HISTORY
of the
CHRISTIAN CHURCH*
by
PHILIP SCHAFF
Christianus sum. Christiani nihil a me alienum puto
VOLUME IV.
MEDIAEVAL CHRISTIAINITY
From Gregory I to Gregory VII
A.D. 590–1073
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contents
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MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY
From a. d. 590 –1517.
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CHAPTER I.
General Introduction to Mediaeval Church History
§ 1. Sources and Literature.
§ 2. The Middle Age. Limits and General Character.
§ 3. The Nations of Mediaeval Christianity. The Kelt, the Teuton, and the Slav.
§ 4. Genius of Mediaeval Christianity.
§ 5. Periods of the Middle Age.
FOURTH PERIOD:
THE CHURCH AMONG THE BARBARIANS
From Gregory I. To Gregory VII.
A. D. 590 – 1049 (1073).
CHAPTER II.
The Conversion of the Northern and Western Barbarians.
§ 6. Character of Mediaeval Missions.
I. The Conversion of England, Ireland, and Scotland.
§ 7. Literature.
§ 8. The Britons.
§ 9. The Anglo-Saxons.
§ 10. The Mission of Gregory and Augustin. Conversion of Kent, a. d. 595–604.
§ 11. Antagonism of the Saxon and British Clergy.
§ 12. Conversion of the Other Kingdoms of the Heptarchy.
§ 13. Conformity to Row Established. Wilfrid, Theodore, Bede.
§ 14. The Conversion of Ireland. St. Patrick and St. Bridget.
§ 15. The Irish Church after St. Patrick.
§ 16. Subjection of Ireland to English and Roman Rule.
§ 17. The Conversion of Scotland. St. Ninian and St. Kentigern.
§ 18. St. Columba and the Monastery of Iona.
§ 19. The Culdees.
§ 20. Extinction of the Keltic Church, and Triumph of Rome under King David I.
II. The Conversion of France, Germany, and Adjacent Countries.
§ 21. Arian Christianity among the Goths and other German Tribes.
§ 22. Conversion of Clovis and the Franks.
§ 23. Columbanus and the Irish Missionaries on the Continent.
§ 24. German Missionaries before Boniface.
§ 25. Boniface, the Apostle of Germany.
§ 26. The Pupils of Boniface. Willibald, Gregory of Utrecht, Sturm of Fulda.
§ 27. The Conversion of the Saxons. Charlemagne and Alcuin. The Heliand, and the Gospel-Harmony.
III. The Conversion of Scandanavis.
§ 28. Scandinavian Heathenism.
§ 29. The Christianization of Denmark. St. Ansgar.
§ 30. The Christianization of Sweden.
§ 31. The Christianization of Norway and Iceland.
IV. The Christianization of the Slavs.
§ 32. General Survey.
§ 33. Christian Missions among the Wends.
§ 34. Cyrillus and Methodius, the Apostles of the Slavs. Christianization of Moravia, Bohemia and Poland.
§ 35. The Conversion of the Bulgarians.
§ 36. The Conversion of the Magyars.
§ 37. The Christianization of Russia.
CHAPTER III.
Mohammedanism in its Relation to Christianity.
§ 38. Literature.
§ 39. Statistics and Chronological Table.
§ 40. Position of Mohammedanism in Church History.
§ 41. The Home, and the Antecedents of Islâm.
§ 42. Life and Character of Mohammed.
§ 43. The Conquests of Islâm.
§ 44. The Koran, and the Bible.
§ 45. The Mohammedan Religion.
§ 46. Mohammedan Worship.
§ 47. Christian Polemics against Mohammedanism. Note on Mormonism.
CHAPTER IV.
The Papal Hierarchy and the Holy Roman Empire.
§ 48. General Literature on the Papacy.
§ 49. Chronological Table of the Popes, Anti-Popes, and Roman Emperors from Gregory I. to Leo XIII.
§ 50. Gregory the Great. a. d. 590–604.
§ 51. Gregory and the Universal Episcopate.
§ 52. The Writings of Gregory.
§ 53. The Papacy from Gregory I to Gregory II. a. d. 604–715.
§ 54. From Gregory II to Zacharias. a. d. 715–741.
§ 55. Alliance of the Papacy with the New Monarchy of the Franks. Pepin and the Patrimony of St. Peter. a. d. 741–755.
§ 56. Charles the Great. a. d. 768–814.
§ 57. Founding of the Holy Roman Empire, a. d. 800. Charlemagne and Leo III
§ 58. Survey of the History of the Holy Roman Empire.
§ 59. The Papacy and the Empire from the Death of Charlemagne to Nicolas I a. d. 814–858). Note on the Myth of the Papess Joan.
§ 60. The Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals.
§ 61. Nicolas I., April, 858-Nov. 13, 867.
§ 62. Hadrian II. and John VIII a. d. 867 to 882.
§ 63. The Degradation of the Papacy in the Tenth Century.
§ 64. The Interference of Otho the Great.
§ 65. The Second Degradation of the Papacy from Otho I to Henry III. a. d. 973–1046.
§ 66. Henry III and the Synod of Sutri. Deposition of three rival Popes. a. d. 1046.
CHAPTER V.
The Conflict of the Eastern and Western Churches and Their Separation.
§ 67. Sources and Literature.
§ 68. The Consensus and Dissensus between the Greek and Latin Churches.
§ 69. The Causes of Separation.
§ 70. The Patriarch and the Pope. Photius and Nicolas.
§ 71. Progress and Completion of the Schism. Cerularius.
§ 72. Fruitless Attempts at Reunion.
CHAPTER VI.
Morals and Religion.
§ 73. Literature.
§ 74. General Character of Mediaeval Morals.
§ 75. Clerical Morals.
§ 76. Domestic Life.
§ 77. Slavery.
§ 78. Feuds and Private Wars. The Truce of God.
§ 79. The Ordeal.
§ 80. The Torture.
§ 81. Christian Charity.
CHAPTER VII.
Monasticism.
§ 82. Use of Convents in the Middle Ages.
§ 83. St. Benedict. St. Nilus. St. Romuald.
§ 84. The Convent of Cluny.
CHAPTER VIII.
Church Discipline.
§ 85. The Penitential Books.
§ 86. Ecclesiastical Punishments. Excommunication, Anathema, Interdict.
§ 87. Penance and Indulgence.
CHAPTER IX.
Church and State.
§ 88. Legislation.
§ 89. The Roman Law.
§ 90. The Capitularies of Charlemagne.
§ 91. English Legislation.
CHAPTER X.
Worship and Ceremonies.
§ 92. The Mass.
§ 93. The Sermon.
§ 94. Church Poetry. Greek Hymns and Hymnists.
§ 95. Latin Hymnody. Literature.
§ 96. Latin Hymns and Hymnists.
§ 97. The Seven Sacraments.
§ 98. The Organ and the Bell.
§ 99. The Worship of Saints.
§ 100. The Worship of Images. Literature. Different Theories.
§ 101. The Iconoclastic War, and the Synod of 754.
§ 102. The Restoration of Image-Worship by the Seventh Oecumenical Council, 787.
§ 103. Iconoclastic Reaction, and Final Triumph of Image-Worship, a. d. 842.
§ 104. The Caroline Books and the Frankish Church on Image-Worship.
§ 105. Evangelical Reformers. Agobardus of Lyons, and Claudius of Turin.
CHAPTER XI.
Doctrinal Controversies.
§ 106. General Survey.
§ 107. The Controversy on the Procession of the Holy Spirit.
§ 108. The Arguments for and against the Filioque.
§ 109. The Monotheletic Controversy.
§ 110. The Doctrine of Two Wills in Christ.
§ 111. History of Monotheletism and Dyotheletism.
§ 112. The Sixth Oecumenical Council. a. d. 680.
§ 113. The Heresy of Honorius.
§ 114. Concilium Quinisextum. a. d. 692.
§ 115. Reaction of Monotheletism. The Maronites.
§ 116. The Adoptionist Controversy. Literature.
§ 117. History of Adoptionism.
§ 118. Doctrine of Adoptionism.
§ 119. The Predestinarian Controversy.
§ 120. Gottschalk and Babanus Maurus.
§ 121. Gottschalk and Hincmar.
§ 122. The Contending Theories on Predestination, and the Victory of Semi-Augustinianism.
§ 123. The Doctrine of Scotus Erigena.
§ 124. The Eucharistic Controversies. Literature.
§ 125. The Two Theories of the Lord’s Supper.
§ 126. The Theory of Paschasius Radbertus.
§ 127. The Theory of Ratramnus.
§ 128. The Berengar Controversy.
§ 129. Berengar’s Theory of the Lord’s Supper.
§ 130. Lanfranc and the Triumph of Transubstantiation.
CHAPTER XII.
Heretical Sects.
§ 131. The Paulicians.
§ 132. The Euchites and other Sects in the East.
§ 133. The New Manichaeans in the West.
CHAPTER XIII.
The State of Learning.
§ 134. Literature.
§ 135. Literary Character of the Early Middle Ages.
§ 136. Learning in the Eastern Church.
§ 137. Christian Platonism and the Pseudo-Dionysian Writings.
§ 138. Prevailing Ignorance in the Western Church.
§ 139. Educational Efforts of the Church.
§ 140. Patronage of Letters by Charles the Great, and Charles the Bald.
§ 141. Alfred the Great, and Education in England.
CHAPTER XIV.
Biographical Sketches of Ecclesiastical Writers.
§ 142. Chronological List of the Principal Ecclesiastical Writers from the Sixth to the Twelfth Century.
§ 143. St. Maximus Confessor.
§ 144. John of Damascus.
§ 145. Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople.
§ 146. Simeon Metaphrastes.
§ 147. Oecumenius.
§ 148. Theophylact.
§ 149. Michael Psellus.
§ 150. Euthymius Zigabenus.
§ 151. Eustathius of Thessalonica.
§ 152. Nicetas Acominatos.
§ 153. Cassiodorus.
§ 154. St. Gregory of Tours.
§ 155. St. Isidore of Seville.
§ 156. The Venerable Bede (Baeda).
§ 157. Paul the Deacon.
§ 158. St. Paulinus of Aquileia.
§ 159. Alcuin.
§ 160. St. Liudger.
§ 161. Theodulph of Orleans.
§ 162. St. Eigil.
§ 163. Amalarius.
§ 164. Einhard.
§ 165. Smaragdus.
§ 166. Jonas of Orleans.
§ 167. Rabanus Maurus.
§ 168. Haymo.
§ 169. Walahfrid Strabo.
§ 170. Florus Magister, of Lyons.
§ 171. Servatus Lupus.
§ 172. Druthmar.
§ 173. St. Paschasius Radbertus.
§ 174. Patramnus.
§ 175. Hincmar of Rheims.
§ 176. Johannes Scotus Erigena.
§ 177. Anastasius.
§ 178. Ratherius of Verona.
§ 179. Gerbert (Sylvester II.).
§ 180. Fulbert of Chartres.
§ 181. Rodulfus Glaber. Adam of Bremen.
§ 182. St. Peter Damiani.
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* Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc.) 1997. This material has been carefully compared, corrected¸ and emended (according to the 1910 edition of Charles Scribner's Sons) by The Electronic Bible Society, Dallas, TX, 1998.