Ethiopia
Ethiopia: Preface
COUNTRY Formal Name: Ethiopia.
Introduction
Chapter 1. Historical Setting by John W. Turner (An
African analyst with the Department of Defense) .
Early Populations and Neighboring States
The Aksumite State
Ethiopia and the Early Islamic Period
The “Restoration” of the “Solomonic” Line
Amhara Ascendancy
The Trials of the Christian Kingdom and the
Decline of Imperial Power
Oromo Migrations and Their Impact
Contact with European Christendom
The Gonder State and the Ascendancy of the
Nobility
The Making of Modern Ethiopia
The Reestablishment of the Ethiopian Monarchy
From Tewodros II to Menelik II, 1855-89
The Reign of Menelik II, 1889-1913
The Interregnum
Haile Selassie: The Prewar Period, 1930-36
Italian Administration in Eritrea
Mussolini's Invasion and the Italian Occupation
Ethiopia in World War II
The Postwar Period, 1945-60: Reform and Opposition
Change and Resistance
Administrative Change and the 1955 Constitution
The Attempted Coup of 1960 and Its Aftermath
Growth of Secessionist Threats
The Liberation Struggle in Eritrea
Discontent in Tigray
The Ogaden and the Haud
Revolution and Military Government
Background to Revolution, 1960-74
The Establishment of the Derg
The Struggle for Power, 1974-77
Ethiopia's Road to Socialism
The Mengistu Regime and Its Impact
Political Struggles Within the Government
Eritrean and Tigrayan Insurgencies
Social and Political Changes
Ethiopia in Crisis: Famine and Its Aftermath,
1984-88
Famine and Economic Collapse
Government Defeats in Eritrea and Tigray
The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Changes in Soviet Policy and New International
Horizons
Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
Physical Setting
Boundaries: International and Administrative
Topography and Drainage
Climate
Population
Urbanization
Resettlement and Villagization
Refugees, Drought, and Famine
Ethiopia's Peoples
Ethnic Groups, Ethnicity, and Language
Ethio-Semitic Language Groups
Cushitic Language Groups
Omotic Language Groups
Nilo-Saharan Language Groups
Ethiopia and Sudan.
Ethnic and Social Relations
Social Relations
Social System
Rural Society
Urban Society
The Role of Women
Religious Life
Demography and Geography of Religious Affiliation
Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity
Organization of the Church and the Clergy
Faith and Practice
Islam
Local Character of Belief and Practice
Indigenous Religions
Foreign Missions
Education
Education During Imperial Rule
Primary and Secondary Education since 1975
Higher and Vocational Education since 1975
Literacy
Foreign Educational Assistance
Health and Welfare
Chapter 3. The Economy
Growth and Structure of the Economy Developments
up to l974
Postrevolution Period
Role of Government
The Budgetary Process
Revenue and Expenditures
Banking and Monetary Policy
Labor Force
Unemployment
Labor Unions
Wages and Prices
Agriculture
Land Use and Land Reform
Land Reform
Government Rural Programs
Peasant Associations and Rural Development
Cooperatives and State Farms
Resettlement and Villagization
Agricultural Production
Major Cash Crops
Major Staple Crops
Livestock
Fishing
Forestry
Government Marketing Operations
Industry and Energy
Industrial Development Policy
Energy Resources
Mining
Transportation and Telecommunications
Roads
Railroads
Ports
Air Transport
Telecommunications
Foreign Trade
Exports
Imports
Balance of Payments and Foreign Assistance
Economic Prospects
Chapter 4. Government and Politics
The Workers' Party of Ethiopia
The Vanguard Party
The 1987 Constitution
The Social Order
Citizenship, Freedoms, Rights, and Duties
National Shengo (National Assembly)
Council of State
The President
Council of Ministers
Judicial System
Regional and Local Government
Peasant Associations
Kebeles
Civil Service
The Politics of Development
The Politics of Drought and Famine
The Politics of Resettlement
The Politics of Villagization
Political Dynamics
Political Participation and Repression
The Eritrean Movement
Eritrea and the Mengistu Regime
The Tigrayan Movement
Other Movements and Fronts
Afar Groups
Somali Groups
Leftist Groups
Regime Stability and Peace Negotiations
Mass Media
Foreign Policy
Diplomacy and State Building in Imperial Ethiopia
The Foreign Policy of the Derg
The Derg, the Soviet Union, and the Communist
World
The Derg and the West
Ethiopia's Border Politics
Addis Ababa and the Middle East
The Demise of the Military Government
Chapter 5. National Security
Military Tradition in National Life
The Armed Forces
The 1987 Constitution and the Armed Forces
Command and Force Structure
Army
Air Force
Navy
People's Militia
Training
Ethiopia: Morale and Discipline
Manpower Considerations
Defense Costs
Foreign Military Assistance
United States
Soviet Union
Cuba
East Germany
North Korea
Israel
External and Internal Opponents
The Eritreans
The Tigray
The Oromo
The Somali
Public Order and Internal Security
People's Protection Brigades
Crime and Punishment
Prisons
Human Rights
Bibliography — Ethiopia
Glossary — Ethiopia
Contributors
Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and
Factors
Table 2. Population by Urban-Rural Breakdown and
by Region and Addis Ababa, May 1988
Table 3. Area, Population, and Population Density
by Region and Addis Ababa, 1975 and 1987
Table 4. Population of Largest Cities and Towns,
1967, 1975, and 1987
Table 5. Number of Schools by Grade Level and by
Region and Addis Ababa, Ethiopian Calendar Years 1974-75 and 1985-861
Table 6. Number of Students by Grade Level and
Sex, Ethiopian Calendar Years 1974-75 and 1985- 86*
Table 7. Number of Teachers by Grade Level and by
Region and Addis Ababa, Ethiopian Calendar Years 1974-75 and 1985-861
Table 8. Medical Facilities by Region and Addis
Ababa, Ethiopian Calendar Years 1975-76 and 1983- 841
Table 9. Medical Personnel by Region and Addis
Ababa, Ethiopian Calendar Years 1974-75 and 1983- 841
Table 10. Key Economic Indicators, Ethiopian
Fiscal Years, 1974-75 to 1988-891
Table 11. Average Annual Income, Retail Price
Index, and Real Income, Selected Ethiopian Calendar Years, 1970-71 to
1987-881
Table 12. Retail Price Index for Addis Ababa,
Selected Ethiopian Calendar Years, 1970-71 to 1987- 881
Table 13. Production of Major Crops, Selected
Ethiopian Calendar Years, 1974-75 to 1988- 891
Table 14. Value of Principal Exports, Selected
Ethiopian Fiscal Years, 1974-75 to 1988- 891
Table 15. Balance of Payments, Selected
Ethiopian Fiscal Years, 1980-81 to 1988-891
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