not so, on account of
beginninglessness'; this is reasonable, and it is also observed.
- 36. And because all the attributes are proved (to
be present in Brahman).
- SECOND PADA.
- 2. If it be said—like milk or water; there also
(intelligence guides).
- 3. And because from the independence (of the
Pradhana) there would follow the non-existence of what is different
(from creation, i.e. of the pralaya condition).
- 4. Nor like grass and so on; because (milk) does
not exist elsewhere.
- 5. And if you say—as the man and the stone; thus
also.
- 6. And on account of the impossibility of the
relation of principal (and subordinate) matter.
- 7. And if another inference be made (the result
remains unchanged), on account of (the Pradhana) being destitute of the
power of a knowing subject.
- 8. And even if it be admitted; on account of the
absence of a purpose.
- 9. And (it is) objectionable on account of the
contradictions.
- 10. Or in the same way as the big and long from
the short and the atomic.
- 11. On both assumptions also there is no motion,
and thence non-being (of the origination of the world).
- 12. And because owing to the acknowledgment of
samavaya, there results a regressus in infinitum from equality.
- 13. And because (the world also) would thus be
eternal.
- 14. And on account of (the atoms) having colour
and so on, the reverse (takes place); as it is observed.
- 15. And as there are objections in both cases.
- 16. And as it is not accepted, it is altogether
disregarded.
- 17. Even on the aggregate with its two causes,
there is non- establishment of that.
- 18. If it be said that (this) is to be explained
through successive causality; we say 'no,' on account of their not
being the causes of aggregation.
- 19. And on account of the cessation of the
preceding one on the origination of the subsequent one.
- 20. There not being (a cause), there results
contradiction of the admitted principle; otherwise simultaneousness.
- 21. There is non-establishment of pratisankhya and
apratisankhya destruction, on account of non-interruption.
- 22. And on account of the objections presenting
themselves in either case.
- 23. And in the case of space also, on account of
there being no difference.
- 24. And on account of recognition.
- 25. Not from non-entity, this not being observed.
- 26. And thus there would be accomplishment on the
part of non-active people also.
- 27. Not non-existence, on account of
consciousness.
- 28. And on account of difference of nature (they
are) not like dreams.
- 29. The existence (is) not, on account of the
absence of perception.
- 30. And on account of its being unproved in every
way.
- 31. Not so, on account of the impossibility in
one.
- 33. And likewise non-entireness of the Self.
- 34. Nor also is there non-contradiction from
paryaya; on account of change, and so on.
- 35. And on account of the endurance of the final
(size), and the (resulting) permanency of both; there is no difference.
- 36. (The system) of the Lord (must be
disregarded), on account of inappropriateness.
- 37. And on account of the impossibility of
rulership.
- 38. If you say, as in the case of the organs; we
deny this, on account of enjoyment and so on.
- 39. Finiteness or absence of omniscience.
- 40. On account of the impossibility of
origination.
- 41. And there is not (origination) of the
instrument from the agent.
- 42. Or, if they are of the nature of that which is
knowledge and so on, there is no contradiction to that (i.e. the
Bhagavata doctrine).
- 43. And on account of contradiction.
- THIRD PADA.
- 2. But there is.
- 3. It has a secondary sense, on account of
impossibility and of the text.
- 4. There may be (a double sense) of the one
(word), as in the case of the word 'Brahman.'
- 5. The non-abandonment of the promissory statement
(results) from non- difference.
- 6. (As follows also) from (other) texts.
- 7. But the division (origination) extends over all
effects; as in ordinary life.
- 8. Hereby air is explained.
- 9. But there is non-origination of that which is
(only); on account of impossibility.
- 10. Fire (is produced) thence, for thus Scripture
declares.
- 11. Water (from fire).
- 12. Earth (from water).
- 13. Earth on account of the subject-matter, the
colour, and other texts.
- 14. But he; from the inferential mark supplied by
their reflection.
- 15. But the order of succession (which is stated)
in reverse order (of the true one) is possible, (only if the
origination of all effects is) thence (i.e. from Brahman).
- 16. If it be said that knowledge and mind (which
are mentioned) between (breath and the elements) (are stated) in order
of succession, owing to an inferential mark of this; we say, not so, on
account of non- difference.
- 17. But that which abides in the things movable
and immovable, i.e. the terms denoting those things, are non-secondary
(i.e. of primary denotative power, viz. with regard to Brahman); since
(their denotative power) is effected by the being of that (i.e.
Brahman).
- 18. Not the Self, on account of scriptural
statement, and on account of the eternity (which results) from them.
- 19. For this very reason (the individual soul is)
a knower.
- 20. On account of (its) passing out, moving and
returning.
- 21. And on account of the latter two (being
effected) through the Self.
- 22. If it be said that (the soul) is not atomic,
on account of scriptural statement of (what is) not that; we say no, on
account of the other one being the topic.
- 23. And on account of the very word, and of
measure.
- 24. There is no contradiction, as in the case of
sandal-ointment.
- 25. Should it be said (that this is not so) on
account of specialisation of abode; we say no, on account of the
acknowledgment (of a place of the Self), viz. in the heart.
- 26. Or on account of its quality as light.
- 27. There is distinction as in the case of smell;
and thus Scripture declares.
- 28. On account of the separate statement.
- 29. But (the Self) is designated as that because
it has that quality (viz. knowledge) for its essential quality; as in
the case of the intelligent (prajna) Self.
- 30. And there is no objection, since (the quality
of knowledge) exists wherever the Self is; this being observed.
- 31. Since there may be manifestation of that
which exists; as in the case of virile power and so on.
- 32. There would result permanent consciousness or
non-consciousness, or else limitative restriction to either.
- 33. (The soul is) an agent, on account of
Scripture (thus) having a purport.
- 34. On account of taking and the declaration as
to its moving about.
- 35. And on account of the designation (of the
Self as the agent) in actions. If not so, there would be change of
grammatical expression.
- 36. (There would be) absence of definite rule, as
in the case of consciousness.
- 37. On account of the inversion of power.
- 38. And on account of the absence of samadhi.
- 39. And as the carpenter, in both ways.
- 40. But from the highest, this being declared by
Scripture.
- 41. But with a view to the efforts made (the Lord
makes the soul act) on account of the (thus resulting)
non-meaninglessness of injunctions and prohibitions and the rest.
- 42. (The soul is) a part, on account of the
declarations of difference and otherwise; some also record (that
Brahman is of) the nature of slaves, fishermen, and so on.
- 43. And on account of the mantra.
- 44. Moreover it is so stated in Smriti.
- 45. But as in the case of light and so on. Not so
is the highest.
- 46. And Smriti texts declare this.
- 47. Permission and exclusion (result) from
connexion with a body; as in the case of light and so on.
- 48. And on account of non-connectedness there is
no confusion.
- 49. And it is a mere apparent argument.
- 50. On account of the non-determination of the
adrishtas.
- 51. And it is thus also in the case of purposes
and so on.
- 52. Should it be said (that that is possible)
owing to the difference of place; we deny this, on account of (all
upadhis) being within (all places).
- FOURTH PADA.
- 2. (The scriptural statement of the plural) is
secondary, on account of impossibility; and since (the highest Self) is
declared before that.
- 3. On account of speech having for its antecedent
that.
- 4. (They are seven) on account of the going of
the seven and of specification.
- 5. But the hands and so on also; (since they
assist the soul) abiding (in the body). Hence (it is) not so.
- 6. And (they are) minute.
- 7. And the best.
- 8. Neither air nor function, on account of its
being stated separately.
- 9. But like the eye and the rest, on account of
being taught with them, and for other reasons.
- 10. And there is no objection on account of its
not having an activity (karana); for (Scripture) thus declares.
- 11. It is designated as having five functions
like mind.
- 12. And (it is) minute.
- 13. But the rule (over the pranas) on the part of
Fire and the rest, together with him to whom the prana belong (i.e. the
soul), is owing to the thinking of that (viz. the highest Self); on
account of scriptural statement.
- 14. And on account of the eternity of this.
- 15. They, with the exception of the best, are
organs, on account of being so designated.
- 16. On account of scriptural statement of
difference, and on account of difference of characteristics.
- 17. But the making of names and forms (belongs)
to him who renders tripartite, on account of scriptural teaching.
- 18. Flesh is of earthy nature; in the case of the
two others also according to the text.
- 19. But on account of their distinctive nature
there is that designation, that designation.
THIRD ADHYAYA.
- FIRST PADA.
- 2. But on account of (water) consisting of the
three elements; on account of predominance.
- 3. And on account of the going of the pranas.
- 4. If it be said (that it is not so) on account of
scriptural statement as to going to Agni and the rest; we say no, on
account of the secondary nature (of the statement).
- 5. Should it be said, on account of absence of
mention in the first (reply); we say no, for just that (is meant), on
the ground of fitness.
- 6. 'On account of this not being stated by
Scripture'; not so, on account of those who perform sacrifices and so
on being understood.
- 7. Or it is metaphorical, on account of their not
knowing the Self. For thus Scripture declares.
- 8. On the passing away of the works, with a
remainder, according to Scripture and Smriti; as it went and not so.
- 9. 'On account of conduct'; not so, since (karana)
connotes works; thus Karshnajini thinks.
- 10. 'There is purposelessness'; not so, on account
of the dependence on that.
- 11. But only good and evil works, thus Badari
thinks.
- 12. Of those also who do not perform sacrifices
(the ascent) is declared by Scripture.
- 13. But of the others having enjoyed in Samyamana,
there is ascent and descent; as such a course is declared.
- 14. Smriti texts also declare this.
- 15. Moreover there are seven.
- 16. On account of his activity there also, there
is no contradiction.
- 17. But, of knowledge and work—as these are the
leading topics.
- 18. Not in the case of the third (place), as it is
thus perceived.
- 19. It moreover is recorded, in the world.
- 20. And on account of its being seen.
- 21. The third term includes that which springs
from heat.
- 22. There is entering into similarity of being
with those, there being a reason.
- 23. Not very long; on account of special
statement.
- 24. Into (plants) animated by other souls, because
the statement is as in the previous cases.
- 25. It is unholy. Not so, on the ground of
Scripture.
- 26. After that conjunction with him who performs
the act of generation.
- 27. From the yoni the body.
- SECOND PADA.
- 2. And some (state the soul to be) the shaper; and
sons, and so on.
- 3. But it is mere Maya; on account of the true
nature (of the soul) not being fully manifested.
- 4. But owing to the wish of the highest it is
hidden; for from that are its bondage and the opposite state.
- 5. Or that (results) also from connexion with the
body.
- 6. And it is suggestive, according to Scripture;
this the experts also declare.
- 7. The absence of that takes place in the nadis
and in the Self, according to scriptural statement.
- 8. Hence the awaking from that.
- 9. But the same, on account of work, remembrance,
text, and injunction.
- 10. In the swooning person there is
half-combination; this being the remaining (hypothesis).
- 11. Not on account of place even (is there any
imperfection) of the Highest; for everywhere (it is described) as
having twofold characteristics.
- 12. Should it be said 'on account of difference';
not so, because with reference to each the text says what is not that.
- 13. Some also (teach) thus.
- 14. For (Brahman is) without form merely, since it
is the principal agent with regard to that.
- 15. And in the same way as (a Brahman) consisting
of light; (the texts thus) not being devoid of meaning.
- 16. And (the text) says so much only.
- 17. (This Scripture) also shows, and it is also
stated in Smriti.
- 18. For this very reason comparisons, such as
reflected images of the sun and the like.
- 19. But because it is not apprehended like water,
there is no equality.
- 20. The participation (on Brahman's part) in
increase and decrease, due to its abiding within (is denied); on
account of the appropriateness of both (comparisons), and because thus
it is seen.
- 21. For the text denies the previously declared
so-muchness; and declares more than that.
- 22. That (is) unmanifested; for (this Scripture)
declares.
- 23. Also in perfect conciliation, according to
Scripture and Smriti.
- 24. And there is non-difference (of the intention
of Brahman's distinguishing attributes), as in the case of light; and
the light (is) intuited as constituting Brahman's essential nature by
repetition of the practice (of meditation).
- 25. Hence (Brahman is distinguished) by what is
infinite; for thus the characteristics (hold good).
- 26. But on account of twofold designation, as the
snake and its coils.
- 27. Or else like light and its abode, both being
fire.
- 28. Or else in the manner stated above.
- 29. And on account of denial.
- 30. (There is something) higher than that; on
account of the designations of bridge, measure, connexion, and
difference.
- 31. But on account of resemblance.
- 32. It subserves the purpose of thought; as in the
case of the feet.
- 33. Owing to difference of place, as in the case
of light, and so on.
- 34. And on account of possibility.
- 35. Thus, from the denial of anything else.
- 36. The omnipresence (possessed) by that,
(understood) from the declaration of extent.
- 37. From thence the reward; on account of
possibility.
- 38. And on account of scriptural declaration.
- 39. For the same reasons Jaimini (thinks it to be)
religious action.
- 40. But the former, Badarayana (thinks), on
account of the designation (of deities) as the cause.
- THIRD PADA.
- 2. If it be said (that the vidyas are not one) on
account of difference, we deny this, since even in one (vidya there may
be repetition).
- 3. For (the sirovrata) concerns the mode of the
study of the Veda; also on account of (that rite) being a heading in
the samakara; and the restriction is like that of the libations.
- 4. Scripture also declares this.
- 5. (Meditation) thus being equal, there is
combination (of gunas); on account of non-difference of purport in the
case of what subserves injunction.
- 6. If it be said that there is difference on
account of the text; we say no; on account of non-difference.
- 7. Or not, on account of difference of
subject-matter; as in the case of the attribute of being higher than
the high, and so on.
- 8. If that be declared on account of name; (we
object, since) that is also (where the objects of injunction differ).
- 9. And (this is) appropriate, on account of the
extension.
- 10. On account of non-difference of everything,
those elsewhere.
- 11. Bliss and other qualities, as belonging to the
subject of the qualities.
- 12. Such qualities as having joy for its head, and
so on, are not established, for if there were difference (of members)
there would be increase and decrease.
- 13. But the others, on account of equality with
the thing.
- 14. For meditation, owing to the absence of
purpose.
- 15. And on account of the term 'Self.'
- 16. There is reference to the Self, as in other
places; on account of the subsequent passage.
- 17. If it be said 'on account of connexion'; it
may be so, on account of ascertainment.
- 18. The new (thing is enjoined); on account of the
statement of what has to be done.
- 19. And (the qualities) thus being equal, on
account of non-difference.
- 20. On account of connexion, thus elsewhere also.
- 21. Or not so, on account of difference.
- 22. The text also declares this.
- 23. And for the same reason the holding together
and the pervading the sky.
- 24. And although (they both be) meditations on
man; on account of others not being recorded.
- 25. On account of the difference of sense of
piercing and so on.
- 26. But in the case of the getting rid of (it has
to be combined with the obtaining), as it is supplementary to
statements of obtaining; as in the case of the kusas, the metres, the
praise, and the singing. This has been explained.
- 27. At departing; there being nothing to be
reached. For thus others (also declare).
- 28. As it is desired; on account of there being no
contradiction of either.
- 29. There is meaning of the soul's going (only) on
the twofold hypothesis; for otherwise there is contradiction.
- 30. (That assumption) is justified; on account of
the perception of things which are marks of that; as in ordinary
experience.
- 31. Of those who have a certain office there is
subsistence (of their works) as long as the office lasts.
- 32. There is no restriction (since) all (have to
go on that path). (Thus) there is non-contradiction of sacred text and
Smriti.
- 33. But the conceptions of the Imperishable are
to be comprised (in all meditations). There being equality (of the
Brahman to be meditated on) and (those conceptions) existing (in
Brahman); as in the case of what belongs to the upasad. This has been
explained.
- 34. So much; on account of reflection.
- 35. Should it be said that (the former reply
refers) to that Self to which the aggregate of material things belongs
(since) otherwise the difference (of the two replies) could not be
accounted for; we say—no; as in the case of instruction
- 36. There is interchange (of ideas), for the
texts distinguish; as in other cases.
- 37. For one and the same (highest divinity),
called the 'truly being,' and so on (is the subject of that
meditation).
- 38. Wishes and the rest, here and there; (as is
known from the abode, and so on).
- 39. On account of emphasis there is non-omission.
- 40. In the case of him who has approached
(Brahman); just on that account, this being declared by the text.
- 41. There is non-restriction of determination,
because this is seen; for there is a separate fruit, viz.
non-obstruction.
- 42. Just as in the case of the offerings. This
has been explained.
- 43. On account of the plurality of indicatory
marks; for that (proof) is stronger. This also is declared (in the
Purva Mimamsa).
- 44. There is option with regard to what precedes
(i.e. the altar made of bricks) on account of subject-matter, and hence
there is action; as in the case of the manasa cup.
- 45. And on account of the transfer.
- 46. But it is a meditation only, on account of
assertion and what is seen.
- 47. And on account of the greater strength of
direct statement, and so on, there is no refutation.
- 48. On account of connexions and the rest, as in
the case of the separateness of other cognitions. And this is seen
(elsewhere also); as declared (in the Purva Mimamsa).
- 49. Not so, on account of this being observed on
account of similarity also; as in the case of Death; for (the person in
yonder orb) does not occupy the worlds (of Death).
- 50. And by a subsequent (Brahmana) also the
'being of such a kind' of the word (is proved). But the connexion is on
account of plurality.
- 51. Some, on account of the existence of a Self
within a body.
- 52. But this is not so, (but rather) difference;
since it is of the being of that; as in the case of intuition.
- 53. But those (meditations) which are connected
with members (of sacrifices) are not (restricted) to (particular)
sakhas, but rather (belong) to all sakhas.
- 54. Or there is no contradiction as in the case
of mantras and the rest.
- 55. There is pre-eminence of plenitude, as in the
case of the sacrifice; for thus Scripture shows.
- 56. (The meditations are) separate, on account of
the difference of words, and so on.
- 57. Option, on account of the non-difference of
result.
- 58. But meditations aiming at objects of desire
may, according to one's liking, be cumulated or not; on account of the
absence of the former reason.
- 59. They belong to the constituent members, as
the bases.
- 60. And on account of injunction.
- 61. On account of rectification.
- 62. And on account of the declaration of a
quality being common (to all the Vedas).
- 63. Rather not, as the text does not declare
their going together.
- 64. And because (Scripture) shows it.
- FOURTH PADA.
- 2. On account of (the Self) standing in a
complementary relation, they are arthavadas, as in other cases; thus
Jaimini opines.
- 3. On account of (such) conduct being seen.
- 4. On account of direct scriptural statement.
- 5. On account of the taking hold together.
- 6. On account of injunction for such a one.
- 7. On account of definite rule.
- 8. But on account of the teaching of the
different one, Badarayana's (view is valid); as this is seen.
- 9. But the declarations are equal.
- 10. (It is) non-comprehensive.
- 11. There is distribution, as in the case of the
hundred.
- 12. Of him who has merely read the Veda.
- 13. Not so, on account of non-specification.
- 14. Or the permission is for the purpose of
glorification.
- 15. Some also, by proceeding according to their
liking.
- 16. And destruction.
- 17. And of him who is chaste; for in Scripture
(this is declared).
- 18. A reference (only) Jaimini (holds them to
be), on account of absence of injunction; for (Scripture) forbids.
- 19. It is to be accomplished, Badarayana holds,
on account of scriptural statement of equality.
- 20. Or an injunction, as in the case of the
carrying.
- 21. If it be said that they are mere
glorification, on account of their reference; not so, on account of the
newness.
- 22. And on account of the words denoting
becoming.
- 23. Should it be said that (the stories told in
the Upanishads) are for the purpose of the Pariplava; not so, since
(certain stories) are specified.
- 24. This follows also from the textual connexion
(of those stories with injunctions).
- 25. For this very reason there is no need of the
lighting of the fire and so on.
- 26. And there is need of all (works), on account
of the scriptural statement of sacrifices and the rest; as in the case
of the horse.
- 27. But all the same he must be possessed of
calmness, subjection of the senses, &c., since those are enjoined as
auxiliaries to that, and must necessarily be accomplished.
- 28. And there is permission of all food in the
case of danger of life; on account of this being seen.
- 29. And on account of non-sublation.
- 30. This is said in Smriti also.
- 31. And hence also a scriptural passage as to
non-proceeding according to liking.
- 32. The works of the asramas also, on account of
their being enjoined.
- 33. And on account of co-operativeness.
- 34. In any case they are the same, on account of
twofold inferential signs.
- 35. And Scripture also declares (knowledge) not
to be overpowered.
- 36. Also in the case of those outside, as this is
seen.
- 37. Smriti also states this.
- 38. And there is the promotion (of knowledge)
through special acts (of duty).
- 39. But better than that is the other also on
account of an inferential mark.
- 40. But of him who has become that there is no
becoming not that, according to Jaimini also, on account of (Scripture)
restraining from the absence of the forms of that.
- 41. Nor the (expiatory performance) described in
the chapter treating of qualification; that being impossible on account
of the Smriti referring to such lapse.
- 42. A minor one, thus some; (and hence they hold)
the existence (of expiation), as in the case of eating. This has been
explained.
- 43. But in either case (such men) stand outside;
on account of Smriti and custom.
- 44. By the Lord (of the sacrifice), since
Scripture declares a fruit— thus Atreya thinks.
- 45. (They are) the priest's work, Audulomi
thinks; since for that he is engaged.
- 46. There is injunction of other auxiliary means
for him who is such, as in the case of injunction and so on; (the term
mauna denoting) according to an alternative meaning a third something.
- 47. But on account of the existence (of
knowledge) in all, there is winding up with the householder.
- 48. On account of the others also being taught,
in the same way as the condition of the Muni.
- 49. Not manifesting itself; on account of the
connexion.
- 50. What belongs to this world, there being no
obstruction at hand; as this is seen.
- 51. In the same way there is non-determination
with regard to what has Release for its result; that condition being
ascertained, that condition being ascertained.
FOURTH ADHYAYA
- FIRST PADA.
- 2. And on account of an inferential mark.
- 3. But as the Self; this (the ancient Devotees)
acknowledge (since the texts) make (them) apprehend (in that way).
- 4. Not in the symbol; for (the symbol) is not that
one (i.e. the Self of the Devotee).
- 5. The view of Brahman, on account of superiority.
- 6. And the ideas of Aditya and the rest on the
member; on account of this being rational.
- 7. Sitting; on account of possibility.
- 8. And on account of meditation.
- 9. And with reference to immobility.
- 10. And Smriti texts say the same.
- 11. Where concentration of mind (is possible),
there; on account of there being no difference.
- 12. Up to death; for there also it is seen.
- 13. On the attainment of this, there result the
non-clinging and the destruction of later and earlier sins; this being
declared.
- 14. Of the other also there is thus non-clinging;
but at death.
- 15. But only those former works the effects of
which have not yet begun; on account of that being the term.
- 16. But the Agnihotra and the rest, (because they
tend) to that effect only; this being seen.
- 17. According to some (a class of good works)
other than these, of both kinds.
- 18. For (there is the text) 'whatever he does with
knowledge.'
- 19. But having destroyed by fruition the other two
sets he becomes one with Brahman.
- SECOND PADA.
- 2. And for the same reason all follow after.
- 3. That mind in breath, owing to the subsequent
clause.
- 4. That (is united) with the ruler, on account of
the going to it, and so on.
- 5. With the elements, this being stated by
Scripture.
- 6. Not with one; for both declare this.
- 7. And it is common up to the beginning of the
way; and the immortality (is that which is obtained), without having
burned.
- 8. Since, up to the union with that (i.e. Brahman)
the texts describe the Samsara state.
- 9. And the subtle (body persists), on account of a
means of knowledge, it being thus observed (in Scripture).
- 10. Hence not in the way of destruction of
bondage.
- 11. And to that very (subtle body) (there belongs)
the warmth, this only being reasonable.
- 12. If it be said that on account of the denial
(it is not so); we deny this. From the embodied soul; for (that one is)
clear, according to some.
- 13. Smriti also declares this.
- 14. With the Highest; for thus it says.
- 15. Non-division, according to statement.
- 16. A lighting up of the point of the abode of
that; having the door illuminated by that (the soul), owing to the
power of its knowledge and the application of remembrance of the way
which is an element of that (viz. of knowledge), being assisted by him
who abides within the heart, (passes out) by way of the hundred and
first artery.
- 17. Following the rays.
- 18. Should it be said, not in the night; we say,
no; because the connexion persists as long as the body does. Scripture
also declares this.
- 19. For the same reason also during the southern
progress of the sun.
- 20. And those two (paths) are, with a view to the
Yogins, mentioned as to be remembered.
- THIRD PADA.
- 2. From the year to Vayu; on account of
non-specification and specification.
- 3. Beyond lightning there is Varuna, on account of
connexion.
- 4. Conductors, this being indicated.
- 5. From thence by him only who belongs to
lightning, the text stating that.
- 6. (Him who meditates on) the effected Brahman,
(thus opines) Badari; because for him going is possible.
- 7. And on account of (Brahman) being specified.
- 8. But on account of nearness there is that
designation.
- 9. On the passing away of the effected (world of
Brahma), together with its ruler, (the souls go) to what is higher than
that; on account of scriptural declaration.
- 10. And on account of Smriti.
- 11. The Highest, Jaimini thinks; on account of
primariness of meaning.
- 12. And because Scripture declares it.
- 13. And there is no aiming at the effected
(Brahman).
- Now the Reverend Badarayana declares his own view,
which constitutes the final conclusion in this matter.
- 15. And Scripture declares the difference.
- FOURTH PADA.
- 2. The released one; on account of the promise.
- 3. The Self, on account of subject-matter.
- 4. In non-division; because that is seen.
- 5. In (a nature like) that of Brahman, thus
Jaimini thinks; on account of suggestion and the rest.
- 6. In the sole nature of intelligence; as that is
its Self. Thus Audulomi thinks.
- 7. Thus also, on account of existence of the
former qualities (as proved) by suggestion, Badarayana holds absence of
contradiction.
- 8. By the mere will; Scripture stating that.
- 9. And for this very reason without another ruler.
- 10. The absence, Badari holds; for thus Scripture
says.
- 11. The presence, Jaimini holds; because the text
declares manifoldness.
- 12. For this reason Badarayana (holds him to be)
of both kinds; as in the case of the twelve days' sacrifice.
- 13. In the absence of a body, as in the state of
dream; that being possible.
- 14. When there is a body, as in the waking state.
- 15. The entering is as in the case of a lamp; for
thus Scripture declares.
- 16. It refers either to dreamless sleep or to
union (sampatti); for this is manifested.
- 17. With the exception of world-energy; on account
of leading subject- matter and of non-proximity.
- 18. If it be said that this is not so, on account
of direct teaching; we reply not so, on account of the texts declaring
that which abides within the spheres of those entrusted with special
functions.
- 19. That which is not within change; for thus
Scripture declares the abiding (of the soul).
- 20. And thus Perception and Inference show.
- 21. And on account of the indication of the
equality of enjoyment only.
- 22. Non-return, according to Scripture;
non-return, according to Scripture.
- INDEX OF SANSKRIT WORDS
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