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Gilt 8/6 Words by Bro. J. A. WADE, F.S.A. (No. S, Scotland). Music by Bro. LOUIS HONIG, 11° (Lodge of Asaph, 1319). PRICE TWO SHILLINGS. Ihrnbon : PUBLISHED BY THE COMPOSER, At nrs Acadrmy of Music, 725, COMMERCIAL ROAD, E. And to be obtained of Messrs. STILLWELL & SON, 6, Little Britain, E.C. anli Jprimttiae Bite of JHasattrt). (INCLUSIVE OF MEMPHIS AND MIZRAIM.) The degrees of this Rite are open to all Master Masons in good standing. It teaches the Fatherhood of God, the Brotherhood of Man, and the Immortality of the human SouL Strictly unsectarian, it offers an intellectual treat of the highest order to the Masonic enquirer, whether he be a literal student of Masonic history, or a philosophical seeker of abstruse truth. It forms a pyramid whose base is that Universal Craft Masonry, which has covered the Globe, its time-worn ascents are the Masonic virtues, its apex the seat of eternal truth. OFFICERS OF THE SOVEREIGN SANCTUARY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, 33-95°. M. 111. G. 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Wilson, 33-95°, Rose Villa, North Strand, Limerick, Ireland. De Marinis Gennaro Generoso, 33°, Via Zuroli, 43 Naples. Prof.F. F.Oddi, F.S.Sc.33-96 0 , G.M.Cairo, Captain Constantine Moriou, 33°, G.M. Strada Morfu, 27, Bucharest. From Roumania— ,, Maurice L. Davies, M.D., 33-95°, Gd. Expert, Dublin. Robt Ramsay, M.D., LL.D., 33-96°, G.M., Orillia, Ontario. Joseph Hawkins, 33-95°, Gd. Chanc. Roby, near Liverpool. Library. — As the formation of a library for the Antient and Primitive Rite is in progress, donations of Books will be thank- fully received. Brethren are requested to address their com- munications to Bro. John Yarker, Withington, Manchester. From America — To Tunis, Africa — „ From Tunis— From Italy — To Italy — To Egypt— To Roumania — To Canada — From Canada — Cranti jfHjjstic JTemplr. COUNCIL GENERAL, 32-94° PROVINCE op LANCASHIRE & NORTHERN COUNTIES. Chartered 16 th June , 1872 . Gd. Master of Light III. Bro. J. 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METROPOLITAN. nELD AT FREEMASONS’ TAVERN. GREAT QUEEN STREET, W.C. Quarterly communications in JANUARY, APRIL, JULY, OCTOBER. OFFICERS. Gd. Mr. of Light ... Rt. »» Orator Treasurer Examiner V. »> Annalist >» m Keeper of Rites Rt. H Expert ... V. »» Conductor 9 9 >» Mr. of Cer. 1* Guard 19 Organist l)ep. Representative at Paris „ for South of England Henry Meyer, 33° J. N. Hillman, 33° Bernard Meyer, 31°f/ K. i». H. Mackenzi LL.D., 32° James Hill, 33° Thomas Francis, 30°; Edward Harrison, l John Harrison, 31° ?> Harry Trigg, 32° f - Ix)uis IIonio, 30° A. O. Munro, 30 u Cor. G. Adames, 30° % Sfwonit |otohI tofoith to ijjt fikatae aito ^jjiloso^g of t|e Craft. Published by the Authority of the Sovereign Sanctuary of the Antient and Primitive Rite of Masonry in and for Great Britain and Ireland. Edited by the GRAND INSPECTOR-GENERAL. Vol. III. No. 12. ANCIENT EGYPT. ( Continued from No. 11, page 85.) Psammeticus immediately set about extending his domi- nions, and securing possession of the commercial cities of Syria and Phoenicia : not so much for their accumulated •wealth, as for the trade between Europe and Asia. A large body of his subjects, however, offended by the favour shewn to the foreign auxiliaries, to whom he owed his crown, left the country and settled in Ethiopia. Nowise discouraged, Psammeticus laid seige to Azotus, a frontier city of Syria, and took it after a siege of twenty-nine years. A wider commerce was now esta- blished ; the ports were opened to all strangers. New opinions were imported ; the political influence of the priests declined ; the tastes of the people were improved by intercourse with the Greeks, and the whole policy of the kingdom was changed. Of Memphis, which under this king became the second capital of Egypt, not a vestige remains' to mark its site. It contained the celebrated temple of Phtha (the Vulcan of the Greeks), a temple to Osiris, in which was kept the sacred ox Apis ; and one to Serapis, with an avenue lined with sphinxes on either side ; and, according to Strabo, there were many palaces, situated along the side ' of a hill, stretching down to lakes and groves, about forty stadia from the city. Of all this magnificence " not a wrack remains,” and but for the pyramids which stand in what is supposed to be the immediate neighbourhood of the ancient Memphis, its position could not have been conjectured. About thirty of these pyramids still remain, and there are traces of many others ; the three which are situated nearly opposite Cairo are named from their founders— Cheops, Cephren, and Mycjerines, and the largest and most imposing — that of Cheops — excites the wonder and admiration of every traveller. Several papers on this stupendous structure, and the purpose for which it was designed, have already appeared in these columns, and as we can throw no new light on the controversy, we shall only pause to remark that whatever was their original design — whether they ever served any higher purpose than to gratify the vanity of their founders — certain it is that they harmonise admirably with a dewless heaven, a sandy waste, a people that have passed away^ There is now a sublimity in their uselessness. Stamm® [Monthly. on the same earth which has entombed many thousand generations, pointing to the same sky which heard the cry of the oppressed when they were building, they no longer belong to Cheops or Sesostris, Pliaroahs or Ptolemies, Mamelukes or Turks, but to mankind. And what play there is in these mighty relics of human skill and ingenuity for the imagination of the poet, for the veneration of the philosopher ! The humblest pilgrim pacing these Lybian sands is conscious that he walks in the footsteps of the mighty — imagines himself admitted into the illustrious conclave of Persian satraps, Mace- donian heroes, Grecian bards, and sages and historians of every age and clime, who have trodden the same ground and have participated in common with him the same feeling of admiration and awe. Psammeticus was succeeded in 616 b.c. by his son Nechos, the Pharoah-Necho of Scripture, and whose genius was alike enterprising by land and sea. He formed the idea of cutting through the Isthmus of Suez and con- necting the Red Sea with the Mediterranean ; but after losing a hundred thousand men in the attempt, he was compelled to abandon the enterprise. It was afterwards completed by Darius Hystaspes ; but owing to the dan- gerous nature of the navigation in the northern part of the Red Sea, this canal was never of much practical use. It is said that Necho sent a ship manned by Phoenicians on a voyage of discovery to the coasts of Africa. Having discovered the passage around the- Cape of Good Hope, they returned, after an absence of three years, to Egypt through the Atlantic Ocean, the Straits of Gibraltar, and the Mediterranean. The record of the most remarkable wars in which this prince was engaged, is to be found in the Scriptures. He first turned his arms against the King of Assyria, and marched an army to Carchemish, (probably the Circesium of the Greek and Roman writers), situated in an angle formed by the junction of the river Chebar and the Euphrates. Here he was met by Josiah, king of Israel, who vainly endeavoured to stay his progress, and who fell in battle in the valley of Megiddo. . Having reached the Euphrates, Necho captured the city of Carchemish, became master of Jerusalem, took captive Jehoahaz the jcmgwind placed Jehoiakim upon the throne, on whom lfcJ3i§wied an annual tribute. DECEMBER, 1883. 90 THE KNEPH. On the fall of the Assyrian empire, the Chaldean dynasty rose into power, and Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, endeavoured to force the Egyptians from the stronghold of Carchemish, and being opposed by Necho, an open battle ensued in which the Egyptian army was defeated with great slaughter, and the victorious Nebuchadnezzar advanced to the very gates of Pelusium. The whole scene of this engagement is vividly described by the prophet Jeremiah, in a composition as remarkable for its majesty and eloquence as for its truthfulness (Jer. xlvi, 1-12). Psammis succeeded his father Necho, and the growing intercourse between Egypt and Greece, and the identity of their institutions and pursuits, is shewn by the fact that in his reign an embassy was sent from the city of Elis to obtain instruction from the Egyptian priests for the management of the Olympic Games. This close intercourse with the Greeks of Lower Egypt, of whom a large army of mercenaries was kept in the pay of Psammeticus and his successors ; and the continued disaffection of the native military caste or nobles, un- doubtedly paved the way for the subsequent conquest of this division of the kingdom ; for it is a fact in history that before states and kingdoms submit to a foreign power, they will be found to have been internally undermined and their people divided. The monarch who succeeded Psammis was Apries, the Pharoah- Hophra of Scripture, who ascended the throne in the year 594- b.c., and who. was distinguished for his martial prowess. On his accession he hazarded a war with the Phoenician States and took the rich city of Sidon. This success, in all probability, induced Hezekiah, king of Judah, to form an alliance with him against Nebuchad- nezzar, who had laid siege to Jerusalem. Apries accordingly marched to the relief of the city, but he had no sooner come in sight of the Babylonian host than his courage failed him, and he retreated in all haste, leaving the Jews in the hands of the enemy. For this act of perfidy Ezekiel denounced the severest judgments on the Egyptians and their sovereign. He charges Pharoah-Hophra with extravagant pride and profanity in affecting to himself divine honours, and declares that he should be subjected to the Babylonian yoke till the fall of that great empire, and that even after that catastrophe, Egypt should continue to be the basest of kingdoms. Nebuchadnezzar, seizing the opportunity when Egypt was being rent asunder by internal feuds and divisions, turned his arms against Pharoah-Hophra, who at the same time was embarrassed by the defeat of a powerful army which he had despatched in aid of Andican, king of Lybia, who was attacked by the Greeks of Cyrene. The vanquished Egyptians spread the report that they had been betrayed by their king, and then followed an universal revolt in which Amasis, a popular leader, usurped' the throne, and Apries being taken prisoner near Memphis, the people strangled him, and his body was committed ingloriously to the grave. Ezekiel in a prophecy*, so sublime and yet so terrible that even at this distant date one can hardly read it without being impressed with a feeling of awe approach- ing horror itself — pictures his descent with his host into * Ezekiel, wax— xxxii. the place of shades, whither those who buried the dead are commanded to drag him and his followers. At the noise of the tumult, the infernal shades are represented as roused from their couches to learn the cause. They see and hail the king of Egypt, and again lie down to their slumbers. The prophet leads the unhappy king round the cavern, and shows him the gloomy mansions of former tyrants, gives their names, and points out to Pharoah the place appointed to him, in which, amidst despots and tyrants like himself, he is doomed to lie down for ever ! Amasis assumed the supreme power in the year 569 b.c. He was a man of mean birth, but of great abilities. His first study was to secure the attachment of the priest- hood : he then set about enacting laws for the better internal government of the kingdom. Allying himself in marriage with a Cyrenian princess, and encouraging the Greeks to settle in Egypt, or allowing them to carry on an unfettered commerce with his own subjects, and granting them sites for the erection of temples, he attached them to his person and throne. He conquered Cyprus, and exacted a tribute from the inhabitants in order to secure the trade of the Mediterranean, and on the decline of the Babylonian power, he aimed at establishing his supremacy in Western Asia, and to that end, entered into an alliance with Croesus against Cyrus the Persian monarch. This fatal step resulted in the defeat of Amasis, and for some years he was tributary to the Persians ; but on the death of Cyrus, he attempted to assert his inde- pendence. Cambyses, who succeeded Cyrus on the throne of Persia, vowed the destruction of the Egyptian monarchy, and aided by the treason of Phanes of Heli- carnassus, commander of the Grecian auxiliaries of Amasis, and securing the alliance of Polycrates, king of Samos, with whom Amasis had broken off alliance, Cambyses marched with an expedition against Egypt. But ere he could arrive at the scene of action, Amasis died, after a reign of forty-four years, leaving his king- : dom rent and torn by its internal divisions, and threatened with utter ruin from the invading host. Psammenitus, his son, ascended the throne 525 b.c., and having raised a numerous army, advanced against Cambyses, who had just taken Pelusium by stratagem. Knowing that the Egyptians held certain animals sacred, he placed a number of these in front of his army, and so prevented the Egyptians from throwing a dart or shoot- ing an arrow, lest they should kill any of them. The Egyptians were cut to pieces : those who escaped fled to Memphis, where Cambyses renewed his assault, and spared neither rank, age, nor sex. Psammenitus him- self fell into the hands of Cambyses, who at first spared his life, but Psammenitus becoming involved in some conspiracy, was condemned to drink bull’s blood, which acted as a fatal poison. The allies of the Egyptian monarch at once submitted to Cambyses ; Egypt became a province of the Persian Empire ; the body of Amasis was dug up and burnt ; their god Apis was slain, and his priests treated with the deepest ignominy. The most deadly national animosity was thus engen- dered between the Persians and the Egyptians; on the : one side we find the most crushing oppression, and on THE KNEPH\ 91 the other the most hopeless rebellion. Led on by their priests, the Egyptians were in a state of chronic rebellion, which the Persians punished with the utmost severity. The Egyptians never again recovered their independence, and for more than two thousand years their country has ever been subject to either foreigners or slaves. The deep-toned prediction of Ezekiel* has been literally fulfilled : cc There shall be no more a prince of the land of Egypt . . and the pomp of her strength shall cease in her.” For nearly two centuries the Egyptians strove to throw off the Persian yoke, but when Alexander the Great became king of Macedon, they submitted without opposition. The reign of Alexander, however, lasted but thirteen years, and it is said, that taking advantage of his absence to quell an insurrection in Thrace, Thebes broke into revolt, and on the return of Alexander, was severely punished by the slaughter of its inhabitants and the destruction of its buildings. Alexander died suddenly ; and his widow giving birth to a posthumous heir, Perdiccas, a Macedonian noble- man, was appointed regent. He was far from being popular, and Antigonus, one of his generals, entered into a conspiracy with Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt, and Antipater, governor of Macedon, to overthrow the regent. The death of Perdiccas allowed Antipater to assume the regency, which he had held for three years when Antigonus, who had at first supported him, began openly to aim at the sovereignty of the Macedonian Empire. His arms struck terror into all his enemies. He sent his son Demetrius against the Egyptian Ptolemy, but Ptolemy overthrew Demetrius near Gaza. The triumph of the Egyptians was short-lived, for at the commencement of the next campaign they were defeated ; but neither Demetrius nor his father Antigonus succeeded in the reduction of Egypt. Antigonus was slain at the battle of Ipsus, in Phrygia, about twenty years after the death of Alexander, and the kingdom of Egypt passed into the hands of Ptolemy Laous, its former governor, and one of the wisest of statesmen. His entire reign lasted nearly forty years, and was devoted to the best interests of his people. He revived their ancient religious and political constitution ; restored the priestly caste to many of its former privi- leges ; renewed the division of the country into separate districts ; constituted Memphis the capital of the king- dom ; and made the temple of Phtha the national sanc- tuary, in which alone the kings could be anointed and crowned. Under his wise administration colonists from every quarter of the globe settled in Alexandria, and thousands of Jew3, to escape the persecution of their Syrian masters, came thither and established themselves in commerce. A liberal patron of literature and science, Ptolemy encouraged philosophers and men of science to make their home in Alexandria, where they found a quiet retreat from the storms and conflicts which threatened every other part of the world. The city of Alexandria was deemed at this time the most magnificent city in the world. Its streets, running in straight paral- lel lines, were adorned with the most elegant buildings, houses, temples, and obelisks. The royal palace occu- * Ezekiel, xxx, 13-19. pied one-fourth of the city, and included in itself the museum or college of philosophy, academic groves, and a temple, in which the body of Alexander was deposited in a golden coffin. In the eastern part of the city was the gymnasium, with porticos of more than six hundred feet in length, supported on pillars of polished marble. Its magnificent harbour was divided into two by a mole of a mile in length, at the entrance of which stood the celebrated Pharos or lighthouse. Alexandria, at the height of its prosperity, had a free population of over 300,000 souls, and a like number of slaves : it became the regal capital of Egypt, and for two centuries was the residence of the Ptolemies. The death of Ptolemy Lagus, 284 b. c., placed his son, Philadelphus, on the throne, and although he possessed neither the wisdom nor the enterprize of his father, yet the empire was benefited under his peaceful administra- tion. Failing to reduce the rebel Magus, who was encouraged by Antiochus Theos, king of Syria, a com- promise was entered into, the eldest son of Philadelphus contracting a marriage with the daughter of Magus : an alliance was formed with the Roman Republic ; and the Roman ambassadors were received with every mark of kindness by the sovereign, who made them acquainted with many of the Grecian arts, which at that time were unknown at Rome ; and it was in consequence of this visit that a silver coinage was introduced into Rome. For the convenience of the Jews who had settled in Alexandria, a temple was erected on the model of that in Jerusalem, and a Greek version of the Holy Scrip- tures was prepared for their use. This version, known as the Septuagint or translation of the seventy, was made about the year 280 b.c., and acquired the highest authority among the Jews of Pales- tine, in proof of which, it is quoted in the New Testa- ment instead of the Original ; though the introduction of Coptic or pure Egyptian words, and the rendering of Hebrew ideas in the Egyptian manner, prove beyond all doubt that the translators were Natives of Egypt. During the preceding reign the Alexandrian Library was founded, and was enriched by each of the Ptolemies until it numbered 700,000 volumes. This immense collection was formed by seizing every book brought into Egypt, transcribing its contents, and retaining the originals ; it was destroyed by the Turks under Caliph Omar in the beginning of the seventh century. Philadelphus fell into the effeminate dissipation of eastern Monarchs ; he denied the sacredness of the marriage vow, became dissolute and profligate, and died after a reign of thirty-eight years, leaving the throne to his son Ptolemy ni, sumamed Evergetes or the Bene- factor. This Prince ascended the throne 246 B.o. Of a warlike spirit, he added a great part of Abyssinia and the Arabian peninsula to his dominions, and opened up new channels for trade and commerce through these more distant countries. It is said he visited Jerusalem, where he offered sacrifice to the trues God, and ever after showed the greatest favour to the Jewish nation. Under his reign Egypt rapidly rose to a first place among nations, but after his death a succession of weak and irresolute princes precipitated her final fall, 92 THE KNEPH. and from this date she ceases to make a figure in history. Ptolemy Philopater succeeded his father on the throne in the year 221 b.c. His life was one scene of debauchery and crime. He murdered his brother Magus, and Cleomenes, the exiled king of Sparta; caused the death, of his ow nwife and sister, and finally sunk into the most beastly dissipation, and died abhorred in the prime of life, leaving a son only five years of age. The sun of Egypt was now fast setting. During the minority the regency was transferred to the Roman Senate, which saved Egypt being involved in the Mace- donian or Syrian War, but on coming to the throne in the year 204 b.c., Ptolemy Epiphanes emulated his father in dissipation, and fell a victim to vice or poison at the age of thirty. Ptolemy Philometer, his son, succeeded him 181 b.c., but being taken prisoner by Antiochus, King of Syria, his brother Physcon was raised to the throne under the title of Evergetes II. He was, however, soon deposed by Antiochus, who restored the Kingdom (except Pelusium) to Philometer. The brothers agreed to reign jointly, but having quarrelled, Philometer was a second time driven from the throne. The Roman Senate being appealed to, again divided the Egyptian dominions between the brothers ; but although the treaty was confirmed with oaths and sacrifices, Physcon was dissatisfied, and tried every means to wrest the island of Cyprus from his brother. He eventually took the field against him, but was defeated, and was treated by Philometer with the utmost leniency, and reinstated in his possessions. Philometer died in the thirty-sixth year of his reign, of wounds received in an engagement in which he was victorious, against his brother-in-law, Alexander Balas, who had conspired against him. Physcon married his brother’s widow, Cleopatra, and succeeded to the throne of Egypt. On the day of his marriage he caused her infant son, and heir to the throne, to be murdered, and he put to death all who shewed the least pity for the fate of the young prince. He divorced his queen to marry her daughter, and endeavoured to crush the spirit of his people with the most severe punishment for petty offences ; until his subjects rising in revolt, he was compelled to flee to Cyprus, taking with him his unhappy niece, and his son Memphitis borne to him by Cleopatra. ’ .. On his flight the Alexandrians placed the divorced queen upon the throne, but her reign was not suffered to be peaceful. Physcon still held the idea of regaining ifke throne of Egypt. He sent for a son he had left in Alexandria, and fearing his succession to the throne, caused him to be put to death. His next villany was to send the mangled corpse of his son Memphitis as a present to the queen on her birth-day. The horror and detestation awakened by these unparalleled cruelties, raised the spirit of vengeance among ’the people, and war was proclaimed against him. A bloody contest ensued on the frontiers of Egypt, when victory declared in favour of the inhuman tyrant, who held the sceptre till the day of his death. Physcon died at Alexandria at the age of 47, after a reign of 29 years, and was succeeded by his son (by his niece Cleopatra) Ptolemy Lathyrus. Lathyrus ascend- ed the throne 116 b.c., but was soon compelled to give up the government of Egypt for that of Cyprus. Cleopatra, who had unsuccessfully endeavoured to secure the crown for her youngest son Alexander, now sought to associate him with herself in the sovereignty of the kingdom. But he caused her to be murdered, and lost his throne ; his subjects revolted, and restored Lathyrus, who, on his restoration, turned his arms against Thebes, and after a reign of three years reduced it, and stripped it of its glory. He died in peace and tranquillity 81 b.c., leaving one daughter and two illegitimate sons, Ptolemy of Cyprus, and Ptolemy Auletes. Alexander, his nephew, succeeded to the throne, and proved himself scarcely less a monster than his father. Having murdered his queen, and pro- voked his subjects to revolt, he fled to Pompey the Great, and shut himself up in the city of Tyre. On his death bed he bequeathed his kingdom to the Roman Senate. Auletes had meanwhile been made King by the Egyptians, and, notwithstanding the opposition of the R»oman Senate, retained his crown. He surpassed all his predecessors, however, in the weakness of his character, and the effeminacy of his manners ; and conscious of this weakness he sought the alliance of Rome. To purchase this he imposed new and heavy taxes on the people, who rebelled, and Auletes fled to Rhodes. From thence he went to Rome, and canvassed for the votes of the Senators. • Whilst thus engaged, an embassy arrived from Alexandria to acquaint the Senate with the cause of the revolt, also, that they had placed Berenice, the daughter of Auletes, on the throne. Auletes by low intrigues, and lavish bribes, regained the throne ; but died after reigning only three years, leaving two sons and two daughters to the guardianship and tuition of the Roman people. His daughter Cleopatra having won the heart of Julius Caesar by her charms, contrived through him to set aside the claims of her brothers and sister, and was proclaimed queen of Egypt. After the death of Julius she exercised the .same influence over Marc Antony to his ruin, and on his defeat and suicide after the battle of Actium, she was taken prisoner by Augustus Caesar, when in order to avoid the disgrace of being yoked to his triumphal car, she poisoned herself, and died the victim of her own pride and passions, even before her charms had begun to fade. This event took place about 30 b.c., and with the death of Cleopatra the last of the Ptolemies closes the ancient history of a people whose life has impressed the world with the profoundest wonder and the deepest spirit of enquiry. The hieroglyphics of that people may yet be deciphered, their language read, their mysteries unveiled, and their inner life better understood and appreciated. Of Memphis — Thebes — Heliopolis — but a few broken , fragments remain of all their ancient glories, the dream of idolatry has passed away ; the grand all-in wrapping mists of a sensuous worship have faded into air before the Sun of Truth ; and the traveller of to-day mingles pity with his wonder as he looks upon these splendid baubles of the old world — these playthings which Time and Truth have united in breaking. James Hill, 33°. APPENDIX A. : Ethnographic Table showing the descent of the various Nations from the Sons of Noah. f ELAM. Elamites, Elymacis or Susiana. I, SHEM, (3315 B.C.) 2 ASHUR. Assyrians, Nineveh, or Mosul.' i i 3 ARPHAXAD (3215 B.C.) i LCD. I I 5 ARAM. Division of the World— 1 PELEG (2686 b.c.) REU or RAGAN. I SERUG. I TERAH. 2 JOKTAN. 6 SHEMITES (Gen. xL 2). The Arpachsadites, Lydians, Arameans or Syrians, North Assyria. Asia Minor. Damascus, Palestine, (Anatolia). Urz, Hul, Gether, Mash, Armenia or Turcomania. CAINAN (Luke, in, 36). SALAH. (2820 B.c.) HEBER (Hebrews) The Arabians, Tribes of Yemen, (Arabia Felix). Hazarmaveth, Uzal, Sheba, (Sabeans). Ophir, (Sofalar in Africa). Havilah, &c. 1 ABRAHAM (2145 B.C.) 1 ISAAC (2045 B.c.) 1 JACOB (1985 B.C.). 2 ESAU. I 2 ISHMAEL. 3 SONS of KETUEAH. I 2 NAHOB. Arabian Tribes, from Huz Buz, &c. 3 HARAN. I LOT I Israelites. Edomites. Temanites. Idumeans. ISHMAELITES, Nabatheans, Cedreans, Hureans, &c. Arabian Tribes, Dedanites, Midianites, &c. (Gen. xxv. 1). MOAB. AMMON. Moabites, Ammonites (ARABiAPetTea). (Arabia Deserta) II. HAM or CHEM', (3314 B.C.) 1 COSH. I I 2 MIZRAHI. 8 PHOT. T i CANAAN. I I Ethiopians (Nlihia, Abyssinia) Srba (Suba or Meroe). Yemen, Hauilaii, Sabtah, Raamaii, Siieba, Babylonians, from Nimrod. Erech, Accad, and Calneh in Shinar. Egyptians, African Tribes Canaanites, Hittites, African Tribes,” of Libya (Futa Jebuzites, Amorites, Lydians, Central Africa) Girgashites, Hivites, Libyans, Philistines, Cretans, Cyprians. III. JAPETH or JAPETUS, (3317 B.C.) 5 HAMITES or CHEMITES, ZUZIMS, &c. (Gen. xiv, 5 ; Deut. ii, 20 ; 1 Chron. iv, 40 ; Ps. cv, 23.) Arkites, Sinites, Arvadites, &c. Sidonians, Tyrians, Phoenicians. 1 GOMER. The Kimmeri, Celts, Gauls, Galatians, Welsh, Gaelic, Erse, Breton, Tribes of the Cim- merian Bosphorus, Crimea. Moguls, Scythians, Tartars, Chinese. 2 MAGOG. 3 MADAI. 4 JAVAN. 5 TUBAL. 6 MESHECH. 7 TIRAS. 8 JAPHETITES. I Madai or Medes, Iranians or Persians, Hindoos. - - 1 IONIANS and Greeks of Europe and Asia. . . l__ The Tibar- reni, in Pontus. Moschi, (Russians) Thracians (Romania.) Greeks from Lapetus. Indians from Yapati. (Lord of the Earth). 1 ASKENAZ. 2 RIPATH. 3 TOGARMAH. 1 EhisHA 2 TARSHISH. 3 KITTIM. n _ Axeni, The Rhibii, Iberia Euxine, Tribes of Croatia, Basques, Uralian Moiin- Saxons. tains, &c. Armenians, Turks or Turcomans. Greeks of Phoenicians, Hellas, (Cadiz) . Elis, &c. Carthaginians 4 RHODANIM. I Tribes of Levant, Rhodians, Macedonians^ Dorians, &c. Romans, &c. Epirus. 94 THE KHEPH APPENDIX B. List of Egyptian Kings (as given by Mr. Oxley) from No. 1 to No. 76 is taken from the tablet of Abydus by Sethi, 2nd King of 19th Dynasty. From 77 to the end is copied from Bunsen’s lists, as given in Yol. V. of “ Egypt’s place in Uni- versal History.’’ The first are Throne names, and the second are Dynastic names. I. DYNASTY (Thinite). 1. Mena, b.c. 3620 5. Hespu, b.c. 3560 2. Teta, 3605 6. Memebka, 3545 3. Ata, 3590 7. Ptah, 3530 4. Atau, 3575 8. Kabh, 3515 II. DYNASTY (Memphite). 9. Bautau, b.c. 3500 12. Utnas, b.c. 3455 10. Kaka, 3485 13. Senta, 3440 11. Baca-neter-en, 3470 14. Gaga, 3425 III. DYNASTY (Memphite). 15. Nebka, b.c. 3410 18. Tess, b.c. 3365 16. Ra-iser, 3395 19. Ra-nefer-ka, 3350 17. Teta, 3380 IV. DYNASTY (Memphite). 20. Senefru, b.c. 3335 21. Khufu (Cheops) 3320 22. Ra-tatf, 3305 23. Ra-Khaf (Cephren) 3290 24. Ra men-ka, (Mycerenius) 3275 25. Aserkaf, 3260 Y. DYNASTY (Elephantine). 26. Usskaf, 27. Ra-Sahu, 28. Kakan, 29. Ra-neferef, 30. Ra-ne-user, b.c. 3245 3230 3215 3200 3185 31. Menka, 32. Ila-tal-ka, 33. Unas, 34. Teta, 35. Ra-us-ka, b.c. 3170 3155 3140 3125 3110 VI. DYNASTY (Memphite). 36. Ra-mer-i, Pepi, b.c. 3095 37. Ra-mer-en, 3080 38. Ra-nefer-ka I. 3065 39. Ra-mer-en, Shakensaf, 3050 40. Ra-neter-ka, 2035 41. Ra-men-ka, 3020 42. Ra-nefer-ka II. 3005 43. Ra-nefer-ka-neb-bii'III. 2990 VII. and VIII. DYNASTY (Memphite). according to Manetho — omitted. IX. and X. DYNASTY (Heeacleopolite). 44. Ra-tat-ka-ma, B.C. 2975 45. Ra-nefer-ka-khenta IV. 2960 46. Mer-er-en, 2945 47. S-nefer-ka, 2930 48. Ra-en-ka, 2915 49. Ra-nefer-ka-te-ru V. 2900 50. Har-nefer-ka I. 2885 51. Ra-nefer-ka-senti VI.. Pepi Snub 2870 52- Ra-nefer-ka VII. 2855 53. Ra-sha-ka, 2840 54. Ra-nefer-ka VIII. 2825 55. Har-nefer-ka II. 2810 56. Ra-nefer-dr-ka IX. 2795 XI. DYNASTY (Theban). 57. Ra-neb-ka, Mentntrotep, B.C. 2790 58. Ra-us-aukh-ka, Ameni, 5 ;278 2732 2677 2634 2629 2610 mhft X. 10* O* 2780 59. Ra-s-hotep-heb, Amenemha a- 2 755 60. Ra-kheper-ka, Usertesen!. 61. Ra-neb-ka, Amenemha IX. 62. Ra-kha-kheper, Usertesen XJ- 63. Ra-kha-ka, Usertesen HI. 64. Ra-er-ma-at, Amenemha H * 65. Ra-ma-a-kham, Amenemha a XI IL XIV. XV. XVI. AND XVII. dynasty. Are omitted — being Dynasties of the Xoite and Hyksos Shepherd Kings. XVIII. DYNASTY (Tsebah). 66. Ra-neb-pah-ti, Aahmes, 67. Ra-ser-ka, Amenhoph I. 68. Ra-kheper-ka, Thotmes I. 69. Ra-kbeper-en, Thotmes II. Hatasu (Queen) omitted. 70. Ra-men-kheper, Thotmes IIL 71. Ra-a-klieper-u, Amenhoph II. 72. Ra-men-kheper-u, Thotmes IV • 73. Ra-ma-neb, Amenhoph HI. Amenoph IV. omittea. 74. Ra-tser-kheper-enra, Horus, XIX. DYNASTY (Thebaist). 75. Ra-men-peh-ti, Rameses I. ^ B * c * 14:09 76. Ila-ma-men, Sethi I. (End of Sethi’s Tablet). 77. Rameses II. 78. Menephtah 79. Sethi H. 80. Setnekht ;b. C. 1625 1600 1587 1566 1544 1518 1509 1478 1441 1403 1390 1324 1304 1299 XX. DYNASTY (Theban). 81. Rameses III. b.c. 1232 86. Rameses AVIII. 82. Rameses IV. 83. Rameses V. 84. Rameses VL 85. Rameses VII. 87. Rameses IX. It is now supposed there were 13 Ramesede Kings. XXf. DYNASTY (TanitbO- 88. HerHor. b.c. 1114 92. Osoklior, b.c. 1029 89. Pusemes I. 1088 93. Phmakes, 1023 90. Menkheperes, 1042 94. Pusemes XI. 1014 91. Menophthes, 1038 XXII. DYNASTY (Bobastite). 95. Sheshonk I. b.c. 979 101. Orsokon III. 916 96. Orsokon L 955 102. Sheshonk III. 915 97. Hershaseb, 940 103. Takelo tliis IL 901 98. Orsokon II. 930 104. Pikhi, 850 99. Sheshonk II. 920 105. Sheshonk IV. 847 100. Takelothis I. 916 XXIII. DYNASTY (Tanite). 106. Pertubastes, b.c. 810 108. Psammus, b.c. 765 107. Orsokeu IV. 773 109. Si-het 755 XXIV. DYNASTY (Saite). 110. Bochorls, b.c. 724 XXV. DYNASTY (Ethiopian). 113. Tarkos, 111. Sevekh, Sabaco, b.c. 718 112. Sevetekh, 706 b.c. 692 114. Stepkinates, 115. Necho I. 116. Necho II. 117. Psametic I. 118. Necho ILL XXVI. DYNASTY (Saitk). b.c. 685 119. Psametic II. B.c. 594 120. Uaplires, (Apres ) 588 121. Amosis, . 569 122 . Psametic HI, 526 679 673 664 610 THE KNEPH. 95 XXVII. DYNASTY (Persian). 123. Cambyses, b.c. 526 127. Artaxerxes I. b.c 464 124. Darius I. 521 1 28. Xerxes I I. 424 12o. Xerxes X. 485 129. Sogdianus 4 9 4 126. Artabanus, 465 1 30. Darius Nothos, 423 XXVIII. DYNASTY (Saite). 131. Amyrtaeus, b.c. 404 XXIX. DYNASTY (Mendesian). 132. Nepherites I. b.c. 398 131. Psammuthis, b.c. 879 183. Achoris, 393 135. Nepherites II. 378 XXX. DYNASTY (Sebennyte). 136. Nectabeno I. b c. 377 13S. NectabenoII b.c. 357 137. Seos, 359 (Last Native Dynasty). XXXI. and XXXII. DYNASTY (Macedonian). 139. Alexander (The Great) b.c. 340 140. Alexander II. 332 XXXIII. DYNASTY (Greek oil Ptolemaic). 141. Ptolemy Soter, b.c. 305 142. Ptolemy Philadelphus, 28G 143. Ptolemy ICvergetes I. 247 144. Ptolemy Philopater 222 145. Ptolemy Epiphanes, 20G 14G. Ptolemy Philometer, 1S2 147. Ptolemy Evergetcs 1 1 . 146 148. Ptolemy Lathy rus, 117 149. Ptolemy Alexander, 81 150. Ptolemy Auletes, 81 151. Cleopatra, (Queen) 52 [She was the last of the residcntlSovercigns. She committed suicide in 30 b. c., after which Egypt became a Homan Province governed by Prefects.] The foregoing list must be taken as only approximately correct before XVIII. Dynasty, and Mr. Oxley observes that he has taken a general average of 15 years for each reign from 1st to end of 10th Dynasties — after which he has adopted Bunsen’s dates. [The historical sketch of Antient Egypt having taken up more space than wo anticipated, wo are under the necessity of dispensing with the illustrative cuts, promised in the opening portion. It is proposed to follow this sketch with articles on the Architecture and Ajatiquities of Egypt, with an account of the various systems of religion that from time to time prevailed, the philosophy of their Mysteries, and the relation of the whole to Antient and Primitive Masonry. We hope, therefore, to have the pleasure of giving one or more of the cuts in question in the February number of Kueph, in which the Egyptian articles will be continued.] NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS. From the end of this year 1SS3, KNEPH will he 'published quarterly in February May , August and November. Having been established principally for the information of members of the Antient and Primitive Rite , and to keep them informed about matters pertaining to the working of their own body in Great Britain and Ireland*, it is now found that the publication of the journal quarterly will meet all require- ments. We have no complaint to make in regard to the support which the journal has received from our own members , but from outside , the suppoi't of the Craft has been so trifling and insignificant , that we do not feel justified in continuing the publication monthly, and more especially as the pressure of pure A. and P. matter which it was necessary to put before our members is not so great as when first establishing the Rite. We propose to appear as a quarterly of J2pp. at the old (post free) subscription of Is. 6d. per annum , or with cover of 16pp. m Subscribers to Knepii. —Treasurers of Chapters and indi- vidual Subscribers are requested to remit . their Yearly or Half- Yearly Subscriptions to the Grand Treasurer- General, Bro. J. H. Southwood, 98 Houndsditch, London, E. this issue of “Kneph” concludes the current year we beg to greet our readers ^ — fraternally, wherever scattered over the Globe. During the year now drawing to a close we may, I think, justly congratulate the Orders of Memphis and Mizraimupon the steady progress of their Rites. Here and there our Bodies have met with very severe and unmaso- nic treatment which has, as in Ireland, inflicted great personal injury upon some of our individual members, but upon the whole,' the opposition offered to us has had an effect more beneficial than otherwise, as our existence has been made known over a wider sphere than could have been otherwise accomplished. Some of the American Grand Lodges, after having hastily adopted loud sounding rules against us, find themselves not quite in a position to enforce them as the result might prove not satisfactory to themselves. Several Grand Bodies, both of Memphis and of Mizraim, hitherto disunited, have either fully amalgamated or mutually granted recognition to each other, and consequently the time we wish to see is more nearly approaching when our Antient Order shall -have all united in. one- Confederacy whose motto shall' be “'Peace,, Tolerance and Truth.” 96 THE KNEPH. ^oob for 'Miefo, $t. We have to acknowledge with many thanks the receipt of Modern Thought , Notes and Queries, Masonic World , Lyhic Chain, Chaine •— This Chapter and Senate resumed its meetings for the . inter Session in October, and has been principally occupied m passing some of the later additions to the ranks of Antient and Primitive Masonry through the various degrees of the Chapter and Senate. Thus at the meeting in October, Sir Knight Alfred Moloney, 7 , was passed through 8, 9, 10° with a somewhat shortened Ceremonial, and perfected in the degree of Knight of Rose Oroix ll > The celebration of the Mystic point followed, as it invariably does in this Chapter, oil the admission of a new Sir Jvnignt. The November meeting was devoted to the Senate, and Sir * 8 °’ K - H -> was successively exalted to the • Sn . » anc * K.G.I., 20° ; both of which were ?w + ful ^Ceremonial of the Rite. It is to be regretted that . the two latter degrees are not oftener worked in full, teeming as they do with the most elevated philosoi ‘ eloquently expressed. ^ Iu Havant, Hants, of the Gd. Keeper of the Golden Book, Bro, Jabez N. Hillman, 33°, Bedhampton. In Aberdeen, of Bro. T. L. Shaw, 33°, College Bounds. In Bingley, Yorkshire, of Bro. Jordan Ashworth, 30°, Market-place. In Paris, of Bro. A. O. Munro, 32°, 5, Rue Clairault. In Calcutta, E.I., of 111. Bro. P. C. Dutt, 32°, 14, Seeteram Ghose’s-street. In Bombay, of 111. Bro. D. M. Kapadia, P.M. 30°. NOTICE TO SECRETARIES. To lessen the trouble attending the issue of certificates , all of which undergo three separate registrations , the various Chapters , Senates, Councils, and Mystic Temples , are requested to make their Returns to the Grand Secretary General at the close of each month, so that all certificates required may be issued together on the 1st day of eveny month. Printed for the Soy. Sane. A. & P. Rite, by Robert Chapman, Temple-lan< Uame-street, in the Parish of St. Andrew, Dublin, and Published b f \ Bro. James Hill, at 6 Little Britain, London, E.C. -December, 1883