1 00:00:01,768 --> 00:00:03,463 Time... 2 00:00:06,606 --> 00:00:12,135 That relentless force that transports us from what was to what will be. 3 00:00:13,580 --> 00:00:16,811 Though no one can say exactly what time is 4 00:00:16,950 --> 00:00:19,248 we do know what time it is. 5 00:00:24,057 --> 00:00:28,585 54321 6 00:00:29,896 --> 00:00:36,062 For Millennium, this is a landmark a special moment in time. 7 00:00:36,202 --> 00:00:38,432 But far from all the commotion 8 00:00:38,571 --> 00:00:43,634 millions of others count their years very differently. 9 00:00:43,777 --> 00:00:44,744 For Buddhists 10 00:00:44,878 --> 00:00:50,009 the year 2000 came and went more than five hundred years ago. 11 00:00:50,950 --> 00:00:54,215 In the Muslim world it was only the year 1420. 12 00:00:54,354 --> 00:00:58,950 While for many Jews it's the year the date was 5760. 13 00:01:00,293 --> 00:01:03,751 Nevertheless the observance of this year 2000 14 00:01:03,897 --> 00:01:06,092 is a singular opportunity... 15 00:01:06,232 --> 00:01:09,429 to listen to the heartbeat of the planet. 16 00:01:17,677 --> 00:01:21,977 The National Geographic Society has long been capturing time: 17 00:01:22,115 --> 00:01:24,709 Making it stop, slowing it down, 18 00:01:24,851 --> 00:01:26,341 and speeding it up... 19 00:01:26,486 --> 00:01:32,584 All to better comprehend the relentless flow from what was to what will be. 20 00:01:40,500 --> 00:01:44,994 We invite you now to see the world through our eyes 21 00:01:45,138 --> 00:01:49,939 as we explore the epic adventure of life through time. 22 00:01:51,211 --> 00:01:54,078 For Time is the measure of our universe... 23 00:01:54,214 --> 00:01:58,412 and only over time can we understand the natural world. 24 00:02:04,424 --> 00:02:07,086 And it is our unique grasp of Time 25 00:02:07,227 --> 00:02:12,893 that helped give rise to science and culture... to civilization itself. 26 00:02:16,336 --> 00:02:20,830 Take time, add exploration and the quest for knowledge 27 00:02:20,974 --> 00:02:23,909 and you have the human story. 28 00:02:25,311 --> 00:02:29,441 A story of constant and accelerating change. 29 00:02:31,317 --> 00:02:32,875 But now perhaps 30 00:02:33,019 --> 00:02:37,820 we are at a most critical point on the verge of controlling nature 31 00:02:37,957 --> 00:02:40,892 and on the brink of destroying it. 32 00:02:42,028 --> 00:02:46,055 What kind of world will we leave to our children? 33 00:02:46,733 --> 00:02:49,827 Only Time will tell. 34 00:03:34,214 --> 00:03:39,174 In a single, ferocious instant an explosion of heat and light 35 00:03:39,319 --> 00:03:42,618 Time, as we know it, began. 36 00:03:43,389 --> 00:03:45,584 It was the big bang. 37 00:03:48,895 --> 00:03:54,731 Some thirteen billion years later the cosmos defines our sense of wonder... 38 00:03:54,867 --> 00:03:58,997 strewn with things unimaginable like black holes 39 00:03:59,138 --> 00:04:05,702 and towering nebulae trillions of miles high spawning countless stars. 40 00:04:10,817 --> 00:04:14,218 About two-thirds of the way through the history of time 41 00:04:14,354 --> 00:04:17,687 our own solar system was born. 42 00:04:22,595 --> 00:04:26,463 A handful of planets and assorted debris orbiting 43 00:04:26,599 --> 00:04:29,466 an unremarkable star. 44 00:04:33,806 --> 00:04:38,869 In this immense universe our own planet is like an insignificant 45 00:04:39,012 --> 00:04:45,713 blue ornament tenuously protected by a paper thin atmosphere. 46 00:04:45,852 --> 00:04:50,687 But a closer look reveals that there's something wonderful going on here 47 00:04:50,823 --> 00:04:54,919 something rare perhaps or even unique. 48 00:04:55,061 --> 00:04:57,962 Something called Life. 49 00:05:48,381 --> 00:05:54,616 To see the origin of life we need only look beneath the waves. 50 00:05:55,488 --> 00:05:58,457 Here, hundreds of millions of years ago 51 00:05:58,591 --> 00:06:02,789 the sea was a living soup of tiny organisms. 52 00:06:04,330 --> 00:06:12,328 In this vast incubator life slowly evolved from the simple to the complex. 53 00:06:12,472 --> 00:06:19,901 Then, about 540 million years ago there was an explosion of innovation. 54 00:06:22,281 --> 00:06:27,082 Quite suddenly, entirely new forms of life began to emerge. 55 00:06:29,288 --> 00:06:32,348 In the millions of years that followed armor plate 56 00:06:32,492 --> 00:06:37,828 and prickly spines appeared to protect creatures from a new threat: 57 00:06:37,964 --> 00:06:39,795 Predators. 58 00:06:40,733 --> 00:06:43,896 In time, deadly jaws appeared... 59 00:06:44,036 --> 00:06:48,905 and sinewy creatures who muscled their way into the arms race. 60 00:06:54,647 --> 00:06:58,981 Some animals have changed very little over millions of years. 61 00:06:59,118 --> 00:07:06,456 Among these living fossils are sharks: Part time machine, part killing machine. 62 00:07:07,660 --> 00:07:09,252 We still are trying to understand 63 00:07:09,395 --> 00:07:14,332 the elusive ways of these remarkably well-adapted predators. 64 00:07:16,302 --> 00:07:20,204 On the windswept Farallon Islands off the coast of California 65 00:07:20,339 --> 00:07:23,467 researchers have spent years following the hunting patterns 66 00:07:23,609 --> 00:07:26,237 of individual great white sharks. 67 00:07:27,480 --> 00:07:31,974 ...this bite looks like it could be a seal or a sea lion, you know... 68 00:07:32,118 --> 00:07:36,111 "Over seven years up to forty great whites have been identified. 69 00:07:36,255 --> 00:07:39,122 Some are observed in one season and then never seen again. 70 00:07:39,258 --> 00:07:42,694 While others come back every year. 71 00:07:44,163 --> 00:07:48,623 One of these is a massive eighteen-foot female named Stumpy - 72 00:07:48,768 --> 00:07:52,329 so called because the tip of her tail fin is missing." 73 00:07:53,906 --> 00:07:56,704 "We don't know where Stumpy is during most of the year, 74 00:07:56,843 --> 00:08:00,973 but we do know that she shows up here every Autumn at the Farallons." 75 00:08:01,113 --> 00:08:02,705 ...so pretty consistent. 76 00:08:02,849 --> 00:08:05,044 She's almost always in the same area." 77 00:08:05,184 --> 00:08:10,520 "What's more she appears to come each year to the same spot to hunt. 78 00:08:10,656 --> 00:08:12,624 How do you know Stumpy is here? 79 00:08:12,758 --> 00:08:16,250 You set the board out... and she lets you know... 80 00:08:25,638 --> 00:08:30,371 This is how a great white kills an elephant seal in the first hit... 81 00:08:43,956 --> 00:08:49,258 In one precise torpedo-like blow the shark hits the prey from below. 82 00:08:49,395 --> 00:08:54,423 The stunning impact of the first lightning strike may incapacitate the seal. 83 00:08:54,567 --> 00:08:56,262 This strategy saves energy 84 00:08:56,402 --> 00:08:59,803 and may minimize the rise of injury to the shark." 85 00:09:12,618 --> 00:09:16,486 This surprising sequence of attack retreat and feast has served 86 00:09:16,622 --> 00:09:20,490 the shark well for a very long time. 87 00:09:22,028 --> 00:09:27,364 But Nature was not content to have only the seas populated with living things. 88 00:09:27,500 --> 00:09:34,565 After hundreds of millions of years of preparation out of the water crept life. 89 00:09:35,575 --> 00:09:39,409 It took countless generations for gills to become lungs 90 00:09:39,545 --> 00:09:43,072 and flippers to evolve into wings or feet. 91 00:09:46,586 --> 00:09:48,816 Eventually, a profusion of crawling 92 00:09:48,955 --> 00:09:53,221 flying and running creatures claimed the land for their own. 93 00:09:57,563 --> 00:10:00,726 Reptiles began a one hundred and fifty million year 94 00:10:00,866 --> 00:10:03,266 sovereignty over the planet. 95 00:10:09,508 --> 00:10:13,137 It was the age of the dinosaurs. 96 00:10:13,279 --> 00:10:17,181 They were the biggest creatures ever to walk the earth. 97 00:10:19,051 --> 00:10:22,179 Gone now some 65 million years... 98 00:10:22,321 --> 00:10:28,055 they live on in our collective imagination. 99 00:10:32,765 --> 00:10:37,031 Among the departed was one of the strangest dinosaurs that ever lived. 100 00:10:37,169 --> 00:10:43,130 It was called Ovirapto and it was swift, smart and lethal. 101 00:10:46,345 --> 00:10:50,008 This expedition is traveling to a remote part of Mongolia 102 00:10:50,149 --> 00:10:53,778 to uncover the secrets of the Oviraptor's world. 103 00:11:00,326 --> 00:11:04,763 Michael Novacek and Mark Norell of the American Museum of Natural History 104 00:11:04,897 --> 00:11:07,889 come to this desolate place to piece together a puzzle 105 00:11:08,034 --> 00:11:10,867 of evolution and extinction. 106 00:11:12,071 --> 00:11:17,600 "One, two, three, four, five, six, seven eight, nine..." 107 00:11:17,743 --> 00:11:19,973 "...and then three over there... twelve. 108 00:11:20,112 --> 00:11:24,981 Twelve eggs... All right." 109 00:11:25,685 --> 00:11:27,550 You know this is really a great fossil find 110 00:11:27,687 --> 00:11:29,552 because it's one of the rare instances 111 00:11:29,689 --> 00:11:31,589 where we can capture a little bit of behavior 112 00:11:31,724 --> 00:11:33,954 that's 80 million years old. 113 00:11:34,627 --> 00:11:37,289 Here we have a- a sort of a day in the life or 114 00:11:37,430 --> 00:11:40,490 or the death of a- of a creature of a dinosaur 115 00:11:40,633 --> 00:11:44,501 in association with something it did during its life. 116 00:11:44,637 --> 00:11:47,231 This one was fossilized where it dropped 117 00:11:47,373 --> 00:11:50,206 and it happened to drop right on top of its own nest. 118 00:11:51,711 --> 00:11:54,236 "She didn't just drop there. 119 00:11:54,380 --> 00:11:58,749 The good mother oviraptor was sitting on the nest. 120 00:11:58,884 --> 00:12:03,651 They probably brought food to their nest as birds do. 121 00:12:05,024 --> 00:12:07,549 And the good mother tended her eggs. 122 00:12:07,693 --> 00:12:08,682 Like a bird, 123 00:12:08,828 --> 00:12:11,262 she prodded them into a circle. 124 00:12:12,231 --> 00:12:16,998 The fearsome carnivore of the Gobi was parenting." 125 00:12:23,843 --> 00:12:29,645 Then, with remarkable swiftness the age of dinosaurs was over. 126 00:12:33,853 --> 00:12:36,845 What happened exactly remains a mystery. 127 00:12:36,989 --> 00:12:43,360 Many scientists believe an asteroid perhaps six miles wide slammed into Earth 128 00:12:43,496 --> 00:12:47,159 and helped snuff out the masters of the world. 129 00:12:51,470 --> 00:12:53,438 "From our perspective, of course, 130 00:12:53,572 --> 00:12:59,101 this mass extinction event is not a big problem 131 00:12:59,245 --> 00:13:02,078 because we're part of the group that survived... 132 00:13:02,214 --> 00:13:04,682 and started evolving into bats and 133 00:13:04,817 --> 00:13:09,379 and large hoofed animals and lions and tigers and bears." 134 00:13:16,595 --> 00:13:22,500 With the great reptiles gone, smaller but more adaptable creatures took over. 135 00:13:23,469 --> 00:13:26,836 Each learned to succeed in its own way. 136 00:13:30,943 --> 00:13:34,572 Some rely on speed and powerful jaws. 137 00:13:34,713 --> 00:13:37,773 Others, strength and a thick skin. 138 00:13:38,517 --> 00:13:40,781 But no matter how adaptable a species 139 00:13:40,920 --> 00:13:44,788 may be in the savage struggle between life and death, 140 00:13:44,924 --> 00:13:47,586 there is but one simple rule: 141 00:13:48,694 --> 00:13:52,494 Those who survive pass their traits to their young. 142 00:13:52,631 --> 00:13:55,566 Those who die do not. 143 00:14:04,143 --> 00:14:08,773 Every creature is a history book of genetic code. 144 00:14:08,914 --> 00:14:12,111 These living ghosts are the product of all the life 145 00:14:12,251 --> 00:14:17,211 and death moments endured by all the generations before them. 146 00:14:18,457 --> 00:14:21,893 "An ancient species related to both antelopes and pigs 147 00:14:22,027 --> 00:14:24,723 the water chevrotain has been feeding on flowers 148 00:14:24,864 --> 00:14:29,358 fruit and fungi here for over twenty million years. 149 00:14:30,102 --> 00:14:34,334 All that time predator and prey have been evolving together 150 00:14:34,473 --> 00:14:36,532 Honing skills and strategies 151 00:14:36,675 --> 00:14:39,906 that make them well-matched in the game of survival... 152 00:15:06,071 --> 00:15:10,371 Under sharp-eyed surveillance the chevrotain submerges again. 153 00:15:11,677 --> 00:15:13,907 She is completely at home here. 154 00:15:14,046 --> 00:15:17,209 She doesn't swim but simply walks on the bottom 155 00:15:17,349 --> 00:15:19,374 just like a little hippo. 156 00:15:19,518 --> 00:15:21,543 Her huge eyes are open wide 157 00:15:21,687 --> 00:15:26,920 but she sees rather poorly - probably much as a human does underwater... 158 00:15:34,266 --> 00:15:38,259 eeping her belly close to the ground to avoid being lifted by the flow 159 00:15:38,404 --> 00:15:43,933 she simply walks away from danger... four feet below the surface." 160 00:15:47,913 --> 00:15:52,850 In the most extreme environments we find the most astonishing adaptations. 161 00:15:52,985 --> 00:15:56,887 Forbidding deserts call for new tools for survival. 162 00:16:01,293 --> 00:16:03,420 Out-maneuvered by a hungry coyote 163 00:16:03,562 --> 00:16:06,622 this creature seems ready to accept its fate. 164 00:16:06,765 --> 00:16:10,098 But the horned lizard has evolved a surprising solution 165 00:16:10,235 --> 00:16:12,294 to a desperate dilemma. 166 00:16:13,472 --> 00:16:19,843 "The swelling below his eye is not a wound it's the lizard's last defense. 167 00:16:23,582 --> 00:16:27,951 Squirted from a specialized tear duct a stream of blood is aimed 168 00:16:28,087 --> 00:16:30,248 at the coyote's face. 169 00:16:31,090 --> 00:16:33,081 The blood is laced with substances 170 00:16:33,225 --> 00:16:38,629 that are so distasteful the coyote wants nothing more to do with the lizard." 171 00:16:44,737 --> 00:16:49,504 Here on the barren ice floes of the Arctic it's hard to imagine any creature - 172 00:16:49,641 --> 00:16:54,203 much less a thousand pound brute finding sustenance. 173 00:16:56,682 --> 00:17:02,382 But the polar bear is a resourceful predator with infinite patience. 174 00:17:13,966 --> 00:17:15,695 "The seal is safe for the moment 175 00:17:15,834 --> 00:17:20,203 but each new trip to the surface to breathe could end in another ambush. 176 00:17:20,339 --> 00:17:24,298 It's an over-sized game of cat and mouse." 177 00:17:47,332 --> 00:17:50,699 Mammals thrive by capitalizing on a key innovation 178 00:17:50,836 --> 00:17:54,772 rarely found in reptiles: Parental care. 179 00:17:58,210 --> 00:18:00,371 They are capable of bonding 180 00:18:00,446 --> 00:18:05,907 mother to child, parent to parent to herd, pod or pack. 181 00:18:10,689 --> 00:18:15,319 But as youth gives way to maturity animals demonstrate other important 182 00:18:15,461 --> 00:18:17,588 capabilities as well... 183 00:18:35,314 --> 00:18:40,377 Many of these battles are to seize the most critical moment in animal time: 184 00:18:41,153 --> 00:18:45,283 The moment their genes are passed to the next generation. 185 00:20:35,534 --> 00:20:39,994 The next chapter in the Book of Life began with creatures that could grasp 186 00:20:40,138 --> 00:20:44,370 not only branches - but complex ideas as well. 187 00:20:44,509 --> 00:20:50,914 It is here, among the primates, that we begin to see ourselves. 188 00:20:52,351 --> 00:20:55,980 "We know that the earliest stage of human evolution happened in a habitat 189 00:20:56,121 --> 00:20:59,989 just like this, East African woodland that's got open areas... 190 00:21:00,125 --> 00:21:03,151 onto which our ancestors eventually moved and adapted to. 191 00:21:03,295 --> 00:21:06,822 So to be able to study hunting here is the best way to give us some kind of 192 00:21:06,965 --> 00:21:10,958 window onto the earliest origins of meat eating in our own ancestors four 193 00:21:11,103 --> 00:21:13,196 or more million years ago. 194 00:21:14,473 --> 00:21:18,341 As colobus monkeys are pursued by a band of chimpanzees 195 00:21:18,477 --> 00:21:23,244 we witness the terrifying tenacity of both predator and prey. 196 00:21:26,785 --> 00:21:30,915 "As the chimps climb up the colobus retreat to the highest branches, 197 00:21:31,056 --> 00:21:33,923 too slender to bear the chimps' weight. 198 00:21:38,263 --> 00:21:43,895 The male colobus stand their ground against chimps up to four times their size. 199 00:21:44,036 --> 00:21:49,133 They will even take the offensive momentarily driving the chimps back. 200 00:22:00,652 --> 00:22:02,813 Holding his tail out of the chimp's reach 201 00:22:02,954 --> 00:22:07,288 this male buys precious time for the escape of the females and young. 202 00:22:09,161 --> 00:22:14,565 With chimps climbing everywhere one monkey leaps into the arms of death. 203 00:22:16,868 --> 00:22:21,532 Even a rear attack by the defending colobus cannot save him." 204 00:22:37,122 --> 00:22:42,059 Resourceful, sociable, intelligent the chimpanzee has been content to 205 00:22:42,194 --> 00:22:45,163 remain in the forest for millions of years. 206 00:22:45,297 --> 00:22:49,358 Only occasionally do they wander out into open areas. 207 00:22:50,068 --> 00:22:53,128 But one related species - 208 00:22:53,271 --> 00:22:58,231 the ancestors of early humans - left the forest for good... 209 00:22:58,377 --> 00:23:01,835 and the world was changed forever. 210 00:23:10,255 --> 00:23:17,684 Genetically, all humans, no matter what their heritage are 99.9% identical. 211 00:23:17,829 --> 00:23:21,560 It is not what we are, but who we are, 212 00:23:21,700 --> 00:23:27,002 what we learn, believe and create that determines our group identity. 213 00:23:27,139 --> 00:23:32,543 And that identity often determines our relationship with time. 214 00:23:39,084 --> 00:23:44,112 In many places, time seems to have accelerated at a maddening pace. 215 00:23:47,759 --> 00:23:53,197 In other societies, though time is like an easy traveling companion, 216 00:23:53,331 --> 00:23:57,131 as one moves through life in the eternal "now". 217 00:24:08,046 --> 00:24:09,980 In the highlands of Papua New Guinea, 218 00:24:10,115 --> 00:24:14,142 lives a remote society with their own understanding of time. 219 00:24:22,928 --> 00:24:24,452 "For thousands of years, 220 00:24:24,596 --> 00:24:28,760 this Stone Age group had been hidden from the outside world. 221 00:24:31,837 --> 00:24:36,103 As time and exposure worked their changes on most other peoples 222 00:24:36,241 --> 00:24:39,472 Hagahai culture remained more or less the same. 223 00:24:39,611 --> 00:24:43,741 A living secret deep in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. 224 00:24:45,050 --> 00:24:49,453 Possibly the last unknown group on earth." 225 00:24:50,755 --> 00:24:54,020 Carol Jenkins, a medical anthropologist, 226 00:24:54,159 --> 00:24:57,219 began working with the Hagahai helping them cope with malaria 227 00:24:57,362 --> 00:25:00,957 and other diseases that threatened their very existence. 228 00:25:02,100 --> 00:25:05,866 She found their concept of time fascinating. 229 00:25:07,005 --> 00:25:09,098 "Their sense of time is much more like 230 00:25:09,241 --> 00:25:13,405 what people say of the Australian aborigine time 231 00:25:13,545 --> 00:25:17,037 the dreaming that is it's always the same it goes over and over again 232 00:25:17,182 --> 00:25:19,673 it's a connection in an almost mystical sense 233 00:25:19,818 --> 00:25:23,049 between the ancestors and today. 234 00:25:36,801 --> 00:25:40,635 Much of human culture is anchored in our traditions 235 00:25:40,772 --> 00:25:46,039 and often, these traditions are linked to our sense of time. 236 00:25:46,177 --> 00:25:48,475 Everywhere, we commemorate rights of passage 237 00:25:48,613 --> 00:25:52,640 and shared beliefs that mark our voyage through life... 238 00:25:52,784 --> 00:25:57,483 and we celebrate them in the language of music and dance. 239 00:27:34,219 --> 00:27:36,744 Like it or not, much of our precious time 240 00:27:36,888 --> 00:27:41,018 on this planet is consumed by work. 241 00:27:46,765 --> 00:27:50,064 The sheer diversity of labor reflects the vast scale 242 00:27:50,201 --> 00:27:52,931 and scope of the human experience. 243 00:27:56,474 --> 00:28:00,968 On the Indian subcontinent much work is still done by hand. 244 00:28:01,780 --> 00:28:06,308 Here north of Mumbai mostly barefoot workers disassemble 245 00:28:06,451 --> 00:28:10,410 giant steel ships, reducing them to scrap. 246 00:28:11,623 --> 00:28:15,753 The work is dangerous the rewards are meager 247 00:28:15,894 --> 00:28:19,330 but to make a living they persist. 248 00:28:21,433 --> 00:28:25,028 But all work in India is not this punishing. 249 00:28:25,170 --> 00:28:29,630 In sheer numbers India has the world's largest middle class. 250 00:28:29,774 --> 00:28:34,734 The country's railways are a lifeline for all of India's one billion people 251 00:28:34,879 --> 00:28:39,509 crossing not only vast distances but bridging diverse cultures. 252 00:28:41,920 --> 00:28:46,516 Over one and a half million workers keep the trains running on schedule. 253 00:28:46,658 --> 00:28:50,253 In many ways, the railway has become the country's grand 254 00:28:50,395 --> 00:28:53,523 and reliable time keeper. 255 00:29:00,138 --> 00:29:05,166 "At Borivli Station fifteen men have been meeting up for ten years. 256 00:29:05,310 --> 00:29:08,541 They call themselves the '8:54 Group' 257 00:29:08,680 --> 00:29:13,276 and every morning they stake out strategic spots along the platform. 258 00:29:13,418 --> 00:29:16,979 With speed and luck they can claim a few seats that 259 00:29:17,122 --> 00:29:19,682 they'll share between them. 260 00:29:24,496 --> 00:29:28,694 They have only thirty seconds before the train pulls out again 261 00:29:28,833 --> 00:29:33,361 and consider their daily ritual like a workout at the gym." 262 00:29:38,610 --> 00:29:43,206 Very few of us choose to risk our lives on a regular basis. 263 00:29:44,215 --> 00:29:48,879 For those who take up hazardous occupations the excitement, danger 264 00:29:49,020 --> 00:29:52,547 and rush of adrenaline can be addicting. 265 00:30:00,098 --> 00:30:02,965 "When does a job become a mission? 266 00:30:05,303 --> 00:30:07,897 A career become a quest? 267 00:30:11,509 --> 00:30:16,776 How do you face each day at work when you know it could be your last?" 268 00:30:39,337 --> 00:30:43,467 "Who was Al? Al was our friend. 269 00:30:44,275 --> 00:30:48,302 And I'm gonna miss him a hell of a lot." 270 00:30:51,783 --> 00:30:57,016 The way we live our lives is often shaped by our attitude towards death. 271 00:30:57,155 --> 00:31:01,751 But few embrace the dead as wholeheartedly as the Ngaju Dayaks 272 00:31:01,893 --> 00:31:04,191 of central Borneo. 273 00:31:06,965 --> 00:31:12,562 Anthropologist Anne Schiller has spent almost 15 years studying the death rites 274 00:31:12,704 --> 00:31:14,831 of the Dayak peoples. 275 00:31:16,374 --> 00:31:21,175 She takes part in a ceremony called Tiwah during which the villagers dig up 276 00:31:21,312 --> 00:31:25,408 the bones of their dead parents spouses and children. 277 00:31:26,217 --> 00:31:29,584 They do this so the spirit of their loved ones might go 278 00:31:29,721 --> 00:31:34,920 in the afterlife to what they call the prosperous village. 279 00:31:38,463 --> 00:31:41,955 "If the head of a family hasn't been able to hold a Tiwah 280 00:31:42,100 --> 00:31:45,160 he is very troubled and unsettled in his mind. 281 00:31:45,870 --> 00:31:49,169 He asks himself, how can I save my parents 282 00:31:49,307 --> 00:31:52,242 so they can go to the prosperous village?" 283 00:31:53,311 --> 00:31:55,176 "This is all about taking care of their parents 284 00:31:55,313 --> 00:31:58,214 I mean what these people are doing is they're- they're giving life to 285 00:31:58,349 --> 00:32:00,943 their parents in the way their parents gave life to them... 286 00:32:01,085 --> 00:32:03,246 so they're caring for them the way you care for a child. 287 00:32:03,388 --> 00:32:04,480 You- you're washing it... 288 00:32:04,622 --> 00:32:07,648 and you're nurturing it and you're making sure it's comfortable." 289 00:32:07,792 --> 00:32:11,888 Now that the bones have been exhumed the Tiwah progresses 290 00:32:12,030 --> 00:32:14,794 to the ritual blood sacrifice. 291 00:32:20,605 --> 00:32:23,267 "Blood protects you from illness it protects you 292 00:32:23,408 --> 00:32:26,070 from evil supernatural beings that might bother you 293 00:32:26,210 --> 00:32:31,876 and so sacrifices are held because you need that blood of the chicken 294 00:32:32,016 --> 00:32:35,816 or the pig or the cow or the water buffalo in order to anoint people 295 00:32:35,954 --> 00:32:40,391 and to anoint things to make sure that the people and the things remain safe. 296 00:32:48,866 --> 00:32:54,566 From a culture that honors death to the death of cultures themselves... 297 00:32:55,273 --> 00:32:59,539 All over the world unique societies are under threat 298 00:32:59,677 --> 00:33:04,614 their cultures as vulnerable as endangered plants or animals. 299 00:33:19,697 --> 00:33:25,226 According to some estimates nearly half of the world's six thousand languages 300 00:33:25,370 --> 00:33:28,430 will disappear in the next century. 301 00:33:29,474 --> 00:33:32,773 The realities of an emerging global culture and economy 302 00:33:32,910 --> 00:33:36,971 often provide little incentive for preserving them. 303 00:33:38,549 --> 00:33:40,016 "Good morning, sir." 304 00:33:40,151 --> 00:33:42,312 "Good morning children. How do you do?" 305 00:33:42,453 --> 00:33:44,683 "How do you do? Thank you." 306 00:33:44,822 --> 00:33:46,050 "Sit down." 307 00:33:46,190 --> 00:33:47,657 "Thank you, sir." 308 00:33:48,593 --> 00:33:51,960 How does a people hold on to its own identity 309 00:33:52,096 --> 00:33:57,124 its own traditions and still remain open to the outside world? 310 00:33:58,669 --> 00:34:01,763 Disappearing cultures have much to tell us. 311 00:34:01,906 --> 00:34:05,535 If only we can take the time to listen. 312 00:34:14,252 --> 00:34:18,951 Long before maps and compasses those who ventured into unknown places 313 00:34:19,090 --> 00:34:24,551 would leave a sign for those who followed that said "We were here". 314 00:34:27,598 --> 00:34:33,127 The idea of being first of leaving one's mark in time and space 315 00:34:33,271 --> 00:34:36,172 inspires modern explorers as well. 316 00:34:37,575 --> 00:34:41,477 They helped to define and describe our world. 317 00:34:46,918 --> 00:34:53,084 The exploits of 20th century adventurers continue to fascinate and inspire. 318 00:34:53,224 --> 00:34:57,160 Many indeed have achieved a measure of immortality. 319 00:34:57,795 --> 00:35:00,423 Among them, Admiral Robert Peary and 320 00:35:00,565 --> 00:35:03,966 pioneering African-American explorer Matthew Henson 321 00:35:04,102 --> 00:35:08,368 considered to be the first men to reach the top of the world. 322 00:35:09,273 --> 00:35:12,003 Admiral Richard Byrd was credited as being the first 323 00:35:12,143 --> 00:35:14,441 to fly over both poles. 324 00:35:14,579 --> 00:35:20,415 Hiram Bingham discovered the fabled lost city of Machu Picchu. 325 00:35:20,551 --> 00:35:26,353 While William Beebe and Otis Barton were the first to probe the deep ocean. 326 00:35:27,258 --> 00:35:32,218 In our own era, Jacques Cousteau allowed us all to be explorers 327 00:35:32,363 --> 00:35:37,665 of a wonderful new realm and championed our need to preserve it. 328 00:35:40,805 --> 00:35:44,605 Today, being first is the passion of many. 329 00:35:46,043 --> 00:35:49,240 But the goal is often not a place on the map. 330 00:36:14,605 --> 00:36:18,166 For these brave souls it's not so much where they're going 331 00:36:18,309 --> 00:36:20,106 as how they get there. 332 00:36:24,482 --> 00:36:31,081 Mount Everest, first conquered in 1953 has been climbed by the hundreds. 333 00:36:32,056 --> 00:36:37,323 Still for every seven that reach the summit one climber will die. 334 00:36:40,364 --> 00:36:44,698 "It's a mountain that you regard with considerable respect." 335 00:36:44,835 --> 00:36:50,068 "I don't know anybody who has a feeling of affection uh, for the mountain." 336 00:36:52,076 --> 00:36:52,974 "You could climb it... 337 00:36:53,110 --> 00:36:57,444 three times, five times, a hundred times you don't conquer it, you survive it." 338 00:36:57,582 --> 00:37:02,042 "If there is a cold day it's not twenty below, it's forty below. 339 00:37:02,186 --> 00:37:05,155 Forty-five, fifty below say of Celsius... 340 00:37:05,289 --> 00:37:07,655 and this is hard for human beings. 341 00:37:07,792 --> 00:37:09,419 If there is a storm coming 342 00:37:09,560 --> 00:37:12,028 it's much stronger because you're much higher up." 343 00:37:16,167 --> 00:37:21,127 "Windy... very cold. Strong. Really cold. 344 00:37:21,272 --> 00:37:22,864 Is difficult." 345 00:37:23,007 --> 00:37:25,976 "It's really very difficult to do anything. 346 00:37:26,110 --> 00:37:28,408 All you wanna do is lie down and even that's hard work." 347 00:37:28,546 --> 00:37:31,879 "Physically I experienced an awful lot of problems. 348 00:37:32,016 --> 00:37:34,610 I had a- an ulcerated toe with the bone... 349 00:37:34,752 --> 00:37:39,314 showing, an intestinal parasite I lost thirty-five pounds in five days 350 00:37:39,457 --> 00:37:41,448 going to the summit." 351 00:37:42,426 --> 00:37:44,587 "I'm nearly at the summit. 352 00:37:44,729 --> 00:37:51,066 Just a few more steps... not far now." 353 00:37:51,202 --> 00:37:53,636 "But this overwhelming feeling... 354 00:37:53,771 --> 00:37:58,834 incredible difficulty, pain, suffering is suddenly over." 355 00:37:58,976 --> 00:38:02,844 "Well I'm on top! I've made it!" 356 00:38:05,850 --> 00:38:10,787 "It's difficult to really understand how important it is to be there. 357 00:38:10,921 --> 00:38:17,053 And I know instinctively I really wanted to stand... 358 00:38:17,194 --> 00:38:20,686 on the highest point of earth as I think most climbers do." 359 00:38:20,831 --> 00:38:22,765 "I'm on the summit." 360 00:38:22,900 --> 00:38:24,231 "You're both great heroes. 361 00:38:24,368 --> 00:38:26,893 We're absolutely proud to death." 362 00:38:29,707 --> 00:38:32,733 If the roof of the world is becoming a little crowded 363 00:38:32,877 --> 00:38:38,577 much of the deep ocean remains a mystery to scientists like Dr. Robert Ballard. 364 00:38:39,984 --> 00:38:43,044 His early expeditions included the first exploration of 365 00:38:43,187 --> 00:38:47,283 the mid-Atlantic ridge and the discovery in the eastern Pacific 366 00:38:47,425 --> 00:38:52,385 of hot water vents surrounded by incredible new life forms. 367 00:38:54,298 --> 00:38:58,667 But Ballard is perhaps best known for exploring the most storied shipwreck 368 00:38:58,803 --> 00:39:01,033 of the 20th century. 369 00:39:01,906 --> 00:39:07,845 And since Titanic he's been probing further and further back in time. 370 00:39:09,480 --> 00:39:14,076 "We're sitting right now in- in ruins that are on the island of Sicily. 371 00:39:14,218 --> 00:39:18,484 To travel from civilization to civilization here in the Mediterranean 372 00:39:18,622 --> 00:39:23,355 you must cross the Mediterranean and many of those ships didn't make it. 373 00:39:23,494 --> 00:39:28,761 Many of those ships went to the bottom and many of them went into the deep sea. 374 00:39:28,899 --> 00:39:33,768 Between ancient Carthage and Rome it's twelve thousand feet deep." 375 00:39:36,774 --> 00:39:42,269 Using the remotely operated vehicle Jason, and a U.S. Navy nuclear submarine 376 00:39:42,413 --> 00:39:46,474 Ballard has led a team of archaeologists to the largest concentration 377 00:39:46,617 --> 00:39:50,383 of ancient shipwrecks ever found in the deep sea. 378 00:39:54,158 --> 00:39:57,491 Almost a half a mile below an ancient trade route 379 00:39:57,628 --> 00:40:03,089 thousands of artifacts from eight ships were found strewn all over the sea bed. 380 00:40:05,469 --> 00:40:09,030 Later they returned to the site and recovered Roman clay jars 381 00:40:09,173 --> 00:40:14,304 that once contained ancient trade goods like olive oil and wine. 382 00:40:15,913 --> 00:40:18,905 There's glass. L- I'm just... 383 00:40:19,049 --> 00:40:22,382 Among the bounty were glass cups traded by Arab merchants 384 00:40:22,520 --> 00:40:26,422 who sailed these same waters fifteen hundred years later. 385 00:40:30,661 --> 00:40:35,098 What has surprised me the most is that uh we thought this was one event 386 00:40:35,232 --> 00:40:40,033 that this was a fleet of ships a group of ships that sank together 387 00:40:40,171 --> 00:40:41,798 and it's not at all. 388 00:40:41,939 --> 00:40:48,174 We have... ships spanning over one thousand five hundred years of history. 389 00:40:50,281 --> 00:40:54,650 "I feel very good, l- I feel that this really is a historic expedition. 390 00:40:54,785 --> 00:40:59,484 This is the first major deep sea archaeological expedition." 391 00:41:04,662 --> 00:41:08,758 The Age of Exploration is still far from over. 392 00:41:08,899 --> 00:41:14,860 Lan Baker and en Storm are in search of a hidden waterfall that others claimed 393 00:41:15,005 --> 00:41:19,032 to have glimpsed from afar but none have ever mapped or measured. 394 00:41:19,176 --> 00:41:22,304 They follow footsteps from the past. 395 00:41:26,717 --> 00:41:32,087 "In 1924, British botanist Frank ingdon- Ward, led an expedition 396 00:41:32,223 --> 00:41:38,128 to Tibet searching for a waterfall as grand as Africa's Victoria Falls. 397 00:41:39,196 --> 00:41:43,292 He pushed his way through much of the wild and forbidding Tsangpo gorges 398 00:41:43,434 --> 00:41:46,096 but never found what he was seeking. 399 00:41:49,440 --> 00:41:53,240 On this expedition en and lan are determined to finish 400 00:41:53,377 --> 00:41:55,572 ingdon-Ward's journey." 401 00:41:55,713 --> 00:41:59,012 "It's a place that gives life but it's a place also of enormous danger 402 00:41:59,149 --> 00:42:01,049 that can take life at any moment." 403 00:42:02,186 --> 00:42:06,680 The Tsangpo gorge can plunge over sixteen thousand feet 404 00:42:06,824 --> 00:42:10,021 three times deeper than the Grand Canyon. 405 00:42:11,495 --> 00:42:16,660 A single misstep could send a traveler a thousand feet to his death. 406 00:42:20,604 --> 00:42:26,099 It was near here that ingdon-Ward's exhausted guides insisted on turning back. 407 00:42:26,243 --> 00:42:30,543 And sure enough this modern team had doubts as well. 408 00:42:31,448 --> 00:42:35,441 "I think we all reached a point where we were suddenly questioning 409 00:42:35,586 --> 00:42:38,817 whether it was really going to be possible at all." 410 00:42:39,957 --> 00:42:42,551 Despite seventeen days of difficult trekking 411 00:42:42,693 --> 00:42:45,628 the expedition decides to press on. 412 00:42:47,932 --> 00:42:50,901 Finally, they punch their way through a clearing. 413 00:43:00,411 --> 00:43:05,815 "Oh, all of the Tsangpo is... pouring into that energy. 414 00:43:05,950 --> 00:43:07,144 Can you imagine?!" 415 00:43:07,284 --> 00:43:08,410 "Incredible!" "Every drop... 416 00:43:08,552 --> 00:43:11,146 from the ailas Mountain all the way past Mount Everest 417 00:43:11,288 --> 00:43:13,256 all the way to this point!" 418 00:43:13,390 --> 00:43:16,154 After a century of speculation 419 00:43:16,293 --> 00:43:20,093 the great falls has finally been placed on the map. 420 00:43:23,133 --> 00:43:27,763 Named Hidden Falls of Dorje Phagmo it measures between a hundred 421 00:43:27,905 --> 00:43:32,569 and a hundred fifteen feet with an enormous volume of water 422 00:43:32,710 --> 00:43:35,235 that makes it so extraordinary. 423 00:43:37,047 --> 00:43:39,242 "To actually come upon something new 424 00:43:39,383 --> 00:43:45,083 and undiscovered late in the 20th century is remarkable." 425 00:43:48,993 --> 00:43:53,293 Even in places that are mapped there are new worlds to explore 426 00:43:53,430 --> 00:43:56,866 like the lush rain forest canopy. 427 00:43:58,502 --> 00:44:01,232 "I realized at that moment that first rope climb 428 00:44:01,372 --> 00:44:03,363 I knew where I was goin' for the rest of my life. 429 00:44:03,507 --> 00:44:05,702 I was going up to the canopy." 430 00:44:08,579 --> 00:44:12,811 "It takes hard work and courage to conquer this new world. 431 00:44:12,950 --> 00:44:16,317 But when they climb Nalini and other canopy researchers 432 00:44:16,453 --> 00:44:19,786 are also returning to a very old world." 433 00:44:21,992 --> 00:44:23,516 "We really felt like pioneers. 434 00:44:23,661 --> 00:44:27,654 We felt like we were frontiersmen going to where no human had ever gone before 435 00:44:27,798 --> 00:44:30,460 and everything we picked up was something new and something different 436 00:44:30,601 --> 00:44:33,126 - new species, new interactions." 437 00:44:45,282 --> 00:44:51,687 For aerialist Philippe Petit a life in balance is a challenge in itself. 438 00:44:51,822 --> 00:44:55,724 Here he undertakes a daring walk over three hundred feet 439 00:44:55,859 --> 00:44:59,158 above the medieval Swiss village of Saillon. 440 00:45:00,497 --> 00:45:06,094 "I am discovering, conquering uh a new world 441 00:45:06,236 --> 00:45:09,399 a world that is actually no-man's land. 442 00:45:10,941 --> 00:45:15,275 It is dangerous - yes if I miss the wire I am not here anymore 443 00:45:15,412 --> 00:45:23,285 but it's so simple, so beautifully simple the left or right, the center, the balance. 444 00:45:24,488 --> 00:45:27,252 It's the essence of life... 445 00:45:31,528 --> 00:45:36,022 What I do is seemingly useless but actually is an inspiration. 446 00:45:36,166 --> 00:45:38,464 Looking up is, is flying your own way. 447 00:45:38,602 --> 00:45:42,060 People who don't have wing they can fly by looking up." 448 00:45:52,282 --> 00:45:55,843 The earth is some four and a half billion years old 449 00:45:55,986 --> 00:45:58,511 yet little time remains to undo the damage 450 00:45:58,655 --> 00:46:02,352 that we've wrought in our own brief moment on the planet. 451 00:46:04,194 --> 00:46:05,991 The oil fields of uwait 452 00:46:06,130 --> 00:46:11,830 1991... the aftermath of a brief but destructive war. 453 00:46:11,969 --> 00:46:15,735 The fires have now raged for months. 454 00:46:15,873 --> 00:46:20,105 The damage to the environment is nothing short of catastrophic. 455 00:46:20,244 --> 00:46:24,044 But much sooner than anyone expected an international team 456 00:46:24,181 --> 00:46:28,777 of workers snuffed out the flames one by one. 457 00:46:30,220 --> 00:46:33,553 Many of these people had never done such work before. 458 00:46:37,127 --> 00:46:41,996 "We have proved so many things that we- nobody took a chance before to do it. 459 00:46:42,132 --> 00:46:45,101 Nobody was daring before to do it. 460 00:46:45,235 --> 00:46:47,726 We proved that yes, we can do it. 461 00:46:47,871 --> 00:46:51,204 Once you have the will, you can do anything you'd like to do 462 00:46:51,341 --> 00:46:54,833 and we were given a chance to prove this and we did prove it." 463 00:46:54,978 --> 00:46:59,381 All over the globe concerned citizens have mobilized to preserve 464 00:46:59,516 --> 00:47:02,917 and protect endangered species and habitats. 465 00:47:09,092 --> 00:47:13,358 The power of such dedicated people is proved today by the continued existence 466 00:47:13,497 --> 00:47:16,557 of creatures once nearly annihilated by man: 467 00:47:16,700 --> 00:47:18,224 The great whales. 468 00:47:22,573 --> 00:47:26,134 Today, they are known and loved with such passion that the survival 469 00:47:26,276 --> 00:47:29,768 of most species of whales seems assured. 470 00:47:31,915 --> 00:47:36,113 But for other creatures time is running out. 471 00:47:36,253 --> 00:47:40,451 In central China, Professor Pan Wenshi dedicates his life 472 00:47:40,591 --> 00:47:45,255 to the imperiled population of giant pandas remaining in the wild. 473 00:47:47,130 --> 00:47:50,224 "My friends in Beijing always ask why do you continue to work 474 00:47:50,367 --> 00:47:52,335 in the field year after year? 475 00:47:52,469 --> 00:47:53,663 When will it end? 476 00:47:53,804 --> 00:47:57,296 Your work has been published why don't you stop? 477 00:47:58,075 --> 00:48:00,600 I tell them my goal is to protect the panda 478 00:48:00,744 --> 00:48:03,508 and to establish a refuge for them in the wild. 479 00:48:03,647 --> 00:48:07,105 That is my mission but it will be difficult. 480 00:48:09,119 --> 00:48:11,917 Achieving this goal may take my entire lifetime 481 00:48:12,055 --> 00:48:14,751 and even that may not be enough." 482 00:48:24,301 --> 00:48:28,635 In suburban Atlanta Sue Barnard tries to overcome popular fears 483 00:48:28,772 --> 00:48:32,367 about a creature valuable to the ecosystem. 484 00:48:33,744 --> 00:48:36,110 "We're gonna see some bats, okay? 485 00:48:36,246 --> 00:48:37,008 Are you ready?" 486 00:48:37,147 --> 00:48:39,638 "Yeah..." "Are you ready? All right. 487 00:48:47,891 --> 00:48:52,954 "The children, the children are our future and they're marvelous. 488 00:48:53,096 --> 00:48:55,564 They're open to learning. 489 00:48:55,699 --> 00:49:01,968 They see and they form their own opinions by what they're seeing. 490 00:49:03,607 --> 00:49:07,475 The bat's got friends but the bat's got to have more friends." 491 00:49:09,780 --> 00:49:12,112 From the suburbs to the inner city, 492 00:49:12,249 --> 00:49:16,618 conservationists are often where you least expect to find them. 493 00:49:17,854 --> 00:49:19,981 Arthur Bonner, ex-gang member 494 00:49:20,123 --> 00:49:24,526 spent seven years in juvenile detention and prison. 495 00:49:26,596 --> 00:49:28,223 "Good morning. 496 00:49:28,332 --> 00:49:33,326 My name is uh, Arthur and uh you guys are out here to help us out 497 00:49:33,470 --> 00:49:35,961 to save an endangered species. 498 00:49:36,106 --> 00:49:37,437 It's called a Palos Verdes..." 499 00:49:37,574 --> 00:49:41,908 When Arthur got out of jail he joined the LA Conservation Corps. 500 00:49:42,045 --> 00:49:46,607 His life was soon turned around by a tiny 6-legged companion 501 00:49:46,750 --> 00:49:49,617 called the Palos Verdes Blue butterfly... 502 00:49:55,192 --> 00:49:59,925 Arthur is one of just three people who are permitted to gather the butterflies... 503 00:50:00,063 --> 00:50:03,123 "I'm very dedicated to coming down here. 504 00:50:03,266 --> 00:50:07,430 I love to do what I'm doing I love my work." 505 00:50:11,308 --> 00:50:16,405 "He uses all his powers of persuasion to help his captives reproduce." 506 00:50:16,546 --> 00:50:21,176 "Okay girls, which one of you laid some eggs for me today?" 507 00:50:22,085 --> 00:50:25,577 "The uh, 5 females I collected out in the wild. 508 00:50:25,722 --> 00:50:29,453 I bring them in I have to watch them lay their eggs..." 509 00:50:29,593 --> 00:50:32,357 "There you go, you gave me one..." 510 00:50:32,496 --> 00:50:35,795 The butterfly only has a five day life span... 511 00:50:35,932 --> 00:50:39,993 and it's up to me to keep her baby alive. 512 00:50:40,704 --> 00:50:46,267 "For ten years the Palos Verdes Blue butterfly was thought to be extinct. 513 00:50:46,877 --> 00:50:50,904 It is still considered one of the rarest butterflies in the world." 514 00:50:53,150 --> 00:50:55,015 "Those are my girls. 515 00:50:55,152 --> 00:50:56,779 I love them all. 516 00:50:57,387 --> 00:51:00,413 They actually kept me from being extinct 517 00:51:00,557 --> 00:51:03,492 as much as I'm saving them from being extinct. 518 00:51:03,627 --> 00:51:06,391 They're saving me and I'm saving them." 519 00:51:08,865 --> 00:51:11,891 "It's very easy to dismiss... 520 00:51:12,035 --> 00:51:14,526 the bugs and the weeds of the world 521 00:51:14,671 --> 00:51:18,471 but science is revealing every year... 522 00:51:18,608 --> 00:51:22,009 just how important are these little things on which 523 00:51:22,145 --> 00:51:26,343 we and other larger organisms depend. 524 00:51:27,150 --> 00:51:34,886 They cleanse the water they create the soil, 525 00:51:35,759 --> 00:51:38,922 they generate the very air we breathe." 526 00:51:42,399 --> 00:51:44,833 The case for protecting all life forms 527 00:51:44,968 --> 00:51:48,335 has been made powerfully by Dr. Jane Goodall. 528 00:51:49,072 --> 00:51:53,236 She now speaks to the next generation for it is our children 529 00:51:53,376 --> 00:51:55,844 who must carry the message forward. 530 00:51:56,980 --> 00:52:00,609 "It's terribly important I think that children should grow up 531 00:52:00,750 --> 00:52:07,747 not having this incredibly arrogant view that the world was made for us humans. 532 00:52:07,891 --> 00:52:11,850 We all matter we all have a place in the world. 533 00:52:11,995 --> 00:52:17,297 Each species whether it's human or non human has been evolved over 534 00:52:17,434 --> 00:52:22,997 countless thousands and thousands of years into a perfect organism 535 00:52:23,140 --> 00:52:25,768 and we should respect that." 536 00:52:29,746 --> 00:52:33,580 Our growing understanding and respect for all life 537 00:52:33,717 --> 00:52:37,551 is the key to a sustainable future for planet earth. 538 00:52:38,188 --> 00:52:42,784 For it inevitably means that the human animal like all others 539 00:52:42,926 --> 00:52:45,588 must respect certain limits. 540 00:52:46,163 --> 00:52:49,621 If we make the planet safe for every creature 541 00:52:49,766 --> 00:52:52,132 it will be safe for us. 542 00:52:55,172 --> 00:53:01,077 Then, only the searing fire of a dying sun can put an end to us 543 00:53:02,179 --> 00:53:05,342 and that's not for billions of years. 544 00:53:09,019 --> 00:53:12,182 If we make the planet safe for every creature 545 00:53:12,322 --> 00:53:15,951 there will be plenty of time.