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Though remarkably sensitive and
accurate

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the human eye is an extremely limited
device a surprisingly

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narrow window on our world

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In the fragile film of a soap
bubble lies a normally

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unseen realm a miniature liquid
kaleidoscope

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too small for our eyes to see

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Vivid detail is also hidden within
an instant of time

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Many events are simply too fast to
be seen with the unaided eye

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When time is compressed

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once motionless sights magically
come to life

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A voracious army of fire ants
devours a helpless cricket

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It is an awesome

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day long process too slow
for us to notice

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Beyond the spectrum of visible
light lie strange

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and extraordinary sights images
created with forms of energy

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which elude the naked eye

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Today, as never before

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cameras and other instruments

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that see are radically expanding the

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of our vision and knowledge

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and altering forever our image
of the world

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Join us now on a visual journey beyond
the limits of the naked eye

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on a voyage into "The Invisible World"

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We are visual creatures

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reliant on our eyes as our primary
link with the world

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Able at a glance to estimate size

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measure depth, register movement
make sudden shifts in focus

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and instantly distinguish s million
different colors,

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our eyes are the most highly developed
of all living species

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Yet, despite our eyes' amazing powers

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and remarkable versatility

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there are infinite sights around
us to

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which we are totally blind

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If our vision is expanded beyond
its normal bounds

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a whole new world of experience
suddenly unfolds

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Through the specialized eyes of
cameras come new dimensions of seeing

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Fleeting movement hidden by time...

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details shrouded by distance
and size

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are revealed as vivid images

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which our eyes alone could
never discern

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The camera must often come to the aid
of our blinkered sense of sight

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What thousands of eyes have
witnessed firsthand

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we must rely on a camera to
actually see

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Possessed with powers to reveal
the world in myriad ways

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that our unaided eyes cannot

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cameras and other imaging tools are
extending enormously the limited

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reach of our vision probing
once distant

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and unimagined realms that lie hidden
all around us

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We delight in exploring the world
we can see

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But even up close

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our eyes can barely resolve objects

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that are one three hundredths of
an inch in diameter a fraction

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the size of a tiny grain of sand

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What seems very small in human scale is

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but the threshold of a microcosm
beyond the limits of our eyes

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In a tiny drop of water

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a bounty of life too small to see

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Like spaceships from an alien world

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delicate creatures called plankton
silently maneuver

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through their seemingly
boundless universe

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Completely unknown until the invention
of the microscope some 400 years ago

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the discovery of plankton and other
microlife provoked unparalleled wonder

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When seen for the first time

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it was difficult to believe

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that living things could be so
small-that a single

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drop of water could contain
a miniature world

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Indispensable tools of science

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modern microscopes fitted

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with cameras can now easily
recapture the sights

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that were seen when man first
glimpsed the microworld

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Bacteria. Discovered in 1674

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their tiny size and great abundance
seemed nearly inconceivable

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A slice of leaf revealed a complex
structure of tiny living cells

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which no one had dreamed existed

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Blood was seen to be composed of
millions of free-floating corpuscles

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The sight of a cell dividing
seemed a miracle

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of nature-another astounding discovery

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which would help to lay the foundations
of modern biology and medicine

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With a microscope that filters
the direction of incoming light

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the composition of the physical
world can be vividly explored

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When a liquid transforms into
a solid-as

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when water turns to ice-the
tiny crystals

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that will form its structure
organize into shape

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Recorded on film at actual speed

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we can witness the other invisible
process known as crystallization

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Seeing with a beam of electrons
rather than with light

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a powerful new instrument called
the scanning electron microscope

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has penetrated an uncharged level
of detail and size

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For David Scharf, a researcher
and photographer

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it is a means to explore a whole
new world of inner space

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Though we seem to be leaving some
distant planet's surface

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our voyage, in fact, is much
more contained

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The cratered terrain we have left
behind is the surface of a moon rock

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the size of a grain of sand

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The fragile structure of an alyssum
flower is barely visible to the eye

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In the vacuum chamber of
the microscope

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a focused beam of electrons
will be aimed

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across the flower's surface to
form a magnified image

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Zap

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Through the microscope's probing eye

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the tiny flower reveals a delicate
structure of unexpected complexity

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When magnified more than 20,000 times

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we can see single grains of pollen

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If we spy a little closer on the
intimate places we know

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we might come to feel like strangers
in our own familiar world

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Zigzags of rough-hewn channels
gouged into a surface

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are a magnified view of
the narrow grooves

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in an ordinary phonograph record

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This barren, rutted terrain is not
as remote as it seems

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It is the porous surface of the
tip of a ball-point pen

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A tangled network of sinuous fibers

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when enlarged 4,000 times

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hardly resembles what we usually see

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as a smooth sheet of writing paper

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In the sofas and beds of even our
best kept homes

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microscopic dust mites quietly
live their lives

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Like miniature dinosaurs from
a long lost world

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their bodies rarely grow large
enough for the naked eye to see

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Dependent on us for survival

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dust mites feed primarily
on the flakes of dead

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which our bodies constantly shed

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What at first sight appears to
be a crude medieval machine

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is actually a precision instrument
nearly all of us depend on

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lts roughly chiseled surface offers
little clue

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that this clumsy contraption is

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actually the complex movement of
an ordinary wristwatch

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Our skin itself hides a miniature world

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from the normal view of our eyes

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When seen at high magnification

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an alien landscape appears

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Stubbles of hair grow like tree
stumps in a terrain

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whose complex ecology supports
a wide variety of life

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On almost any strand of hair
tiny fungi can be found

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In numerous forms, their population
on our hair

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and skin numbers in the tens
of thousands

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Our intimate fellow travelers

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fungi have lived with us through
evolution

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to establish a permanent niche

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in the habitat of our skin

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In the roots of everyone's eyelashes
live tiny mites

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called Demodex folliculorum

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Apparently they cause us no harm

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But why they are there and exactly

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what they do have yet to be discovered

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The varied micro-landscapes on the
surface of our bodies

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also fall prey to less
desirable guests

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Meet Pediculus humanus capitis

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the head louse a tiny
and bothersome pest

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which lives its life firmly attached
to a single strand of hair

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Sarcoptes scabiei, the scabies mite

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is a microscopic creature that makes
a comfortable home

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by burrowing directly into the skin

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On the warm, moist regions
of our skin

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there is life in enormous abundance

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Bacteria the simplest form of
free living life-are constantly with us

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A single bacterium can multiply to

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more than a million in about
eight hours

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and mo matter how much we wash

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millions remain on our skin

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Each of us is the keeper of a huge
invisible zoo

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In fact, at any given time

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there are as many creatures
on our bodies

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as there are people on Earth

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If our numerous companions do
not inspire our love

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at least we have the consolation
of knowing

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that we are never completely alone

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At the Enrico Fermi Institute of
the University of Chicago

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a new frontier of the microworld
has recently been bridged

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Using a powerful electron microscope

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which took 14 years to develop

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Dr. Albert Crewe has captured
on film

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what no one had ever seen

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You are looking at atoms-uranium atoms

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The smaller single specks are
individual atoms

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each with a diameter of only a
few billionths of an inch

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The larger masses are clusters
of several atoms

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Colorized artificially to enhance
our view

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atoms exhibit unpredicted movement

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revealing that solid objects

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when seen on an atomic scale

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are actually a sea of moving particles

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The level of magnification
of the movies

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on the home TV screen is
about ten million,

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maybe 20 million, depending on
the size of your TV set

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That's about the equivalent to blowing
a basketball up

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to the size of the Earth

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The ability to see single atoms
to isolate them at that

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could have considerable importance

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Where it will lead is very
difficult to

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except what we have is
a new technology

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a new way of looking at
materials in the world

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And every time you have a new way
of looking at things

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you find out something new

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We are exiled from other worlds
by time as well as by size

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In a world of motion

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there is infinite detail too fast
for the unaided eye

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In the 1870s an ingenious photographer
Eadweard Muybridge

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00:19:06,812 --> 00:19:11,215
invented a way to record movements
normally too quick to be seen

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00:19:13,886 --> 00:19:16,684
A wager about the stride of
a running horse

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00:19:16,788 --> 00:19:20,519
brought Muybridge to the stock farm
of a wealthy Californian

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With a battery of 24 cameras

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that were activated by threads
stretched across a track

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Muybridge captured aspects of motion

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00:19:30,869 --> 00:19:32,962
that had never been witnessed before

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00:19:37,075 --> 00:19:40,340
Muybridge's patron had bet that all
four legs of a running horse

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were sometimes simultaneously
off the ground

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00:19:44,983 --> 00:19:48,646
Stop-action photography proved him
to be right

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00:19:57,930 --> 00:20:00,922
By projecting his photographs in
rapid succession

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00:20:01,033 --> 00:20:03,501
the first motion pictures were born

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00:20:07,272 --> 00:20:09,240
The movement of people as well
as animals became

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for Muybridge a passionate
subject of study

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00:20:19,618 --> 00:20:22,109
Much more than just a
technical curiosity

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00:20:22,221 --> 00:20:25,987
Muybridge's pioneering work was the
first photographic analysis

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00:20:26,091 --> 00:20:28,787
of the dynamics of physical motion

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00:20:46,778 --> 00:20:50,612
Today, modern high-speed cameras
can record rapid motion

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00:20:50,716 --> 00:20:54,675
with a clarity that Eadweard Muybridge
could only have dreamed of

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00:20:54,786 --> 00:20:57,619
Slow-motion film is now
a commonplace tool

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00:20:57,723 --> 00:21:00,556
in analyzing athletic performance

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00:21:03,495 --> 00:21:05,395
For Dr. Gideon Ariel

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00:21:05,497 --> 00:21:06,759
a physical education expert

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00:21:06,865 --> 00:21:10,426
and a former discus thrower on the
Israeli Olympic team

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00:21:10,535 --> 00:21:13,231
slow-motion film is just the first

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00:21:13,338 --> 00:21:16,466
in the scientific coaching
of athletes

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00:21:16,775 --> 00:21:19,039
Dr. Ariel has turned to the computer

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00:21:19,144 --> 00:21:21,874
for aid in the analysis of movement

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00:21:22,214 --> 00:21:24,808
Slow-motion film of an athlete
is projected frame

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00:21:24,916 --> 00:21:28,545
by frame onto a recording screen

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00:21:33,859 --> 00:21:37,795
Each touch of a sonic pen transmits
into the computer memory

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00:21:37,896 --> 00:21:42,697
the dynamically changing positions
of the athlete's joints and limbs

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00:21:50,008 --> 00:21:53,068
Human movement is governed by
the same laws of motion

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that apply to the entire
physical world

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00:21:56,048 --> 00:21:59,040
And from the visual information
contained in the film

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the computer can rapidly calculate
the interrelationship of force

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00:22:02,888 --> 00:22:07,188
acceleration, and velocity in the
athlete's movements

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00:22:11,463 --> 00:22:12,953
Computer-created images combined

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00:22:13,065 --> 00:22:16,193
with a mass of numerical data
can pinpoint

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00:22:16,301 --> 00:22:19,896
where athletic technique
is hindering performance

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00:22:23,642 --> 00:22:26,611
So, what coaches in the past thought
they can see with eyes

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00:22:26,712 --> 00:22:28,179
we are finding out you can not do

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You have to quantify.

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00:22:29,681 --> 00:22:32,548
With the advent of computers
we can provide the coaches

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00:22:32,651 --> 00:22:33,743
with much more objective

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00:22:33,852 --> 00:22:38,186
reliable information on how
the body moves

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00:22:41,860 --> 00:22:44,420
Dr. Ariel's computer analysis
of Olympic discus

245
00:22:44,529 --> 00:22:46,656
thrower Mac Wilkins revealed

246
00:22:46,765 --> 00:22:49,928
that useful energy which would
effect his throw

247
00:22:50,035 --> 00:22:53,198
was being wasted on ground friction

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00:22:54,539 --> 00:22:56,006
Additional force was being spent

249
00:22:56,108 --> 00:23:01,273
by not rigidly planting his forward
leg at the moment of the throw

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00:23:07,486 --> 00:23:08,976
Based on this analysis

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00:23:09,087 --> 00:23:12,113
Wilkins altered his
throwing technique

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00:23:31,042 --> 00:23:31,974
Several months later

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00:23:32,077 --> 00:23:33,806
in international competition

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00:23:33,912 --> 00:23:38,713
he threw the discus over 13 feet
farther than he ever had before

255
00:23:38,817 --> 00:23:41,115
and set a new world record

256
00:23:48,593 --> 00:23:52,723
In a remarkable laboratory at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

257
00:23:52,831 --> 00:23:56,267
time and motion are
dramatically dissected

258
00:24:06,545 --> 00:24:08,877
With the aid of a pulsating
strobe light

259
00:24:08,980 --> 00:24:15,112
Dr. Harold Edgerton can freeze a flurry
of movement onto a single plate of film

260
00:24:28,400 --> 00:24:32,530
Dr. Edgerton developed the strobe
light in 1931

261
00:24:32,737 --> 00:24:34,762
Unable to see how electric
motors behaved

262
00:24:34,873 --> 00:24:37,103
when they rotated at various speeds

263
00:24:37,209 --> 00:24:39,370
he designed a light which
could flash so quickly

264
00:24:39,478 --> 00:24:43,244
and brightly that motion seemed
to stop

265
00:24:50,021 --> 00:24:54,754
Now we're going to do an experiment
here to take a picture of a

266
00:24:54,860 --> 00:25:01,129
bullet-a very high-velocity bullet
as it cuts this playing card in two

267
00:25:01,233 --> 00:25:04,498
The playing card will be attached
to this tape

268
00:25:04,603 --> 00:25:08,095
The bullet will come out of the
gun at 2,800 feet per second

269
00:25:08,206 --> 00:25:11,300
If we aim it correctly
it'll cut through the card

270
00:25:11,409 --> 00:25:13,274
And we want to turn on a light

271
00:25:13,378 --> 00:25:15,573
a very special strobe light
that lasts less

272
00:25:15,680 --> 00:25:17,671
than a millionth of a second

273
00:25:17,782 --> 00:25:21,513
in order to stop the bullet
effectively on film

274
00:25:21,620 --> 00:25:24,783
and make a sharp, clear photograph

275
00:25:24,890 --> 00:25:27,415
The sound of the bullet will trigger
the strobe light

276
00:25:27,526 --> 00:25:29,994
which creates an image on film

277
00:25:36,167 --> 00:25:39,000
A first shot will
test Dr. Edgerton's aim

278
00:25:42,908 --> 00:25:44,170
Here we go

279
00:25:48,613 --> 00:25:53,277
Now, the event as the strobe
light reveals it

280
00:25:53,385 --> 00:25:57,981
Less than a millionth of a second
is permanently frozen in time

281
00:26:02,494 --> 00:26:05,156
Another striking example of the
strobe's revealing power is

282
00:26:05,263 --> 00:26:08,926
what Edgerton calls "making applesauce"

283
00:26:21,112 --> 00:26:24,081
Perhaps the most dramatic of
Dr. Edgerton's visual techniques

284
00:26:24,182 --> 00:26:26,275
combines the powerful strobe light

285
00:26:26,384 --> 00:26:28,852
with a high-speed
motion-picture camera

286
00:26:28,954 --> 00:26:34,051
There you go. All set?
Three, two, one, two

287
00:26:42,500 --> 00:26:46,903
Stretching events thousands of times
reveals invisible detail

288
00:26:47,005 --> 00:26:50,497
that can be seen and studied
in no other way

289
00:26:56,247 --> 00:26:58,010
The explosion of a firecracker

290
00:26:58,116 --> 00:27:01,244
now slowed down 1,200 times

291
00:27:09,961 --> 00:27:14,227
Examine the "plop" of a milkdrop
200 times slower than usual

292
00:27:17,902 --> 00:27:21,770
and it becomes a magical vision of
hydrodynamic behavior

293
00:28:09,154 --> 00:28:11,645
Unbounded by our human sense of time

294
00:28:11,756 --> 00:28:16,921
specialized cameras can also record
events much too slow to see

295
00:28:20,265 --> 00:28:22,893
For nature cinematographer
en Middleham

296
00:28:23,001 --> 00:28:25,526
the technique of time-lapse
photography

297
00:28:25,637 --> 00:28:27,332
provides a fascinating window

298
00:28:27,439 --> 00:28:29,669
on an otherwise hidden realm

299
00:28:41,586 --> 00:28:45,215
By taking single photographs at longer
than normal intervals

300
00:28:45,323 --> 00:28:49,054
time and events are compressed
into a dramatic new scale

301
00:28:52,430 --> 00:28:55,399
The two weeks it takes for
an orange to spoil

302
00:28:55,500 --> 00:28:58,298
are telescoped into several seconds

303
00:29:04,309 --> 00:29:08,268
A bunch of unripened bananas mature
before our eyes

304
00:29:20,625 --> 00:29:22,855
The natural world is alive in ways

305
00:29:22,961 --> 00:29:27,989
we cannot see-constantly in the
process of incredible transformation

306
00:29:31,002 --> 00:29:32,970
Over a period of days

307
00:29:33,071 --> 00:29:35,562
tiny worms devour the leaf of a tree

308
00:29:40,445 --> 00:29:42,379
An apple provides a week-long meal

309
00:29:42,480 --> 00:29:44,880
for dozens of hungry grubs

310
00:30:00,231 --> 00:30:03,689
In only four days a dead field
mouse is consumed

311
00:30:03,802 --> 00:30:06,236
by a mass of maggots

312
00:30:15,980 --> 00:30:18,278
From the unstoppable process of decay

313
00:30:18,383 --> 00:30:20,510
there inevitably springs new life

314
00:30:20,618 --> 00:30:23,314
in full and beautiful abundance

315
00:30:47,612 --> 00:30:49,603
Even the passage of years is not
a barrier

316
00:30:49,714 --> 00:30:51,807
for the time-lapse camera

317
00:31:12,871 --> 00:31:14,498
In less than half a minute

318
00:31:14,606 --> 00:31:17,734
a boy can grow from four to 20

319
00:31:17,842 --> 00:31:20,504
and then return again to childhood

320
00:31:31,656 --> 00:31:33,590
Our eyes perceive the world

321
00:31:33,691 --> 00:31:35,886
only in the language of light

322
00:31:36,227 --> 00:31:38,593
Yet light, visible light

323
00:31:38,696 --> 00:31:40,755
is but a narrow slice of
energy contained

324
00:31:40,865 --> 00:31:44,926
within an infinite spectrum of
electromagnetic waves

325
00:31:45,036 --> 00:31:48,005
that constantly vibrate
all around us

326
00:32:02,153 --> 00:32:04,144
When scientists analyze light

327
00:32:04,255 --> 00:32:07,019
breaking it apart into its
component wavelengths

328
00:32:07,125 --> 00:32:11,391
the familiar rainbow of colors
from red to violet appears

329
00:32:13,364 --> 00:32:14,888
Colors are the brain's code

330
00:32:14,999 --> 00:32:17,627
for the wavelengths of light
we can see

331
00:32:17,835 --> 00:32:22,636
Beyond this band of energy
our naked eyes go blind

332
00:32:25,810 --> 00:32:28,074
The world around us hides
numerous sights

333
00:32:28,179 --> 00:32:30,875
from our limited
light-sensitive eyes

334
00:32:38,256 --> 00:32:40,850
By equipping a camera with
a sensitive filter

335
00:32:40,959 --> 00:32:44,486
we can see the world reflected
in ultraviolet

336
00:32:44,595 --> 00:32:48,463
light-the invisible wavelengths
of energy beyond the color

337
00:32:55,940 --> 00:32:58,602
In the 1930s, scientists discovered

338
00:32:58,710 --> 00:33:01,042
that honeybees have
a visual sensitivity

339
00:33:01,145 --> 00:33:03,705
that extends beyond our own

340
00:33:03,915 --> 00:33:05,507
On its daily search for nectar

341
00:33:05,616 --> 00:33:10,019
the bee can sense its surroundings
in ultraviolet light

342
00:33:18,563 --> 00:33:20,827
Some flowers we see
as solidly colored

343
00:33:20,932 --> 00:33:23,924
have a very different
appearance to the bee

344
00:33:24,936 --> 00:33:26,927
When viewed in ultraviolet light

345
00:33:27,038 --> 00:33:29,666
new shadings and patterns appear

346
00:33:35,580 --> 00:33:38,174
Helping to guide the bee
to nectar and pollen

347
00:33:38,282 --> 00:33:41,217
ultraviolet markings
hidden from our eyes

348
00:33:41,319 --> 00:33:44,117
have been discovered
on numerous flowers

349
00:33:50,695 --> 00:33:54,859
Unseen ultraviolet rays stream
abundantly from the sun

350
00:33:54,966 --> 00:33:57,400
but they are only one kind of
invisible light

351
00:33:57,502 --> 00:34:00,232
that we must rely on cameras to reveal

352
00:34:23,127 --> 00:34:25,322
We see the light of a burning match

353
00:34:25,430 --> 00:34:28,297
but an image of its heat eludes us

354
00:34:30,034 --> 00:34:32,502
If our eyes could see the part of
the spectrum

355
00:34:32,603 --> 00:34:35,766
where red light turns to
infrared or heat

356
00:34:35,873 --> 00:34:40,276
our view of the world would suddenly
take on a new and expanded scope

357
00:34:54,992 --> 00:34:57,460
A technique called
schlieren photography

358
00:34:57,562 --> 00:34:59,359
allows us to see heat energy

359
00:34:59,464 --> 00:35:02,365
that constantly flows all around us

360
00:35:10,675 --> 00:35:12,700
A valuable new tool in medicine

361
00:35:12,810 --> 00:35:14,778
super-sensitive infrared cameras

362
00:35:14,879 --> 00:35:17,871
can detect slight variations
in skin temperature

363
00:35:17,982 --> 00:35:19,711
which often signal early warnings

364
00:35:19,817 --> 00:35:23,014
of cancerous tumors and other diseases

365
00:35:26,190 --> 00:35:30,388
Each color represents a one-half
degree difference in temperature

366
00:35:30,495 --> 00:35:33,726
Red areas are the warmest
blue the coolest

367
00:35:35,032 --> 00:35:36,863
To a doctor's trained eye

368
00:35:36,968 --> 00:35:39,459
the body's varied heat patterns
show a wealth

369
00:35:39,570 --> 00:35:43,768
of vital diagnostic information
once hidden from his view

370
00:36:05,796 --> 00:36:08,390
By photographing a subject
with visible light

371
00:36:08,499 --> 00:36:11,957
only the outer surface details are
recorded by the camera

372
00:36:12,570 --> 00:36:16,097
Using another form of energy
invisible to the eye

373
00:36:16,207 --> 00:36:20,268
we can penetrate solid matter
and create an image on film

374
00:36:43,334 --> 00:36:45,302
Discovered in 1895

375
00:36:45,403 --> 00:36:47,769
x-rays were briefly considered

376
00:36:47,872 --> 00:36:50,204
by some to be a threat to
feminine modesty

377
00:36:51,108 --> 00:36:53,975
However, fears were allayed at
first sight of the image

378
00:36:54,078 --> 00:36:55,841
and the x-ray was quickly put to use

379
00:36:55,947 --> 00:36:58,507
as a valuable new tool of medicine

380
00:37:12,797 --> 00:37:14,890
Today, the power of the x-ray

381
00:37:14,999 --> 00:37:17,229
is expanding our knowledge
of the past

382
00:37:19,237 --> 00:37:23,435
When fragile Egyptian mummies are
subjected to modern x-ray analysis

383
00:37:23,541 --> 00:37:28,001
scientists gain new insight into
their little-known culture and lives

384
00:37:33,284 --> 00:37:35,445
What time and wrappings have hidden

385
00:37:35,553 --> 00:37:37,885
x-rays can still reveal

386
00:37:42,293 --> 00:37:44,921
X-rays of Yuya, a royal adviser

387
00:37:45,029 --> 00:37:47,224
show obvious dental disease

388
00:37:50,935 --> 00:37:52,630
Thuya, his wife, suffered painfully

389
00:37:52,737 --> 00:37:55,968
from arthritis and a badly curved spine

390
00:37:57,308 --> 00:38:00,971
The infant Pediamon received a less
than noble burial

391
00:38:01,245 --> 00:38:04,009
His arms were amputated and his legs

392
00:38:04,115 --> 00:38:06,583
were broken to fit an undersized coffin

393
00:38:09,954 --> 00:38:13,617
For an unidentified mummy
a less desirable fate

394
00:38:13,724 --> 00:38:15,248
Legs are intact

395
00:38:15,359 --> 00:38:18,192
but the torso is
mysteriously missing

396
00:38:20,931 --> 00:38:23,399
Pharaoh Amenhotep I

397
00:38:23,934 --> 00:38:26,960
X-raying directly through his
beautifully preserved coffin reveals

398
00:38:27,071 --> 00:38:31,064
that his body had been damaged
by ancient grave robbers

399
00:38:31,175 --> 00:38:34,406
and repaired by priests
five centuries later

400
00:38:39,250 --> 00:38:41,047
Perhaps no pharaoh is better known

401
00:38:41,152 --> 00:38:43,279
that the young king Tutankhamun

402
00:38:45,923 --> 00:38:48,255
Penetrating rays show that
his golden mask

403
00:38:48,359 --> 00:38:51,123
was constructed in several parts

404
00:38:52,463 --> 00:38:54,294
He beard was added last

405
00:38:54,398 --> 00:38:57,026
attached to the chin by
a tapered peg

406
00:39:00,838 --> 00:39:04,103
The body of ing Tut itself has
undergone careful analysis

407
00:39:04,208 --> 00:39:08,508
in hopes of finding evidence as to
the cause of the young pharaoh's death

408
00:39:10,948 --> 00:39:15,044
X-rays, however, show a young man
in good health

409
00:39:15,219 --> 00:39:17,710
And unless there is evidence still
to be discovered

410
00:39:17,822 --> 00:39:22,350
the reason for Tut's early death
may remain forever a mystery

411
00:39:33,871 --> 00:39:37,739
Sound, like light, or heat, or x-rays

412
00:39:37,842 --> 00:39:42,438
radiates all around us in the form
of vibrating waves

413
00:39:44,482 --> 00:39:48,282
This image of a human hand was made
with high-frequency sound

414
00:39:49,887 --> 00:39:51,354
Using this technique

415
00:39:51,455 --> 00:39:54,356
doctors can now see soft
internal tissue

416
00:39:54,458 --> 00:39:57,052
that was not safely
accessible before

417
00:40:02,299 --> 00:40:05,132
Sensitive sound-imaging cameras
are today

418
00:40:05,236 --> 00:40:07,568
revolutionizing prenatal care

419
00:40:07,838 --> 00:40:09,669
Okay, I'm just going to
get one quick look

420
00:40:09,774 --> 00:40:12,004
A tiny developing fetus can be seen

421
00:40:12,109 --> 00:40:15,374
and monitored during growth
in the womb

422
00:40:16,280 --> 00:40:19,647
Seen here in profile
its head on the top right

423
00:40:19,750 --> 00:40:22,719
the fetus arches its back
and stretches

424
00:40:25,523 --> 00:40:30,586
It hiccups... then moves its arm
and slightly turns its head

425
00:40:36,434 --> 00:40:38,527
The baby's now sort of turned around

426
00:40:38,636 --> 00:40:41,400
and it's looking at us to see
what we're doing

427
00:40:43,541 --> 00:40:46,339
I can take a picture of the baby
for you

428
00:40:46,444 --> 00:40:49,845
I'll put this freeze frame
which freezes the image for us

429
00:40:50,414 --> 00:40:52,882
Today, a mother's first baby picture
is often made

430
00:40:52,983 --> 00:40:55,781
with sound before the child is born

431
00:40:55,886 --> 00:40:59,822
Pretty good
See there the baby's head

432
00:41:00,024 --> 00:41:01,355
And everything else looks fine

433
00:41:01,459 --> 00:41:02,983
The baby's moving around a lot

434
00:41:03,093 --> 00:41:04,924
The baby's heart is beating fine

435
00:41:05,029 --> 00:41:09,056
and you have a normal amount of
amniotic fluid for this time

436
00:41:09,166 --> 00:41:11,634
Who's it look like? You or Brad

437
00:41:11,936 --> 00:41:13,665
I think it looks like me

438
00:41:22,813 --> 00:41:24,713
A striking means of
photography discovered

439
00:41:24,815 --> 00:41:27,648
at the turn of the century
shows apparent fields

440
00:41:27,751 --> 00:41:30,481
of energy emanating from our bodies

441
00:41:30,654 --> 00:41:33,748
It is known as irlian or
electrophotography

442
00:41:33,858 --> 00:41:35,223
and almost everything filmed

443
00:41:35,326 --> 00:41:38,853
with this technique shows an
active surrounding aura

444
00:41:52,209 --> 00:41:54,769
Controversial and only
partially understood

445
00:41:54,879 --> 00:41:58,440
irlian photography is now
undergoing serious investigation

446
00:41:58,549 --> 00:42:00,881
as a possible diagnostic tool

447
00:42:04,388 --> 00:42:06,015
To make a irlian photograph

448
00:42:06,123 --> 00:42:09,183
a finger is placed over a sheet
of unexposed film

449
00:42:09,293 --> 00:42:11,352
which receives a burst of electricity

450
00:42:11,462 --> 00:42:13,589
from a metal plate beneath it

451
00:42:13,831 --> 00:42:14,991
When the film is developed

452
00:42:15,099 --> 00:42:17,533
the irlian aura appears

453
00:42:20,437 --> 00:42:22,997
Dr. Thelma Moss has conducted research

454
00:42:23,107 --> 00:42:25,871
on irlian photography at UCLA

455
00:42:26,076 --> 00:42:27,043
People are always asking

456
00:42:27,144 --> 00:42:29,305
"What is this irlian
photography all about?"

457
00:42:29,413 --> 00:42:31,813
And the answer is
"Nobody really knows."

458
00:42:31,916 --> 00:42:35,147
But we've got some ideas
that are intriguing to us

459
00:42:35,252 --> 00:42:37,584
because they are not the
conventional ideas

460
00:42:37,688 --> 00:42:39,713
about what exists around
the human body

461
00:42:39,823 --> 00:42:43,259
We believe that not only is
there air surrounding us

462
00:42:43,360 --> 00:42:46,022
but that we are emanating
something from ourselves

463
00:42:46,130 --> 00:42:48,792
that is energetic-bioenergetic

464
00:42:48,899 --> 00:42:53,199
if you like-and that tells us
a great deal about

465
00:42:53,304 --> 00:42:54,965
what is going on inside the body

466
00:42:55,072 --> 00:42:58,235
irlian fingertip images taken over
several hours vary their intensity

467
00:42:58,342 --> 00:43:00,469
as a depressant drug takes effect

468
00:43:03,447 --> 00:43:07,178
A mild stimulating drug seems to
cause an activating pattern

469
00:43:12,122 --> 00:43:14,613
These irlian photographs record
the sequence

470
00:43:14,725 --> 00:43:17,387
of a woman's monthly menstrual cycle

471
00:43:28,872 --> 00:43:29,839
A yogi's hands before

472
00:43:29,940 --> 00:43:33,501
and then during a state
of deep concentration

473
00:43:37,348 --> 00:43:38,781
Though powerfully evocative

474
00:43:38,882 --> 00:43:41,077
the meaning and value of
the irlian image

475
00:43:41,185 --> 00:43:43,653
still remains largely unknown

476
00:43:43,887 --> 00:43:47,846
With further research it may prove
to be a new frontier of our knowledge

477
00:44:03,040 --> 00:44:06,532
At the Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory near Chicago

478
00:44:06,644 --> 00:44:10,603
we are being brought ever closer
to an ultimate frontier

479
00:44:12,850 --> 00:44:14,750
With huge, exotic equipment

480
00:44:14,852 --> 00:44:16,877
scientists are working to better see

481
00:44:16,987 --> 00:44:20,616
and understand the smallest
possible particles

482
00:44:20,724 --> 00:44:23,090
of which all matter is made

483
00:44:24,895 --> 00:44:28,797
Only 25 years ago, atoms
composed of protons

484
00:44:28,899 --> 00:44:31,197
neutrons, and electrons

485
00:44:31,301 --> 00:44:34,361
were regarded as the
smallest basic objects

486
00:44:35,205 --> 00:44:37,105
Today it seems that atoms
are built of

487
00:44:37,207 --> 00:44:40,768
even tinier things called quarks

488
00:44:48,619 --> 00:44:49,643
Fermilab is, in a sense

489
00:44:49,753 --> 00:44:53,189
the world's largest and
most powerful microscope-

490
00:44:53,290 --> 00:44:56,487
an awesome collection of machinery
designed to shatter atoms to pieces

491
00:44:56,593 --> 00:45:00,188
and see the objects within

492
00:45:02,966 --> 00:45:03,955
Buried underground

493
00:45:04,068 --> 00:45:08,402
a four-mile ring of powerful magnets
guides a narrow beam of particles

494
00:45:08,505 --> 00:45:10,564
which is rapidly accelerated

495
00:45:10,674 --> 00:45:12,232
When fired at their target

496
00:45:12,342 --> 00:45:16,472
they will act like a powerful hammer
to break an atom apart

497
00:45:20,017 --> 00:45:22,679
The process begins with
a giant generator

498
00:45:22,786 --> 00:45:24,947
and a massive jolt of power

499
00:45:30,094 --> 00:45:33,029
Hurled within seconds to nearly
the speed of light

500
00:45:33,130 --> 00:45:37,260
the beam of particles is aimed to
strike the tiny nuclei of atoms

501
00:45:37,367 --> 00:45:40,825
The collision will be photographed
by several sensitive cameras

502
00:45:54,585 --> 00:45:57,076
When projected onto
an analyzing table

503
00:45:57,187 --> 00:46:00,156
the resulting pictures show the
scattered tracks left

504
00:46:00,257 --> 00:46:03,988
by hundreds of liberated
subatomic particles

505
00:46:07,931 --> 00:46:11,264
Each type of particle has its own
distinguishing signature

506
00:46:11,368 --> 00:46:13,996
of curving or spinning lines

507
00:46:16,840 --> 00:46:19,775
By carefully recording and studying
these trails

508
00:46:19,877 --> 00:46:22,243
we are gradually learning more
about the now smallest

509
00:46:22,346 --> 00:46:25,281
and most elusive units of
matter the still

510
00:46:25,382 --> 00:46:29,079
unseen entities called quarks

511
00:46:30,420 --> 00:46:34,015
Quarks, however, may well be composed
of even smaller things

512
00:46:34,124 --> 00:46:37,491
We still do not know where, or if ever

513
00:46:37,594 --> 00:46:40,529
the world of the small will stop

514
00:46:50,641 --> 00:46:53,974
High above the Sonoran Desert
near Tucson, Arizona

515
00:46:54,077 --> 00:46:57,672
the itt Peak National Observatory
is focusing our vision

516
00:46:57,781 --> 00:47:00,545
onto the realm of the very large

517
00:47:02,052 --> 00:47:04,850
The world's biggest collection
of astronomical

518
00:47:04,955 --> 00:47:06,252
itt Peak is dominated

519
00:47:06,356 --> 00:47:10,156
by the 19-story dome of the powerful
Mayall telescope

520
00:47:17,100 --> 00:47:19,193
Like most modern optical telescopes

521
00:47:19,303 --> 00:47:21,601
it is really a colossal camera with

522
00:47:21,705 --> 00:47:24,071
which to photograph the sky

523
00:47:29,279 --> 00:47:34,740
Galaxies. Only 60 years ago their
existence was just a theory

524
00:47:34,852 --> 00:47:37,821
But with the construction of larger
and larger telescopes

525
00:47:37,921 --> 00:47:40,856
thousands were seen and photographed

526
00:47:40,958 --> 00:47:42,892
Today astronomers estimate

527
00:47:42,993 --> 00:47:46,451
that the universe contains at least
100 billion galaxies

528
00:47:46,563 --> 00:47:49,555
each with 100 billion stars

529
00:47:56,673 --> 00:47:59,005
Powerful instruments like
the Mayall telescope

530
00:47:59,109 --> 00:48:01,475
are now seeing the heavens
more clearly

531
00:48:01,578 --> 00:48:03,068
than has ever been possible

532
00:48:04,948 --> 00:48:08,315
lts light-collecting mirror can
photographically detect objects

533
00:48:08,418 --> 00:48:13,321
more than six million times fainter
than the unaided eye can see

534
00:48:18,462 --> 00:48:20,327
Astronomers today rarely

535
00:48:20,430 --> 00:48:22,694
look through a telescope directly

536
00:48:28,071 --> 00:48:31,632
An array of computers and image
intensifiers record

537
00:48:31,742 --> 00:48:32,709
and make visible objects

538
00:48:32,809 --> 00:48:37,303
that the eye alone is not sensitive
enough to see

539
00:48:40,684 --> 00:48:43,585
Artificial colorizing shows
subtle details

540
00:48:43,687 --> 00:48:46,087
that would otherwise be missed

541
00:48:47,824 --> 00:48:51,260
Revealed on the telescope's computer
enhancement screen

542
00:48:51,361 --> 00:48:56,560
the world's first image of the surface
of a star other than our sun

543
00:48:57,267 --> 00:48:58,666
nown as Betelgeuse

544
00:48:58,769 --> 00:49:01,795
it lies 600 light years from Earth

545
00:49:02,039 --> 00:49:04,564
The computer-colorized contrasts
on its surface

546
00:49:04,675 --> 00:49:08,805
are believed to be huge regions of
varying hot and cold

547
00:49:09,046 --> 00:49:12,038
Resolving this image through the
telescope was like photographing

548
00:49:12,149 --> 00:49:16,176
a grain of sand from several
miles away

549
00:49:20,557 --> 00:49:23,583
Probing ever deeper into
the enormity of the sky

550
00:49:23,694 --> 00:49:25,457
the powerful eye of the
telescope is extending

551
00:49:25,562 --> 00:49:29,965
our horizons toward the limits
of space and time

552
00:49:30,233 --> 00:49:31,700
From this exploration

553
00:49:31,802 --> 00:49:34,566
new and astonishing sights
are offering

554
00:49:34,671 --> 00:49:37,868
clues to such baffling questions as

555
00:49:37,975 --> 00:49:42,139
What are stars?
How do galaxies form

556
00:49:42,512 --> 00:49:44,844
Does the universe have an end

557
00:49:57,461 --> 00:50:00,953
At the Salt Lake City campus of
the University of Utah

558
00:50:01,064 --> 00:50:03,157
a frontier of vision that was once

559
00:50:03,266 --> 00:50:05,860
as remote as the darkness
of outer space

560
00:50:05,969 --> 00:50:08,597
has now been dramatically entered

561
00:50:12,476 --> 00:50:15,934
Craig has been totally blind
for 15 years

562
00:50:16,713 --> 00:50:18,340
But in a bold experiment

563
00:50:18,448 --> 00:50:21,110
doctors have surgically implanted
on the visual cortex

564
00:50:21,218 --> 00:50:25,712
of his brain an array of 64 tiny
electrodes

565
00:50:29,960 --> 00:50:32,394
This ingenious feat of
medical engineering

566
00:50:32,496 --> 00:50:36,990
allows Craig to be literally
"plugged in" to the outside world

567
00:50:47,277 --> 00:50:50,110
Bypassing his useless eyes
and optic nerves

568
00:50:50,213 --> 00:50:53,671
doctors can send images in the form
of electrical signals

569
00:50:53,784 --> 00:50:56,685
directly to the visual center
of his brain

570
00:50:56,787 --> 00:50:59,255
Okay, Craig, that's fine

571
00:51:01,491 --> 00:51:04,016
For Craig, it is a strange
new contact

572
00:51:04,127 --> 00:51:06,925
with his long lost sense of sight

573
00:51:08,231 --> 00:51:10,665
When Craig was linked to a
television camera

574
00:51:10,767 --> 00:51:13,099
he reported "seeing" both vertical

575
00:51:13,203 --> 00:51:15,171
and horizontal lines

576
00:51:18,141 --> 00:51:19,369
In this experiment

577
00:51:19,476 --> 00:51:21,103
a computer system will
generate patterns

578
00:51:21,211 --> 00:51:24,305
of dots representing the
braille alphabet

579
00:51:25,749 --> 00:51:29,412
It is the same six-dot code
used in touch braille

580
00:51:32,422 --> 00:51:36,518
The images that Craig sees will
appear something like this

581
00:51:39,262 --> 00:51:40,729
Go. First word

582
00:51:43,166 --> 00:51:44,292
I

583
00:51:44,401 --> 00:51:45,561
Okay, next word

584
00:51:45,669 --> 00:51:52,199
Okay. "H", "A", "D", had

585
00:51:52,309 --> 00:51:53,241
Next word

586
00:51:53,343 --> 00:52:07,553
"A", "C", "A", "T", cat, "A", "N", "D"

587
00:52:07,657 --> 00:52:08,783
Next word
And

588
00:52:08,892 --> 00:52:11,019
Craig has little trouble "seeing"
the letters

589
00:52:11,128 --> 00:52:12,561
that will form a sentence

590
00:52:12,662 --> 00:52:15,859
but scientists are working toward
even more dramatic goals

591
00:52:15,966 --> 00:52:18,059
I had a cat and ball

592
00:52:18,235 --> 00:52:19,964
Researchers now foresee a day

593
00:52:20,070 --> 00:52:23,597
when a miniaturized system-including
cameras for the eyes

594
00:52:23,707 --> 00:52:25,504
electronics in the glasses

595
00:52:25,609 --> 00:52:27,736
and electrodes on the
brain-will provide

596
00:52:27,844 --> 00:52:30,642
artificial vision for the blind

597
00:52:37,354 --> 00:52:39,788
In the time it takes to blink an eye

598
00:52:39,890 --> 00:52:43,223
cameras can transport us to wondrous
new realms

599
00:52:44,427 --> 00:52:46,395
Revealing once hidden places that span

600
00:52:46,496 --> 00:52:51,297
from the reaches of outer space
to the inner depths of nature

601
00:52:51,401 --> 00:52:54,893
the magic eyes of cameras are
dramatically transforming

602
00:52:55,005 --> 00:52:56,996
our knowledge and perception

603
00:53:07,918 --> 00:53:08,816
In coming years

604
00:53:08,919 --> 00:53:12,912
our vision of the world will be
stretched to newer boundaries

605
00:53:13,023 --> 00:53:16,254
For today we have only begun
to explore

606
00:53:16,359 --> 00:53:19,760
the invisible worlds all around us