The Builder Magazine 

October 1927 - Volume XIII - Number 10 


Reason and Religion 

BY THEODOR G. MASARYK Translated from the German by BRO. JACOB 
RUEHL, CHICAGO 

THIS article was written about twenty years ago and was later translated from 
Bohemian into German and published in Freier- Gedanke, a Liberal periodical. One 
of the foremost Germanic Masonic magazines, "Die Drei Ringe," recently reprinted 
it. So far as we know it has never before been made available to English readers. It 
will not be necessary to recall that Bohemia was, and is, a Roman Catholic country, 
yet one in which the martyr John Huss remains a great memory. These facts, 
however, must be borne in mind for the full appreciation of what the President of the 
Czecho- Slovakian Republic had to say long before his people dreamed of their 
present independence. The article has been somewhat abridged in places. 


UPON any man with average intelligence the fact that Rome is losing power must 
impress itself. I remember in 1870 when I was a student, the effect the occupation of 
Rome by he National Italian forces had upon many, and especially upon the more 
thoughtful of the younger generation. This occurred at the moment when Pope Pius 
IX declared himself infallible. I was at that time beginning to have doubts as to the 
Catholic faith, and I remember how the fact affected me that nobody in Europe 
intervened against the Italians; not a hand and not a sword was moved, only the Swiss 
mercenaries of the Pope, for pay, and pro forma, defended a Rome deserted by the 
Catholic world. The ecclesiastics looked for a Crusade against victor Emmanuel, but 
Europe, Catholic Europe, remained indifferent. The capital of the Papal states, Rome, 
spoke with 153,000 votes for annexation to Italy; for an independent Pontifical state 
only 1507 votes were cast. 


On July 13 of the same year the new dogma was accepted. The Pope became the 
absolute ruler of the Catholic world. Simultaneously the protector of the Pope, 



Napoleon III, head of "Most Christian" France, made preparations for combat against 
the Protestant "barbarians," the Germans. Blow after blow fell. The world was 
astonished by the German victories, that beginning in August, ended within a month 
with the capture of Napoleon. I cannot say how I, as a Catholic, suffered at that time. 


At the Peace Conference at the Hague in 1899, the intelligent Catholic read in the 
papers that the Pope demanded a seat but that Italy protested against it— and the Pope 
was not invited. The theologians cannot realize how such a short telegram affected 
the Catholic reader. Almost unobserved it began to dawn upon the minds of such that 
Rome was without authority. In the same way the reader followed day by day in the 
press how the people of a Catholic country, the French, broke away from Rome. He 
saw that throughout the world the sympathies of progressive and decent men were on 
the side of the French, he saw that Rome had no argument for its demands but 
outworn custom and habit, and so he began to wonder why this Church should cling 
to a temporal state, what need had a church of temporal power, he thought of Jesus— 
and the result of his thinking was against Rome, and against the Church. 


In this fight between Church and state [the reference is to the conclusion of the 
Concordat and the expulsion of the Monastic orders from France. Tr.] the intelligent 
man recalls the whole history of the French Church, of the rise of Gallicanism, of the 
demand for a National Church. He remembers how the first Napoleon cynically used 
the Papacy and the Church for his schemes of conquest and political domination. And 
then how his downfall buried French Catholicism which had existed in dependence 
on the Concordat between the Emperor and the Church. He sees how the French 
Republic in its fight for democracy and political liberty found its arch- enemy in 
Rome and the Church, and as a result of all this he is gradually convinced that the 
Roman Church is incompatible with political and social liberty. The conviction is 
confirmed by the news that comes daily, the meaning of which gradually makes itself 
clear. No argument, no treatise, only brief items of news by telegraph or telephone, 
undermine his belief and destroy his habit of submission to the Church. 


Theology is not based on experience and free critical examination. It is based on an 
authority which claims its qualifications and privileges from direct revelation —the 
conserver of which it is. Science is based on experiment and reason. These facts cause 



the differences between science and theology, and naturally, as I am convinced, a 
conflict that is irreconcilable. 


SOME ERRORS OF THE CHURCH 


This opposition between theology and the modem standpoint, Rome by means of the 
Index, and in our own time by the Syllabus, has practically stereotyped into a formal 
code. In regard to the Index I have proved in my Lecture on Science and Religion [in 
the Almanach for Students, 1906] that it rejects all thinkers of modem times, 
philosophical and historical authors, poets, novelists, and of course all theological 
writers who have made even the most modest attempt to progress beyond the 
mediaeval standpoint. In short, the Index represents the old and impossible world. 


It is natural that the Church should have this agency of the Index, but it is 
characteristic how it is worked. Such an institution should have academic direction, it 
should make critical selection and well elaborated judgments. In actual fact it is 
unsystematic, incomplete and uncritical. The Index proves that individual authors 
were condemned for personal reasons. The machinery is that of a cmde, unintelligent 
Inquisition with the spirit of a tyrannical police department. It is characteristic of the 
Catholicism of our time that Leo XIII, the philosopher, issued the Index himself, and 
by his constitution in 1 897 acknowledged the ecclesiastical censorship in harmony 
with the old rules arranged for the new Church. The Church teaches that it is the duty 
of bishops to censor, each in his diocese, all books and school affairs; and thus in the 
Austrian Concordat between the Government and Rome might be read 


The bishops have all liberty to censor books dangerous to religion and the Church. 
The government, too, must use every means to limit the circulation of such books. 


Hand in hand with the Index goes the Syllabus of 1864, that horrible formula of 
eighty paragraphs by which all modem civilization is condemned; anathema sit, let it 
be accursed, is the continuous burden of this manifestation of obscurantism and 
exclusiveness, of intellectual egoism and lust of power. Some theologians have tried 



to weaken the impression made by the Syllabus, by asserting that it does not represent 
an absolute rule, that though of course an official manifesto it has not the whole 
authority of the Church. This is only evasion and excuse which confirms our 
standpoint. We men of intelligence see how Rome suppresses its best minds. As soon 
as any reform tendency shows itself, as not long ago the so-called Reform- 
Catholicism, its leading representatives are put on the Index and a large number of 
men of distinction find themselves unintentionally in conflict with Rome. 


That Rome is incapable of working scientifically we have continuous evidence. The 
educated man can read how often she has erred. The intelligent Czecho- Slovakian 
finds in the history of his own country how the Council of Constance condemned 
opinions of John Huss that he never held. The intelligent reader finds this 
unscrupulousness continually repeated. For instance, Hermes, a liberal theologian of 
the 19th century, was condemned for having advanced theses he never uttered. His 
disciples asserted positively that they condemned these opinions but that Hermes 
never taught them. 


Czecho- Slovakia has a classical example of these unscrupulous methods and the 
credulity of the Roman Church in the beatification of John of Nepomuk. Evasions 
here are of no service; Rome made a mistake. The general opinion was that there 
were two Johns, and that one of them was beatified; but he never really existed. The 
Grand- Vicar of Pomuk could not have been sanctified for he was everything else but 
a decent respectable man, and very far from being a saint. In W. W. Tomuk's History 
of the city of Prague he says: 


I do not agree either with the older or the modem writers who acknowledge the Grand 
Vicar John von Pomuk as a Saint and take him for Saint John of Nepomuk, for the 
simple reason that the beatification of John Nepomuk by the Holy See was not 
intended for him but for someone else. 


Tomuk did not have sufficient courage or historical conscientiousness to state the real 
truth that there was no such person as this second John in the history of Bohemia. But 
we are satisfied, he exposed the error made by the Church. 



THE ORIGIN OF INFALLIBILITY AND THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION 


The intelligent man reads how the new dogma of the Infallibility of the Pope 
originated. I remember very well (I was at that time in the sixth class of the 
Gymnasium) how I used to read in the papers the news about the Council at the 
Vatican, and how these reports excited me. I came to the conclusion that the Council 
was nothing but a Parliament with a minority and majority and other divisions. I 
became aware of the fact that the best and most outstanding ecclesiastics and 
theologians were against the new dogma. I read of Cardinal Schwarzenberg, of 
Bishop Strossmeyer, of Doellinger and others, and I was informed how, by the 
intrigues of the Jesuits, the resistance of the minority was subdued, how the 
theologically untrained Pope depended upon the majority of theological analphabets 
[illiterates], Asiatic dignitaries and others of the same caliber to decide for the new 
dogma— the dogma which was published to the Catholic world as a revelation. At that 
time, still only a young man, I was not able to judge the matter objectively, and did 
not see how the whole affair was connected with the evolution of Catholicism. But I 
could see this much from the daily papers that the determination of this dogma was 
reached in a most improper way. Today of course I know that it had previously had 
its supporters, especially among the Jesuits; but that its proclamation was the acme of 
Papal absolutism I did not realize, an absolutism utterly contrary to the true 
conception of the Catholic Church. 


The Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary stands upon the same 
grounds. According to the New Testament, Mary was the wife of Joseph and gave 
birth to other children besides her first bom, Jesus. Of these there are four mentioned 
in the Bible as his brothers. St. Paul, the real founder of the Church, states in several 
places that all men since Adam are sinful, that Christ only is without sin. 


Following the apotheosis of Jesus came that of his mother, and, by some, even of his 
father. Especially was the virginity of Mary exalted by the monks, and from this 
came, by logical development, the belief in her immaculate conception [that she, too, 
was bom without sin]. In the East the common people developed an intense 
veneration of Mary as the Mother of God. At the beginning of the eleventh century 



the paying of religious worship to the virgin came into vogue. This cult played a fatal 
role against the Reformation in Bohemia. The Jesuits used it as an effective means to 
Catholicize the country. Through the history of this dogma we can see how the 
Catholic doctrine has developed by quite human conceptions only. 


As early as the fourth century the layman Helvidius published a letter in which he 
denied the perpetual virginity of Mary. He referred to the passages in Scripture which 
mention the brothers of the Lord. Against him Hieronymus (circa 384) wrote a 
defense of the doctrine, based on the sophistries and evasions which are yet offered 
by theologians. St. Augustin, in his defense of the perpetual virginity of Mary, 
admitted that it could not be said absolutely that she was without sin. After him no 
definite decision was made by the Church. Indeed one great teacher, St. Anselm 
(1 109), taught definitely that Mary was like all mankind. 


In the twelfth century the vogue of the worship of the virgin Mary came to England 
from the Orient, as to France and other countries. At that time some theologians 
began to advance the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception. Other prominent 
teachers rejected these new opinions, in especial St. Bernard, "the last Father of the 
Church." Alexander of Hales was another, also Albertus Magnus, St. Bonaventura, 
and among them must not be forgotten St. Thomas Aquinas, whose system of 
philosophy has been officially adopted by the Church. Duns Scotus, the great 
opponent of St. Thomas, took the contrary view in this matter [in favor of the new 
doctrine]. 


In the meantime, "Celebrations of the Conception," as they were then called, had 
become fashionable. Miracles of all kinds took place. St. Brigit had a vision in which 
the virgin appeared and informed her that her Conception had been without sin. 
Unfortunately the great mystic, St. Catherine of Sienna, also had a vision in which the 
same virgin revealed to her that this was not the case. The differences of opinion rose 
to a very high pitch and brought confusion into the Church. The Council of Bale 
decided in favor of the Immaculate Conception, but at the same time contrary 
opinions were published. The Council of Trent was very careful in its decision, under 
the guidance of the wise Pope Sixtus, who prohibited the teaching of new dogmas, 
though he was favorable to the observance of the Festival of the Conception. 
Theologians continued the dispute in their Latin treatises, but the Church favored 



among the common people the cult of the Virginity. After the Council of Trent the 
Jesuits joined with the Franciscans to propagate and support both the new cult and the 
dogma. Alphonse Liguori stated that the prayers of Mary were direct commands and 
so powerful that they could be heard in hell. He relates how a Franciscan monk saw 
in a vision the heavens opened and two ladders leading up to it, one red, the other 
white. At the top of the red one stood Christ, on the white one stood the virgin Mary. 
People who tried to climb up the red ladder fell down continually till a voice 
admonished them to climb the white ladder. To them Mary reached out her hand and 
without difficulty they crawled into Paradise. 


Pope Pius IX endorsed the opinion of Liguori; in the encyclopedia of 1849 he said: 


Our salvation rests in the virgin Mary if there is for us any hope, any spiritual 
salvation, we obtain them from her. 


It may be seen that the Catholic Trinity thus became a quadruple Deity, and in this 
union of four persons the Queen of Heaven has superior rank. Pius IX asked the 
bishops for their opinion in this new dogma. Many warned him against it, among 
them Cardinal Schwarzenberg, but the committee to which the controversy was 
referred sided with the Jesuits. 


The decision of this committee is of importance not only to laymen but to theologians 
also. The Jesuits proclaimed the maxim, never before heard of, that the Church needs 
no proof from Scripture to support its dogmas, the traditions were sufficient. 
Concerning these traditions it was also established that it was not necessary that they 
should reach back to the time of the Apostles. In conformity with these new rules the 
new dogma was promulgated. 


We see from the history of this doctrine that it is in conflict with the Bible. Not only 
is it contrary to the words of the Apostles and the evangelists, but also to the recorded 
utterances of Jesus himself, who repeatedly mentions his family. The dogma is 
inconsistent also with the teachings of the Apostolic and later Fathers of the Church, 



and of its greatest doctors and teachers also. It represents merely the crystallization of 
popular custom and belief, without any warrant in Scripture. Thus it was through 
necessity that the Jesuits devised their new rule that dogma could be founded upon 
tradition alone. Thus it must be noted well that the authority of tradition becomes 
greater than that of the Bible, the divine revelation. 


It is clear to all thinking men that incorrect principles will lead to incorrect 
conclusions. The divinity of a human being born of a woman leads logically to the 
divinity of that woman herself. And that again to the divinity of her parents, and so on 
indefinitely. The critical history of these doctrines kills every revealed dogma. This 
pertains to the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, and also to that of the 
Infallibility of the Pope. 


Let us bear in mind that these dogmas are supposed to be a revelation from God, 
though history gives us plain evidence they were derived from the impulses and the 
folly of masses of men during centuries, and their development can be traced during 
the course of time. It is not my intention to analyze such theoretical problems, but an 
example will be instructive. 


To show to what absurdities this new dogma must lead, in the year 1903 the 
Redemptorist monk, George Freund of Munster, published a sermon on the 
Veneration of Mary. In it we read: 


Mary, while yet unborn in the womb of her mother, St. Anna, had the full use of her 
understanding and reason. We are bound to believe that she knew more, before she 
was bom, of God and the hereafter, the meaning of the world and the end of mankind 
than all the greatest men of science can ever know by thinking, by study or by prayer. 


Such things are dumbfounding, but they are interesting, too. In Catholicism the old 
saying of Tertullian is constantly reiterated and acted upon, credo quia absurdum est, 
I believe because it is impossible. 



ROMAN CATHOLICISM AND SUPERSTITION 


All that has been said leads us to consider the relationship of Catholicism to 
superstition. Catholicism does not hesitate to use the crudest forms of superstition for 
its own benefit. Some theologians from time to time oppose this exploitation of 
ignorance, but in Rome, from the Pope down to the simple priest, superstition is the 
characteristic of the Vatican. Of this I shall quote some examples. One characteristic 
superstition concerns Freemasonry. Personal experience has brought it home. The 
Roman Catholic press has again and again published statements that I am a 
Freemason in spite of my assertion that I am not (1). It is not my purpose to accuse 
this press of deliberate falsehood, the interesting point is that the rulers of the Church 
cannot account for my activity, and that of other leading Catholics who are in conflict 
with Rome, than by imagining that this opposition on our part is inspired, supported 
and paid for by a powerful secret Order of Freemasons. Rome is constantly warring 
against Freemasonry. Roman Catholic literature depicts the Order as a hideous 
organization which ultimately is derived directly from the Devil, and that therefore its 
sole object is to fight against God. The Papacy and the Jesuits see in Freemasonry the 
founders of united Italy, and for that reason they will never cease to make war upon 
it. The Jesuits are continually "discovering" ostensible and abhorrent intrigues on the 
part of Freemasons in order to gain reactionary rulers and statesmen to their side. The 
history of Freemasonry is today accessible to everyone who wishes to be informed 
upon the subject. I, myself, have written an article about it in Nase Doba [a Czech 
periodical] because I saw that the continuous clerical anti-Masonic propaganda was 
liable to mislead even the liberal Bohemians. 


In close connection with these superstitions about Masonry comes that concerning 
Ritual murder. I have investigated the case of Hilsner; readers may find in the work 
by Hermann L. Stark, Blood; In the Faith and Superstition of Mankind, the origin of 
this myth, and how it is kept alive (even in spite of the protests of some of the more 
liberal Popes) by the clerics of today. In Bohemia the Catholic papers, with the lead 
of Bishop Brynych, still supports belief in it, and the number of followers he finds is 
evidence of how deeply it is rooted in the minds of the people (2). 



Das Freie Wort of Frankfurt published some years ago the news of the discovery in 
the Lateran at Rome of two very curious relics, namely the Praeputium and the 
Umbilicus of Jesus. Some Catholic papers protested against it and tried to discount 
the report. This gave rise to a controversy in which it came out that these relics were 
venerated in other Italian cities, and in places outside of Italy, even at the present 
time. 


Of course there are other relics that draw attention. In the Lateran are venerated the 
Ark of the Covenant, the Seven Branched Candlesticks of the Temple of Jerusalem, 
the Rods of Aaron and Moses, the Tables of stone engraved with the Ten 
Commandments, parts of the Manger which served Jesus as a cradle, fragments of the 
five loaves and two small fishes with which he fed the multitude, the towel with 
which he wiped the feet of his disciples, his garments without seam, his scarlet robe, 
two small phials containing the blood and water that came out of his side when 
pierced by the centurion's spear. Some of the blood of John the Baptist and his leather 
girdle, and so forth. In other places is shown the milk from the breasts of the virgin 
Mary. In the Papal chapel are shown the sandals of Jesus, two bones of John the 
Baptist, the bread of the Last Supper, a piece of the stone upon which Jesus sat when 
he was baptized, and more of the same kind. 


To sum up we find in these instances sufficient evidence that the Catholic Church 
favors and fosters superstition, that it retains customs and beliefs that will not bear 
critical examination. In all these cases it is obvious that we have nothing but pure 
superstition. But in spite of it, theologians, and not only theologians but the highest 
ecclesiastical authorities, and the Pope himself, uphold such superstition and 
propagate it. This system can never be harmonized with science and scientific 
philosophy. Here we have two worlds standing one over against the other, not only 
different in respect to intelligence but also in morals. 


OBJECTIONS TO CATHOLICISM 


My main objections against Catholicism indeed are not intellectual. My doubts sprang 
from ethical considerations. From a consideration of the inefficiency of the system 



from a philosophical standpoint, I began to realize the Catholic distinction between 
piety and morality. I saw that those called atheists were better men, sometimes much 
better men, than the Catholic theists. I saw, as I can see now, that the Catholic Church 
uses as her advocates and apologists morally inferior and degraded men. Wherever 
there is a politician or a lawyer, or a savant, who has been ostracized from his 
profession, the clerics made use of him. Such cases stare us in the face here in 
Bohemia. Any observant person can convince himself that the official Church of 
today not only refuses to lead but actively resists all progress in social matters. The 
community is not being guided by ecclesiastics but by laymen. It is laymen who are 
organizing the campaign against alcoholism and prostitution; laymen are the leaders 
in political affairs and social service, while the official Church supports all the old 
abuses and is on the side of everything reactionary. The Church bows before the 
powers of the world, and Catholicism becomes more and more merely nominal- 
Christianity. 


The average man today sets morality higher than orthodoxy, and the chief thing is 
that he does not separate morality from piety. A thing is not sacred to him if it be 
immoral. I shall not here venture a complete analysis of the situation, I will only 
touch on one concrete aspect of this, the question of sexual morality. Catholicism 
borrowed from Judaism and Paganism those religious ideas that led to a one-sided, 
unnatural and maimed asceticism. Owing to this asceticism the Catholic Church holds 
an utterly wrong and crude idea of woman and of marriage. Some exceptions are to 
be found both in the Old Testament and among the Fathers of the Church who 
defended marriage and a true ideal of womanhood, but in the history of the Church 
we find that unnatural and wrong opinions gained the upper hand, that celibacy was 
held to be spiritually higher than married life. This is a dangerous mistake, married 
life, too, is pure, and often purer than celibacy, which is frequently life unmarried but 
not a pure life. The morality of celibacy originated in a conception of masculine 
superiority which degrades the wife and the mother and the family below the level of 
the man— the priest. The celibacy of the priest is claimed as the very acme of 
morality— but this conception creates a twofold ethical standard, an aristocratic or 
sacredotal morality and a plebeian one. As early as the letters of St. Paul in the New 
Testament we find celibacy advised, but in the beginnings of Christianity celibacy 
was not an institution. This developed when the Papacy needed soldiers for its 
Ecclesia Militans (Church Militant) and since then the opinion had predominated in 
the Catholic Church that marriage is merely a union of the body and a safeguard 
against immorality. This view was definitely laid down by Alphonse Liguori. Every 
Catholic, who is able to observe life with understanding, can see the influence of the 
ethics of celibacy. 



A special field of Catholic morality is the so-called Pastoral- Medicine. This furnishes 
evidence of how far apart religious opinions and motives are from those of humanity 
and morality. The Pastoral-Medicine takes especial account of the unborn child in 
order to add another soul to the Church in case the mother is in danger of her life, 
therefore the baptizing of the unborn child is approved. Liguori defends this and 
states that a child can be validly baptized according to the rites of the Church if the 
consecrated water can be brought into contact with the child by means of any 
instrument. In doing this the mother's life is sacrificed to save another soul for the 
Church; while on the other hand science endeavors to save the mother. Science seeks 
to save the mother for her husband, her other children and for society in preference to 
the undeveloped infant, the Pastoral-Medicine prefers to gain a new soul even if it is 
an embryo. In the year 1895 Rome formally approved of craniotomy (i.e., the 
breaking of the infant's skull at childbirth). The brutality of this Pastoral-Medicine is 
shown in a case that occurred in Belgium which became a subject of discussion in the 
Belgian Parliment in 1903. A pregnant mother lay at the point of death. The sister of 
Charity handed to the husband a butcher knife with which to cut open the woman's 
abdomen in order to baptize the child and save it for the Church. The Clerical Deputy 
Delporte, a practicing physician, declared to the aroused Parliament, "I do it regularly 
for I must save a soul wherever it is possible." 


The brutality of a defectively founded religion manifests itself in great numbers of 
cases, committed, not on unbelieving Mohammedans or Jews, but on Christian 
heretics. How heretics were treated we Czechs know only too well. How the Counter- 
Reformation under the leadership of the Jesuits converted Hussites, Bohemian 
Brothers and Protestants to Catholicism. We know it through the Inquisition, through 
the Massacre of St. Bartholomew and other undeniable events. 


In defense of the Inquisition and the burning of heretics, amongst them Master John 
Huss, the Catholics say they were not executed by the Church, but by the Civil 
Government. That this is not true is demonstrated by the Papal states where heretics 
were burned. Furthermore, the Church never disapproved of this penalty. The 
ecclesiastical fathers knew what would happen to John Huss when he was condemned 
by the Council, it is therefore only a quibbling evasion to make the state responsible 
for the cruelties of the Inquisition. Besides Doellinger proved that the Inquisition was 
chiefly the work of the Popes, and that the Church, if it again could make use of the 



stake, would certainly do so. Some zealots have openly expressed themselves to this 
effect. Amongst them the well-known Bishop Hefele, who in the year 1870 said that 
the Hierarchy did not lack the will to again establish the stake. In 1 895 one could read 
in the Latin Roman periodical. Analecta Ecclesiastia, the sentence, "Blessed are ye 
scorching stakes." 


The well-known journalistic leader of the French Clericals, Venillot, pronounced the 
well-known sentence, "We demand of you liberty in the name of your principles, but 
we deny you liberty in the name of our own." 


This is the Catholic Clerical morality and politics. 


NOTES 

(1) Die Drei Ringe states positively that Masaryk never joined the Masonic 
Fraternity. 

(2) This refers to the continually recurring stories by which Anti- Semites rouse the 
mob to violence, of the Ritual-killing sometimes by crucifixion, of Christian children 
by the Jews. 


— o 


TESTING PROFICIENCY 


We observe that the Grand Lodge of Mississippi, and the Lodges under her 
jurisdiction, enforce with great rigidness, the ancient regulation of requiring that 
candidates for the second and third degrees have made themselves proficient to 
advance. The candidate petitions, and is balloted for on each degree, being first 
required to satisfy the Lodge, or a committee, that he is qualified for advancement - 



otherwise he is rejected. This is in conformity to the ancient usages of the Craft. It is 
not, however, we regret to say, now very generally observed. It would be better for 
the Institution if it were. We should have fewer nominal Masons, and more active 
Masonry. - Freemason’s Magazine, February, 1842 


— o — 


The Labyrinth and Its Legend 


(Concluded) 


AN interesting Suggestion has been made in regard to the origin of the idea of 
labyrinths. It is known that in primitive fortification the method employed to 
strengthen the entrances, naturally the weakest places, was to make the approach 
between an inner and outer wall, so that an advancing army would be exposed to 
attack on the flank. In a survey of the ancient city Dibon in Moab, where the famous 
Moabite stone was discovered, Dr. Duncan MacKenzie discovered traces of very 
complex defenses of this kind. There was one opening that led up a long way between 
two walls and ended in a cul-de-sac, so that an enemy attacking there would be 
trapped. Close by was another opening which led up a similar lane between two walls 
inside the first one that was apparently a true entrance. In discussing this he points out 
that defenses of the same kind existed in other ancient Mediterranean cities, as at 
Mycenal and Tiryns. But the same plan is found elsewhere, in a very elaborate form, 
for example, in the fortress ruins of Zimbabwe in Rhodesia, which are possibly of 
Semitic origin. The same kind of defense is also found in the larger pre-historic earth- 
work forts, and in the ruined cities of South America. In all such examples of 
fortification it is noticeable that the direction of the entrance always necessitates 
turning to the left, which made it difficult for attackers armed with spear and shield to 
protect themselves. It would be too dogmatic to say that such an idea had no effect on 
the labyrinth tradition, and where origins are shrouded in obscurity one guess may be 
as good as another. But though the prehistoric city of Ilium, the siege of which was 
sung by Homer, was very possibly defended by labyrinthine walls, it is but slight 
evidence that its fall should have come to be celebrated in maze dances not only in 



countries about the Aegean Sea, but also all over the rest of Europe. Knossos had no 
walls at all so this could have had no effect in developing the Cretan myth. 


That the maze was not only a fashionable decoration of the houses of the rich under 
Imperial Rome, but survived long after is eyond doubt. In the Latin countries it 
became closely associated with Church architecture; why, it is difficult to say, unless 
it is another case of pagan ritual being adopted and adapted by the Church. Very often 
the goal was called Jerusalem, so that walking along the various turns to the center 
was undertaking a mimic pilgrimage. There is no proof that this was ever seriously 
done as a substitute for a real journey in fulfillment of an awkward vow, or a too 
severe penance, though it may have been. Probably the theory is a guess based on the 
fact that some mazes did have the name Jerusalem marked in the center. In other 
cases, as at Amiens, portraits of the bishop who built the cathedral and the three 
master masons who did the work occupy the center space. In Rheis Cathedral there 
was a very elaborate labyrinth (1) drawing of which is reproduced at Fig. 3. This is of 
special interest, for though the five figures in the octagonal spaces are seemingly in 
clerical garb, three are holding Masonic instruments. One has a large square, one is 
drawing a circle with a pair of compasses, the third holds a pair of compasses and 
seems to contemplate a geometrical figure, a triangle, base up, from one end of which 
three radiating lines have been drawn. 


PRIMITIVE LABYRINTHS 


In the British Isles and Scandinavia the remaining labyrinths are almost all either turf 
cut mazes, or marked out with stones. So much did they enter into the life of the 
people that the Norsemen made them in Iceland, where curiously they are called 
Volundrhaus, Weland's House. Weland or Wayland Smith, as he is named in English 
legend, is the northern counterpart of Daedalus, and this is another coincidence. 


Of course it is hard to prove the age of a turf cut or rock marked maze. They may be 
ages old or only a few years. Some in England seem to have been made within a 
hundred years or so, others have been remade. Fig. 4 gives a view of one in Rutland, 
of unknown antiquity. In Figs. 5 and 6 two illustrations are given from works 



published in the 1 7th century. The Runic Cross is from a work by the Danish 
antiquary and physician, Olaf Worm, published at Copenhagen in 1643, while the 
stone labyrinth is from the Atlantika of Olaf Rudbeck which appeared in 1695. John 
Aubrey, whose name is well known to students of Masonic history as the chief 
witness for Sr Christopher Wren being a member of the Fraternity, makes many 
allusions to mazes both old and new, and states in one place that they were inherited 
from the Danes, apparently on the authority of these two Scandinavian writers. Mazes 
of this same type have also been found in Finland or Lapland, where, however, they 
are called by the name Babylon instead of Troy. This rather makes one wonder if the 
old folk rhyme now degraded to the nursery: 


How many miles to Babylon? 
Three score and ten. 

Can I get there by candle-light? 
Yes, and back again. 


had anything to do with a maze dance. Mr. A. B. Cook emphasizes one important 
fact, and that is that the distribution of the labyrinth corresponds very closely with 
that of rude stone monuments, cromlechs, standing stones and stone circles and 
avenues (2), and he endorses the conclusion of Dr. Krause that so far from these 
primitive countryside labyrinths being imitations of the Labyrinth of Crete, the latter 
was but a single representative that had the fortune to be enshrined in the literature of 
Greece. 


Thus far we see that it is apparently entirely European. It cannot be asserted of course 
that there are no labyrinths in Asia. Lack of evidence proves nothing unless the thing 
in question has been carefully looked for and no research has been made in this 
direction. There are megalithic monuments in various parts of Asia, and if the 
relationship suggested by Mr. Cook holds good some form of labyrinth might be 
looked for, too, though perhaps in a modified form. Perhaps after all the Buddhist 
Swastika illustrated in the first part of this article is essentially the same thing. The 
coin types of Crete have shown development on two lines, the labyrinth proper and 
the labyrinthine Swastika. 



But this apparent absence of the labyrinth in Asia makes it all the more surprising that 
it should be found in America. W. H. Matthews in his recent work on the subject 
gives a drawing from an unpublished Spanish MS., Fig. 7, apparently an account of 
travels in America in the years 1761-1762. It is stated that the design was scratched in 
the sand by a Pima Indian who told the traveler it was the plan of a building. Some 
twenty years ago Dr. J.W. Tewkes made inquiries of the Indians if there were any 
such building known to them. One old man informed him the figure was used in a 
child's game called Tcuhiki, the House of Tcuhu. Tcuhu is the Badger, who with the 
spider led the first people up from the underworld. The Badger dug a spiral hole 
through which they climbed up into daylight. Probably the Spanish traveler 
misunderstood what he was told, and took the "House of the Badger" to be the plan of 
a building. Dr. Tewkes was later misled by his statement and inquired for an actual 
building. The Casa Grande engraving has presumably been discovered since then. 


THE QUESTION OF ORIGIN IN AMERICA 


Mr. Matthews suggests that the figure was introduced into South America by the 
Spaniards. This is rather a desperate hypothesis, for it is hard to imagine why the 
Spaniards should have imported it, and still less why the Indians should have 
borrowed it. It might perhaps have been made part of a floor pattern in some church, 
as a matter of tradition by imported workmen— but how did it get to Arizona? It is 
pretty certain that the Spanish conquistadores did not amuse themselves in spare 
moments by making mazes and dancing in them, they might have done it at home as 
part of an old local festival, but there would be no likelihood of their doing in the new 
world what was only a survival in the old and the real purpose of which was long 
forgotten. Had they guessed its origin it would have been matter for the Inquisition. 


Yet, how else is the presence of a figure identical in its convolutions with English turf 
mazes and Cretan coin designs to be explained in the desert country of the 
Southwest? It seems as much a mystery as the elephant heads and reminiscences of 
Buddha poses in the ruins of South American civilization. It is known in a 
comparatively restricted area, an inland area, too, and so far as can be discovered 
nowhere else in America. With all its inherent improbability the hypothesis of its 



introduction to the Pima Indians by some eccentric Spaniard seems the most plausible 
explanation - if it were not that the Casa Grande example is apparently older than the 
advent of the Spaniards. Could it then have been some stray Norsemen who 
introduced it a few centuries earlier? Had there been any such, lost and adopted into 
Indian tribes one could believe that they would have been far more likely to have 
introduced it than the zealously orthodox Spaniards. Had the figure been discovered 
on or near the East coast this would have seemed quite possible; but actually it is in a 
locality almost as far as possible removed as it could be from any suppositious 
contact with Norse or Icelandic influence. Though it always remains possible that 
some individual or other came by chance or bad fortune to peoples and places far 
removed from his own, the influence of a single man is not, normally, likely to be 
perpetuated. 


Another possible theory is that it was independently developed. There are patterns 
used for decoration and ornament by the Indians of Mexico and Central America, 
which the evidence of archeology shows to be of great antiquity, that are labyrinthine 
in character. Fig. 8 is from a terra cotta stamp for impressing a colored design on the 
body. It fits in with a series showing spirals or concentric circles, in some cases 
having a small Greek cross in the center, that might be explained as conventional 
representations of the sun. Some of these show a tendency to become square in 
outline and then begin to approach the key pattern, which we already know was in 
Mediterranean countries closely connected with the Swastika, which itself was a sun 
symbol. Fig. 2 is from Venezuela and shows this key pattern development and it may 
be compared with the steatite plaque of early Egyptian work, Fig. 9, which it very 
curiously resembles, though the Egyptian form approaches more nearly the typical 
labyrinth. The upper part of this design represents in linear outline two human figures 
seated with hands joined over some object between them. 


Fig. 1 shows a copper belt buckle from the Caucasus, with a spiral pattern in the form 
of the triskele, which is a three-limbed form of the Swastika. It must be remembered, 
too, that the Swastika in many forms appears to have been generally known and used 
in ritual ornament by all the American Indians. But then, even if the Swastika is 
closely related to both the true labyrinth and to spiral and key pattern designs, there is 
the difficulty that the true labyrinth seems to be intended always as the plan of the 
path of a ritual dance or procession to which these other designs are not well adapted; 
and further that the possible varieties of true labyrinths are innumerable, as the later 
example, Fig. 3, shows. The mosaic labyrinth from Tunis given last month is another 



example. It is almost too much to suppose that just this one set of convolutions should 
have been separately and independently developed by the Pimas, or their predecessors 
who built the Casa Grande. 


POSSIBLE ANTIQUITY OF THE MAZE 


The only remaining hypothesis possible is first to suppose, as Krause, Cook and 
Frazer are inclined to do, that this form is of enormous antiquity, that it was part of 
the ritual heritage from the earliest pre-historic races of mankind, and so spread over 
the world. But then why did it survive only in Arizona and not elsewhere on the 
American continent? The theory is possible in Europe where it has survived 
everywhere, but fails for Asia, Africa and America. It seems, therefore, that until 
fresh evidence is forthcoming that the problem must remain unsolved. 


But however the isolated American examples are to be accounted for, and their 
interpretation is bound up with their origin, we are in a position to draw some fairly 
definite conclusions about the labyrinth in Europe and the Mediterranean countries. 
The classic story, in the first place, explicitly connects the labyrinth with dances of 
young people, both at Crete and in Delos. The Etruscan vase is evidence of a 
processional dance in Italy which is confirmed by the allusions by Roman authors to a 
"game of Troy" played or celebrated by children or youths. We know nothing directly 
of the purpose of the church pavement mazes, or the Scandinavian stone labyrinths, 
but we do know that in England they were used, again by young people, as a sort of 
game. There are many allusions in English literature (3), to treading "quaint mazes in 
the wanton green." 


Dr. Stukely, who was made a Mason just after the organization of the first Grand 
Lodge in England (because, as he informs us in his diary, he expected to find in 
Freemasonry a survival of the ancient mysteries), devotes a chapter in one of his 
books to the subject of mazes, and offers the opinion that they were ancient British 
relics, constructed as a running course for the exercise of Roman soldiers! But he also 
says that 



lovers of antiquity especially of the inferior classes, always speak of 'em with great 
pleasure, as if there was something extraordinary in the thing, though they cannot tell 
what. 


Mr. W. H. Matthews, who cites this, also quotes another recent author (4) who 
describes one of these mazes situated in a hollow on the top of a mound known 
locally as the Fairies' Hill, and says that when he wrote there were people still alive 
who had "trodden it on summer evenings and knelt at the center 'to hear the fairies 
singing.'" And a letter is quoted dated 1866 saying that the writer personally 
remembered "running the maze in and out" at Alkborough in company with others, 
and of the villagers playing May-eve games there "under," to use his own words, "an 
infinite persuasion of something unseen and unknown cooperating with them." 


This may have been pure fancy on the part of an old man, yet it does describe that 
feeling of "presence" and exaltation that those sensitive to such things often feel when 
engaged with others in some joint action, especially those charged with an emotional 
content. Such as a solemn church service, an initiation ceremony, or even a platoon of 
soldiers ready to "go over." 


POSSIBLE EXPLANATION OF THE LEGEND 


Let us return to the classical myth and see what can be made of it. It has already been 
noted that it is a late and sophisticated story on which ancient editors and scholars 
have done their worst to make it consistent and coherent, and that it is probably 
composed from more primitive local myths of much simpler character. The localities 
expressly mentioned are Crete, Naxos, Delos, Athens and Troezen. Undoubtedly 
there were local myths told in each place, that at a latter time were fitted together. 
Through this process we get the duplications of the wondrous sun bull, fire breathing, 
the consort of the moon, yoked to the solar chariot, thrown up into the sky, or over the 
temple of a sun god, by a young hero who has had attributed to him the labors and 
adventures of the sun in passing through the round of the seasons. 



Then the story brings in, and on its face explains, certain springtime festivities, and 
the ceremonies of the harvest home when seed was set aside for the next year's 
sowing and the tabu removed from the newly garnered crops. Furthermore there is all 
through beginnings and endings, the birth of the Minotaur, the death of the Bull of 
Marathon, which another story expressly tells us was the same beast that was the 
leader of Minos' herd. There is the death of Aegeus and the advent of Theseus to take 
his place— as well as the death of the Minotaur. There is the love story of Ariadne and 
her desertion at Naxos, in fact when examined critically it seems to be built up of 
repetitions of the age old theme of the rejoicings of the spring time, and the mourning 
of autumn, tempered by hope for the new spring to come; all parallel with the 
widespread folk customs and rites of "carrying out death," the "harvest doll," "crying 
the neck," and the May Queen and King. 


The Mummer's play and sword dances of the English folk, though now displaced very 
often in their season, was probably descended from a springtime festival and rites 
such as those performed by the ancient College of the Arval Brethren at Rome in the 
month of May. In the Mummer's play there is often a character masked as an animal, 
there is also regularly a fight between two champions, one of whom is killed and 
afterward restored to life. If the figure of the Minotaur was, as Mr. Cook believes, the 
projection of the chief character in the sun dance at Knossos, and possibly the son of 
the King, then his death at the hands of Theseus can be simply accounted for by 
supposing the ritual representation of the death of the old year being combined with 
the tradition that originally the leader of the dance had worn a bull mask, a grotesque 
detail that the aesthetic taste of the Greeks had eliminated in the later form of the 
ritual. 


The subject is very far indeed from exhausted, but enough has been said to show that 
this curious figure found in an ancient Indian ruin in Arizona is linked up with an 
ageless ritual "myth" in the old world that has features of marked significance to 
Masons interested in the antecedents and origin of the mysteries of the Craft. 
"Treading the maze" is closely analogous to circumambulation, the checks, turns and 
returns are open to symbolic interpretation and with it all is the tale of a ritual death in 
the center - "the King is dead, long live the King," thus with a slight change might the 
newly-raised Master be hailed. 



NOTES 


(1) This labyrinth was made in 1240 and was composed of blue marble of different 
shades. It was destroyed by the orders of a Canon of the Cathedral in 1779, who 
objected to children playing on it while he said Mass. 


(2) Thomas Wilson in The Swastika (Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1896) 
gives a map (page 905) showing the distribution of this symbol throughout the world. 
So far as Europe is concerned the Labyrinth distribution coincides with that of the 
Swastika, while Arizona seems to be about the center of its distribution in America. 
Should labyrinth forms be discovered in India it would begin to look as if there were 
a significant connection between the two things everywhere. 


(3) Notably in Shakespeare, as in the Midsummer Night's Dream, Act iii, Sc. 1, also 
in King Lear. Spencer also alludes to them in the Faery Queen. 


(4) A.H. Allcroft; Earthwork of England. 


— o — 


Could a Freemason Forget His Initiation? 


By BRO. ROBERT I. CLEGG, Associate Editor, Illinois 


IS it possible that a man could forget? There is a remarkable instance on record which 
at least suggests something of the sort. My old friend, Bro. A. M. Mackay, a Past 



Master of Lodge St. David of Edinburgh, No. 36, sends me some notes on the subject 
which he prepared for the annual festival of St. John in December. He had during my 
sojourn in his beautiful city exhibited with very pardonable pride the several 
interesting treasures in the archives of his lodge. Among them were the items 
prompting the inquiry at the head of this article. 


Arthur, son of viscount Wellesley, and afterwards famous as the Duke of Wellington, 
was bom in Ireland some time in 1769, the exact date and place now being 
undetermined. He is believed to have been initiated in Lodge No. 494, at Trim, 
County Meath, Ireland, in 1790, where his brother Richard, in 1781, and his father, in 
1775, had preceded him in Masonic membership. Of these and other details there are 
references of interest and value in the History of the Grand Lodge of Free and 
Accepted Masons of Ireland by Bros. John Heron Lepper and Philip Crossle, which 
may be supplemented to advantage by the particulars to be found in the Ars Quatuor 
Coronati, xv, 100; Miscellanea Latomomm, volume ii, pages 28, 47, 75; Robert F. 
Gould's History of Freemasonry, original edition, volume ii, page 254. These several 
allusions also contain references to other sources of information but the foregoing are 
ample as guides to the readers of this summary of the situation. 


Bro. Mackay reminds us that there is in possession of Lodge St. David, Edinburgh, 
No. 36, a holograph letter of the great Duke of Wellington written four months prior 
to his death, which occurred on Sept. 14, 1852. This letter has been framed with its 
accompanying envelope, addressed in the same hand to "James Shand Esq. N24 
Royal Circus Edinburgh NB." Attached to the back of the envelope is a fine 
impression, in red sealing wax, of the crest of the Duke. The letter reads: 


London, June 14, 1852. 


F. M., The Duke of Wellington, presents his compliments to Mr. Shand. He has 
received his Note and begs leave to inform him that he does not belong to the Society 
of Freemasons. James Shand Esq. 



In the holograph of the recipient, Bro. James J. Harvey Shand, an Edinburgh lawyer 
and Right Worshipful Master of St. David during the years 1852 and 1853, there is 
inscribed at the foot of the letter: Presented to Lodge Edinburgh St. Davids as a 
memorial of the inauguration of the Wellington statue by their affectionate brother 
James J. H. Shand, R. W. M. 


The lodge minutes of the period make no reference to this letter, or to the 
circumstances under which it was penned by the distinguished Field Marshal, but the 
probability is that it was in reply to a communication addressed to him by Bro. Shand 
in view of the projected Masonic inauguration of the equestrian statue erected in his 
honor at Edinburgh. This took place on the anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo, 
June 18, 1852, four days subsequent to the date of the Duke's reply. 


It is interesting to note that the letter quoted was not the only one written by 
Wellington disclaiming any knowledge of "the Society of Freemasons." In the 
previous year a Bro. J. Walsh had approached the Duke for particulars of his initiation 
and was favored with the following reply: 


London, October 13, 1851. 


F. M., The Duke of Wellington presents his compliments to Mr. Walsh. He has 
received his letter of the 7th ult. The Duke has no recollection of having been 
admitted a Freemason. He has no knowledge of that association. 


Notwithstanding these disclaimers, sufficient evidence exists to show that, at an early 
age, the future Field Marshal was initiated into the Craft in a lodge working at Trim, 
County Meath, Ireland. Tradition has it that the locale of the initiation was the family 
residence at Dangan Castle, but it would appear that his strenuous career as a soldier 
precluded the Duke from taking any active part in Freemasonry. This, in conjunction 
with the fact that at the time he penned the foregoing letters he was in his eighty-third 
year, suggests that after a period of sixty years the ceremony of his initiation had 
escaped his memory. 



The Lodge of Trim, of which the Duke and other members of his family were 
members, received its charter on May 7, 1772, and was placed No. 494 on the roll of 
the Grand Lodge of Ireland. Its existing records, of the eighteenth century, consist of 
two manuscript books, denominated respectively the Rule Book and the Roll Book, 
the former containing the various by-laws adopted from time to time and the latter a 
list of members. 


The first of the Wesley family to sign the Rule Book was the Duke's father, the Right 
Hon. Garrett Wesley, first Earl of Momington and viscount Wellesley. He was 
proposed for initiation on July 4, 1775, and on the 29th of the same month was raised 
to the degree of Master Mason. On St. John the Baptist's Day in June, 1776, Lord 
Mornington was installed and proclaimed Grand Master of Ireland. He held that 
position for one year. His heir, the Hon. Richard Colley Wesley, second Earl, 
afterwards Marquess Wellesley, brother of the Duke, was also initiated in the lodge, 
probably on July 31, 1781, when his fees were paid. He also— in the year following 
his initiation— was installed and proclaimed head of the Craft in Ireland. 


The third of the family to sign the Rule Book was "A. Wesley"— the Hon. Arthur 
Wesley, afterwards Duke of Wellington, then serving as a Lieutenant in the 12th 
Light Dragoons, and attached to the Viceregal Court at Dublin as A.D.C. to the Lord 
Lieutenant. He was bom in April, 1769, and did not use the surname of Wellesley 
until about twenty-nine years of age, when his eldest brother, Lord Mornington, 
adopted that spelling of the family name. As in the case of his father and brother, no 
date is appended to his signature in the Rule Book, but the corresponding entry in the 
Treasurer's book shows that the admittance fee was paid on Dec. 7, 1790, and it may 
be presumed this was of his initiation. As already stated, the tradition of the lodge at 
Trim, which usually met in the Grand Jury Room there, places the ceremony of 
initiation at Dangan Castle, the residency of his brother, Lord Momington, where the 
meetings were held as often as the convenience of the Grand Master or the well being 
of the lodge demanded. No. 494 at this period might almost be considered the family 
lodge of the Wesleys of Dangan, just as the town of Trim was their pocket borough. 
During the month in which he joined the Craft young Wesley was seeking the 
suffrages of the electors there, and in this he was successful. There is no record of his 
having gone further than the Entered Apprentice Degree, but he can be traced as a 
subscribing member of the lodge until 1795, when he embarked for service in India. 



The lodge at Trim continued to prosper until the union of Great Britain with Ireland, 
in 1 800, when the times changed, consequent upon the exodus of the county 
magnates and gentry residents in the district from among whom the candidates for 
initiation had been principally derived. In 1838 there were only three surviving 
members resident in the town, and in that year Grand Lodge was petitioned in their 
name to entrust the charter to several brethren resident in Dublin, well-known 
members of Lodge No. 2 there, who had affiliated with No. 494 for the purpose 
indicated. The Grand Lodge sanctioned the transfer, and the Dublin Lodge has 
continued to work to the present day under the Warrant originally granted to Trim. 
Following the transference, the new Secretary, Bro. Edward Carlton, an eminent 
Dublin attorney, wrote to the Duke of Wellington asking permission to call the lodge 
by his Grace's name, but this was declined. 


London, August 13, 1838. 


The Duke of Wellington presents his compliments to Mr. Carlton. He perfectly 
recollects that he was admitted to the lower grade of Freemasonry in a Lodge which 
was fixed at Trim, in the County of Meath. 


He has never since attended a Lodge of Free Masons. He cannot say that he knows 
anything of the Art. 


His consent to give this Lodge his Name would be a ridiculous assumption of the 
reputation of being attached to Free Masonry; in addition to being a 
misrepresentation. 


The Duke of Wellington hopes, therefore, that Mr. Carlton will excuse the Duke for 
declining to comply with his suggestion. 



E. Carlton, Esq., No. 14, Dame street, Dublin. 


This letter is interesting from the fact that the Duke admits having been admitted into 
the Craft. Shortly after his death, further light was thrown upon his attitude to 
Freemasonry by his old Peninsular comrade, Field Marshal Viscount Combermere. 
The latter, as Provincial Grand Master of Chesire, presiding at a meeting of that 
Province at Macclesfield on Oct. 27, 1852, referred to his old chiefs connection with 
the Order in the following words: 


Another year had rolled over and many changes had taken place. Amongst the 
foremost to be regretted was the death to the nation of his Commander, the great 
Wellington. He had been associated with him since 1793. Perhaps it was not 
generally known that he was a Mason; he was made in Ireland and often when in 
Spain, where Masonry was prohibited, in conversation with his Lordship, he regretted 
repeatedly how sorry he was his military duties had prevented him taking the active 
part his feelings dictated; for it was his (the Duke's) opinion that Masonry was a great 
and royal art, beneficial to the individual and to the community. 


Bro. W. J. Chetwode Crawley, who wrote the article on "The Hon. A. Wesley and the 
Lodge at Trim," Ars Quatuor Coronati, xv, in 1902, refers to the above paragraph 
quoted by Bro. Mackay. This information, by the way, appeared in the Freemason's 
Quarterly Review on Dec. 31, 1852. Dr. Chetwode Crawley's opinion was that Lord 
Combermere's recollection of the sentiments he had in 1852 credited the Duke had 
become faulty after the lapse of nearly fifty years. 


But there seems good reason to believe that the Duke was initiated and that in course 
of time, a great gap of the period from 1790 to 1851, over sixty busy warring years 
from the far East in Asia to the near West in Europe, the Iron Duke forgot the 
occasion when in a country lodge of his native land the initiatory ceremony was 
performed upon him. 



At Edinburgh, on the far-famed Princes street, there is a bronze equestrian statue of 
Wellington. St. David Lodge, with other brethren comprising some twelve hundred, 
took part in the unveiling of that monument with Masonic ceremonies under the 
auspices of the Grand Lodge of Scotland. At that time Bro. Shand was Right 
Worshipful Master of Lodge St. David and probably it was because of this 
enthusiastic occasion that he communicated with the Duke and this led to the receipt 
by him of the highly interesting document now in possession of the brethren of his 
lodge. 


Out of the evidence pertaining to the membership of the Duke of Wellington, and it is 
somewhat contradictory, there emerges a suggestion that may with many reach the 
force and weight of a moral. Lathers find pleasure in sons becoming members of the 
Craft. Our happiness is then all the more substantial when the son petitions because it 
is the outcome of a conscientious conviction and not just a habit in the family. Sons 
and fathers surely fraternize all the closer when the search for Masonic light was 
prompted by the strengthening revelation of an affectionate living manly model, not 
just the bare example of relationship and nothing more. 


Somehow there lingers the impression that the Duke in early life joined the lodge 
because it was expected of him, the urge being mechanically of the head rather than 
the warm impulse of the congenial heart. So, entering casually he escaped Masonic 
initiation. Upon the roster might appear his name. But he doubtless stopped all 
progress with the payment of his dues. In the work he had no part. Neither for 
himself, nor from him to others did initiation blossom unto education, from him Craft 
influence failed. Memory waned, freemasonry stagnant, became barren. In that 
direction one may find a cause for the strange case of the Duke. We fathers have here 
a lesson. May our sons indeed become real brothers in the faith Masonic. 


— o — 


THE BUILDER October, 1927 



Witchcraft 


A Brief Discussion of Two Modern Works 


By BRO. ERNEST E. THIEMEYER, Missouri 


SHAKESPEARE'S Macbeth brings to mind the three old hags who hover over the 
witches' cauldron, and this picture or some derivative of it illustrates the general 
conception of the members of what doubtless was the most sorely persecuted sect in 
the Middle Ages. That such a picture is no more than a creation of the fancy may, or 
may not, be true, but it is certain that all witches were not of this kind. In an effort to 
ascertain the exact status of the people who were termed witches, their beliefs, acts 
and deeds, scholars have written many volumes. A library of witchcraft, if it were 
possible to build one, would be of no inconsiderable size. Most of the works dealing 
with the subject are either in old English, French or Latin, and consequently are not 
available for the general public, which is perhaps just as well. Aside from this they 
are very rare and there are not many who are able to obtain the texts for study. In the 
past few years, however, there have appeared two books dealing with the subject 
which makes it possible for anyone sufficiently interested to learn something about 
the witches without depending upon the popular superstitions and the numerous 
references found in literature. Miss M. A. Murray's Witch Cult of Western Europe 
was published in 1921, and Mr. Montague Summers' History of Witchcraft and 
Demonology appeared in the closing months of 1926. The books are very different in 
scope as well as in style, and of the two doubtless Mr. Summers' work is the one 
which will attract the attention of the general reader. Its style accounts for this in large 
measure because it is more easily readable than the work of Miss Murray. Mr. 
Summers professes to be at variance with Miss Murray and for the benefit of the 
reader who does not wish to become a student of the subject it will be well to come to 
some conclusion regarding the evidence offered by both writers. 


It is quite possible that much of the supposed difference between these two scholars 
hinges on the interpretation of the word Devil. Mr. Summers takes for granted that the 
word means the personal Devil of Mediaeval theology, while Miss Murray has 



another meaning to import. In explaining the organization of the cult, Miss Murray 
says: 


The Cult was organized in as careful a manner as any other religious community; 
each district however was independent, and therefore Mather is justified in saying 
that the witches "form themselves after the manner of Congregational Churches." 


The Chief or Supreme Head of each district was known to the recorders as the 
"Devil." Below him in each district, one or more officers— according to the size of the 
district— were appointed by the Chief. ... At the Esbats (local gatherings) the officer 
appears to have taken command in the absence of the Grand Master, at the Sabbaths 
the officers were merely heads of their own covens, and were known as Devils or 
Spirits, though recognized as greatly inferior to the Chief (1). 


Mr. Summers has taken the language of the records as literally meaning the personal 
Devil above mentioned, and in this he follows those who wrote them. On the basis of 
this rendering of the word, Mr. Summers is perhaps entitled to his conclusions, but it 
has been shown that the actual meaning of the word was no more than a title for the 
Chief of the Coven. In view of the fact that he is described as appearing at different 
times to the members of the cult and in different, though it must be said, similar 
disguises, and that the records of the witch trials frequently connect one appearance in 
a given costume with another in a different impersonation as though both 
manifestations were one and the same person, it may be safely concluded that the 
Devil to whom the witches referred was not the ecclesiastical devil, but the head of 
the cult in a particular section, and as such enjoyed the veneration of the witches in 
much the same way that the Indian medicine men were revered by their followers. 


While it may appear that we are ready to discard Mr. Summers' conception of the 
devil of witchcraft entirely, such is not the case. Undoubtedly there were certain 
elements of Satanic worship which found a place in the witchcult. An investigation of 
this phase of the question would be very interesting, but it is not essential to our 
argument. It seems hardly fair, and certainly it is not in accord with the traditions of 
good scholarship, for a man who is supposed to be writing a history of witchcraft to 



give no credence to the opinion of a contemporary who has supported a theory with a 
mass of evidence equal to that brought to bear by Miss Murray. Doubtless there are 
some mistakes in the work of Miss Murray; it hardly seems possible that such a work 
could be perfect, but the whole tenor of Mr. Summers' book is to point out the 
mistakes, such as they are, with a view to discounting the whole of Miss Murray's 
work. 


Miss Murray's work was the first of the two to appear and in the five years since it 
came from the press it has been very generally accepted by students. Since her case is 
backed by detailed evidence at almost wearisome length to the ordinary reader, it 
does not seem unfair to demand of Mr. Summers that he offer proof of his contention 
that Miss Murray's theory of the Witch Cult is wrong. The later writer adheres, or 
seems at time to do so, to the older school of thought in regard to witches. Miss 
Murray, if the widespread acceptance of her theory can be taken as ground for the 
assertion, has proved that the old school was wrong. It now becomes necessary for the 
adherents to this line of thought to prove that they are right. 


In an effort to ascertain whether or not this purpose has been accomplished, it is 
necessary to present the theory Miss Murray supports. In her own language, 


Ritual Witchcraft— or, as I propose to call it, the Dianic cult— embraces the religious 
beliefs and ritual of the people known in late mediaeval times as "Witches." The 
evidence proves that underlying the Christian religion was a cult practiced by many 
classes of the community, chiefly, however, by the more ignorant or those in less 
thickly inhabited parts of the country. It can be traced back to pre-Christian times, and 
appears to be the ancient religion of Western Europe. The god, anthropomorphic, or 
theriomorphic, was worshipped in well-defined rites; the organization was highly 
developed, and the ritual is analogous to many other ancient rituals. The dates of the 
chief festivals suggest that the religion belonged to a race which had not reached the 
agricultural stage, and the evidence shows that various modifications were 
introduced, probably by invading peoples who brought in their own beliefs. I have not 
attempted to disentangle the various cults; I am content merely to point out that it was 
a definite religion with beliefs, ritual, and organization as highly developed as that of 
any other cult in the world (2). 



Such a clear statement of intention needs no elucidation. It may be as well, however, 
to point out that Miss Murray sub-titles her work A Study in Anthropology. Her 
method of presenting evidence is such that it would take a student versed at least in 
the elementary principles of anthropological research to come to any very clever 
understanding of the proof. Miss Murray does not write for the beginner, and many 
things are taken for granted which, if elaborated, might assist the elementary student 
in forming a more accurate opinion of the value of her work. On the kind of evidence 
presented Miss Murray says: 


The evidence which I now bring forward is taken entirely from contemporary sources, 
i.e., the legal records of the trials, pamphlets giving accounts of individual witches, 
and the works of Inquisitors and other writers. I have omitted the opinions of authors, 
and have examined only the recorded facts, without however including the stories of 
ghosts and other "occult" phenomena with which all the commentators confuse the 
subject. I have also, for the reason given below, omitted all references to charms and 
spells when performed by one witch alone, and have confined myself to those 
statements only which show the beliefs, organization and ritual of a hitherto 
unrecognized cult. 


In order to clear the ground I make a sharp distinction between Operative Witchcraft 
and Ritual Witchcraft. Under Operative Witchcraft I class all charms and spells, 
whether used by a professed witch or by a professed Christian, whether intended for 
good or evil, for killing or for curing. Such charms and spells are common to every 
nation and country, and are practiced by the priests and people of every religion. They 
are a part of the common heritage of the human race and are therefore of no practical 
value in the study of one particular cult. (3) 


Mr. Summers is high in his praise of Miss Murray as an investigator though he has 
objections to the method followed: 


Miss Murray has worked out her thesis with no inconsiderable ingenuity, but when 
details are considered, historically examined, and set in their due proportions, it must 



be concluded that the theory of a continuity of an ancient religion is baseless. Her 
book is called A Study in Anthropology, and here we can, I think, at once put our 
finger upon the fundamental mistake. Anthropology alone offers no explanation of 
Witchcraft. Only the trained theologian can adequately treat the subject. (4) 


This seems rather an astounding assertion in view of the fact that anthropology has 
taught us all or at least the greater part of what we know about witchcraft among 
primitive peoples, to say nothing of the magic rites and ceremonies which have been 
unearthed through the efforts, not of trained theologians, but of anthropologists. It is 
true that much of the evidence has been collected by missionaries doubtless trained in 
theology and often not directly interested in anthropology. Trained anthropologists 
have in many instances taken the evidence collected by trained theologians and by 
proper application of the comparative method have reached conclusions which few if 
any theologians, even those who had made the investigations, would care to 
contradict. Why then should anthropologists be excluded from the field of 
witchcraft ? I think that no one would doubt the assertion that the witches had a 
definite place in the culture of Medieval Europe. If it had, it certainly falls into the 
field of anthropologists, since racial cultures are a part of their realm of activity. It is 
true, doubtless, that the mass of material dealing with witchcraft was compiled under 
the guidance of the clergy, but that, of itself, does not preclude the possibility of 
revision at the hands of competent scientists. On the whole the statement taken from 
Mr. Summers' work seems to be a thinly veiled attempt to qualify the author for the 
task to which he has set himself to the exclusion of those who do not possess similar 
qualifications. 


It is my opinion that Mr. Summers would have done better if he had produced 
evidence in support of his assertions instead of directing his efforts at the 
disqualification of other students on the ground of improper training. His arguments 
would be more convincing if he produced actual evidence instead of his own word for 
support. Let us take the following quotation as an example: 


There is in particular one statement advanced by Miss Murray which goes far to show 
how in complete unconsciousness she is fitting her material to her theory. She writes: 
"There is at present nothing to show how much of the Witches' Mass (in which the 
bread, the wine and the candles were black) derived from the Christian ritual and how 



much belonged to the Dianic Cult; it is, however, possible that the witches' service 
was the earlier form and influenced the Christian." This last sentence is in truth an 
amazing assertion. A more flagrant case of hysteron-proteron is hardly imaginable. So 
self-evident is the absurdity that it refutes itself, and one can only suppose that the 
words were allowed to remain owing to their having been overlooked in the revision 
of a long and difficult study, a venial negligence. Every prayer and every gesture of 
Holy Mass, since the first Mass was celebrated upon the first Maundy Thursday, has 
been studied in minutest detail by generations of liturgiologists and ceremonialists 
whose library is almost infinite in its vastness and extent from the humblest 
pamphlets to the hugest folios. We can trace each inspired development when such an 
early phrase was added, when such a hallowed sign was first made at such words in 
such an orison. The witches' service is a hideous burlesque of Holy Mass, and, 
briefly, what Miss Murray suggests is that the parody may have existed before the 
thing parodied. It is true that some topsy-turvey writers have actuaally proclaimed 
that magic preceded religion but this view is generally discredited by authorities of all 
schools. Sir James Frazer, Sir A. L. Lyall, and Mr. F.B. Jevons, for example, 
recognize "a fundamental distinction and even opposition of principle between magic 
and religion (5)." 


There is too much material in the above quotation to make a detailed analysis 
possible. In the main it may be said that his argument is well-founded. The quotation 
from Miss Murray is one of those errors to which we made reference earlier in the 
discussion. As a matter of fact it has no direct bearing upon the essentials of her 
theory and is relatively unimportant. The main objection is that Mr. Summers makes 
assertions without any supporting proof. Especially is this true when the last part of 
his statement is considered. Mr. Summers quotes sir James Frazer in such a manner 
that one uninformed would be led to believe that this great authority holds that 
religion preceded magic. This is simply a case of Mr. Summers twisting the evidence 
to suit his needs, as will be seen from the following: 


Yet this antagonism (between magic and religion), familiar as it is to us, seems to 
have made its appearance comparatively late in the history of religion. At an earlier 
stage the functions of priest and sorcerer were often combined or, to speak perhaps 
more correctly, were not yet differentiated from each other (6). 



And again in another place: 


If an Age of Religion has thus everywhere, as I venture to surmise, been preceded by 
an Age of Magic, it is natural that we should enquire what causes have led mankind, 
or rather a portion of them, to abandon magic as a principle of faith and practice to 
betake themselves to religion instead. (7) 


Truly two astounding statements coming from the man Mr. Summers quotes in his 
own favor. Even more astounding indeed, when those who have read the first two 
volumes of Mr. Frazer's work know that they are devoted almost entirely to an 
attempt to prove that magic really preceded religion. There is only one conclusion 
that can be drawn and that is that the "trained theologian" is not always the scholar he 
is supposed to be. 


It has come to be a canon of anthropology that myth and ritual are extremely 
tenacious. By this it is meant that we find many instances where the old underlying 
legends and ritual practices have been fused into new ones. The events related, the 
characters, and the ceremonies persist. The details vary, and the names of characters 
are very often changed. Mr. Summers recognized this changing character of myths 
and ritual, but his theological training would not permit him to accept the obvious 
conclusion though it is accepted by many who are doubtless as well trained in 
theology as he. He says 


that here and there lingered various old harmless customs and festivities which had 
come down from pre-Christian times and which the Church had allowed, nay, had 
even sanctified by directing them to the right source, the Maypole dances, for 
example, and the Midsummer fires which now honor S. John Baptist, is a matter of 
common knowledge. But this is no continuance of a pagan cult (8). 


What then is it ? Nothing more or less than the absorption by a new faith of what 
belonged to an old. The distinction between this and the anthropological teaching is 
precisely nothing (9). Sir James Frazer refutes Mr. Summers in incontrovertible 



terms. For further substantiation of the absorption of pagan festivals by the Church of 
Rome the reader is referred to Mr. E.K. Chambers' The Medieval Stage, vol. I, pp. 
228-248. These pages do not include all the references, but will do much to show that 
Mr. Summers' hypothesis is untenable. For those who do not care to look further, we 
may select a few rather telling quotations: 


The position (between the Church and Pagans) was aggravated when, probably in the 
fourth century, the Christian feast of the Birthday of Christ came to be fixed on Dec. 
25, in the very heart of the pagan rejoicings and upon the actual day hitherto sacred to 
Sol Invictus (10). 


Continuing on the same subject Mr. Chambers offers the following explanation: 


The enemies of Roman orthodoxy were not slow to assert that it merely continued 
under another name the pagan celebration of the birthday of Sol Invictus. Nor was the 
suggestion entirely an empty one. The worshippers of Sol Invictus and in particular 
the Mithraic sect, were not quite on the level of the ordinary pagans by tradition. 
Mithraism had claims to be a serious and reasonable rival to Christianity, and if its 
adherents could be induced by argument to merge their worship of the physical sun in 
that of the "Sun of Righteousness," they were well worth winning (1 1). 


That there is nothing here presented to show that the Holy Mass may have been 
derived from the ceremonies of the Dianic Cult is granted, but certainly the evidence 
bears out Miss Murray's contention that it is possible. We have seen pagan festivals 
incorporated in the celebrations of the church in other respects, and there seems no 
reason to doubt that they may have found their way into the Mass, Mr. Summers' 
opinion to the contrary notwithstanding. We have seen something of the evidence on 
the one side, but Mr. Summers refrains from making mention of the evidence to 
support his thesis. Miss Murray did not say that this was the line of descent, neither 
did she state it as a probability, but only offered it as a possibility; it does seem likely 
that there is a chance that Miss Murray's opinion merits consideration. 



What has gone before shows the standpoint from which Mr. Summers considers the 
subject of witchcraft. It is left for the readers to decide whether the purely scientific 
consideration of evidence followed by Miss Murray, in which she goes back to the 
actual records and discards the opinions of the students is to be taken as the most 
sensible and the best founded method of research, or whether Mr. Summers' dogmatic 
following of the teachings of scholars, who most modem students believe to have 
been mistaken, is to be accepted. There is, I think, only one answer. 


The question of Mr. Summers' disqualification of anthropologists as investigators in 
the field of witchcraft has been mentioned earlier. It now becomes evident that more 
could be said in relation to this point. To close the argument one question might be 
asked: What right has a trained theologian, whose subject is "the science that treats of 
the existence, nature and attributes of God, especially of man's relation of God," to 
say that none but those with this training have the equipment to deal with witchcraft? 


Unfortunately Mr. Summers is not as definite in his declaration of purpose as is Miss 
Murray. There appears in his book no statement of his theory, unless the following 
can be so interpreted: 


In the following pages I have endeavored to show the witch as she really was— an evil 
liver; a social pest and parasite; the devotee of a loathly and obscene creed; an adept 
at poisoning, blackmail, and other creeping crimes; a member of a powerful secret 
organization inimical to Church and state, a blasphemer in word and deed; swaying 
the villagers by terror and superstition, a charlatan and a quack sometimes; a bawd, 
and abortionist, the dark counsellor of lewd court ladies and adulterous gallants; a 
minister to vice and inconceivable corruption, battening upon the filth and foulest 
passions of the age (12). 


Not one thing therein offers any constructive criticism by which a new, or even an 
old, conception of the witch can be placed in the stead of Miss Murray's idea. Miss 
Murray's work admits the degenerate character of the Witch Cult in Medieval times, 
and she may even admit, with no harm to her theory, the "powerful secret 
organization inimical to Church and state." Mr. Summers' characterization of the 



witch and her cult has nothing to do with its origin. Mr. Summers wants to claim the 
medieval inquisitors were right, and that the whole order was invented by the devil, 
that is, by Satan. His rhetoric seems intended to produce an impression favorable to 
accepting this. It would seem, however, that the degradation was due, not to the devil, 
but to the persecution of the cult and its survival among the poor and wretched of the 
age. 


Mr. Summers forgets himself when he says: 


But it must not for a moment be supposed, as has often been superficially believed, 
that Witchcraft was a product of the Middle Ages, and that only then did authority 
adopt measures of repression and legislate against the warlock and the sorceress .... 
Even pagan emperors had issued edicts absolutely forbidding goetic theurgy, 
confiscating grimoires, and visiting necromancers with death. In A.U.C. 721 (about 
40 A. D.) during the triumvirate of Octavius, Antony and Lepidus, all astrologers and 
charmers were banished (13). 


It must be remembered that in pagan times religion and state were more closely 
connected than at present, even in Christian history has this been true. Neither can we 
forget that the people legislated against in the edicts mentioned by Mr. Summers were 
incomers, Orientals and Greeks. It is quite generally agreed that the Roman religion 
was based largely upon magic. It may well be the case that the persecution of witches 
in pagan times was due to a motive similar to that which actuated the Inquisitors. The 
sect may have been one which was old even then, anthropology would entitle us to 
this conclusion. These practitioners may have been conducting rites and ceremonies 
which did not meet with the approval of the religion of the state and consequently 
they would be subject to imperial edicts. The mere fact that it existed in 40 A.D. or 
thereabouts would tend to confirm Miss Murray's hypothesis, especially when it is 
remembered that Paul, who brought Christianity to Rome, was in Corinth in 51 A. D. 
and did not reach Rome until several years later. 


It must be said that when the theological point of view is left out of consideration 
there is not one shred of evidence which on its own merit contradicts Miss Murray. 



There is, however, much that tends to confirm it. When it is considered that Mr. 
Summers is doubtless writing with the consent of his ecclesiastical superiors, his 
treatment of the subject is easily understood and it can be discounted as you please. 
The evidence in Mr. Summers' work is of value in spite of the ex cathedra 
pronouncements of the author against any theory that seems to cast the slightest 
shadow of error upon the Catholic authorities who were responsible for the 
Inquisitorial methods. 


NOTES 


(1) Murray, M. A., The Witch Cult of Western Europe, p. 186. 

(2) Murray, op. cit., pp. 1 1-12 

(3) Murray, op. cit., p. 1 1. 

(4) Summers, Montague, The History of Witchcraft p. 45. 

(5) Summers, op. cit., pp. 42-43. The last quotation is from Frazer's Golden Bough, 
Part I, vol. I, p. xx. Third Edition, 1911. 

(6) Frazer, J.G., The Golden Bough, abr. ed., 1925, p. 52. 

(7) Frazer, op. cit., p. 56. 

(8) Summers, op. cit., p. 43. 

(9) For details in connection with St. John's Day, Midsummer Day, and Midsummer 
Fires, see Frazer, op. cit., Index under St. John and Midsummer Fires. 

(10) Chambers, E. K., The Medieval stage, vol. I, p. 238. 

(11) Chambers, op. cit., vol. I, pp. 241-242. 

(12) Summers, op. cit., p. xiv. 

(13) Summers, op. cit., p. 11. 



O 


The Grand Architect of the Universe 


By Bro. R.J. Meekren 


IN some respects the series of articles on the Masonic requirement of a belief in God 
has been disappointing, in spite of the very great interest of the articles themselves. 
We have had revealed some very wide divergencies of opinion; but that such 
divergencies existed was well known before, it was the hope of finding some 
common, some agreed, understanding, that the series was projected. Only one 
contributor, however, really endeavored to meet the question as to what was required 
in Masonry as distinct from his own individual creed; Bro. Covey-Crump in his 
article "The Freemason's vision of God" did make a serious attempt to do this from 
the point of view of the English ritual. 


The first article by "A Lay Brother" was a confession. It tells the intimate personal 
history of the transition from the unthinking acquiescence of youth in what seems to 
have been most inadequate religious teaching to the doubt and scepticism so frequent 
among young men as they reach maturity. That the story is a typical one everyone 
with experience must admit. The traditional and stereotyped teaching of the average 
Sunday School does not prepare young people to meet the questionings and doubts 
that will inevitably arise as soon as they come in contact with the wider life of the 
world or gain an acquaintance with science and philosophy in our Colleges and 
Universities. This general failure is realized by all who are conversant with the facts. 
It is intensified by the breakdown of anything like religious life and training in the 
home, even where the parents themselves are devout church members. Such training 
while not likely to be more effective intellectually than that of the Sunday School 
does at least form habits which the weekly lesson cannot do. And habit is a stronger 
anchor to faith than knowledge for most. A Lay Brother's experience was therefore a 
typical one, and the fact that he felt it so was one reason he gave for preferring to 
remain anonymous. The unusual feature (we are afraid it is unusual) is that he did not 
rest in the agnostic or skeptical state of mind but went on and reconstructed out of the 



mins a new, if somewhat nebulous faith in a Something in and behind the world 
making for righteousness; to adapt Matthew Arnold's well-known utterance. 


This article attracted more notice than any of the others so far as that can be judged 
from letters received. A few correspondents were scornful, thinking the article 
immature or foolish; a judgment that is hardly fair, for given the same circumstances 
almost any young person's mind will react in the same way from unthinking 
acceptance to active if superficial disbelief. And left to themselves, unaided by those 
who have gone through doubt to a deeper experience, they do very well indeed to 
come back to anything like a religious belief. 


Other correspondents were bitterly opposed to the tentative creed expressed. Some 
went so far as to say that not only should the Lay Brother never have been admitted 
into Masonry but that he should be forthwith expelled. But the great majority sided 
with him, the article has been copied and it has been read before Masonic gatherings 
where it has met with approval. It is of course impossible to estimate percentages 
among several millions of men from a handful of letters, but there is no doubt that 
among those readers of THE BUILDER interested enough to let us know what they 
thought, those who approved the standpoint of the article were in a large majority. 


FUNDAMENTALISM AND EVOLUTIONISM 


The second article was by the Rev. Dr. Briggs, a Past Grand Master of Missouri. He 
wrote from the standpoint of Missouri Masonry, as he interprets its rules and 
requirements. It seems that this Grand Lodge requires a signed declaration from the 
applicant that he believes in "one living and true God," and it is apparently also 
necessary to believe in the divine authority of the Bible. We gather also that in his 
opinion evolutionary theories cannot be reconciled with the Bible, but whether or not 
he draws the conclusion (which would seem to follow) that those who believe in 
evolution cannot believe in the Bible as inspired and are therefore debarred from 
Masonry does not appear. It would seem, in fact, that Bro. Briggs really holds that 
only those professing belief in the creed of one of the Protestant denominations are 
properly eligible to Masonry. We suppose he accepts or excepts, Hebrews and 



Unitarians, as we believe members of both these faiths are actually accepted by 
Missouri lodges; but the position does not seem wholly a happy one from the purely 
logical standpoint, for if the Jew and the Unitarian may reject the New Testament 
wholly or in part, why may not others reject the first chapters of Genesis? 


In the third article Bro. Norris came to the defense of the Lay Brother. Possibly in 
doing so he lessened the value of what he had to say. He pointed out a number of 
difficulties in the Bible, which appear as soon as any attempt is made to determine 
what the Bible actually teaches about God. In subsequent correspondence with Dr. 
Briggs he explained that his point was that on its face there were contradictory 
estimates or conceptions of the Deity in the Old Testament and that these needed to 
be explained. Dr. Briggs seems to agree that this is so, too, though we presume they 
would not agree on the explanation. From the point of view of evolution and 
progressive revelation these things are not difficulties at all, but merely vestiges of the 
different stages reached in the religious development of a people. Dr. Briggs states 
plainly in his first letter that "Freemasonry does not attempt theological definitions 
but leaves each Freemason free to interpret the Bible himself." But are not the 
statements that God is one and is a living God, theological definitions? And is not the 
evolution of religious ideas one mode of interpreting the Bible? 


The Rev. John J. Lanier, priest, poet and mystic, made the next contribution to the 
discussion by setting forth his reasons for believing in God. In his article he made an 
effort to get beneath the surface of credal and dogmatic forms of words to real 
conceptions and meanings. His conclusion seems to be that as personality seems to be 
the highest thing we know that we must ascribe personality at least to God, which 
implies personal relations between God and man. He essays the difficult feat of 
distinguishing divine immanence in nature from pantheism. It is difficult, not because 
the distinction is unreal, but from the deficiencies of language in defining such 
matters. 


GOD IN THE ENGLISH RITUAL 



Bro. Lanier was followed by the Rev. W.W. Covey-Crump whose article has already 
been mentioned. In England there is a definite progression in the terms used for the 
Deity in the different degrees, such as does not exist in any American ritual, though a 
number of Canadian Jurisdictions follow England in this. In the first degree God is 
presented as the Grand Architect, the Archetypal Workman, the Builder of the World. 
In the second degree He is known as the Grand Geometrician of the Universe. The 
first conception is that of work, energy, constructive or creative power. The second is 
that of knowledge, design, prescience. In the third degree He becomes the Most High. 


This progression is impressive, but it seems to raise certain theoretical difficulties. 
Many Masons, whose orthodoxy has never been impugned, even if their speculations 
are rejected by scholars today, have supposed Freemasonry to have been in some sort 
derived from, or connected in origin with the mysteries of antiquity, and the object of 
these mysteries (so it has been supposed) was to keep and conceal the knowledge of 
the one true, and we suppose, living God. Now ex hypothesi these Ancient Mysteries 
took fit candidates who knew only of many false gods, and revealed this truth to them 
by stages as they were able to receive it. The English ritual seems to follow this 
method in form; but in practice seems to demand that the candidate shall fully know 
and believe what the Mysteries are supposed to teach him. It seems something of a 
dilemma. The American rituals are free of any such difficulty. 


GOD OF MASONRY A CHRISTIAN DEITY 


The next contributor was another clergyman of the Church of England, Bro. House, 
who seems to quite definitely claim that the Masonic conception of God is identical 
with that of Christianity. In this he is the successor of a large school of Masonic 
authors, of which Dr. George Oliver was a notable representative. There is no doubt 
at all that Masonic tenets can be interpreted in a Christian sense, the Rose Croix grade 
or order is really a Christian version of the third degree, or rather was in its original 
form. Every Mason who wishes to do so may so interpret Masonry, and is free to seek 
to persuade others to adopt his views, but to us it seems that Bro. Covey-Crump has a 
juster appreciation of the minimum requirements of Masonry, and it is on the 
minimum requirements that its universality must rest. Bro. Ferdinand Oudin also 
takes this view, and it would seem that he was prepared to accept even a lower 
minimum. Bro. Carter then followed with an attempt, perhaps too philosophical for 



those without special knowledge, to show that as "all roads lead to Rome" so all 
speculation concerning the First Cause or Origin of things will bring one to an 
essentially theistic belief, if only followed honestly to the end. 


HISTORY OF THE BELIEF IN GOD REQUIREMENT 


The last article of the series, by Bro. Daynes, reviews the historical setting of this 
requirement. This is of quite a different character from any of the others, but certainly 
has its place in any attempt to clear up the obscurities and confusions of thought that 
evidently exist on this important subject. Bro. Daynes has marshalled, in the scholarly 
way that all acquainted with his work have come to expect from him, all the early 
evidence on the subject. There is a clear case that as far back as we have any record 
till the time that Anderson published the Book of Constitutions the Christian faith was 
assumed as a matter of course in Freemasonry. The Old Charges forbid heresy as they 
do disloyalty and treason to the king. And in view of this the Grand Lodges, such as 
those of Northern Europe, which demand Christian belief as an essential requirement, 
have a real justification. They can claim truly to have held closer to the original 
tradition than the Masonry of the rest of the world. 


But there is the possibility that in holding fast to the original form of Christian 
Masonry they may have departed from the original spirit. English Masons are charged 
to be loyal to their king— American Masons to be loyal to their flag and constitution— 
the requirements are very different but the content is the same, namely, that they 
should be good law-abiding citizens of their country. Heresy in olden times was very 
much in the same class as treason, it was an offense against the law, and therefore we 
cannot build too much on the ancient articles forbidding it. There is a real difference, 
and practically a great difference in accepting a situation that exists, and taking sides 
in a controversy. The first really means that the point has never been raised. 


CORRESPONDENCE 



Some of the letters that were received have been published in the Correspondence 
Columns of THE BUILDER. They were fairly typical, many others were equally 
worthy of publication, but limits of space made it impossible. On looking through 
them the present writer does not see anything that has not been brought forward in 
some form in the discussion. As has been alrea.dy noted the majority favored the 
liberal or modernist side of the question, agreeing with the Lay Brother and Bro. 
Norris. 


One Missouri Mason in reference to the article of Dr. Briggs says that he believes: 


. . . matter is only the manifestation of life. We could not see life if there were no 
matter. Force and matter cannnt he separated. Some philosophers claim there is no 
matter at all that it is all life or force that we see. ... Even if chemistry should produce 
life artificially as Haeckel expected would eventually be done, still we have to ask 
whence the force in the matter which becomes living? Here we have no other answer 
but - God. 


A Montana brother says: 


The average Mason realizes that there is a Supreme Being, differing only as to what 
that Supreme Being is. 


The remark is perhaps trite, but it is the fruit in this case not of reading or scholarship, 
but of the experience of an aged Mason on the edge of that bourne from which no 
traveler returns. Another brother also nearing the bound of life says that man: 


As the "last word" of creation, so far as we know, and endowed with Reason and a 
capacity for progress and self improvement . . . [finds it] unthi nk able to believe that 
matter was created out of nothing by a Creator that created himself. From this 
premise we find ourselves in the world or universe of Nature . . . governed by the 



universal laws of nature and that this means nothing more or less than Nature's God, 
to which many have bowed in the past, and thus, it may be, have lived better than 
they knew. 


He goes on to quote the beliefs of such men as Burroughs and Edison. This way of 
thinking, confused as it appears, seems to be that of many Masons today. It shows 
two things at least, dissatisfaction with traditional religion as it has been presented, 
and yet a clinging to the idea of God in some form or other. 


RESULTS OF THE SERIES 


The discussion as a whole then seems to have done nothing but develop the 
differences of opinion and belief that every observant Mason knew existed. But to do 
this much is to the good. And though the more orthodox or fundamentalist may think, 
and even say, that the modernist and liberal minded have no place in the Craft, we do 
not at all expect that they will begin preferring charges against them. 


The fact is that while American Grand Lodges insist on belief "in one true and living 
God" or some equivalent formula, and while articles reiterating certain stock 
sentiments periodically appear in the Masonic press, and are constantly being 
repeated by lodge orators, more especially Grand Lodge orators, and while the great 
majority of American Masons accept it, apparently, as the "proper thing," yet never in 
actual practice do we hear of a lodge inquiring what a candidate means when he says 
he believes in God. To some, words and forms of words do not seem to mean very 
much, and they are precisely those who are most rigid about the exact pronunciation 
of the local Shibboleth. If a man says that he is going away tomorrow, or promises to 
pay a sum of money next week, the meaning is clear and unmistakable. But when we 
begin to discuss things that lie deeper uncertainty enters, and the deeper we go the 
greater becomes the doubt that we really mean the same thing when we use the same 
words. To people who have never thought, or whose thinking is superficial, it is 
simple— God is God, and if a man professes belief in God, belief in God is what he 
means. 



Some years ago when the question of the recognition of French Freemasonry was 
being discussed, during and just after the war, it was urged on one side that the Grand 
Lodge of France maintained the formula in its rituals, the "Grand Architect of the 
Universe." Against this the Conservatives agreed upon an argument that became a 
sort of slogan, that the requirement was a religious belief in God and not a 
philosophical one. This sounds well, and it is fairly clear what is meant by it, or at 
least the kind of thing intended. It meant practically that the use of the formula 
"Grand Architect of the Universe" was no good, or at least insufficient. 
PHILOSOPHIC AND RELIGIOUS BELIEFS 


But what is the difference between a philosophical and a religious belief? It can be 
taken two ways. A religious belief may be taken as that of one who accepts the creed 
of some religion— accepts it on the authority of that religion. Then a philosophical 
belief is one held by a man who belongs to no organized religion, is not a church 
member, does not accept the creed of any denomination, but has by his own 
meditations and reasoning arrived at a belief in God. This does not seem to be what 
was intended at all. There are probably thousands and thousands of American Masons 
who belong to no church, or at least do not accept the authority of any church or 
religious system as binding upon their beliefs and opinions. 


The other alternative is that a religious belief is one tinged with emotion, with 
personal feeling, that with belief in God, goes reverence, awe or love. Then (if the 
two terms are really meant to be antithetic as appears from their use) the 
philosophical attitude is the one that accepts a God as a First Cause or Primal Origin, 
as demanded by the nature of our minds, but is otherwise indifferent to it. This is 
probably nearer what those who used the terms had in mind; but are there not in our 
churches plenty of people who accept the belief but to whom it makes no real 
difference? Is there a clergyman or minister of the Gospel who has not preached 
about and at such people ? And it cannot be denied that there are many of them in the 
Craft. Men too indifferent about God to think about Him much less deny Him. We all 
know them. They pass muster, as they do in the churches, as long as they pay dues 
and make contributions - but while these pass anyone who thinks outside the limits of 
orthodoxy is at once condemned by the orthodox group. But which of the two is 
really the most irreligious? Of course we know what dead wood will do, it will stay 
where it is put, even if it rots. While what is alive is incalculable and therefore cause 
for apprehension, for it may go in the direction we don't want it to go. 



Is it then all a matter of our own personal prejudices — or rather of group prejudices? 
We don't like to have our own creeds called by this name, yet we at least are 
prejudiced in their favor. What is it but prejudices in favor of sectional Shibboleths, 
that keeps the different Christian denominations from uniting into one church? We 
make the lesser things of more importance than the greater. The great thing in 
Christianity is the revelation of God in Jesus Christ— Christianity is that or nothing. 
All the orthodox sects agree on this— yet they cannot agree otherwise. Is it not 
something the same in Freemasonry? If it be anything it is a Fraternity of just moral, 
upright men, but when the question of recognition arises the character of the men 
judged never enters into consideration at all. 


MASONRY AND RELIGIOUS TOLERATION 


But the fact remains that in spite of our accepted formulas there is no attempt to make 
them real. Perhaps history may help us here, as it so often does, to obtain a clearer 
idea of the situation. What first strikes us, both from the present day state of Masonry 
throughout the world and the facts of its past, is that (as is natural and perhaps 
inevitable) it faithfully reflects the prevailing sentiments and conditions of the 
community. In Mediaeval England it condemned heresy, as Bro. Daynes has shown 
us. Heresy of course meant Lollardism first of all, Wiklifism and later perhaps 
Protestantism. Still later Masonry became Protestant and Papistry became the heresy, 
and also treason against the king. Later still, when the ideas of tolerance first began to 
emerge in society, Masonry suddenly proclaimed a most tolerant attitude. Anderson's 
statement was truer perhaps than he knew, that Masons were always charged to be of 
that religion which was practiced in the country where they lived. Whether so charged 
or not, thus Masons always have been. But literally what he said implies that religion 
was a matter of no consequence to Masonry, and to save trouble the Mason should 
profess whatever the state required. 


The "Moderns" were more tolerant than the "Ancients" even though there was some 
reaction from Anderson's first proclamation of religious, that is credal, indifference. 
The two organizations drew their membership from different social strata. There was 
no cheap rationalist press in those days, and though Deism and other liberal ideas 



were prevalent in the upper circles of the community it had not touched the lower 
classes from which the lodges of the "Ancients" were recruited. Thus we find they 
were more definite in their religious requirements than their rivals. 


Today we find that in those Protestant countries where religious indifferences have 
not yet become widespread that Masonry is Protestant, and Christian. Perhaps this is 
not the whole story, for this Christian Masonry is also very exclusive and aristocratic, 
and as long as it remains under present conditions it will never lack all the candidates 
it needs, any more than the Order of the Bath does in England or the Legion of Honor 
in France. 


On the other hand in Roman Catholic countries Masonry is agnostic, perhaps 
atheistic, in the sense at least that the majority of its members are probably atheists. 
The reason for this is obvious. Atheism is the normal reaction of the educated 
thinking men in all Roman Catholic countries to the religious teaching given them in 
childhood and youth. That this is so. is a simple matter of statistics, whatever may be 
the reason for it; it is what we find in every such country from South America to 
Poland. And as the average man ascribes any faults or failings he thinks he has 
discovered in his wife to womankind in general, so the educated man of Roman 
Catholic countries ascribe to all religions the superstitions, abuses and inconsistencies 
they see in the religion of their families. 


Thus we find at the two extremes that Masonry takes the color of the mental and 
spiritual outlook of the classes from which its recruits are drawn. In Roman Catholic 
countries the only classes from which they can be drawn. How then is it with us? It 
would look as if the same rule were at work in America, too. More and more our 
churches are bewailing the indifference and defection of their members. Less and less 
does the younger generation seem inclined to take their parents' places in organized 
religion. The churches are striving by semi-commercial methods to keep going, by 
advertising, by sensational services, by social activities, anything and everything but 
doctrinal dogmatic, religious teaching. 



The average man, the man we mb shoulders with in the street car, with whom we do 
business, or meet in lodge, does not deny God, he simply never thinks about Him, he 
has no interest in the subject. His. religion is summed up pretty well by a statement 
often heard, "If a man tries to live a fairly respectable, honest life he will be all right 
in the future," if there be a future, about which he is not sure. It is utterly useless to 
deny that this average man is not represented, fully represented in the Craft. He is 
there, and if we are honest with ourselves we must admit he is there, just as in many 
cases he is still a contributing member to some church or other. 


It has nothing whatever to do with the argument, logically speaking, but it may 
possibly help towards relieving some readers of sundry suspicions that may have been 
aroused as to the purpose or tendency of this article. The writer is a communicant of a 
respected and orthodox Christian Church, and he is a Churchman before he is a 
Mason. If it were conceivable that circumstances should arise that would make it 
necessary to choose between the two, with whatever regret, he would abide by his 
church and give up Masonry. To a convinced Christian there can be no comparison 
between his religion and anything else in the world. It may be for this reason that he 
is inclined to think that not only is Freemasonry not a religion, but it is only (if at all) 
a very humble handmaid of religion. Religion stands on its own feet, whether 
Christianity or Theism, and the support of Freemasonry really seems something of an 
impertinence. Freemasonry is a wonderful thing, it embodies a most noble ideal, and 
it is wholly consistent with true religion, but if we realized its true functions, the fact 
that it was not something else than it is would not disturb us. 


— o — 


MASONRY AND CHRISTIANITY 


Since the advent of the Prince of Peace, Christianity and Masonry have gone hand in 
hand in the work of charity and love. Before that happy epoch, as a writer has 
observed, alms houses and eleemosinary institutions were unknown. Poverty (except 
among the Masons) was without a friend, and the humble supplications of distress 
were lost amid the proud pursuits of ambition, the wild and terrible clangor of arms 



and the sweeping desolations and cruelties of persecution, anarchy and despotism. ~ 
Freemason's Magazine, January, 1842. 


— o — 

EDITORIAL 

R.J. MEEKREN, Editor in Charge 
E.E. Thiemeyer, Research Editor 

BOARD OF EDITORS 

LOUIS BLOCK, Iowa 
ROBERT I. CLEGG, Illinois 
GILBERT W. DAYNES, England 
RAY V. DENSLOW, Missouri 
GEORGE H. DERN, Utah 
N.W.J. HAYDON, Canada 
R.V. HARRIS, Canada 
C. C. HUNT, Iowa 
CHARLES F. IRWIN, Pennsylvania 
A. L. KRESS, Pennsylvania 



F. H. LITTLEFIELD, Missouri 
JOSEPH E. MORCOMBE, California 
ARTHUR C. PARKER, New York 
J. HUGO TATSCH, Iowa 
JESSE M. WHITED, California 
DAVID E. W WILLIAMSON Nevada 


MASONRY TO BLAME 


OUR Vienna correspondent whose letter regarding the recent riots in that city 
appeared in THE BUILDER last month, was justified in his desire to put the facts of 
the situation before American Masons. Already Fascist accounts of the affair are 
being repeated in the newspapers of this country which lay it all to the dark intrigues 
of International Masonry. These intrigues, if you please, are designed wholly towards 
beginning a new world war apparently, with what object does not appear, however. 
We suggest to Fascist organs that it might be in revenge for the unjust treatment of 
Masons in Italy; but even so it would seem - to the purblind eye of common sense - 
rather like biting one's nose to spite one's face, or the alleged Chinese method of 
getting even with an enemy by committing suicide on his doorstep. 


The Fascist organ - all newspapers in Italy are Fascist organs now - II Levere has the 
following to say: 


What was the news which came out of the chaos at Vienna? It was this: The armed 
intervention of Italy in Austria. This news was to trouble Europe and bring about war. 
Who wants this? International Masonry. 



This seems to be constructed entirely out of the fears of the conservative elements in 
Austria that Jugoslavia or Italy might take advantage of the disorder. 


The paper goes on to speak of Russia: 


It is easy to speak of the third international, communism and agents of Moscow, but 
the people forget that the first cause of all trouble is the socialist, Masonic democracy, 
and that perhaps without Kerensky there would have been no Lenin. 


We Fascist Italians must see that around our frontiers is established a Masonic 
democracy which is more dangerous than any Asiatic danger. 


Central Europe and the Balkans, until 1934, will be the field of action for Masonry, 
which has sworn death to Fascism. Fascism has sworn death to Masonry and has 
already given proof of its pitiless strength. 


See how beautifully it all fits together! The Russian case is to back up the Austrian 
instance. Freemasonry is aiming at world chaos. Mrs. Nesta Webster would be glad of 
this confirmation of her theories. That Masonry did not and does not exist in Russia 
doesn't matter in the least! There is a Russian Masonry, but it lives in exile, chiefly in 
France. The exiles have become Masons since their flight from Russia. The last thing 
we can imagine them aiding and abetting is Bolshevism. However, gaps in the 
evidence never disturb the wolf in his indictment of the lamb. Fascism was glad to 
have the support of Masons (not of Masonry) when it was weak. Now it glories in its 
"pitiless strength" and ruthless injustice. Why? It is hard to say. The article by 
President Masaryk on another page gives in one place what may be a clue. The 
Roman Church believes (or professes to) that Freemasonry is Devil Worship, that 
Masons are sworn to Satan's service, and therefore to fight against everything good. 
The readiness with which the incredibly ridiculous inventions of Leo Taxil were 
believed shows at least a hatred not easily realized by American Masons. As Fascists 



have entered into a close confederation with the Papacy it may be that this 
persecution is part of the price of the Church's blessing upon them and their works. 


* * * 


COMING 


THE first installment of a long promised work, The Shadow of the Vatican, by Dr. 
Leo Cadius, a writer well known to our readers, will be found in the pages of THE 
BUILDER as soon as the present preliminary series is completed, which will be 
before the end of the current volume. It goes without saying that the forthcoming 
series will maintain the high standard of scholarship set by previous articles from the 
pen of this author. Until the publication of the first of THE BUILDER'S articles on the 
subject of the Roman Church in May of this year, the vast majority of such material 
appearing in the Masonic press dealt with the relations of the Church to our 
Fraternity. This is perhaps only natural since it is this phase of the question which is 
most interesting to Freemasons, and for the additional reason that it is very difficult to 
find anyone really qualified to write about the Church itself. So far as we know, there 
has never been a series of articles similar to The Shadow of the Vatican published 
either in the Masonic press or by any commercial publisher. 


The work of Dr. Cadius does not deal with the doctrines and dogmas of the Church. 
Almost any theologian is qualified to discuss these points, and for the most part they 
would be rather dull reading. An even more important reason for excluding them 
from the discussion, however, is the fact that when all is said and done we would 
doubtless be no nearer a solution of the problem than we are at present. 


To fully appreciate the value of The Shadow of the Vatican, it must be borne in mind 
that the author is a Roman Catholic theologian, and that what he has to say bears the 
stamp of one who knows the Roman Church as no Protestant possibly could. This fact 
enhances its value materially, because it does not permit of any possible charge of 



prejudice. The author is publishing it in a Masonic periodical because he has learned 
that other publishers fear the power of the Hierarchy. 


Dr. Cadius is a well educated man, possessing the highest of scholastic qualifications. 
His past work is an adequate guarantee that he will not indulge in the blatant, 
unreasoning criticism which is to be found in many modern periodicals. His style 
should be well enough known to our readers to need no comment. It is sufficient to 
say that a correspondent who was at one time a professor of English Literature has 
written that there is "something reminiscent of Charles Lamb" in the writings of Dr. 
Cadius. The Shadow of the Vatican shows that it is written by one trained in research 
where it is necessary to eliminate personalities and weigh evidence carefully. Because 
of this fact his revelations carry all the more weight. 


It has been said that there is no discussion of dogma to be found in its pages. What, 
then, is the subject of the work? The question is difficult to answer, but we might say 
that it is a problem in citizenship; a problem in government; and a discussion of the 
methods of government which are to be found in the Church itself. Too much 
emphasis cannot be placed upon the fact that it is an unprejudiced pronouncement, 
scholarly and impartial in tone, but none the less a severe indictment of Hierarchical 
methods. The Shadow of the Vatican aims to show the American people, both Roman 
Catholic and Protestant, that there is a real need for them to investigate and 
understand the present Church Politic. It endeavors to show that there is a real danger, 
and one against which we should be on guard. 


Above all this is a higher motive. The work is designed to lead us to an understanding 
which will be mutually satisfactory, where hatred and prejudice will have no place, 
and where there will be a real religious freedom, both mental and physical, and where 
intersectarian prejudices will cease to exist. In other words, it aims to teach us "to 
regard the whole human species as one family, the high, the low, the rich, the poor, 
who as created by one Almighty Parent, and inhabitants of the same planet, are to aid, 
support and protect each other." It tries to show why this happy state is at present 
impossible, and what can be done to make it a future possibility. 



FREEMASONRY AND RELIGION 


A CORRESPONDENT has posed a question that is definitely in line with the series 
of articles that are being published in THE BUILDER on the implications of the 
requirement of a belief in God, but which has not been covered by the preceding 
discussion. It is a very penetrating question and certainly needs consideration. Of 
course all Masons would say offhand that the answer was in the affirmative; it is on 
the ground that the affirmative answer is correct that thousands of men have become 
Masons; but curiously it seems doubtful if many could give a reasoned account of 
why they so believe. 


The question is this: Can an intelligent person consistently hold to the philosophy or 
religion of Masonry (so far as it can be said to have either) and at the same time 
accept literally the doctrines of Christianity? 


A slight change has been made in the wording of the question, as in the letter it refers 
specifically to an accompanying pamphlet which briefly sets forth the essential 
articles of faith in the Lutheran Church, but it manifestly applies to all orthodox 
Christianity. As is fairly well known this church, or a part of it at least, is 
uncompromisingly hostile to Freemasonry, and will not admit to full communion any 
Mason who does not renounce his connection with the Craft, and this chiefly on the 
grounds that the above question must be answered in the negative. 


In the letter it is stated that the writer has found among Masons a great variety of 
opinion, and much ignorance. While it is asserted that Freemasonry is a world- wide, 
universal institution accepting men of all races and nationalities and of all religions, 
there is uncertainty whether it is, as an institution, committed to any religious system, 
Some holding that it is essentially Christian and others asserting that it is 
antiChristian "in the sense that it rejects some of the most fundamental doctrines of 
the Bible." 



Of course there is a stock answer to this, that Freemasonry is not in any sense a 
religion, and acknowledges every faith and creed. And to many it will seem that this 
is the last word and that there is nothing more to be said. Nevertheless there are 
logical difficulties in the way of fully defining the position which are not always fully 
realized. All Masonic authorities in English speaking countries insist, first that 
Freemasonry is not a religion, and secondly that every Mason must profess the 
fundamental and essential tenet without which religion can hardly exist, that is, a 
belief in God. 


In spite of the unhesitating acceptance by the great majority of Masons of these two 
postulates it is doubtful if most of them have realized the debatable character of the 
conclusions that follow from them. In order to accept the above statement it is 
necessary to assume that though belief in God is an essential to religion it cannot 
constitute a religion by itself, and also that there is some underlying conception of 
God that is common ground to all religions. 


It is not necessarily to be understood from this that there is no answer to these 
difficulties, but only that the problem is seldom realized, and more seldom discussed. 
We have an institution to which are admitted on equal terms men of the two great 
Unitarian creeds, Islam and Judaism, with the Unitarians, who as a body historically 
seceded chiefly from the Congregational Church; and besides we have those who 
adhere to all the denominations of orthodox Christianity, ranging from the Holy 
Orthodox or Eastern Church itself to the minor Protestant bodies of the West, and 
also members of various other sects that are unorthodox and others that would be 
classed as pantheistic. Now it is a theological question of great complexity to reach 
any definition that would be true of all these religions that at the same time would be 
anything more than the barest abstraction, the mere empty form of a Deity; it is even 
open to doubt whether more than such an empty form could possibly fit the case. 
There is, however, a side path which may be taken, and which is perhaps the proper 
answer, and that is that every Mason is to think that his conception, his belief is the 
true one, and that he accepts the beliefs of others who differ from him, as evidence of 
good will on their part and a sincere desire to come at the truth (as he sees it) but 
which they are prevented from fully seeing by reason of inherited prejudices and 
erroneous teaching. This is the tolerant attitude, and tolerance is certainly a Masonic 



virtue, even though nowhere mentioned by name, but though unnamed it is implied 
everywhere all through the Masonic system, ritual, symbolic and constitutional. 


Supposing then that this is the answer to the second part of the problem, and that we 
need not bother with the complicated theological questions that seemed to be 
involved, what is to be said to the first of two suppositions, that belief in God is not in 
and by itself a religion? To begin with comes the question what is to be understood as 
a religion. In the sense of a church it is not, of course, but in the sense of a creed it 
seems difficult to answer with a sweeping negative. If belief in God is more than 
mere assent to a verbal formula without meaning, and certainly more than that is 
generally understood, it is practically impossible to believe in God without believing 
something about Him. To give content to the word we must conceive Him, for 
example, as eternal, omnipotent, omniscient, or the reverse; as personal, super- 
personal or impersonal; as beneficient or indifferent, and so on. And by the time we 
have selected the attributes which we believe to inhere in the Deity, we have a full 
fledged creed, to which it will be very difficult to deny the name of a religion in that 
sense, and which certainly is some justification for the contention of the churches 
who denounce the Masonic Institution as a secret theistic religion. 


But here again perhaps the same by-path will permit us to avoid the impasse. 
Freemasonry is not a religion because every man who enters it brings his own 
religion, and keeps it, taking nothing from Masonry but its tolerance - to which of 
course he must have been disposed or he would never have come. 


But we are not fully clear of the difficulties yet for this brings us face to face with 
another question. What are the limits within which the individual Mason's beliefs 
must lie? The series of articles that have been appearing in THE BUILDER have so 
far not thrown very much light on this point. Most of them have done little more than 
exhibit, what was obvious to begin with, that very different conceptions of God were 
held by members of the Craft. Practically everyone willing to accept the local 
formula, and profess belief in God, with or without some qualification or attribute, is 
accepted without further question - so far as this point goes at least. This is an 
eminently practical method, and is justified by its results we may say, but it is 
something of a disgrace to the supposedly intellectual character of Freemasonry that 
the philosophical and metaphysical aspects of the requirement have been so little 



studied. There have been floods of orratory and reams of rhetoric, going about and 
about the question, and glossing over all the difficulties, but very little serious 
thought. Apparently the position may summed up thus, tentatively at least: that we 
require that everyone who desires to join us should have some religion, but that it has 
never been agreed exactly where the line should be drawn; that while in the great 
majority of actual cases we are all in practical agreement, there are different opinions 
as to the exact limits that should be set. 


But it is precisely this understanding of the situation which is the reason that certain 
churches forbid their members to become Masons. Other reasons may be added based 
on misunderstanding and misinformation, but this is really the essential point. 
Freemasonry has a religious character because it demands a religious test, and 
therefore it is not a truly neutral organization like a professional society, say, or a 
social club. On this ground it would seem that any organized religion with an 
intolerant creed is justified on its own premises, or at least is consistent, in 
condemning it. In the little pamphlet above referred to we find for example a 
statement that "to ignore or deny one [of the Persons of the Trinity] is to disavow all." 
And another to the effect "that the Bible in all its words is the Word of God" and "that 
it is the only divine truth known on earth." Further, "all unbelievers will be sent into 
eternal condemnation," and what is to be understood by unbelievers becomes clear in 
the statement that "at the Last Day all those human beings who die without faith in 
Christ will be consigned to the same hell of eternal torment and doom," to which the 
fallen angels are already condemned. 


This is of course intolerance pure and simple, and men who so believe are right to 
eschew Masonry. But essentially Islam is equally intolerant, and though our liberally 
minded Jewish brethren may dissent it seems true that Judaism is in some places (and 
it must be confessed very naturally) as intolerant of Christianity as some Christians 
are of Judaism. In a sense it is so natural as to be almost inevitable, that an ethical 
religion should be intolerant. Polytheism is broad and inclusive, a new god is simply 
added to the pantheon; India has thousands of gods and goddesses. But the higher and 
purer a religion becomes, the more it holds its followers morally and spiritually and 
the more certain they become that they are right; and the corollary of that certainty is 
that others are wrong. There is a higher level still, we believe, but not easy to attain, 
and that is that our rightness does not exclude the rightness of others even though we 
cannot see how logically conflicting beliefs can be reconciled in the same system of 
truth. This tolerance is a positive thing, it is hard to attain. It is hard, for instance, to 



believe that Christ is God, and that Salvation comes only through Him, and yet admit 
that the Unitarian or the Mohammedan also believes in and worships the same God, 
and that God will receive them according as they followed the light given them. 

There is a much easier form of tolerance which is really incipient unbelief and 
indifference. The former, truer tolerance would hardly be condemned; men 
possessing it may found in every church and every creed - not many, but here and 
there one or two. The other tolerance is what our religious opponents see in 
Freemasonry and condemn. And are they altogether wrong? Is such tolerance really 
an asset? Practically it may be some extent, but it comes back to what is perhaps the 
real point of the question with which we started, can an intelligent person who 
believes in a definite positive creed hold to the religion and philosophy of Masonry? 
It is possible that it is this implication that leads many brethren who are sincere and 
earnest Christians to interpret Masonry in a Christian sense. This is their undoubted 
right so long as they do not seek also to force it on their brethren as the only 
interpretation. But on the other hand it certainly seems that those whose beliefs are as 
exclusive as those quoted above are right, and fully justified, in remaining outside, 
and possibly even in condemning the Fraternity. 


— o — 


THE NORTHEAST CORNER 


Bulletin of the National Masonic Tuberculosis Sanatoria Association 

Incorporated by Authority of the Grand Lodge of New Mexico, A.F.&A.M. 
MASONIC TEMPLE, ALBUQUERQUE, N. M. 


OFFICERS AND BOARD OF GOVERNORS 



HERBERT B. HOLT, Past Grand Master, President 
RICHARD H. HANNA, Vice-President 
JAFFA MILLER, Vice-President 
FRANCIS E. LESTER, Vice-President 
WILBUR L. ELSER, Executive Secretary 
ALPHEUS A. KEEN, Secretary 
JOHN W. BOWMAN, Treasurer 

ROBERT J. NEWTON, Editor, Manager N.M.T.S.A.. Las Cruces, New Mexico 

The Tale of Proceedings 
(Concluded) 

New York 


From the Grand Master's Address; Grand Lodge Proceedings, 1924. 


"We sometimes hear the expression that 'charity begins at home.' Masonic charity 
begins at home in the sense that we are obligated to take proper care of our own 
needy brethren, their widows and orphans, but Masonic charity should not end at 
home. We are taught that 'Freemasonry is neither bounded by geographical lines nor 
circumscribed by race, creed or time,' and that 'wheresoever destitution exists, there it 
is Masonic duty to relieve.' Our lodges are constituted in the name of 'universal 
benevolence' and in the dedicatory ceremony we pray that the Fraternity everywhere 
may be inspired to such deeds of benevolence as shall prove a constant joy to all 
mankind. Masonry teaches us that our charity shall be 'as boundless as the wants of 
our fellowman’.” 



From the Grand Lodge Proceedings, 1926. 


Almost four pages of the Grand Master's address is devoted to the N. M. T.,S. A. and 
the tubercular problem. The situation in the Southwest was described, largely by 
quotations from reports and appeals made by the association for assistance. He then 
went on to say: 


"Inasmuch as New York is mentioned as being second on the list of the six states 
furnishing the most migrants, and that New York furnishes a large part of the 
migration to the Southwest, and that Masons form a part of the migration of the sick 
to the Southwest, I sent to the Master of each lodge a letter requesting him to have the 
Secretary send to the Grand Secretary at once a list giving all the names and addresses 
of the members of his lodge at present residing in Arizona, Texas and New Mexico, 
and have the Secretary, where it is known that the brother was afflicted with 
tuberculosis, to so indicate on his list, and advise what has been done in his case; at 
the same time a copy was sent to the District Deputy Grand Master of each district 
with a request that he follow the matter up. Out of 965 lodges, reports have been 
received from 884. These reports show there are 217 of their members residing in 
Texas, Arizona and New Mexico; 192 of this number are in good health as far as the 
lodge records show; two were afflicted with tuberculosis, but have recovered, and 23 
are at present afflicted, and are there for their health; some of these are in good 
circumstances; some being cared for by their relatives; none apparently have asked 
for assistance at home. These reports are not to be taken as final, for the reason that 
reports from 81 lodges are missing, and for the further reason that the present physical 
condition of each member will have to be checked up, and should any of them be 
unable to meet the expenses of the treatment they require, and in the proper way, 
assistance should be promptly furnished them in the same manner as though they 
were residents here, together with the expense of distribution to the individuals 
through whatever agency may be selected in each state, whether it be the association 
referred to, or otherwise, and as the Trustees of the Masonic Hall and Asylum Fund 
do not have the necessary funds, I recommend they be supplied with such funds as 
they may find to be necessary. This would seem to meet the following requirement in 
a publication of the National Masonic Tuberculosis Sanatoria Association, sent by M. 
W. Bro. Miller, reading as follows: 'We propose to make an effort, which we have 
faith to believe will be successful, to interest Masons of the United States in this 



problem to secure their help to meet this need. The Masons of the Southwest will give 
their time, what money they can afford, and their talents, to work out this problem in 
the future, as they have in the past, if our brethren in the North, South, East and West 
will help us to take care of their own members who come out here and sooner or later 
appeal to our local lodges for help.' " 


As a result a recommendation was made to Grand Lodge as follows: 


"By direction of the Grand Master, a joint meeting of the Elective Grand Lodge 
Officers, Committee on Constitution, Committee on Jurisprudence, Trustees of the 
Masonic Hall and Asylum Fund, Chief Commissioner of Appeals and Judge 
Advocate, was held on Tuesday afternoon, May fourth, 1926. 


"Consideration was given to the matter of tubercular relief and the matter of the 
National Masonic Tuberculosis Sanatoria Association. 


"The following resolutions were adopted to be presented to Grand Lodge: 


"I, Resolved, That the sum of ten thousand dollars be placed in the possession of the 
Trustees of the Masonic Hall and Asylum Fund to be used by them for tubercular 
relief, and that the Grand Lodge be requested to make said appropriation for that 
purpose from the Permanent Fund. 


"II, Resolved, That the matter of the National Masonic Tuberculosis Sanatoria 
Association be referred to the Elective Grand Lodge Officers and the Committee on 
Jurisprudence for consideration and report." 


From the Grand Lodge Proceedings, 1927. 



The following is from the report made by the Joint Committee on Jurisprudence and 
Constitution on the subject of the N. M. T.,S. A., and its recommendations were 
adopted: 


"The object of this enterprise is worthy and one that appeals to all. As is known, many 
people who become afflicted with that dread disease, in their search for health and 
life, migrate to certain Southwestern states of our country, where the climate is 
thought to be helpful for them. Many of these become indigent and sometimes objects 
of charity. Our brethren in Arizona, New Mexico and some of the bordering states, 
endeavoring to alleviate this distress, have or are about to organize a corporation and 
through it build and maintain a sanitarium for such; while principally for Masons and 
their families, it is intended to benefit all thus suffering. They are asking the other 
Grand Lodges of our country to join with them in this undertaking. There are three 
main objections to our so doing, (a) It is not a Masonic organization except as it is 
organized and will, presumably, be managed by Masons, largely for the benefit of 
Masons, (b) It is an out of the state corporation; by associating ourselves with it, 
formally and officially, we would subject ourselves financially and possibly 
otherwise to the laws of a foreign state with all the incumbent dangers to such a 
situation. The distance is such that we could have no real voice or part in its 
management or control, (c) The third is, perhaps, of minor importance, but 
nevertheless must be given its place in the determination. When this matter first came 
up, our then Grand Master, M. W. Bro. Rowan, caused to be made a careful survey of 
our membership with a view of determining about how many would likely benefit 
from such an infirmary. It transpired that out of our large membership there were but 
one or two who came within its intendment. Our lodges, with the aid of the Grand 
Lodge, are caring for most of these needy brethren and their dependents, in the 
Adirondacks. 


"Last year we contributed $10,000 toward the help of these sufferers and doubtless 
will send them from time to time additional sums. From all aspects it seems better not 
to embark in an enterprise where the financial responsibility is not only unknown but 
inherently dangerous. 



"We therefore recommend that the matter of the National Masonic Tuberculosis 
Sanatoria Association, so far as membership of the Grand Lodge therein is concerned, 
be not approved ond that the invitation to become a member thereof be respectfully 
declined." 


To this report is appended a copy of a letter by M. W. Bro. Frank L. Simpson, Grand 
Master of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, to M. W. Bro. Herbert B. Holt, of New 
Mexico, in relation to the foregoing. 


This letter from Bro. Simpson to Bro. Holt, copies of which were sent by him to all 
the Grand Masters in the United States, is very long, but in spite of that should be 
published for the benefit of the American Craft. It gives one the impression that Bro 
Simpson wrote rather as a lawyer to his brief than as a Mason. Attention should be 
given to the three objections stated. Note the element of doubt introduced with the 
word "presumably." They are well worth analysis. 


* * * 


Oklahoma 


From the Grand Master's Address; Grand Lodge Proceedings, 1927. 


"[The N. M. T. S. A.] is an association organized and incorporated by the M. W. 
Grand Lodge of New Mexico to act as an agent, or trustee, for all Grand Jurisdictions 
that will cooperate with it in the relief and hospitalization of consumptive Masons, 
and I feel that this is a worthy association and one that all Master Masons will 
support. I wonder how many of the brethren realize that there are 91 deaths from 
tuberculosis among the Masons of this state every year, according to the figures 
compiled by this association? Oklahoma has 396 hospital beds to care for 
approximately 1233 citizens who die annually of tuberculosis. The figures shown 



above were prepared by the recently organized National Masonic Tuberculosis 
Sanatoria Association which was chartered by the Grand Lodge of New Mexico 'to 
act as an agent or trustee; to receive and administer funds contributed or acquired for 
the relief of Freemasons and their families; to secure hospitalization of the sick; to 
render service according to the need and our ability; to erect and operate sanatoria; to 
aid in the prevention and the treatment of tuberculosis among Masons and their 
families; to disseminate knowledge as to the cause, treatment, relief and cure of 
tuberculosis.' From my own knowledge this association is doing good. One Master 
Mason from a lodge near my home town has been cared for by this association and he 
tells me that they have visited him many times and were always willing to render 
every service within their power. I feel that we would be remiss in our duty as 
Masons were we to fail to contribute to this association. The money that we pay in 
salaries and expenses of our Masonic Service Association, if contributed to organize 
relief such as this association officers, will, in my opinion, be contributed to real 
Masonic service. It is impossible for the Grand Lodge within whose jurisdiction lies 
the mecca of our tubercular brethren, to give aid to each and every one who requests 
it, however worthy they may be. Statistics gathered by the association show that 90 
per cent of the tubercular brethren who go to the and region in search of relief appeal 
for help to some charitable association in less than one year after their arrival. The 
city of El Paso, Texas, estimates a 600 non-resident, sick Master Masons in that city. 
Albuquerque has 200 cases, and Denver, Colorado Springs, Los Angeles, Phoenix, 
San Antonio, and many other smaller cities and towns have more than their 
proportionate share. To meet these conditions the Grand Lodge of New Mexico was 
compelled, in self defense, to create or incorporate a legal Masonic institution to 
handle problems which arise, when brethren from their Grand jurisdictions, our own 
included, come to them every day for help. The recent Chicago meeting of the 
Masonic Service Association considered this problem and was so impressed with the 
need for prompt and definite action that it has undertaken to issue a call for funds for 
organization work.' 


"I am quoting literally from literature sent out by this association. I feel that our 
Grand Lodge should take some action towards recognizing this association and that 
we should contribute our bit toward the care of our unfortunate brethren." 



Vermont 


From the Grand Master's Address; Grand Lodge Proceedings, 1926. 


"One of the worst scourges of the human race is tuberculosis. The awful ravages of 
this dread disease are familiar to all of us but up to very recently it has not been 
presented to us in the light of a distinctively Masonic problem. To our brethren in the 
Southwest it has been such for years and they have borne a steadily increasing burden 
in the ministering to the needs of the thousands of Masons who are led to seek the 
benefits of their invigorating climate in the usually vain search for health and 
strength. 


"The report of a special committee to the Masonic Service Association said last year: 


" 'For more than a generation consumptives have gone to the Southwest seeking the 
benefits of a mild climate, most of them without adequate means of support. These 
numbers of indigent, migratory consumptives have created a problem which during 
the last fifteen years has engaged the study and attention of charity, welfare and 
health organizations, and of the United States Government. Some ten years ago the 
National Tuberculosis Association estimated that 10,000 or more hopeless cases went 
to the west every year and that more than half of them soon became objects of 
charity.' 


"In 1920 in six southwestern cities a total of 7319 consumptives was found. Sixteen 
per cent of them made application for assistance within a week after arrival, one-third 
within a month, 50 per cent within three months and 90 per cent within less than a 
year after coming to these cities. 


"Of these unfortunates hundreds are Masons and in many cases that fact is discovered 
by accident or when it is too late to give the sufferer any lasting help. 



"The 725 sick Masons in El Paso, and 250 in Albuquerque, are but samples of the 
Masonic tubercular population of the great Southwest who have gone there by 
thousands in hope of relief and in the great majority of cases have become a burden 
on the lodges there, a burden of which far too little is carried by the home lodges. 


"For the purpose of centralizing this work under the authority of a responsible 
organization the National Masonic Tuberculosis Sanatoria Association was formed 
under the auspices of the Grand Lodge of New Mexico on the eighteenth of February 
and is now being recognized by our Grand Lodges as a proper channel through which 
to contribute to this most distressing need. To them Massachusetts has sent a 
thousand dollars, New Jersey the same, Connecticut $500, and other jurisdictions 
according to their ability. This is a work in which we should be represented and I 
recommend that we make a contribution of $200 to this association." 


And in conclusion he said: 


"Brethren, I wonder if we are open to criticism of being content to float about in the 
eddy of indifference when the current Masonic life, activity and thought should have 
carried us to higher and better things, to larger fields of usefulness and service. 
Ignorance may be bliss, but is far from folly to be informed regarding the Masonic 
progress of the day and the various organizations bearing the approval of the 
Fraternity which have come into being during the last few years. We cannot stand 
aloof indefinitely and continue to hold up our heads among our brethren round about. 
The time has gone by, if it ever was, when Masons can proudly consider themselves 
as considerably better than the average run of men and by so doing justify failure as 
good citizens. More and more insistent comes the demand for deeds in the place of 
words, and less and less are claims taken at their face value and respect given to 
traditional virtue and merit claimed by the descendants by those whose possession of 
those qualities in ample measure distinguished them among their brethren. 


"There is no surer way to dry up sympathy, kindness and regard than indulgence in 
that feeling of superiority which is the natural result of dwelling upon past 



performance or record. Others care nothing for alibi and not much more for history, 
and we face the ever-growing demand that organizations as well as men be judged 
according to achievement. 


"Our mission is service, and that implies and demands far more than good ritualistic 
ceremony or excellent floor work. These are well, and the emphasis placed upon them 
is well bestowed, but they are too highly valued if they are regarded as anything more 
than the means to an end, and that end is the bringing of the elect and through them 
those whom in some degree they influence into a place of larger outlook on the great 
problem of life, of deeper sympathy with our brothers in need, of high resolve to do 
our part in making the world a cleaner, brighter and better place in which to live. 

Such is the nature of our engagement as Master Masons, and to these duties we are 
bound by the most solemn ties." 


* * * 


Virginia 


From the Grand Master's Address; Grand Lodge Proceedings, 1925. 


"Exultant claims of superiority and exceptional worth for our Order are but sounding 
brass and tinkling cymbals unless supported by concrete evidence of efficient service 
to mankind in either a moral or practical sense. Euphonious phrases alone never 
relieve a widow's want, nor will high sounding platitudes stop the cravings of a 
hungry man. Comfortable surroundings and wholesome social intercourse stimulate 
interest in lodge meetings, and should not be discountenanced or discouraged in any 
Masonic community. This, however, should not and does not alter the fact that the 
relief of distress, the protection of the widow and orphan, and the kind and 
sympathetic ministrations to those who have a just claim upon our affections is the 
solvent and indisputable guarantee of our merit, and the best assurance of posterity's 
favor. 



"Freemasonry is as mysterious in its operations as it is in its origin. It came into my 
life in a trail of domestic sorrow. A beloved kinsman stricken with a lingering illness 
languished for months ere his spirit took its flight from a tenement of suffering. 
During all this period of anxiety, Freemasons, true to their calling, ministered to his 
every want. It was a ministry beyond my understanding, this subtle power which 
drew men from different walks in life, for such they were, to act the part of gentle 
Samaritan. Here indeed was the incarnate and overt spirit of God leading gently His 
children through the agency of a temporal order to do His bidding and serve His 
cause. I sought this brotherhood, was inducted into its light and from then until now, 
by Heaven's permission, it has been the medium through which I have rendered to 
mankind the best service a moderate intellect and feeble body would permit." 


* * * 


Wyoming 


From the Grand Master's Address; Grand Lodge Proceedings, 1926. 


"This association [the N. M. T. S. A.] was incorporated in 1925 by the Grand Lodge 
of New Mexico, for the purpose of extending needed relief, through hospitalization 
and other means, to Masons afflicted with tuberculosis and to their families. 


"New Mexico, Texas and Arizona, having equable climates, have become Meccas for 
these sufferers, who have invaded these states named in such numbers that it is 
beyond the power and financial means of the communities to afford relief to all. In 
two cities alone, El Paso, Texas, and Albuquerque, New Mexico, there are nearly one 
thousand tubercular Masons, 75 per cent of them from other jurisdictions, many of 
them dependent wholly on charity. 



"I have received many letters and printed circulars from Grand Master H. B. Holt, of 
New Mexico, President of the Association, stating the aims of the organization and 
inviting the cooperation of all jurisdictions. The movement has received the 
endorsement of the Masonic Service Association and of the National Tuberculosis 
Association, and a majority of the Grand Jurisdictions has accepted service on the 
Board of Governors, being represented either by the Grand Master or a Past Grand 
Master. At the earnest solicitation of President Holt, I recently consented to serve on 
the Board, such acceptance not committing this Grand jurisdiction to any definite 
action. 


"I have at hand all of the correspondence and much printed matter pertaining to this 
subject, and would respectfully suggest that it be referred to a committee to 
investigate and make report during this session; or, if that be found impracticable, to 
work in conjunction with the incoming Grand Master, and make report at the next 
session of the Grand Lodge." 


* * * 


From the Review of Templar Proceedings, by Grand Recorder Ray V. Denslow, of 
Missouri (1925). 


"It has been estimated that the value of the Templar uniforms actually owned in the 
United States today is almost $50,000,000. Almost $2,000,000 is invested annually 
by those who are knighted. 


"All this by an Order whose novitiates formerly took upon themselves the vows of 
poverty, chastity and obedience. Such an investment in Masonic temples would give 
us one hundred half-million dollar temples; the annual investment would build forty 
$50,000 temples or give a splendid competence to 4000 deserving widows and 
orphans. 



"Is it worth the expense? 


"The writer can take you within a radius of three hundred miles and show you 
anywhere from five hundred to a thousand uniforms never removed from their 
original wrappings; he can take you into almost any jurisdiction and show you 75 to 
80 per cent of the uniforms not in use in a single year. The percentage might be 
decreased during Triennial year, which leads us to the question of what is to be 
gained by the vast amount of money expended tri-annually in attending the parade of 
the Grand Encampment. The writer's own jurisdiction will, no doubt, expend upwards 
of $100,000 in making this trip; the writer confesses that he himself intends to be a 
member of the party, and yet, after all, he wonders whether the end justifies the 
means. 


"Extravagance and luxury were the two great causes which contributed to the 
downfall of the Ancient Order of Knighthood. Is history to repeat itself in the 
downfall of the modern Order? Whether we attempt to pass out by way of the south, 
the west or the east, we are waylaid by the railways, the hotel keepers and the uniform 
makers, so that eventually we may have to put on the garments of poverty, which will 
necessarily result in chastity and probably obedience. 


"What can be done? Let us return to our ancient obligations; let us devote our 
substance to the relief of the distressed widows and orphans; let us rally to the 
defense of innocent maidens and the Christian religion, not a religion of show, but a 
religion of practice. 


"If it be necessary, or if it be thought wise, to wear the distinguishing mark of the 
Templar, let us at least try to bear out the tradition by endeavoring to wear the true 
Templar costume, which is just as essential as the true Templar cross. A parade of 
thousands of Knights, thus garbed, would be like a breath from the feudal days, a 
vision of the chivalry of the Middle Ages, and a spark of the religious enthusisam 
which incited many of another century to perform acts of charity and deeds of pure 
beneficience which spread their fame both far and wide. 



"Let us return to our ancient customs and principles." 


Comment on all this seems hardly called for. The story told by these quotations is on 
the whole a saddening one, at least to those who think that the Craft should be 
organized to give effect to the responsibilities and obligations voluntarily assumed by 
every Mason. 


— o — 


THE STUDY CLUB. 


A pamphlet on "How to Organize and Maintain a Study Club" will be sent free on 
request, in quantities to fifty 


The Formation of a Study Club 


A Practical Illustration of the Work of the National Masonic Research Society 


The following excerpts are taken from one of our files and show step by step the 
formation of a Study Club by a group of interested Masons. Names and places have 
been intentionally omitted, but will be furnished to anyone who cares to address an 
inquiry to the Society. 


In accordance with the new plan for this department, we are publishing these letters 
because they are valuable in assisting others in the formation of Study Clubs. There 
is, ready for publication, a series of articles relative to a Study Club formed under the 



auspices of the National Masonic Research Society which will appear from time to 
time in the pages of THE BUILDER. However, the Study Club Department is to be 
devoted primarily to correspondence which might furnish clews to those who are 
undertaking the organization of Study Groups, and which might be of assistance to 
those Clubs already under way. For this reason, the series above mentioned may be 
interrupted at any time in order to make room for important correspondence. 


THE following letter is the first in the series relative to the formation of a Study Club 
in a Western city, and with its succeeding correspondence indicates the manner in 
which the N. M. R. S. aids the work of developing intelligent study of Masonic 
history and principles: 


A few of the members of this lodge are anxious to organize a Study Club. Some time 
ago I received several leaflets relative to such clubs from the National Masonic 
Research Society. I have just been appointed Acting Chairman of the Committee on 
Masonic Education in our lodge and I hope to get a real Study Club started - one 
which will grow and spread "further light in Masonry." I would appreciate your 
sending me any information you may have relative to the first problems confronting 
us in the organization of such a Club. 


In reply to this letter the Society wrote as follows: 


The first difficulty which confronts any Study Group is the problem of what to study. 
It seems quite difficult for beginning groups to select a starting point and carry out 
anything in the way of systematic study. We have recently published a new Syllabus 
of Masonic Study which covers the ritual and symbolism of the three degrees in a 
manner particularly designed to meet this need. 


The Syllabus is a course in ceremonial and symbolical Masonry covering the first 
three degrees. The design is such that it carries the candidate through the ceremony in 
ritual sequence, explaining as it progresses the symbolism of each ritual act. The 
Syllabus itself is in outline form and is divided into convenient sections, each 



accompanied by a list of references to the necessary textbooks. These references 
mention not only the name of the book, but the pages on which the information will 
be found. It is so arranged that a student having the textbooks is able to select his 
reading in accordance with the course. In the case of a Study Club each subdivision 
could be made the topic for one meeting. The leader could prepare his talk from the 
references and the other members could read such portions of them as they saw fit. 
This would prepare them to take part in the evening's discussion. 


Some two weeks later we were pleased to receive the following letter from our 
correspondent: 


Last night, at an invitational gathering of certain brethren of my lodge, we organized 
a Study Circle which we have named the Masonic Research Club. 


It was my privilege to be instrumental in promoting this meeting and we derived a 
great deal of benefit from the suggestions, advice, etc., contained in the leaflets which 
you sent, together with the information in your letter to me. 


We are planning to commence our study with the Symbolism of the First Degree, and 
work on through the three degrees. 


Upon motion of one of our members, which was duly seconded and unanimously 
carried, we voted to make all Masters and Past Masters, who desired to join us in our 
work, honorary members of our Club. 


In our city we have two Blue Lodges. Our idea in naming our Study Circle the 
Masonic Research Club was, to have it maintain itself, thereby making it possible for 
t brothers of both lodges to become members of our club. This, we believe, will help 
to more strongly unite the two lodges in the interests of Freemasonry in our locality, 



and will do much to promote a more cordial and sincere feeling of Brotherly Love 
among the Craft. 


It is our intention to establish a Question Box, in the ante room of the lodges, for the 
benefit of the curious, interested members of the Fraternity who desire more light as 
to the "whys and wherefores" and who desire to know what it is all, about. 


We feel very fortunate in having a Master who is particularly interested along these 
lines, and who will cooperate with us in every way possible, and particularly by 
announcing in open session of the lodge the date of our meeting, and allotting us 
certain time for replying to the queries received in the Question Box. 


In our reply the only thing which might be of interest to the general reader is the 
excerpt printed below: 


The Question Box idea seems particularly good. Doubtless you will run into 
questions from time to time that will stump you and to which you will not be able to 
find answers conveniently. Please bear in mind when such an occasion arises that the 
National Masonic Research Society stands ready to place all of its resources for work 
of this kind at your disposal. We will either prepare an answer to your questions or 
send you the material from which you can prepare your own answer, whichever 
seems best suited to the case, or as you may select. 


The correspondence has continued very much along the same lines and there is little 
more of interest. The club is flourishing and they have sent in several questions in 
accordance with the plan above suggested. The following extract shows the extent of 
this progress: 



We have started the work of study as outlined in the Syllabus and at our next meeting 
the Study Director is going to have different brothers read a portion of the text and 
then hold this portion open for discussion. 


Our membership is now fifteen and we are all very much interested in the work. 


In order to show that the work of the Society was beneficial and appreciated, we 
quote the latest communication from this Club: 


At the regular meeting of the Masonic Research Club held on July 15, 1927, the 

brothers assembled being very grateful for the help furnished by the Society at the 
time we were organizing our Club, upon motion duly made, seconded and 
unanimously carried, adopted the following resolution: 


"that a copy of the Constitution and By-Laws be sent to the National Masonic 
Research Society of St. Louis, Mo., for the purpose of advising them of the progress 

of the Masonic Research Club and as a mark of appreciation of their efforts on 

behalf of the Club." 


Pursuant to the wish of the brothers the Secretary was instructed to attend to this 
matter and enclosed herewith pleas find a copy of the above mentioned Constitution 
and By-Laws. 


— o — 


THE LIBRARY 



The books reviewed in these pages can be procured through the Book Department of 
the N.M.R.S. at the prices given, which always include postage. These prices are 
subject (as a matter of precaution) to change without notice; though occasion for this 
will very seldom arise. Occasionally it may happen, where books are privately 
printed, that there is no supply available, but some indication of this will be given in 
the review. The Book Department is equipped to procure any books in print on any 
subject, and will make inquiries for second-hand works and books out of print. 


GENTLEMEN MARCH. By Roland Pertwee. Published by The Houghton Mifflin 
Co., Boston. Cloth, Table of Contents, 323 pages. Price, $2.15. 


WHO of our readers has ever heard of Roland Pertwee? No, this is not one of those 
"Ask Me Another" tests, but an honest question. I must confess that until I saw the 
announcement of his new novel he was totally unknown to me. I hate to make such an 
admission for two reasons. In the first place it is not pleasant to admit ignorance, and 
in the second, which is by far the more important, for seven years I seem to have 
missed some of the most delightful entertainment that has been offered to those who 
enjoy light fiction. It was with no little trepidation that the reading of Gentlemen 
March was undertaken. I put it off as long as possible, for no particular reason, except 
that I dreaded the possibility of its being one of those dull novels that one so 
frequently finds today. It was undertaken one evening when the humor for more 
serious reading was off on vacation. The book was finished the same evening with the 
consequent loss of sleep and with the resulting inefficiency the next morning. It is not 
a particularly arduous task to read a three hundred page novel in one evening. Usually 
one reads about one hundred pages and looks over, or over looks, as you prefer, the 
balance. That means two hours at the most. This was different, however. It was 
impossible to skip anything. One never knew around which comer, or over which 
page, something new was going to happen. You could not afford to skip through it, 
and you did not want to, either. This was my introduction to Roland Pertwee. I hope I 
shall come to know him better. (I learned a little more the other night, but that comes 
later in the story.) 


Even those who profess to read nothing but non-fiction find it, necessary to get away 
from the serious thoughts of scholars once in a while and hide in the realms of 
romance. There is no more invigorating relaxation to my mind than a good story of 



adventure. Doubtless you know what is coming, but I cannot resist the temptation to 
mention the man who, to my way of thinking, has done more to place adventure upon 
the highest plane of fiction than any other living author. Rafael Sabatini has for 
several years past been my idol and ideal when it came to this type of literature. I do 
not think that anyone will ever usurp the place occupied in my mind by that story of 
the French Revolution which first brought Sabatini before the great mass of people. 
Scaramouche was, and still is, his masterpiece. Those works which have come since 
do not reach the same pinnacle. They are excellent reading, no one can deny that, but 
somehow they fall short of the above mentioned melodrama. His earlier works show 
the effects of immaturity, but the plots are vivid and packed with dramatic incidents 
that are sufficient to hold almost anyone on the edge of his chair, and if he becomes 
too deeply impressed he is likely to fall off. I have found that the best place to read 
books of this kind is on the floor. It obviates all possible danger, and gives ample 
opportunity to allow your mind full sway. 


Now this fellow Pertwee comes upon the scene. In many ways I wish he had 
remained in the fastnesses from which he came. I shall have to spena no little time in 
the next few weeks trying to catch up with what I have missed. The short biographical 
sketch to be found on the wrapper of Gentlemen March tells us that like Aubrey 
Beardsley (whoever he was), Pertwee was bom in Brighton and that he began his 
career as an artist working under John Singer Sargent and Alma-Tadema. Later he 
forsook the palette and bmsh for the stage and played under the management of H. B. 
Irving. (That is the second unknown who has received publicity from the publishers.) 
Pertwee says that he always did write, but that until the war it was only for his own 
amusement. During the war he began to write seriously. Short stories came first and 
then his first novel, Our Wonderful Selves, was written in 1918 in a convalescent 
hospital. So much for the author. I find I am about nine years behind time and insist 
that I shall have to catch up very soon. 


The story of Gentlemen March must be read to be appreciated. Briefly the action 
concerns Nicholas Cheyne who meets a school-girl in Paris, and of course, it is 
always "of course" in a case of this kind, falls in love with her. He leams that Natalie 
is heir to the throne of Sciriel, which seems to let him out, accordingly he tries to 
conquer his love by enlisting in the Foreign Legion. After seven years of service 
Nicholas discovers that the Great War has brought about the overthrow of the 
reigning house of Sciriel. He departs from the Legion to seek and rescue Natalie, 
whom he thinks of no longer as a Crown Princess, but as a woman to whom he may 



once more aspire. The rest of the story you can imagine, but don't try to do more than 
picture the ending. The adventures of Nicholas in Sciriel form the most fascinating bit 
of adventurous literature it has been my pleasure to read in a long time. 


As has been indicated there are other novels by this same writer. 1 do hope there are 
not too many, because the busy season is coming on and it will be necessary to devote 
some time to other work. The fact that I read Rivers to Cross one night was 
mentioned earlier. It is necessary to say just a word about that book. It is a worthy 
predecessor to Gentlemen March and if these two books can be taken as a criterion a 
word of warning will also be necessary. I began Rivers to Cross on the way home. I 
had an engagement for the evening and was late in keeping it. Arriving home 
considerably later, I saw the book again, and finished it in the wee small hours of the 
morning. Whatever you do, and whatever you want to do, don't miss reading 
Gentlemen March. If you like this sort of fiction you will want to read more of 
Pertwee; if you have no liking for it read it anyhow, and then read Scaramouche. I 
venture the opinion that you will be haunting the libraries for the rest of Pertwee's 
books, and not a few of Sabatini's. But above all things don't start any of them unless 
you have an evening totally free, and with no strings tied to it. Of course, it makes no 
difference if you don't mind missing a night's sleep, but if you start Gentlemen March 
or Rivers to Cross, you will finish them before morning. 


* * * 


THE MESSAGE OF THE POETS. By, John J. Lanier. Privately printed. Limited 
Masonic Edition (125 copies). Cloth, table of contents, 159 pages. Price, $5.00. 
Ordinary edition; $2.50. 


THIS is a strange little book; it would be difficult to give it a label and put it in its 
right place. Most books follow certain broad lines, they are novels, books of verse, 
histories, or they treat of some special subject. This treats of poetry it is true, but to 
say that would not give an adequate idea of what it is. Bro. Lanier, who is at heart a 
poet himself, sets out ostensibly to tell us the place that poetry should take in our 
lives, but he goes on far beyond that into the inescapable facts of birth and life and 



death, and the tragedy of the world, and what is at the back of it all. This he does 
partly in his own words and partly in the language of poems quoted to illustrate his 
point. 


The following quotations may give a better idea of what is to be found than any 
description: 


If the world were such a world as we would like the Almighty to make for us, we 
should be jelly fish to the end of time. We never should have any physical, mental or 
spiritual backbone. The world is hard and full of dangers of all sorts; and ought to be 
so, for in no other kind of world can men and women be made brave, generous, noble, 
fearless and godlike. This is the purpose of God . . . and if one objects to being such a 
person this is the worst of worlds to be in. 


And again: 


The awards are not given because of what we have thought about God, or even how 
we have treated Him, but because of what we have done to our fellow man. 


God shall say unto us, "Verily I say unto you, inasmuch as you have done it unto 
these my children, even unto the least, you have done it unto me." 


This is not new of course. People have been reading it in the Bible for centuries - and 
yet official and formal religionists are always smothering it up with their version of 
the "traditions of the elders." 


Speaking of the family tie he says: 



It takes something tremendously strong to hold the family together after it is made. In 
fact it takes the strongest thing in the universe. And at times it is a terrific strain even 
upon this greatest of all powers. What is it? It is love. Nothing less than love can 
work this miracle. 


The book deserved better of the printers and the proof readers. But that is probably 
incidental to the work being done locally by printers unused to book work; so perhaps 
the critic should not be too severe. In these days it is a great risk and a great expense 
for any but a writer of "best sellers" to publish a book, and we believe this was well 
worth publishing. 


* * * 


DOCUMENTS ILLUSTRATING THE HISTORY OE CIVILIZATION IN 
MEDIAEVAL ENGLAND (1066-1500). By R. Trevor Davies. Published by 
Methuen & Co. Cloth, table of contents, index, 413 pages. Price, $3.65. 


THE title of this book is a very accurate one, it is a collection of documents, and they 
do illustrate the history of Mediaeval England, which includes the civilization of the 
period; but in spite of that it is very misleading. One would naturally expect, after 
wading through the title, a dry-as-dust work of reference; and a casual glancing 
through the book might confirm the expectation, for it looks like that kind of book. 
But if one stops to read a few sentences the illusion is gone, the veil is rent, and one is 
apt to be lost till someone else impatiently says it is time for supper or bed or 
something else equally unimportant. Even the extracts from Domesday book have an 
interest, and the trial of a horse-thief in the thirteenth century, in spite of its ritual 
dialogue, moves on as swiftly to its denouement as in the court of Judge Lynch 
himself with a jury of Vigilantes, only the condemned was allowed to have his shrift 
from a priest before he was hung. 



The regulations in the Statute of Winchester regarding clearing the highways are 
interesting - two hundred feet on each side was to be cleared so as to leave no covert 
for an ambush; and every man had to have "harness" and weapons according to his 
means and rank "for to keep the peace." And "view of armour" (which was an 
inspection of arms where every freeman was a soldier) was to be made twice a year. 


The chronicle of Jocelyn of Brakelond, a monk of St. Edmunds, is very exciting in 
places, especially where be tells of the election of Samson, master of the novices, to 
be abbot. The abbot of St. Edmunds was a very important person, and the king had 
much interest in the election. Samson was by birth of the lowest classes, his election 
put him on an equality with the greatest nobles. The king was suspicious, the monks 
timid, they wanted Samson but were almost too frightened to say so. But their choice 
was justified, the new abbot pulled the monastery out of the slough of debt and 
disorder into which it had fallen, and though he had disputes with the monks and the 
king and the burghers of St. Albans, all respected him, and in the end loved him. 


There is a long extract from the journal of the Sieur de Joinville, who accompanied 
St. Louis, King of France, on the Crusade. This gives a very vivid picture of the 
campaign with many sidelights on the customs and manners of the time. When he left 
home, he says he would not turn his eyes towards Joinville for fear his heart would 
melt at the thought of leaving his home and children. 


Froissart's Chronicles are readily accessible, being in most public libraries, and the 
passages quoted are those best known, the description of the English campaigns in 
France and the prowess of the Black Prince. Perhaps the most interesting, to those 
who do not already know them, are the selections from the Paston letters. These are 
between members and friends of the Paston family, and show at once how amazingly 
like ourselves people were then, and yet how different their lives. The quaintest thing 
is perhaps the letter of Margaret Paston to her "Right Worshipful Husband" (she calls 
him "dear heart" in other places), asking him to send some crossbows and "quarrels" 
and "wyndacs" to wind the bows up with, because the house "was so low that there 
may none man shoot out with no long bow though we had never so much need," also 
she wants some short poleaxes to keep within doors, presumably for the inmates to 
use on any unwelcome intruders. The times were evidently rather lively - also the 
lady was not afraid of double or even triple negatives. 



Probably it is better to get the original works, Froissat, William of Malmesbury, 
Giraldus Cambrensis, Sir John Maundeville and the rest; but for those who have them 
not this book will give at least a selection of the treasures to be found i these old 
chronicles of the past. 


* * * 


PLANT AUTOGRAPHS AND THEIR REVELATIONS. By Sir Jagadis Chunder 
Bose. Published by the Macmillan Co. Cloth, analytical table of contents, illustrated, 
appendix, index. Price, $1.95. 


IT may seem rather curious to introduce a book by quoting from the Appendix. But as 
this is taken from the Inaugural Address on the occasion of the dedication of the Bose 
Institute at Calcutta in 1917 it would naturally say something of the author's work and 
the purpose or ideal inspiring it. This is one thing he said: 


The excessive specialization in modem science has led to the danger of losing sight of 
the fundamental fact that there can be but one truth, one science, which includes all 
the branches of knowledge. 


There can be little doubt that this is the fundamental postulate of all scientific 
research. The scientist, who is very, very seldom a philosopher, takes the naive 
metaphysics of common sense for granted. He assumes that things, the facts of the 
world are real, and also that they are explicable. And on this assumption he would 
also look for real and intelligible connections between different sciences, or branches 
of science, only that he seldom thinks about it, being too much occupied and his field 
of vision too much circumscribed by his labors in his own mine or quarry. The author 
went on: 



India, through her habit of mind is peculiarly fitted to realize the idea of unity, and to 
see in the phenomenal world an orderly universe. 


The world that, as he had just remarked, appears at first sight to be so chaotic and 
disconnected. It was this that led him "to the frontiers in the different sciences" and 
"to the border region of physics and physiology" where he was amazed 


... to find boundary lines vanishing and points of contact emerging between the 
realms of the living and non-living. Inorganic matter was found to be anything but 
inert. ... A common reaction seemed to bring, together metal plant and animal under 
a general law. They all exhibited the phenomena of fatigue and depression, together 
with possibilities of recovery and exaltation yet also that of permanent 
irresponsiveness which is associated with death. 


In a sense this is not entirely new; for instance, it was observed long ago by practical 
men whose work made it important, that metals appear to suffer from fatigue, and that 
being allowed to rest the weak places are strengthened; but the observation was rather 
of the loose and inaccurate type of every day judgments, where we arrive at 
conclusions, or impressions, from accumulated experience, without being able to give 
any definite account of the matter, statistical or analytical. This has, however, been 
one of those things that comparatively few people knew and still fewer had thought 
about; in regard to plants it is far otherwise. Hundreds of thousands of people are 
intimately concerned with these, and have observed their habits, have seen how the 
roots of seedlings will go down and the shoots come up; or rather how shoots and 
leaves will seek the light, as the roots will burrow for moisture and food. People who 
love flowers, and they are many, will often in a half-ashamed way say that it seems 
that plants actually respond to care and attention beyond the mere provision of 
favorable conditions. While other people cannot keep them alive no matter what they 
do. This may be superstition, but it is folk lore in the general sense, and the raw 
material of science. 


It is a case of interest and attention after all. For many people have denied, and some 
do deny, that animals have any intelligence, or even feeling, and act accordingly. 



They are no worse than others, less sympathetic and less observant still, who seem to 
think almost that other races of mankind than their own are without sense or 
sensibility; and also speak and act accordingly. 


Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose has brought to bear on this borderland all the technique of 
modern exact science. The science that depends on measurements of the greatest 
refinement, of strict records and repeated experiments. He had of course to devise 
apparatus for the purpose, much of which is clearly described in the present work. 
Machines for magnifying and recording the most minute movements, devices that 
make the growth of a plant visible, that show how it varies, sometimes even in a 
negative sense, shrinking instead of growing. As a result of his experiments he has 
discovered that the flow of sap in plants is caused exactly in the same way as the flow 
of blood in animals. It does not depend on pressures, or attraction, capillary or 
otherwise, but is due to the rhythmic expansion and contraction of the cells in the 
vascular fibres, each cell acting as an undifferentiated and microscopic heart, forcing 
the sap received from its neighbor below into the one next above. The movement is so 
small, the cells of course being visible only under a microscope, that it could not be 
detected without such apparatus as the author has invented. 


In the same way rudimentary powers of movement have been detected which in 
principle are analogous in every way to the muscular activity of animals. And more 
than this a real nervous system is shown to exist. Very simple indeed, compared with 
that of mammals or human beings, about in the same ratio as a toy telephone would 
be to a large telephone exchange in a big city with all its connections, but 
nevertheless functioning in the same way, even to the distinction between afferent 
and efferent nerves and the existence of reflex arcs. Of course there is nothing like a 
brain in any plant, scarcely anything indeed that could be called a ganglion, but yet 
something that is parallel and for the purposes of plant life equivalent. 


These discoveries, which it is truly not too much to call startling, will give much food 
for thought to those who are not satisfied to rest content with the appearances of 
things and the transitory and illusory values of the forum and market place. It is not a 
new line of speculation that the whole creation runs in an ascending scale from the 
so-called inanimate to man, in whom intelligence shows possibilities of bursting the 
bounds of the material, but these new facts will do much to stimulate speculation on 



these lines, and may lead to further and undreamed of discoveries. From this point of 
view perhaps the book disappoints us a little. The experiments on metals, which have 
apparently been performed, and perhaps on other kinds of inorganic substances, too, 
are only alluded to and not described. For this reason it is impossible to judge what 
inferences should be drawn from them. Perhaps the author intends to give us an 
account of these later; we sincerely hope that he will. It seems the more necessary, as 
it would appear that in some ways he has not broken entirely free of the shackles of 
occidental thought. There are superstitions in science as elsewhere - and myths. This 
is becoming recognized, and a number of recent works have more or less clearly 
pointed it out. The myths of science deal with imaginary reasons or causes for 
phenomena observed. The "caloric" of the older physicists was such a myth, it may be 
the electron of today is also one, but that is aside. We note two places specially where 
it may be that the author has held closer to such hypotheses than there was any need, 
and where if he broke away it might lead to a truer understanding, and indeed it 
would seem to a conception more in line with Indian philosophic thought. In the one 
he assumes as a matter of course that plant energy is solar energy, stored up 
presumably in the latent form called molecular. He here briefly alludes to 
experiments, but does not describe them. Which is a great pity, for without knowing 
what they were it is impossible to judge how far the result is justified. Everything 
savoring of vitalism is usually rejected at sight by scientists, who it may be by 
constantly so doing are blinding themselves to other possible interpretations of the 
facts, possibly even blinding themselves to certain unobstrusive facts which would 
disturb the orthodox theories based on the universal application of the conservation of 
energy and its corollaries. 


The other thing was less important, yet would fit in with the above. In discussing the 
nerves of plants and equally the nerves of animals, he accepts apparently without 
question the current scientific ideas, and speaks of the passage of the impulse or 
message along them as being molecular action. Now the unit of the organism is the 
cell, not the molecule. And the molecule after all is only a hypothesis of another 
branch of science. The cell can be seen, dissected, its structure known; the molecule 
is, if it exists, far too small to ever be seen, because it is smaller than the shortest light 
waves. The nerve action is no more properly molecular (or only as much) as muscle 
action, or the action of a hammer on the anvil, or a wheel on the road. There is a 
perfectly simple explanation of nerve action, based on the unit cell. If a number of 
men stand in a row holding hands, a signal can be sent along the line, by pressure, 
shaking, pulling or pushing. If each man repeats with one hand what the man on the 
other side has just done, the signal will pass to the other end , the last man may be 
instructed to do different things according to the signal. Practice and attention will 



quicken the rate at which the signal will pass, inattention, fatigue and like causes, will 
reduce it. The nerve consists of a string of cells in contact. We know even the 
undifferentiated cell is sensitive and capable of movement to some degree. By 
supposing the message is passed from cell to cell by some very faint movement 
received and recognized and passed on by each one accounts perfectly for all the 
phenomena without any need to bring in hypothetical (mythical) valves or molecular 
action, or even the passage of energy such as an electric current. For though it is true 
that cell action seems to be accompanied by electric disturbance, this may well be 
only an accompaniment, a by-product of cell action. 


These considerations, however, are not intended as criticisms, but rather as 
suggestions that might possibly lead to the opening up of yet new vistas. 


The book is popular in the best sense, it requires no special knowledge of science, 
either physics, physiology or biology. Any intelligent educated reader can follow the 
description of the experiments and appreciate the inferences drawn from them. The 
style is easy, fluent and lucid, and the matter, as has been indicated, is of the greatest 
interest to those who want to know bow and why and the meaning of the world in 
which we live. 


* * * 


NEW BOOKS RECEIVED 


A History of the Ancient World. By M. Rostovtzeff, published by the Oxford 
University Press, New York, 2 volumes. Price, $5.25 per volume. 


Freimaurerisches Lesebuch, ein Einfuhrung in das freimaurer-ische Schriftum, Vol. 
II. By Dr. August Homeffer, published by the Verein deutscher Freimaurer, Leipzig. 



AN ITEM OF INTEREST 


In conjunction with the present series of articles appearing in THE BUILDER it is of 
interest to note that the September number of The Converted Catholic, the monthly 
magazine of Christ's Mission in New York City, contains much interesting material 
along the lines of our own series. A special article is devoted to the letter from Hugh 
Manity, published some time ago in our pages. Christ's Mission was founded more 
than forty years ago by the late Father James A. O'Connor, who had been a priest of 
the Roman Church, and has, in that period, been of service to over 150 priests, some 
of whom are today carrying on successful pastorates in Protestant churches. A former 
priest, now pastor of a Presbyterian church in New York City, recently brought to 
Christ's Mission a Spanish priest who had been exiled from Mexico. Steps were 
immediately taken to provide such assistance as he required. The article contains the 
story of this priest. An account of the incidents leading up to the break with the 
church by the founder of the Mission, as described by him in an open letter to the late 
Cardinal McCloskey in 1893, is also contained in the special article to which 
reference has been made. It is with no little interest that THE BUILDER notes the 
fact that our series has aroused the thoughts of others and that publicity is being given 
to our articles. 


* * * 


THE ETTRICK SHEPHERD 


James Hogg, the poet - more properly known as the "Ettrick Shepherd" - was initiated 
into Masonry on the 7th May, 1835, by Brethren of the ancient "Lodge Canongate 
Kilwinning" (Scotland), specially convened for the purpose at the village of 
Inverleithen. After the ceremonies were over, he acknowledged the kindness of the 



Brethren in the courtesy they had shown him, in convening a Lodge specially for his 
accommodation; and remarked, that "his mind had been deeply impressed with the 
solemn moral injunctions he had received." He afterwards became "Poet Laureate" of 
the Lodge. And it is not a little remarkable that the same office should have been held 
by his illustrious countryman and Brother, Robert Burns, at the time of his decease. It 
had remained vacant during the interregnum. Mr. Hogg continued warmly attached to 
the Brotherhood until his death, which occurred at his residence, on the banks of the 
Yarrow, on 21st of November, 1835. It was an event that did not fail to impress every 
son of genius and reader of taste, on both sides of the Atlantic, with a deep and 
melancholy interest. He was, perhaps, taken all-in-all, the most remarkable man that 
ever wore professionally a shepherd's plaid, and one of the sweetest poets that ever 
framed a lay. He was buried on the 27th, in the Ettrick Church-yard, closely adjoining 
the cottage in which he was born. The funeral was attended by a crowd of mourners 
such as has rarely been witnessed in the pastoral valleys of the Ettrick and Yarrow. - 
Freemason's Magazine, January, 1842. 


* * * 


AN ANNOUNCEMENT 


THE BUILDER is pleased to announce that beginning on Oct. 1 7 and continuing six 
weeks through Nov. 28, The Christian Science Monitor will publish a series of 
articles on What Masons and Kindred Groups Are Doing Today. The articles will be 
world-wide in scope, and special treatment will be given to the work outside of the 
United States; particular efforts are being made to see that the benevolent enterprises 
of no organization in the general Masonic family are omitted. It will be seen from this 
that the purpose of the series is designed not so much to depict the ritualistic side of 
the Craft with its acknowledged benefits to the initiate, but the educational and 
charitable side - the influence of which reaches far beyond the confines of 
membership. We are advised by the Editorial Department of The Christian Science 
Monitor that a special rate is being made to those who desire to subscribe to the paper 
during the progress of this series. We feel certain that all of our readers will be 
interested in seeing what is to be said about the National Masonic Research Society as 
well as the other organizations which will be featured. For any information relative to 



the series you may address your communications to the Society, or to The Christian 
Science Monitor, Back BayStation, Boston, M 


— o — 


THE QUESTION BOX 
and CORRESPONDENCE 


SWEDISH MASONRY 


The following correspondence will prove interesting to those who are interested in the 
relationship of the different branches of the Masonic Fraternity throughout the world. 
The first letter is from an American Mason now domiciled in Sweden to a Swedish 
Mason who has long been resident in the United States. The two that follow are from 
these two brethren respectively to THE BUILDER. The Swedish Mason has been, 
and is, recognized in America as a brother, the American Mason is not recognized as 
such in Sweden. Were it not that the whole question of recognition is beset with the 
most absurd anomalies this would be disturbing. As it is it is just another case. The 
letters follow: 


On Jan. 22, 1924, 1 received through Mr. H. L. Haywood an interesting description of 
the Swedish Masonry, written by you. This letter from you is lost, but I remember 
you said that Freemasonry in Sweden is practically the same as in Michigan and I 
remember you gave a description of the twelve degrees in Sweden. I wish very much 
I had that description now. 



I have been in Sweden since November, 1926, and located near Stockholm, where I 
have relatives and friends who are Freemasons and whom I often visit. I have tried to 
gain admission to a lodge in Stockholm through Kabinettskammarherre Bemdt Hay, 
whose duty it is to investigate all foreign Freemasons whether they are accepted or 
not. He said I could not gain admission on my papers, which I showed him, because, 
he said, the Swedish Masonry does not recognize the bodies to which I belong. 


I am a member in good standing in Zion Lodge, No. 1, Detroit, since 1913; Michigan 
Consistory, 32 degrees, since 1915, and Moslem Temple since 1915. 


May I ask, did you ever visit a lodge in Stockholm or any other place in Sweden? If 
so, when and where? To what Masonic bodies do you belong? Maybe the Swedish 
Masonry recognizes the Commanderies in Michigan, but not the Scottish Rite Bodies 
or the 32 degrees, or maybe nothing at all in the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction of the 
United States. Perhaps they have communication with the Southern Masonic 
Jurisdiction of the United States only, and not the Northern? Could a letter of 
recommendation from you to someone here help me in any way to gain admission, to 
be accepted and taken as a Mason? Then I certainly would appreciate it. 


I ask you these questions because I have written to Walter N. Glass of Detroit without 
any good result. 


It seems very peculiar to me that I am not taken as a Mason here, although I belong to 
the Freemasonry of the world. There must be something wrong somewhere in the 
Fraternity. 


Eric H. Peterson, Sweden. 


This is to thank you very much for your kind letter of April 9, pertaining to Swedish 
Masonry. 



Since I received your letter I tried again to obtain admission in the First Degree of St. 
Erik's Lodge in Stockholm, which is a Blue Lodge or a St. John's Lodge. It was the 
28th of April. 


Then I went along with an old friend of mine, who is a Seventh Degree Mason in 
Stockholm and who was certain that I should gain admission. We were dressed in full 
dress suit, as is the custom here at all Masonic meetings. When we came to the tyler 
to register, I was asked if I ever visited here before. I said no, but I showed my dimit 
from Zion Lodge, No. 1, in Detroit. The tyler asked if Admiral Arvid Lindman had 
approved it and signed it. I said 1 did not know it was required and asked if I could 
see him here tonight. He was not there. 


My friend then said he should go, in and ask the Worshipful Master. He came out to 
the ante-room and informed me that it was necessary for me to go and see Mr. Bemdt 
Hay and have him see my dimit, approve it and sign it. 


My friend got peeved but it could not be helped. He called up Mr. Hay over the 
'phone and asked if I could be allowed to visit lodge tonight, but the answer was that I 
could come and see him tomorrow at 1 1:30 a.m. 


We went and the next day at agreed time we were received by Mr. Hay in his office. 
He was the same man I visited once in January for the same reason, only at that time I 
did not have the dimit, which I received in March. Hay did not seem to recognize me. 
I introduced myself, told him my errand and showed him my dimit. He read it and 
regretted that Swedish Masonry does not have any connection with the Grand Lodge 
of Michigan and for that reason I could not obtain admission. He said he was sorry 
therefore, but he could not help it. It might be, he said, for some reason long before 
our time. 



I told him I was very much surprised to learn that a member of the Free and Accepted 
Masonry of the world was not received and welcomed in a Swedish lodge. I asked 
him if Swedish Masonry has connection with any Grand Lodge in the U. S. A. He 
said, "Yes, with certain states." I asked what states but he would not tell. 


Consequently, here it does not seem to be the question whether a man is a Mason or 
not, a question which is answered by Masonic grips and words. It is simply: Are you 
a Mason from the U. S. A., nothing doing. And I would like to know why and I am 
certain thousands would like to know the same thing. It does not conform to the great 
Masonic principle, brotherly love. 


I am a Mason and I am proud of it. I have been refused recognition by Swedish 
Masonry without any examination or investigation except the question what Grand 
Lodge I belonged to. But even at that I do not think that a Swedish Mason would be 
refused admission into a Michigan Lodge if he try admission. 


But I think the Grand Lodge of Michigan stands insulted by the declaration of Berndt 
Hay in Stockholm as not acceptable by Swedish Masonry. He said the Masons in the 
U. S. A. are working in a different order than the Swedes, and yet, I understand, that 
all true Masons are working under the principles laid down by the first Grand Lodge 
of Masons, formed in England in 1717. The Grand Lodge of Michigan is, I 
understand, working under those principles. If the Swedes are true Masons, they 
should work under those same principles and, as a matter of course, members from 
Michigan should be accepted as Masons in Sweden and everywhere else in the world. 


I saw on a Masonic chart the other day that Swedish Masonry is called "IXth Masonic 
Province 1780." Its motto under its coat of arm is: "Veritas persvadet." The name of 
its various lodges I give on a separate sheet, enclosed. 


I think it should be in the interest of Masonry in the U. S. A. to investigate this 
deplorable condition, the feelings between Swedish Masonry and American Masonry. 
And because you said in your letter you wanted to learn the developments of my 



efforts to obtain recognition, I have written this letter. It will, no doubt, be interesting 
for you to read it and maybe it contains matter worthy of research. 


Eric H. Peterson, Sweden. 


Some few weeks ago I had a letter from Bro. Eric H. Peterson, dated Hesselby 
Villastad, Sweden, and enclosed with it a copy of a letter sent to you in which he tells 
me that the St. Eric Lodge at Stockholm, a St. John's or Blue Lodge, refused him 
admittance to its meeting, and that this refusal later on was ratified by an official of 
the Swedish Grand Lodge. 


This behavior of the Swedish Masons perplexes me very much and I think that the 
matter ought to be examined not so much on account of Bro. Peterson as on account 
of the principle involved. I have advised Bro. Peterson to present the matter to his 
lodge and to have this take the matter up by the help of the Michigan Grand Lodge. If 
you would support him in some way or other possibly a decision of far-reaching 
importance could be had. 


Undoubtedly the Swedish Grand Lodge will assert that it is master in its own house 
and that it has a right to decide whether or not it will give a foreign Mason admittance 
to its meetings; but an assertion of this kind will be in conflict with its claim of being 
a link of the great international Masonic brotherhood and the obligations which 
according to its rite are laid on the brothers. The Swedish Grand Lodge has no right to 
claim to be inside the great Masonic brotherhood and at the same time scorn a brother 
who proves that he belongs to it. This could be a disclaimer of the basic principle. A 
lodge is no private club, any more than a house of devotion, and has to be opened to 
anybody who proves that he is a member of good standing. As remarked, really I 
believe that the question ought to be taken up. 


By the way. The June copy of THE BUILDER contains an interesting article in 
relation to freemasonry in Russia. Undoubtedly you remember that Leo Tolstoy in 
his novel, War and Peace, describes the initiation of a Mason. The description is not 



imaginary but the ceremonies related are undoubtedly those of the Swedish Rite of 
the first part of the nineteenth century. According to the mentioned article in your 
paper the Swedish Rite played a great role in the Russian Masonry and even in the 
first part of the said century had jurisdiction. 


C. B. Olivarius, California. 


Unsatisfactory as the situation seems it is hard to say what can be done. The only 
pressure that one Grand Lodge can exert upon another is to refuse recognition. Such a 
weapon loses all its force when the cause of offense is refusal to recognize. That this 
situation is of long standing, as Bro. Hay intimated to Bro. Peterson, may be seen 
from what Gould has to say in Chapter xxvi of his History, which deals with Masonry 
in Northern Europe. 


The history of Freemasonry in Sweden possesses an interest peculiar to itself. The 
Swedes appear to have fallen away from the simple teachings of the Craft as easily 
and early as the other nationalities of Europe, but with this difference, that instead of 
flitting from one Rite to another, constantly seeking variety, they have remained 
steadfast to their first heresy, and still work the same ceremonies that originally 
riveted their attention about 1760. These ceremonies are in great part their own 
invention, although based-not improbably-upon the degrees of the Clermont Chapter; 
and as they have only been adopted by one Grand Body in Prussia, and by Denmark, 
Sweden has ever since been practically outside the circle of Freemasonry - a distant 
connection only of the great Masonic family. This want of intimate Masonic 
intercourse, combined with a marked absence of indigenous Masonic literature, is the 
reason that any history of Swedish Freemasonry can be no more than a sketch. 


It seems that the Freemasonry of Scandinavia, including Denmark, adopted the Rite 
of Strict Observance, and these three countries became Provinces of that system. That 
is how Sweden calls itself the IXth Masonic Province, as Bro. Peterson observes. The 
Rite ceased to exist elsewhere, and apparently was considerably changed in 
Scandinavia, yet the old style is retained though the provinces with lower numbers 
have long since passed into oblivion. 



PAPAL INFALLIBILITY 


I will appreciate very much any information you may be able to give on the 
following: 


1. (a) Is there any other Pope, besides Pius IX, that was a member of the Fraternity? 
(b) In the affirmative case, is there any documentary evidence supporting the same? 


2. The Council of Rome (Vatican Council) was held in the year 1870 with the main 
purpose of making as a Dogma of Faith the infallibility of the Pope. In that Council 
many were against it. It has been said that Bishop Strossineyer delivered a very strong 
speech or rather sermon against it in the presence of Pius IX. Can you furnish the 
undersigned a copy of the said speech? Was the Bishop excommunicated or punished 
for such a behavior? 


3. Do you know of any history written on the Popes? Please furnish me the title of the 
book, its price and where to secure it. G. J. M., Philippine Islands. 


Taking the questions in order. In regard to the first, it has been frequently stated that 
Pope Pius IX was a Freemason, but Bro. Arthur Singer, of Germany, in his book, The 
War of Rome Against Freemasonry, devotes a chapter to the subject and exhaustively 
discusses every rumor and scrap of evidence that has been brought forward to prove 
this assertion. He comes to the conclusion that nothing has been demonstrated. Pius 
came of a family of very liberal tendencies, and a number of his male relatives were, 
or had been, Freemasons, but that is all that is certain. The most therefore that can be 



said is that it is barely possible that in early youth he had been initiated. So far as we 
know this has not been asserted of any other Pope. 


At the Vatican Council the minority of bishops who were opposed to any 
pronouncement on the doctrine of infallibility was about 20 per cent of the whole 
number present. They were, however, exceedingly influential in that they comprised a 
majority of the outstanding scholars and theologians of the church. The minority, 
however, was gradually reduced by every kind of personal pressure brought to bear 
individually, but even so 88 voted against it and 62 gave it only conditional assent. 
This, however, was only at the preliminary ballot. When it came up for confirmation 
the dissenting minority, in order to avoid embarrassment for themselves and for the 
church, requested leave of absence of the Pope and left Rome. Two of them only 
remained and actually voted against the final confirmation. These two, however, 
made their submission almost immediately afterwards. 


During the discussions many very strong utterances were made against the adoption 
of the dogma. Bishop Strossmeyer objected to the clause which described 
Protestantism as pestis, that is, an unclean or poisonous thing, and as a "fountain of 
naturalism." He was interrupted by outcries and had to leave the tribune, nevertheless 
the clause he objected to was later removed. 


As the sessions of the Council were all secret there is, so far as we know, no authentic 
account or report of the speeches. The best accounts of the Council as a whole are in 
German and not very easily obtainable. In Dr. Dollinger's work will be found a great 
deal against the dogma, but not any account of what was said at the Council. 


Strossmeyer with all the other dissentient bishops eventually submitted. They could 
not well have been excommunicated for opposing the dogma before it had been 
accepted. They avoided it afterwards by their submission. 



The following works can be procured on the history of the Popes: History of the 
Papacy in the 19th Century, The History of Rome and Popes in the Middle Ages, 
Papal Monarchy and The Popes and Their Church. 


* * * 


In THE BUILDER for May, 1927, on the first page appears an article entitled 
"Masonry and Religious Persecution in Mexico,” by Bro. Jose D'Arimathea. 


To the mind of the writer this is the most profound article on the spirit of Masonry we 
have read in many years. The analysis of Masonry is clearly and distinctly drawn, it 
also portrays religion and gives the adept confirmation of his conclusions after a 
careful and complete analysis of the two great opposing forces for the cultivation or 
control of the human mind in this age. 


If it were within our power we would try to pass this message on to every thinking 
mind within the body of the Craft throughout the world. His is a mind that stands out 
clearly above and beyond all the writers of the age who are today seeking either self- 
aggrandizement and notoriety on the one hand or the clear portrayal of the spirit of 
Masonry, unselfishly, on the other, seeking only as we see him, to remove a part of 
the tarnish from the Shekinah with which it has been besmirched by the corrosion and 
corruption of the ages. 


This brother finds sanctuary for his soul 'neath the shade of the trees beside the 
babbling brook, or on the banks of the shining river that flows through the sands of 
time he has become emancipated from the tyranny of fear and the thralldom of 
superstition and has tuned in with the cosmic reservoir from which has emanated all 
inspirations, deities and divinities throughout recorded history. He has discovered the 
real stumbling block in the pathway of progress that has dwarfed, blighted and 
retarded the enlightment of every age, beyond question he has parted the veil and 
permitted those who have eyes to see "the land that is fairer than day." 



The writer regrets that few there be who can see and realize the presence and 
effectiveness of that golden thread that traces its way through the warp and woof of 
time which, when discovered and incorporated in daily life and followed through 
concentration and application actuated by desire, leads on and on to that city four 
square. And He showed me a pure river of water clear as crystal proceeding out from 
the throne of God and the lamb. 


May you continue to increase the effectiveness of THE BUILDER by the selection of 
such articles as this, so that when life's fitful fever is over you will have erected a 
monument to Masonic endeavor that will endure as long as stone and bronze shall last 
and tradition go on from lip to lip. That the generation of men yet to follow may not 
lose sight of the relative relationship of the lambskin and untempered mortar. 


A. J. Caldwell. 


— o — 


FOR SALE 


Copies of The Story of the Craft by Lionel Vibert, Evolution of Freemasonry by D. 
D. Darrah, and Beginnings of Freemasonry in America by M. M. Johnson, slightly 
dog-eared and with erasures on front and back fly leaves; all new editions. Address 
offers to the Society.