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Internet Book of Shadows, (Various Authors), [1999], at sacred-texts.com




     THAT OLD BLACK MAGIC:
     Getting Specific about Magical Ethics


               Sometimes a clichejust wearsout. It losesmeaning or, worse,begins
     to say things we never meant. I think it's time to retire the phrase "black
     magic."

               Saying"black" when we mean "evil" is nasty nonsense. In the first
     place, it reinforces the  racist stereotypes that corrupt our  society. And
     that's not all. Whenever we  say "black" instead of "bad," we  repeat again
     the big lie that darkness is wrong. It isn't, as people who profess to love
     Nature should know.

               Darkness canmean the inside of the womb, and the seed germinating
     within  the  Earth,  and  the  chaos  that gives  rise  to  all  truly  new
     beginnings. In our myths, the  one who goes down to the  underworld returns
     with  the treasure. Even death, to the Wiccan understanding, is well-earned
     rest and  comfort, and a preparation  for new birth. Using  "black" to mean
     "bad" is a blasphemy against the Crone.

               But even if we no longer speak of magic as "black" or "white," we
     still need to think and speak about the ethics of magic. Although black  is
     not evil,  some actions are  evil. It simply  is not  true that anything  a
     person is  strong enough or  skilled enough to  do is OK, nor  should doing
     what we  will ever  be the whole  of the law  for us.  We need a  clear and
     specific vocabulary that enables us to choose wisely what we will do.

               We need  to replace the word "black," not simply to drop it. Some
     Pagans have tried using "negative" as their substitute, but that turned out
     to be confusing. For some people, "negative" means any spell to diminish or
     banish anything. Some things  - tumors, depression, bigotry -  are harmful.
     There's nothing wrong with a working to get rid of bad stuff. "Left-handed"
     is another common term for wrongful practice, very traditional, but just as
     ignorant, superstitious and potentially harmful as the phrase "black magic"
     itself. So in Proteus  we tried using the word  "unethical."  That's a  lot
     better - free of extraneous and false implications - but still too vague.

          Gradually, I began to wonder whether using any one word, "black" or
     "unethical"  or whatever,  might just  be too  general and  too subjective.
     Perhaps all I really tell a student that way is "Judy doesn't like that."

          I won't settle for blind obedience. If ethical principles are going to
     survive the  twin tests of time  and temptation, people need  to understand
     just what  to avoid, and  why. Even more important,  they need a  basis for
     figuring out  what to do  instead. Especially when  it comes  to projective
     magic.

               Projectivemagic means active workings,the kind inwhich we project
     our will out into the world to make some kind of change.  This is what most
     people think of when they use the  word magic at all. Quite clearly,  magic
     that may affect  other people is magic that can harm.  This is the basis of
     the proverb "a  Witch who can't hex  can't heal." Either you  can raise and
     direct  power,  or you  can't.  Your strength  and  skill can  be  used for
     blessing or for bane. The choice - and the karma - are yours.


                                                                             503

          Just as some people feel that strength and skill are their own
     justification, others feel that any projective magic is always wrong - that
     it is a distraction  from our one true goal  of union with the Divine  or a
     willful avoidance  of the judgments of  Karma. I think  these attitudes are
     equally inconsistent with basic Wiccan philosophy.

               Weare taught that we will find theLady within ourselves or not at
     all, that  the Mother of All has been with  us from the beginning. We can't
     now establish a union that was always there. All  we can do, all we need to
     do, is become aware. Knowing what it feels like to heal and empower,  again
     and again  till you can't  dismiss it as  coincidence, is  one of the  most
     powerful methods for  awakening that awareness.  It makes  no sense to  say
     that  the  direct  experience  and  exercise  of  our  indwelling  divinity
     distracts from the Great Work.

          Indeed, it is this intimate connection between our magic and our
     self-realization  that our ethics protect. Wrongful use of magic will choke
     the channel. No short term gain could ever compensate for that.

               The karmic argument againstpractical workings seems to meto arise
     from a  paranoid and  defeatist  world view.  Even if  we  assume that  the
     hardships in this life were put there by the Gods for a reason, how  can we
     be so sure that the reason was punishment? Perhaps instead of penance to be
     endured, our difficulties are challenges to be met. Coping and dealing with
     our  problems, learning magical and mundane  skills, changing ourselves and
     our world for the better - in short, growing up - is that not what the Gods
     of joy and freedom want from us?

          One of the most radically different things about a polytheistic belief
     system is that each one of us has the right, and the need, to choose which
     God/desses will be the focus of our worship. We make these choices knowing
     that whatever energies we invoke most often in ritual will shape our own
     further  growth. Spiritual practices are a means of self-programming. So we
     are responsible for what we worship in a way that people who take their One
     God as a given are not.

          Think about this: what kind of Power actively wants us to submit and
     suffer, and objects when we develop skills to improve our own lives? Not a
     Being I'd want to invite around too often!

               So it will not workfor us to rule out projectivemagic completely;
     nor   should   we.  Total   prohibitions  are   as  thoughtless   as  total
     permissiveness or blind obedience. Ethical and spiritual adults ought to be
     able to make  distinctions and well-reasoned choices. I offer  here a start
     toward analyzing what kinds of magic are not ethical for us.


               Baneful magicis magic done forthe explicit purposeof causing harm
     to  another  person.  Usually  the  reason  for  it  is  revenge,  and  the
     rationalization is justice. People who defend the practice of baneful magic
     often ask "but wouldn't you join in cursing another Hitler?"

          For adults there is no rule without exceptions. If you think you would
     never torture somebody,  consider this scenario: in  just half an  hour the
     bomb will go  off, killing everybody in the city,  and this terrorist knows
     where it is hidden.... 


                                                                             504

          It's a bad mistake to base your ethics on wildly unlikely cases, since
     none of us honestly knows how we would react in that kind of extreme.
     Reasonable ethical statements are statements about the behaviors we  expect
     of ourselves under normally predictable circumstances.

               We all getreally angry on occasion, and sometimeswith good cause.
     Then  revenge can  seem like no  more than  simple justice. The  anger is a
     normal, healthy human reaction, and should not be repressed. But there's no
     more need to  act it  out in magic  than in physical  violence. Instead  of
     going for revenge - and invoking the karmic consequences of baneful magic -
     identify what  you really need.  For example,  if your anger  comes from  a
     feeling  that  you  have  been  attacked  or violated,  what  you  need  is
     protection  and safe  space.  Work for  the positive  goal, it's  both more
     effective and safer.

          The  consequences of baneful magic are simply the logical, natural and
     inevitable psychological effects.  Even in that rare and  extreme situation
     when you may decide you really do have to  use magic to give Hitler a heart
     attack, it means  you are choosing by  the same choice to  accept the act's
     karma. Magical attack hurts the attacker first.

          The only way I know how to do magic is by use of my imagination, by
     visualizing  or otherwise  actively  imagining the  end  I want,  and  then
     projecting that  goal with  the energy of  emotional/physiological arousal.
     All the techniques I know either help me to imagine more specifically or to
     project more  strongly. So the  only way  I can send  out harm is  by first
     experiencing  that harm  within my  own imagination.  Instant  and absolute
     karma - the natural, logical and inevitable outcomes of our own choices.

               I would think, also, that somebody dumb enough to dosuch workings
     often  would  soon  lose the  ability  to  imagine  specifically, as  their
     sensitivity  dulled in  sheer self-defense.  That callusing  effect is  the
     reality behind the pious proverb that says "if you abuse it, She'll take it
     away." 

               But not every othermagician is ethical. Psychic attacksdo happen.
     Should we not defend ourselves? Of course we should. Leaving ourselves open
     to psychic  attack is no good example of the autonomy and assertiveness our
     chosen Gods  expect. But first, how can we be sure what we are experiencing
     really is psychic attack?

               Thefantasy ofpsychic attackis often aconvenient excusethat allows
     us to avoid looking at our own shortcomings. When lack of rest or improper
     nutrition  is the cause  of illness, or  a project isn't  completed on time
     because of distraction,  it's a real  temptation to  put the blame  outside
     ourselves.   Doing this too  easily betrays our  autonomy just as  badly as
     meek  submission to attack does. Then, to compound matters, projected blame
     becomes  an excuse for unjust revenge --  and that is baneful magic without
     excuse.

               Once in a rare while, some fool really does tryto throw a whammy.
     It's hard to predict when you might be targeted. Passive shields are always
     a good idea. Like a mirror, these are totally inactive until somebody sends
     unwelcome energy. Then a shield will protect you completely and bounce back
     whatever  is being  thrown. You  may not  even know  consciously when  your
     shield is working, but the result is perfect justice.


                                                                             505

          Perfect justice; elegant and efficient. You won't hurt anybody out of
     paranoia or by mistake. And perfect protection, even though we do not have
     perfect knowledge.

               Bindings, according to some, arecompletely defensive. They do not
     harm, only restrain. But imagine yourself  being bound - perhaps by someone
     who believes themselves justified - and notice the feeling of impotence and
     frustration. Binding is bane from the viewpoint of the bound.

          Even if restraint were truly not harm, bindings are just plain poor
     protection. They target  a particular person or group. What  if you suspect
     the wrong person?  Somebody harmless is bound  and your actual attacker  is
     not bound.   Shields, which cover you, not your  supposed enemy, will cover
     you against any enemy, known or unknown.

               So, baneful magic,  besides being  painful in the  short run  and
     crippling  in the long  run, is never  necessary. There are  better ways of
     self protection, and retribution is the business of the Gods.


               Coercive magicis magicthat targets anotherperson to makethem give
     us something we want or need. When most people think of the "Magic Power of
     Witchcraft," this is what they have in mind.

          The spell to make the teacher give you a good grade, or the supervisor
     give you  a good evaluation,  the spell  to make the  personnel officer  or
     renting  agent choose  you, the  spell to  attract that  cute guy,  all are
     examples of coercive magic.

               So, what's  wrong with high grades,  a good job, a  raise, a nice
     apartment and a sexy lover? There's  nothing at all wrong with those goals.
     An it harm none, do what ye will. As long as nobody is hurt, go for it! But
     don't strive toward good ends by coercive means.

          Although there is no deliberate intent to do harm or cause pain in
     coercive  workings, other people are  treated as pawns.  Their autonomy and
     their interests are ignored.

               For Pagans, to do this is total hypocrisy. We profess to follow a
     religion of immanence, one that  places ultimate meaning and value in  this
     life on  this Earth,  here and now.  We claim  to see  every living  thing,
     humans  included, as a sacred manifestation. To do honor to this indwelling
     divinity, we  place great value  on our own  personal autonomy. How  can we
     then justify treating other people as objects for our use?

          Nor is it harmless. Forcing the will, controlling the independent
     judgement of another human being, is harm. Once again, empathy leads to
     understanding. Just imagine you are the person whose will and judgement is
     being externally controlled. How  does puppethood feel? From the  viewpoint
     of the target, the harm is palpable.


                                                                             506

               The Pagan and Wiccan community asa whole is also hurt by coercive
     magic.   One  of the  main  reasons people  fear and  hate  Witches is  our
     reputation for controlling others.  This is an  old, dirty lie, created  by
     the  invading   religion  in  an   attempt  to  discredit   the  indigenous
     competition. Today,  that reputation  is mostly  perpetuated by  people who
     claim to be "our own," who teach  unethical coercive magic by mail order to
     strangers whose ethical sensitivity cannot be evaluated long  distance. May
     the Gods preserve the Craft!

               People who are connected to thesituation, but invisible to us,may
     also be  seriously hurt: the  cute guy's  fiancee, the other  applicant for
     that job.  What  you think of as a  working designed only to bring  good to
     yourself can bring serious harm to innocent third parties, and the karma of
     their pain will be on you.

               That  isn't the only way an incomplete  view of the situation can
     backfire.  There's  a traditional saying that goes, "be  careful about what
     you ask  for, because  that's exactly  what you will  get." What  if he  is
     gorgeous,  but  abusive?   What  if  the  apartment  house is  structurally
     unsound?  Better to state  your legitimate needs  (love in my  life, a nice
     place to live) and let the Gods deal with the details.

               Finally,remember this: asking specificallylimits us towhat we now
     know or what  we can now imagine.  But I remember a  time when I could  not
     have imagined  being a priestess.  What if  the cute guy  in the office  is
     perfectly OK, but your absolutely perfect soul-mate will be in the A+P next
     Wednesday? The more specifically targeted your magic is, the more you limit
     yourself to a life of tautology and missed chances.

               And  beyond all the scenario spinning lies the instant karma, the
     natural,  logical and inevitable consequence  of the act.  It's more subtle
     than in the  case of baneful magic, since you are not trying to imagine and
     project pain, but the damage is still real.

          Every time you treat another human being as a thing to be pushed and
     pulled around for your  convenience and pleasure, you are  reinforcing your
     own alienation.  The attitude of being  removed from and  superior to other
     people takes you out of community. As the attitude strengthens, so will the
     behavior it  engenders. The  long term  result of  coercive magic,  as with
     mundane forms of coercion, is isolation and loneliness.

               Are youbeginning to think thatmagic is useless?Did I justrule out
     all the good stuff: love charms, job magic, spells  for good grades? Not at
     all. It is not only ethical but good for you to do lots of magic to improve
     your  own life. Whenever it  works you will  get more than you  asked for -
     because along with whatever you asked for comes one more experience of your
     own effectiveness, your power-from-within.

               Work on yourself and your own needs and desires without targeting
     other people. Then feel free! Ask for what you want. Visualize it and raise
     power for it and act in accordance on the  material plane. "I need a caring
     and  horny  lover with  a  good  sense of  humor."  "I  want an  affordable
     apartment near where my coven meets with a tree outside my window." "I need
     to be at my best when I take that exam next week." Fulfill your dreams, and
     sometimes let the Gods surprise you with gifts beyond your dreams.


                                                                             507

               Manipulative magic is magicthat targets another person forwhat we
     think is "their own good," without regard for their opinions in the matter.
     In the general culture around us, this is normal. As you read this, you may
     have some friend or relative praying  for you to be "saved" from  your evil
     Pagan ways  and returned to the fold of their preference. These people mean
     you well.  By their own  lights, they are attempting  to heal you.  We work
     from a very different thealogical base.

               Aspolytheists, weaffirm thediversity of thedivine andthe divinity
     of diversity. If  there is no one, true, right and  only way in general, do
     we dare to  assume that there is one  obvious right choice for a  person in
     any  given situation? If more than  one choice may be  "right," how can one
     person presume they know what another person would want without asking them
     first?

          No life situation ever looks the same from outside as it does to the
     person who is experiencing it.  Are you sure you  even have all the  facts?
     Are  you fully aware of  all the emotional  entanglements involved? Perhaps
     that  illness  is  the only  way  they  have  of  getting rest  or  getting
     attention. Perhaps  they stay in that  dead end job because  it leaves them
     more energy to concentrate on their music. How do you know till you ask?

               And,to furthercomplicate theanalysis, it'spossible thatthe person
     you are  trying to  help  would agree  with you  about  the most  desirable
     outcome, but fears and hates the very idea of magic. They have as much of a
     right to keep magic  out of their own life, as you have  to make it part of
     yours!

               Ourreligion teaches thatthe sacredlives withineach person,that we
     can hear the Lady's voice for ourselves if we only learn to listen. "... If
     that which you seek,  you find not within yourself, you will  never find it
     without."   In  behavioral terms,  when you  take another  person's opinion
     about their  own life seriously, you  are reinforcing them in  thinking and
     choosing for themselves. The more you  do this, the more you encourage them
     to listen for the sacred inner voice.

          Conversely, whenever you ignore or override a person's feelings about
     their own life,  you are  discounting those feelings  and discouraging  the
     kind  of internal  attention that  can keep  the channels  to wisdom  open.
     Although well-intentioned  meddling may actually help somebody in the short
     run,  in the longer  run it trains  them to dependency  and indecision. Few
     intentional  banes damage as severely. This is especially true because even
     the  untrained and unaware will instinctively resist overt ill-will, but in
     our culture we are trained to receive "expert" interference with gratitude.

               Check byasking yourself, "who'sin charge here?" Theanswer to that
     will  tell  you whether  you are  basically  empowering or  undermining the
     person you intend to help. 

               And,  as  usual, the  effects go  both  ways. The  same uninvited
     intervention
     that  fosters passivity  in  the recipient  will  foster arrogance  in  the
     "rescuer."   It's control and ego-inflation masked as generosity. It's very
     seductive.


                                                                             508

               If you makethis a habit, youwill come to believethat other people
     are  incompetent and powerless. Then what  happens when you need help? Your
     contempt  will make it  impossible for you  to see what  resources surround
     you.  Manipulative magic is ultimately just as alienating as coercive magic
     - and it's a much prettier trap!

          The way to avoid the trap is to do no working affecting another person
     without  that person's explicit  permission. Proteans are  pledged to this,
     and I think it's a good idea for anybody.

               You don'tneed to waitpassively forthe person toask. It'sperfectly
     all right to offer, as long as you are willing to sometimes accept "no" for
     your answer.  For the person who believes s/he is unworthy or who is simply
     too shy,  offering help is itself a gift. Taking their opinion seriously is
     an even greater gift: respect.

               Therule is thatwhenever itis in anyway physically possibleto ask,
     you must ask. If it's not important enough to pay long distance charges, it
     certainly  isn't important enough to violate a friend's autonomy. If asking
     is literally not possible, then and only then, here are a few exceptions:

               Sometimesan illness or injuryhappens very suddenly,and the person
     is unconscious or in a coma before you could possibly ask them. If you know
     that  this person is generally comfortable  with magic, you may do workings
     to  keep their  basic body  systems  working and  allow the  normal healing
     process  the time  it needs.  If they  are opposed  to magic,  for whatever
     reason, back off!

               Traditionally, anunconscious personis understood tobe temporarily
     out  of  their  body. Maintaining  their  body  in  habitable condition  is
     preserving  their option,  not choosing  for them. Doing  maintenance magic
     requires a lot  of sensitivity. At some  point, the time may  come when you
     should  stop and  let  the  person go  on.  Be sure  to  use  some kind  of
     divination to help you stay aware.

          This is a hard road. It may be your lover, your child, lying there
     helpless. Any  normal human being  would be tempted  to drag them  back, to
     force them to stay regardless of what is truly best for them, regardless of
     what they want. Don't repress these feelings, they do no  harm, even though
     your  actions might.  It takes  great strength  and non-possessive  love to
     recognize that your loved one knows their own need. You may be calling them
     back to a crippled  body, to a life of  pain. You may be calling  them back
     from the ecstasy of  the Goddess. And  this is no more  your right than  it
     would be to murder them.

          If a person is temporarily not reachable, you may charge up a physical
     object, such as  an appropriate talisman or some  incense. When you present
     it to them,  give them a  full explanation. It is  their choice whether  to
     keep or use  your gift. By interposing an object between  the magic and the
     target in  this way, you  can work the  magic in  Circle, with the  coven's
     power to draw on, and still get the person's permission before the magic is
     triggered.


                                                                             509

               With all these rulesabout permission, perhaps it would besafer to
     work  only on ourselves?  Safer, yes, but  not nearly as  good. If you have
     permission, you may do any working for another person that you might do for
     yourself.  Coercive magic is  just as unacceptable when somebody  else asks
     for it, and you may not do manipulative magic on your friend's mother, even
     at  your  friend's  request. The  permission  must  come  from the  magic's
     intended target and from nobody else. With proper permission, working magic
     for others is good for all concerned.

               Every act of magic has two effects. One is the direct effect, the
     healing or  prosperity working  or whatever  was intended.  The other  is a
     minute change in the mind and the heart of the person who does the working.
     Everything  we  experience,  and especially  everything  that  we  do in  a
     wholehearted and focused way  - the only way effective magic  can be done -
     changes  us. Each  experience leaves  its tiny  trace,  but the  traces are
     cumulative. They mold the person we will become. Our karma is our choice.

          Instant karma can also be good karma. Logical, natural and inevitable
     outcomes can be desirable. When you send out good, what you send it with is
     love. Love is the driving force. When you let love flow freely, the channel
     down to love's wellspring stays clear and open. When you send out good, you
     direct  it along the web  of person-to-person connection,  and awareness of
     that web is reinforced. The totality of that web is the basis of community.

          When you send out good it feels good. In the same way that sending out
     bane  requires  imagining pain,  sending  out  blessing requires  imagining
     pleasure, strongly and specifically.  And, when you send out good, just the
     same  as  when  you call  it  to  yourself,  you  reinforce your  sense  of
     effectiveness  in  the  world. Blessings  grow  in  the  fertile ground  of
     mutuality, to the benefit of all.


               A pattern isbecoming visible.In baneful magic,the magicianintends
     to harm  the target.  In coercive  magic, the intent  toward the  target is
     neutral.  In manipulative  magic, the  magician  actually means  the target
     well. But  no matter how  different the intent  may be, in  all three cases
     magic is done to affect another person without that person's permission. In
     all  three cases, the target, the practitioner and ultimately the community
     are all  hurt. And in all  three cases, there are safer  and more effective
     ways to reach the valid goals that we mean to aim for.

               So,  perhaps there is a descriptive word that covers all wrongful
     magical  workings after  all.   How  about  "non-consensual" or  "invasive"
     magic?


               There's one thing left to examine: the paradox of making rules to
     protect personal autonomy.

          If we make some of our choices as a community, by discussing things
     together  and  arriving  at  a  common  understanding  about  what  magical
     behaviors are  acceptable among us,  then we choose  and shape the  kind of
     community we become.

               Or wecould give up ourright to choose,because we feelwe shouldn't
     tell  each other what  to do.  Some people  believe that  a refusal  to set
     community standards promotes personal autonomy. It never has before.

               Appeals toindividual rights can bereal seductive. Noneof us wants
     Big Brother looking  over our shoulders, telling us what to do "for our own


                                                                             510

     good."   For Witches in particular  - members of a  religious minority with
     bad  image problems -  this is a  very legitimate fear.  But make sure when
     somebody talks about "rights"  without specifying something like "religious
     practice rights" or  "the right to consensual sex," that  you find out just
     what "rights" they mean.

               Rhetoric about"rugged individualism" hasbeen usedin recenthistory
     to  fast talk us into  letting the rich  or strong dominate  all our lives.
     Without anything  to stop them,  they can destroy  the forestland, or  deny
     jobs or  apartments to  "cultists." Personal  autonomy for  most  of us  is
     diminished when we allow that.

               Magic can be used for dominance,just the same as muscle or money.
     There is no difference, ethically, between the magical and the mundane.  We
     are not obligated to tolerate power trippers among us. We are not obligated
     to  run our own community by the  slogans and ground rules of the dominator
     culture.

               Thinking  about "rights," or about "laws" for that matter, in the
     abstract leads to "all or nothing" thinking - immature and slogan driven. I
     don't think we should ever "just  say" anything. We need a deeper and  more
     mature analysis.   We need to  ask questions like "right  to do what?"  and
     "law  against what?"  We need  to get away  from absolutes  and to  look in
     practical terms at the advantages or disadvantages of our choices.

               Once more,our religion itself showsus the way tosteer between the
     false choices. "An  it harm none,  do what you will."   What a  person does
     that affects only herself - magical or mundane - is truly nobody's business
     but  her  own. For  example, consensual  sexual  behavior affects  only the
     participants. But toxic waste dumping affects everybody in the watershed.

               As  long as we  look at behavior  in terms of  private choices or
     individual will, we obscure the distinction that really makes a difference.
     If we're serious about wanting to give each of us the most possible control
     over our  own  lives, then  decisions  should be  made  by all  the  people
     affected by the behavior - not just by the people acting.

          As soon as another person is magically targeted, that other person is
     affected. If we allow such targeting without consent, we are not supporting
     personal autonomy, we are subverting it!

               When the behavior begins to affect us all - for example when real
     estate  development threatens  the  salt marshes,  and  ultimately the  air
     supply -  or, very specifically,  when invasive  magic erodes the  trust we
     need to  work together -  then we have  a right to  protect ourselves  as a
     community. No ideology should  turn us into passive victims  when something
     we hold precious stands to be destroyed.

               Invasive magichurts the targetfirst, and soonthe actor, butin the
     long run  it hurts all of  us. It's been so  long since we've  been able to
     meet  together,  share  our knowledge,  help  one  another  in need.  Pagan
     community is very new,  and still very  fragile. It can  only grow in  safe
     space.


                                                                             511

               The People of  this Land forbade skirmishes  around the pipestone
     quarries, keeping that sacred source open to all. Otherwise, no sane person
     would go there, and the Old Ways would wither. For much the same reason, we
     cannot tolerate poppets in our council meetings.

          An atmosphere of coercion and manipulation and magical duels does not
     nurture community. Eventually, for self protection, the gentle will either
     change  or  go away.  We could  lose what  we  have misguidedly  refused to
     protect.

           As within, so without: our karma is our choice.


                                   Judy Harrow


                                                                             512


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