1
00:00:04,371 --> 00:00:05,030
Even as a little kid

2
00:00:05,271 --> 00:00:06,135
I was always curious

3
00:00:06,373 --> 00:00:08,136
you know what was
the next yard like

4
00:00:08,375 --> 00:00:09,603
what was it like
on the next street over

5
00:00:09,843 --> 00:00:10,468
the next neighborhood

6
00:00:10,710 --> 00:00:11,438
the next town

7
00:00:11,678 --> 00:00:13,612
It just snowballs

8
00:00:16,616 --> 00:00:17,446
Ever since I was a kid

9
00:00:17,684 --> 00:00:19,515
I was interested in
animals

10
00:00:19,753 --> 00:00:22,745
I really liked to
get up close

11
00:00:22,989 --> 00:00:24,980
and personal with animals

12
00:00:28,094 --> 00:00:29,152
I was a little boy

13
00:00:29,396 --> 00:00:31,455
who grew up on the shore
lines of San Diego

14
00:00:31,698 --> 00:00:33,131
I wanted to be Captain Nemo

15
00:00:33,366 --> 00:00:35,095
I wanted to command
the Nautilus

16
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Growing up in a small town
in Alabama

17
00:00:41,574 --> 00:00:44,441
I never thought that
I would do this

18
00:00:46,613 --> 00:00:47,739
Just amazing

19
00:00:47,981 --> 00:00:49,471
I think there is
in all human begins

20
00:00:49,716 --> 00:00:51,650
this essence of
exploration

21
00:00:51,885 --> 00:00:53,512
this desire to explore

22
00:00:54,087 --> 00:00:56,282
We all have this hidden
two-year-old in us

23
00:00:56,523 --> 00:00:58,115
that wants to just kind of
reach up

24
00:00:58,358 --> 00:01:01,156
and really feel the world
around us

25
00:01:02,562 --> 00:01:04,962
I really think that there are
too many places to explore

26
00:01:05,198 --> 00:01:07,291
too many things to discover
to sit around

27
00:01:07,634 --> 00:01:08,100
If it is easy

28
00:01:08,334 --> 00:01:09,528
it would have been done
before

29
00:01:09,769 --> 00:01:11,430
I think there are plenty of
places to explore

30
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A lot of those places

31
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are going to be the most
difficult to sustain yourself

32
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There's so much
of the planet

33
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that is unexplored

34
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that I can't imagine we're gonna be

35
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out of work
any time soon

36
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July 16, 1969

37
00:02:20,840 --> 00:02:24,003
Apollo Eleven escapes
the earth's gravity

38
00:02:24,244 --> 00:02:26,678
and sets its course for
the moon

39
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Our urge to explore has

40
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finally outgrown our
small planet

41
00:02:32,852 --> 00:02:34,752
But as the people of
the world look up

42
00:02:34,988 --> 00:02:37,855
the astronauts on board
look back

43
00:02:42,295 --> 00:02:43,819
They marvel at earth

44
00:02:44,063 --> 00:02:46,793
It looks as strange as
the place they're headed

45
00:02:47,033 --> 00:02:50,992
Below them is a planet
still to be explored

46
00:02:51,271 --> 00:02:56,766
The spirit of exploration
is as old as humanity itself

47
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Brave people have always

48
00:03:01,014 --> 00:03:02,845
ventured out into
the darkness

49
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and come back to enlighten us

50
00:03:09,622 --> 00:03:10,646
And in the last century

51
00:03:10,890 --> 00:03:14,485
the pace of accomplishment
has been astonishing

52
00:03:19,032 --> 00:03:20,966
Edmund Hillary and Tenzing
Norgay

53
00:03:21,201 --> 00:03:24,227
first to summit Mount
Everest

54
00:03:25,305 --> 00:03:27,398
Robert Peary and
Matthew Henson

55
00:03:27,640 --> 00:03:29,938
first to the North Pole

56
00:03:31,911 --> 00:03:34,038
Amelia Earhart? First woman

57
00:03:34,280 --> 00:03:37,374
to fly solo across
the Atlantic

58
00:03:39,085 --> 00:03:41,315
That's one small step
for man...

59
00:03:41,554 --> 00:03:43,044
And a thousand years from
now

60
00:03:43,289 --> 00:03:46,747
they will still know
the name Neil Armstrong

61
00:03:47,060 --> 00:03:49,654
But has everything been
discovered?

62
00:03:50,063 --> 00:03:53,089
Is the age of exploration
over?

63
00:03:57,303 --> 00:03:59,601
This is the story of
ten explorers

64
00:03:59,839 --> 00:04:00,897
who believe that the spirit

65
00:04:01,140 --> 00:04:03,404
of exploration still
thrives

66
00:04:08,314 --> 00:04:11,442
It is the story of what
compels them to venture out

67
00:04:11,784 --> 00:04:15,083
time and again
into the unknown

68
00:04:19,559 --> 00:04:21,823
lan Baker believes that at
the end of the millennium

69
00:04:22,061 --> 00:04:23,926
there are still places on
earth

70
00:04:24,163 --> 00:04:25,687
that have never been named

71
00:04:25,932 --> 00:04:28,366
that have never been
plotted on a map

72
00:04:28,601 --> 00:04:31,001
Somewhere in this vast
Tibetan jungle

73
00:04:31,237 --> 00:04:34,172
he hopes to find a giant
waterfall

74
00:04:34,407 --> 00:04:36,967
He's been searching for
over a decade

75
00:04:39,012 --> 00:04:41,071
Ancient Buddhist prayer
books hold that deep

76
00:04:41,314 --> 00:04:43,214
within a gorge is a cascade

77
00:04:43,449 --> 00:04:46,885
that shrouds
the passageway to paradise

78
00:04:48,788 --> 00:04:51,052
I first heard about it
from a very old lama

79
00:04:51,291 --> 00:04:52,815
who had spent much of
his life

80
00:04:53,059 --> 00:04:55,289
meditating in these
very remote valleys

81
00:04:55,528 --> 00:04:56,085
He had always told me

82
00:04:56,329 --> 00:04:58,024
the greatest of these was
a place called Pemako

83
00:04:58,264 --> 00:05:00,425
in the far southeastern
part of Tibet

84
00:05:02,802 --> 00:05:06,238
Baker made six expeditions
in search of the falls

85
00:05:06,472 --> 00:05:09,771
He has never managed
to reach them

86
00:05:10,943 --> 00:05:13,639
He is not the first to
fail

87
00:05:14,781 --> 00:05:17,875
In 1924, British Botanist
Frank Kingdon-

88
00:05:18,117 --> 00:05:20,347
Ward tried to find
the falls

89
00:05:20,787 --> 00:05:23,517
only to be defeated
by the terrain

90
00:05:29,762 --> 00:05:33,129
Where he failed
Baker hopes to succeed

91
00:05:33,666 --> 00:05:35,861
He knows Kingdon-Ward was
unable to

92
00:05:36,102 --> 00:05:37,364
descend the sheer cliffs

93
00:05:37,603 --> 00:05:40,333
along more than five miles
of the gorge

94
00:05:41,240 --> 00:05:45,574
Could the falls be located
in this unexplored area?

95
00:05:48,481 --> 00:05:49,914
Baker and his expedition
partner

96
00:05:50,149 --> 00:05:53,641
Ken Storm, have won
the trust of local hunters

97
00:05:53,886 --> 00:05:55,080
who will lead them down
paths

98
00:05:55,321 --> 00:05:58,222
that no Westerner has ever
followed

99
00:05:59,192 --> 00:06:02,127
The gorge is a treacherous
place teeming with leeches

100
00:06:02,362 --> 00:06:05,763
stinging nettles and
deadly snakes

101
00:06:08,134 --> 00:06:09,601
Why do people like
Baker risk

102
00:06:09,836 --> 00:06:12,498
so much to explore the
unknown?

103
00:06:13,172 --> 00:06:15,231
That I'm different from
anybody else in the sense

104
00:06:15,475 --> 00:06:17,033
that I think the spirit of

105
00:06:17,276 --> 00:06:19,836
exploration is intrinsic
to human nature

106
00:06:20,079 --> 00:06:23,276
Exploration is really one
of the very

107
00:06:23,516 --> 00:06:26,007
very few things that makes
us human

108
00:06:26,252 --> 00:06:29,050
Once you get a taste of it

109
00:06:29,856 --> 00:06:33,917
you can't go back to
the simple life

110
00:06:36,829 --> 00:06:40,060
I did become tensely
irritated at the endless rain

111
00:06:40,299 --> 00:06:41,926
being soaking wet never
drying out

112
00:06:42,168 --> 00:06:43,192
Leeches all over your legs

113
00:06:43,436 --> 00:06:45,870
and just scratch marks all
over your bodies

114
00:06:46,105 --> 00:06:47,834
and face just because half
the time

115
00:06:48,074 --> 00:06:50,975
you're moving up through
a pathless terrain

116
00:06:51,277 --> 00:06:51,902
But I think anybody

117
00:06:52,145 --> 00:06:55,444
who's given to a life of
exploration

118
00:06:55,681 --> 00:06:58,047
has to feel some sense of

119
00:06:58,284 --> 00:07:02,948
embrace of this kind of
wild existence

120
00:07:03,189 --> 00:07:05,157
where, you know the
comforts

121
00:07:05,391 --> 00:07:09,191
of the civilized world are
suddenly stripped from us

122
00:07:13,866 --> 00:07:16,960
As a young boy, Baker
loved adventure

123
00:07:17,603 --> 00:07:19,070
He yearned to be
the youngest

124
00:07:19,305 --> 00:07:21,830
to reach the top of famous
mountains

125
00:07:22,542 --> 00:07:24,203
And he drew pictures

126
00:07:24,444 --> 00:07:27,641
revealing dreams of
mystical places

127
00:07:28,214 --> 00:07:31,843
places with hidden
waterfalls

128
00:07:36,355 --> 00:07:38,755
My more recent explorations
in the Himalayas

129
00:07:38,991 --> 00:07:40,151
have been in that sense
a continuation

130
00:07:40,393 --> 00:07:42,554
of my earliest childhood
activities

131
00:07:42,795 --> 00:07:44,456
which was really to
explore the forests

132
00:07:44,697 --> 00:07:47,131
and marshes behind the
house

133
00:07:58,678 --> 00:08:02,375
There is still a first out
there for Baker to claim

134
00:08:02,615 --> 00:08:04,981
But reaching the great
falls of the Tsang-po

135
00:08:05,218 --> 00:08:07,618
is an epic journey away

136
00:08:13,593 --> 00:08:15,493
Now that the weather is
clearing a little bit

137
00:08:15,728 --> 00:08:16,422
we're going to try to

138
00:08:16,662 --> 00:08:19,563
make our way down into
this unknown section

139
00:08:19,799 --> 00:08:21,596
And for 75 years

140
00:08:21,834 --> 00:08:24,564
it has been believed to be
an impenetrable wilderness

141
00:08:25,137 --> 00:08:26,468
lan Baker's expedition to

142
00:08:26,706 --> 00:08:28,640
find the falls has been
slowed...

143
00:08:28,875 --> 00:08:30,706
...to a mile a day

144
00:08:30,943 --> 00:08:31,637
In this terrain

145
00:08:31,878 --> 00:08:33,573
the difference between
life and death

146
00:08:33,813 --> 00:08:36,611
can be a single careless
step

147
00:08:49,662 --> 00:08:51,323
We had on previous
expeditions

148
00:08:51,564 --> 00:08:53,327
seen from a long distance

149
00:08:53,566 --> 00:08:55,033
what appeared to be
a waterfall

150
00:08:55,268 --> 00:08:57,031
But even when we were
a thousand feet

151
00:08:57,270 --> 00:08:58,567
above it a year earlier

152
00:08:58,804 --> 00:09:00,567
we were still not able to
determine whether

153
00:09:00,806 --> 00:09:04,173
in fact, this was the great
falls of the Tsang-po

154
00:09:04,410 --> 00:09:06,378
that Kingdon-Ward had been
looking for

155
00:09:06,612 --> 00:09:07,601
And there was the sense
that

156
00:09:07,847 --> 00:09:09,405
unless you went down to
the falls itself

157
00:09:09,649 --> 00:09:10,240
we would never be able to

158
00:09:10,483 --> 00:09:13,008
answer or resolve that
question

159
00:09:17,156 --> 00:09:18,453
The jungle thickens

160
00:09:18,691 --> 00:09:21,057
The terrain gets
even steeper

161
00:09:28,668 --> 00:09:31,364
Then, finally
in the distance

162
00:09:31,604 --> 00:09:33,936
they hear the river falling

163
00:09:42,815 --> 00:09:47,218
All of the Tsang-po
pouring into the energy

164
00:09:47,453 --> 00:09:50,013
Unbelievable

165
00:09:51,591 --> 00:09:53,821
A century of speculation
is over

166
00:09:54,060 --> 00:09:55,288
They have filled in

167
00:09:55,528 --> 00:09:58,326
one of the last blank
spots on the map

168
00:09:58,664 --> 00:10:02,862
These are, indeed, the
great falls of the Tsang-po

169
00:10:12,645 --> 00:10:15,205
They name it the Hidden
Falls of Dorje Phagmo?

170
00:10:15,448 --> 00:10:18,713
After the region's
most powerful goddess

171
00:10:20,086 --> 00:10:22,145
What this discovery of
the waterfall has done

172
00:10:22,388 --> 00:10:25,221
actually, is to evoke from
people

173
00:10:25,458 --> 00:10:27,187
almost a subconscious
need that

174
00:10:27,426 --> 00:10:29,587
we all have for magical
places in the world

175
00:10:29,829 --> 00:10:32,627
for a sense that there are
still places to be discovered

176
00:10:36,335 --> 00:10:36,926
I don't understand

177
00:10:37,169 --> 00:10:40,935
why people think that
exploration is finished

178
00:10:41,173 --> 00:10:43,471
For me it's really just
started

179
00:10:43,709 --> 00:10:45,802
I think there's plenty of
places to explore

180
00:10:46,045 --> 00:10:47,171
A lot of those places are

181
00:10:47,413 --> 00:10:49,040
gonna be the most
difficult places

182
00:10:49,281 --> 00:10:51,977
to really sustain yourself

183
00:10:52,218 --> 00:10:53,742
within and make
a real contribution

184
00:10:53,986 --> 00:10:59,925
I love this expression:
The last place on earth

185
00:11:00,159 --> 00:11:03,651
And that's what I'm really
trying to bring back

186
00:11:03,896 --> 00:11:04,692
The best explorers

187
00:11:04,930 --> 00:11:07,728
have always brought back to us
with their words

188
00:11:07,967 --> 00:11:11,232
with their pictures
that last place on earth

189
00:11:12,838 --> 00:11:16,672
When the film Congorilla
opened on Broadway in 1932,

190
00:11:16,909 --> 00:11:19,173
audiences flocked to the theater.

191
00:11:20,413 --> 00:11:21,607
Most people had never seen

192
00:11:21,847 --> 00:11:24,782
moving pictures of such exotic animals

193
00:11:26,485 --> 00:11:27,417
You are going to see

194
00:11:27,653 --> 00:11:30,747
and hear the first pictures
in natural sound

195
00:11:30,990 --> 00:11:33,959
ever made in the jungles
of Central Africa

196
00:11:34,193 --> 00:11:36,161
There will be the roar
of the lion

197
00:11:36,962 --> 00:11:42,264
herds of elephants
millions of flamingos

198
00:11:43,235 --> 00:11:46,261
and rivers alive with
the vicious crocodiles

199
00:11:49,942 --> 00:11:53,878
The film was made by Martin
Johnson and his wife, Osa

200
00:11:54,714 --> 00:11:57,842
In 1917, they quit the
Vaudeville Circuit

201
00:11:58,084 --> 00:11:59,608
left their New York home

202
00:11:59,852 --> 00:12:03,618
and began two decades of
exploring and filmmaking

203
00:12:04,356 --> 00:12:07,348
When they began
shooting Congorilla in 1929

204
00:12:07,593 --> 00:12:09,356
wildlife was so plentiful they

205
00:12:09,595 --> 00:12:11,529
needed only to drive into the bush and

206
00:12:11,764 --> 00:12:13,732
turn on their cameras.

207
00:12:17,870 --> 00:12:20,202
The abundance is long gone

208
00:12:22,041 --> 00:12:23,633
To capture what remains, it took

209
00:12:23,876 --> 00:12:26,242
National Geographic photographer
Nick Nichols

210
00:12:26,479 --> 00:12:27,503
weeks of brutal trekking

211
00:12:27,747 --> 00:12:30,079
through the jungles of Central Africa

212
00:12:36,589 --> 00:12:37,613
I have no interest in

213
00:12:37,857 --> 00:12:40,690
wildlife photography for
the sake of it

214
00:12:40,926 --> 00:12:44,987
It's just not justifiable
in this time when

215
00:12:45,231 --> 00:12:47,256
we've got so many habitats

216
00:12:47,500 --> 00:12:49,229
and creatures that are
endangered

217
00:12:50,136 --> 00:12:50,602
In our case,

218
00:12:50,836 --> 00:12:53,566
we're going out in
an unexplored part

219
00:12:53,806 --> 00:12:55,467
of the African forest

220
00:12:55,775 --> 00:12:57,538
We really know
what's out there

221
00:12:57,777 --> 00:12:58,641
but we want to come back

222
00:12:58,878 --> 00:13:02,746
and show everybody and say
"Let's save it."

223
00:13:10,022 --> 00:13:12,320
The job that I do is
considered

224
00:13:12,558 --> 00:13:14,458
one of the most romantic
jobs on earth

225
00:13:14,693 --> 00:13:16,092
Everybody wants to do it

226
00:13:16,328 --> 00:13:19,786
But nobody sees it for
what it really is

227
00:13:20,032 --> 00:13:23,593
being hot, insects
diseases

228
00:13:23,836 --> 00:13:26,236
People see the glamour of
the finished product

229
00:13:26,472 --> 00:13:30,067
or the glamour of the travel
and they want to do it

230
00:13:30,309 --> 00:13:32,743
But they don't really want
to do it

231
00:13:35,414 --> 00:13:39,077
Why do explorers subject
themselves to such hardship?

232
00:13:40,486 --> 00:13:42,511
You've got to have something
that drives you

233
00:13:42,755 --> 00:13:44,279
because you are getting
into the suffering

234
00:13:44,523 --> 00:13:46,923
the hardships, being away
from home

235
00:13:47,159 --> 00:13:49,320
So if you don't feel like
you've got a mission

236
00:13:49,595 --> 00:13:51,529
I don't think you can put
those feet

237
00:13:51,764 --> 00:13:53,994
in front of you when
the going gets tough

238
00:13:54,233 --> 00:13:54,858
There's difficult cultures

239
00:13:55,100 --> 00:13:56,260
difficult political
situations

240
00:13:56,502 --> 00:13:57,901
difficult physical
circumstances

241
00:13:58,137 --> 00:14:02,699
and no guarantee of
anything except that

242
00:14:02,942 --> 00:14:04,842
there's gonna be
an endless number of hurdles

243
00:14:05,077 --> 00:14:06,601
that you're gonna have to
pass over

244
00:14:06,846 --> 00:14:08,871
to pull something out
and make it meaningful

245
00:14:09,114 --> 00:14:12,572
And that is enough to
really deter any

246
00:14:12,818 --> 00:14:14,410
but the most hardened
explorer

247
00:14:14,653 --> 00:14:18,714
There's fleas that burrow
into your feet and lay eggs

248
00:14:18,958 --> 00:14:19,822
You gotta deal with those

249
00:14:20,059 --> 00:14:22,118
You may get 100 a night
that you gotta deal with

250
00:14:22,361 --> 00:14:23,555
There's other animals that

251
00:14:23,796 --> 00:14:25,593
go into your privates and
burrow away

252
00:14:25,831 --> 00:14:28,197
Shuffling in the mud,
looking for animals

253
00:14:28,434 --> 00:14:31,096
There was heat and there
is piranhas

254
00:14:31,337 --> 00:14:32,429
and there is caimans and

255
00:14:32,671 --> 00:14:34,866
there is crocodiles
and killer bees

256
00:14:35,107 --> 00:14:37,371
Then there is the mosquitos
that bite you

257
00:14:37,610 --> 00:14:40,044
and cause all the different
kinds of malaria

258
00:14:40,279 --> 00:14:41,576
Then there is flies biting

259
00:14:41,814 --> 00:14:43,679
that cause blindness and
elephantitis

260
00:14:43,916 --> 00:14:46,282
It's just endless

261
00:14:46,518 --> 00:14:47,542
It's five a.m.

262
00:14:47,786 --> 00:14:50,812
And I'm going out to
photograph in the fig tree

263
00:14:51,056 --> 00:14:53,752
that {Neil} just rigged
a tree platform in

264
00:14:53,993 --> 00:14:54,982
I'm trying to get pictures

265
00:14:55,227 --> 00:14:57,491
of monkeys and birds
which are real elusive

266
00:14:57,730 --> 00:15:00,893
I have no assurance that
they'll be there

267
00:15:01,133 --> 00:15:01,963
I just hope so

268
00:15:02,201 --> 00:15:03,759
I studied art as a young man

269
00:15:04,003 --> 00:15:06,164
I was a painter and
I wasn't very good at it

270
00:15:06,405 --> 00:15:08,566
As soon as I picked up
a camera

271
00:15:08,807 --> 00:15:10,536
and took
my first photographs

272
00:15:10,776 --> 00:15:11,868
when I was 18 in college

273
00:15:12,111 --> 00:15:15,706
I decided at that moment
that's what I was gonna do

274
00:15:19,218 --> 00:15:20,617
There's something in nature

275
00:15:20,853 --> 00:15:25,313
that is out of our realm
of control

276
00:15:25,557 --> 00:15:26,455
I'm not sure what it is

277
00:15:26,692 --> 00:15:28,125
It's an essence

278
00:15:28,360 --> 00:15:31,796
That's what I have been
looking for all my life

279
00:15:32,064 --> 00:15:34,532
Who knows how to get
a frog to stand up?

280
00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:40,570
It is this word "wild"
which means not controlled

281
00:15:40,806 --> 00:15:42,433
What's behind that is
trying to

282
00:15:42,675 --> 00:15:44,506
find an essence that
I can't define

283
00:15:44,743 --> 00:15:46,267
but we all know what it is

284
00:15:46,512 --> 00:15:49,037
We all know that there's
something edgy out there

285
00:15:49,281 --> 00:15:50,771
that keeps us whole

286
00:15:51,016 --> 00:15:53,678
because we come from
wildness, too

287
00:15:55,888 --> 00:16:00,222
In 1997, when Nichols was
photographing tigers in India

288
00:16:00,459 --> 00:16:04,225
his journey embodied
the new creed of exploration

289
00:16:06,865 --> 00:16:08,799
Unlike earlier explorers

290
00:16:09,034 --> 00:16:11,696
he is not driven by a desire
to return with animals

291
00:16:11,937 --> 00:16:14,804
in cages or trophy heads...

292
00:16:15,975 --> 00:16:17,408
but with pictures?

293
00:16:17,643 --> 00:16:19,270
Pictures he hopes will save

294
00:16:19,511 --> 00:16:21,604
these animals from
extinction

295
00:16:23,682 --> 00:16:26,378
When I see an elephant in
a zoo or a tiger in a zoo

296
00:16:26,618 --> 00:16:28,483
I'm looking at a specimen

297
00:16:28,721 --> 00:16:30,985
If we had five gazillion
tigers in zoos

298
00:16:31,223 --> 00:16:32,315
we have no tigers

299
00:16:32,691 --> 00:16:34,659
If they're not out walking
around in the forest

300
00:16:34,893 --> 00:16:36,724
that forest is
not even whole

301
00:16:36,962 --> 00:16:39,624
Tigers are part
of the package, the chain

302
00:16:40,632 --> 00:16:44,466
A tiger won't pose while
Nick snaps its portrait

303
00:16:45,270 --> 00:16:47,636
So his crew rigs intricate
camera traps

304
00:16:47,873 --> 00:16:49,864
to capture a tiger's image

305
00:16:51,343 --> 00:16:52,674
They hope one of
the big cats

306
00:16:52,911 --> 00:16:55,778
will trigger the
motion-sensors on the cameras

307
00:16:58,884 --> 00:16:59,816
We're trying to find a way

308
00:16:59,985 --> 00:17:02,419
to take pictures of tigers
on their terms.

309
00:17:02,654 --> 00:17:06,522
Actually, the tigers are
taking their own pictures

310
00:17:06,759 --> 00:17:07,748
That's what it gets down to

311
00:17:07,993 --> 00:17:08,789
There's no humans here

312
00:17:09,028 --> 00:17:10,791
they come along
whenever they want to

313
00:17:11,030 --> 00:17:12,224
We really wanted just to
find a way

314
00:17:12,464 --> 00:17:13,192
to get into their world

315
00:17:13,432 --> 00:17:15,263
it's such a secret world

316
00:17:18,003 --> 00:17:22,201
Weeks pass.? No tigers.

317
00:17:38,457 --> 00:17:39,651
Go in!

318
00:17:39,958 --> 00:17:41,186
Oh, my God, yes!

319
00:17:41,427 --> 00:17:41,893
Yes!

320
00:17:42,127 --> 00:17:43,321
C'mon!

321
00:17:44,563 --> 00:17:46,190
Go in!

322
00:18:40,085 --> 00:18:43,987
My mission is definitely
to look at the earth

323
00:18:44,223 --> 00:18:51,061
as a finite thing and say
let's celebrate this thing

324
00:18:51,296 --> 00:18:53,787
Let's find a way to realize

325
00:18:54,032 --> 00:18:55,966
that it's so precious and
so fragile

326
00:18:59,571 --> 00:19:01,368
The new edge to exploration
is that

327
00:19:01,607 --> 00:19:05,441
we must know how
the planet works

328
00:19:06,378 --> 00:19:08,676
Like Nichols,
Sylvia Earle is driven

329
00:19:08,914 --> 00:19:12,008
by the desire to preserve
what she finds

330
00:19:12,584 --> 00:19:14,313
What drives me to explore?

331
00:19:14,553 --> 00:19:17,613
It's the need to understand
what we're doing

332
00:19:17,856 --> 00:19:18,982
so that we perhaps might

333
00:19:19,224 --> 00:19:21,852
be able to do better
in the future

334
00:19:22,361 --> 00:19:26,058
Earle is the Chuck Yeager
of oceanography

335
00:19:26,298 --> 00:19:29,290
a pioneer of undersea
exploration

336
00:19:29,535 --> 00:19:33,471
Five species of marine life have been
named after her

337
00:19:38,110 --> 00:19:41,170
Earle was raised on a farm in New Jersey

338
00:19:42,014 --> 00:19:44,244
in a time when girls weren't expected go

339
00:19:44,483 --> 00:19:47,077
grow up and have professions, let alone

340
00:19:47,319 --> 00:19:49,378
become explorers.

341
00:19:55,961 --> 00:19:58,896
For me, my playground was
the sea

342
00:19:59,131 --> 00:20:00,598
I knew from the moment

343
00:20:01,300 --> 00:20:03,234
I first saw a horseshoe crab

344
00:20:03,468 --> 00:20:04,935
sort of crawling up
a beach

345
00:20:05,170 --> 00:20:07,604
in New Jersey that I had
to know more

346
00:20:07,839 --> 00:20:09,238
about where it came from

347
00:20:09,474 --> 00:20:10,338
and how it lived

348
00:20:10,576 --> 00:20:12,066
and how it spent its
days and nights

349
00:20:12,311 --> 00:20:14,506
And I've been intrigued
with that ever since

350
00:20:15,180 --> 00:20:18,479
Seventy percent of the
earth's surface is water

351
00:20:18,717 --> 00:20:20,776
but most of it remains
as unexplored as

352
00:20:21,019 --> 00:20:23,283
the New World
was to Columbus

353
00:20:24,056 --> 00:20:28,425
No place on the planet is more difficult
to explore than the deep

354
00:20:31,830 --> 00:20:35,027
There's nothing more
frustrating for a biologist

355
00:20:35,267 --> 00:20:36,063
a scientist such as I

356
00:20:36,301 --> 00:20:40,032
than to go down to 150 feet
or even push the limits

357
00:20:40,272 --> 00:20:41,762
and go over to the edge
of a drop-off

358
00:20:42,007 --> 00:20:45,408
into the sea and know that
you just have to stop

359
00:20:46,311 --> 00:20:49,405
People have always dreamed
of exploring the ocean

360
00:20:49,648 --> 00:20:51,047
But for centuries anything

361
00:20:51,283 --> 00:20:55,014
below a few hundred feet
was impossible to reach...

362
00:20:57,623 --> 00:20:58,920
...until William Beebe and

363
00:20:59,157 --> 00:21:01,921
Otis Barton invented
the bathysphere

364
00:21:02,160 --> 00:21:03,354
a steel ball they hoped

365
00:21:03,595 --> 00:21:06,393
would take them a half-mile
below the surface

366
00:21:13,572 --> 00:21:15,472
It took four years
of testing

367
00:21:15,707 --> 00:21:17,607
before the bathysphere
was ready

368
00:21:18,910 --> 00:21:20,775
Finally in 1934,

369
00:21:21,013 --> 00:21:23,846
Beebe and Barton
jammed themselves in

370
00:21:24,082 --> 00:21:27,984
not knowing if it would be
submarine or a coffin

371
00:21:30,589 --> 00:21:32,921
As they were slowly lowered
into the depths

372
00:21:33,158 --> 00:21:34,216
the pressure built up

373
00:21:34,459 --> 00:21:38,418
to more than 1,300 pounds
per square inch

374
00:21:38,697 --> 00:21:40,631
It was so cold,
Beebe recalled

375
00:21:40,866 --> 00:21:43,630
it was like sitting on
a cake of ice

376
00:21:45,103 --> 00:21:46,229
But they did it

377
00:21:46,471 --> 00:21:50,134
The bathysphere went a
half-mile below the surface

378
00:21:50,375 --> 00:21:53,344
The record stood for
15 years

379
00:21:56,315 --> 00:21:58,681
Building on the accomplishments
of Beebe and Barton

380
00:21:58,917 --> 00:22:03,047
Earle has pushed the limits
of underwater exploration

381
00:22:06,892 --> 00:22:09,190
In 1979, untethered and
alone

382
00:22:09,428 --> 00:22:13,228
she dove to over 1,200 feet

383
00:22:13,465 --> 00:22:17,196
It was as daring a feat
as the early space walks

384
00:22:18,503 --> 00:22:19,367
Back in 1970,

385
00:22:19,604 --> 00:22:21,401
it was uncommon for women

386
00:22:21,640 --> 00:22:23,699
to do some of the sorts
of things

387
00:22:23,942 --> 00:22:26,035
that I found myself
hankering to do

388
00:22:26,278 --> 00:22:29,042
There were no women
astronauts going to the moon

389
00:22:29,281 --> 00:22:31,215
In fact, there were no women
astronauts at all

390
00:22:31,450 --> 00:22:32,109
at that point in time

391
00:22:32,351 --> 00:22:36,754
And aquanauts were also
an iffy sort of enterprise

392
00:22:37,889 --> 00:22:39,379
Earle was one of five women

393
00:22:39,624 --> 00:22:41,854
selected to join a team
of aquanauts

394
00:22:42,094 --> 00:22:44,927
who lived and studied in
an underwater laboratory

395
00:22:45,163 --> 00:22:46,790
anchored in the Caribbean

396
00:22:52,304 --> 00:22:54,966
They called us aquabelles,
they called us aquababes

397
00:22:55,207 --> 00:22:57,607
They had a hard time
calling us aquanauts

398
00:22:57,843 --> 00:22:59,208
I didn't care what they
called us

399
00:22:59,444 --> 00:23:01,810
as long as they let us go,
and they did

400
00:23:06,718 --> 00:23:09,744
Earle has never let
anything stop her

401
00:23:10,355 --> 00:23:13,188
Her passion for the ocean
is too strong

402
00:23:14,526 --> 00:23:17,586
For me the lure of the deep
is the lure of the unknown

403
00:23:17,829 --> 00:23:21,390
It's that curiosity that
all children have

404
00:23:21,633 --> 00:23:23,726
but scientists never
lose

405
00:23:23,969 --> 00:23:26,563
you just have to know
what is going on

406
00:23:27,005 --> 00:23:29,303
In order to satisfy that
curiosity

407
00:23:29,541 --> 00:23:31,168
Earle, like so many
explorers

408
00:23:31,410 --> 00:23:34,243
is at the mercy of
technology

409
00:23:35,347 --> 00:23:36,837
For years, she has teamed up with

410
00:23:37,082 --> 00:23:39,243
engineer Graham Hawkes. Together,

411
00:23:39,484 --> 00:23:42,749
theyhave helped revolutionize
underwater exploration

412
00:23:43,021 --> 00:23:44,420
You know, it's said that
there're more footprints

413
00:23:44,656 --> 00:23:46,214
on the moon than
in the deep ocean

414
00:23:46,458 --> 00:23:47,447
That's kind of literally
true

415
00:23:47,692 --> 00:23:50,923
Once you step foot
in the oceans

416
00:23:51,163 --> 00:23:53,961
you are just back where
early man was

417
00:23:54,199 --> 00:23:54,927
you're back looking at

418
00:23:55,167 --> 00:23:57,362
a piece of the planet no
one's seen before

419
00:23:58,203 --> 00:24:00,797
When Earle and Hawkes
conceived of deep flight

420
00:24:01,039 --> 00:24:03,007
a new fast-moving submarine

421
00:24:03,241 --> 00:24:05,141
they had to build it
themselves

422
00:24:06,244 --> 00:24:08,474
There is no NASA of the
deep seas

423
00:24:13,919 --> 00:24:16,820
You know, I was born to be
an engineer looking back

424
00:24:17,189 --> 00:24:20,124
I grew up with
the nickname professor

425
00:24:20,358 --> 00:24:23,054
I apparently was always
taking things apart

426
00:24:23,295 --> 00:24:24,956
Numerous rockets,
numerous experiments,

427
00:24:25,197 --> 00:24:26,755
numerous little explosions

428
00:24:27,165 --> 00:24:28,689
My parents were both
from London

429
00:24:28,934 --> 00:24:30,526
My father was postman

430
00:24:30,769 --> 00:24:33,135
And the small part of
London Tootting

431
00:24:33,371 --> 00:24:35,100
the wrong side of the
railway tracks

432
00:24:35,340 --> 00:24:36,932
went to the wrong schools

433
00:24:38,009 --> 00:24:41,501
Hawkes was the first in
his family to go to college

434
00:24:41,746 --> 00:24:42,974
Over the past 20 years

435
00:24:43,215 --> 00:24:43,772
he has become

436
00:24:44,015 --> 00:24:46,745
one of the leading
inventors of submersibles

437
00:24:53,959 --> 00:24:55,358
Hawkes's and Earle's dream

438
00:24:55,594 --> 00:24:58,119
is to literally swim with
the fish

439
00:25:00,899 --> 00:25:02,628
It's the counterpart
of flying

440
00:25:02,868 --> 00:25:05,894
you fly into that other
atmosphere

441
00:25:06,137 --> 00:25:07,934
There's this moment of discovery

442
00:25:08,173 --> 00:25:10,471
that this is not
just water

443
00:25:10,709 --> 00:25:12,574
this is water filled
with life

444
00:25:12,811 --> 00:25:13,971
There are jellies,
there are fish,

445
00:25:14,212 --> 00:25:15,975
there are eyes all around

446
00:25:16,815 --> 00:25:18,043
There you go as an explorer

447
00:25:18,283 --> 00:25:20,547
not alone for a moment...

448
00:25:20,785 --> 00:25:23,481
not even for an instant
are you alone

449
00:25:29,394 --> 00:25:32,522
Oh, my God, it's coming
right at me

450
00:25:42,741 --> 00:25:45,437
Oh, my gosh

451
00:25:46,845 --> 00:25:50,713
Oh!? Just so close.

452
00:25:52,217 --> 00:25:54,913
He was just beautiful

453
00:26:01,293 --> 00:26:04,456
Funded in part by the
National Geographic Society

454
00:26:04,696 --> 00:26:08,462
Earle is now diving in
a remarkable new machine

455
00:26:09,200 --> 00:26:09,894
It is the tool

456
00:26:10,135 --> 00:26:14,265
for the next generation of
deep sea exploration

457
00:26:35,827 --> 00:26:37,852
In July of 1969,

458
00:26:38,096 --> 00:26:39,586
four simple words

459
00:26:39,831 --> 00:26:43,494
expand forever the limits
of human potential

460
00:26:44,069 --> 00:26:45,696
The eagle has landed

461
00:26:48,273 --> 00:26:49,570
The calmness of the voice

462
00:26:49,808 --> 00:26:51,833
masks the terror of
the moment

463
00:26:52,077 --> 00:26:54,011
Neil Armstrong and
Buzz Aldrin

464
00:26:54,245 --> 00:26:56,304
have only seconds of fuel
left

465
00:26:56,548 --> 00:26:58,140
when they land on the moon

466
00:26:58,383 --> 00:27:03,150
Armstrong's pulse races
at 156 beats per minute

467
00:27:05,824 --> 00:27:08,918
That's one small step
for man,

468
00:27:09,160 --> 00:27:12,994
one giant leap for mankind

469
00:27:15,333 --> 00:27:17,301
The triumph seemed complete

470
00:27:17,535 --> 00:27:19,867
but landing was
the easier part

471
00:27:20,105 --> 00:27:21,299
NASA couldn't guarantee

472
00:27:21,539 --> 00:27:24,099
the safe return
of the astronauts

473
00:27:28,480 --> 00:27:30,971
President Richard Nixon
had prepared a eulogy

474
00:27:31,216 --> 00:27:32,114
in case the men were

475
00:27:32,350 --> 00:27:34,910
stranded on the moon's
surface

476
00:27:35,854 --> 00:27:37,651
It read, in part:

477
00:27:37,889 --> 00:27:39,117
"These brave men know that

478
00:27:39,357 --> 00:27:41,951
there is no hope for their
recovery

479
00:27:43,028 --> 00:27:44,188
But they also know that

480
00:27:44,429 --> 00:27:48,422
there is hope for mankind
in their sacrifice."

481
00:27:50,869 --> 00:27:52,063
Our greatest achievements

482
00:27:52,303 --> 00:27:55,966
are often balanced on
the edge of catastrophe

483
00:27:57,475 --> 00:28:00,672
For 20 years, Robert Peary
and his expedition partner

484
00:28:00,912 --> 00:28:01,776
Matthew Henson,

485
00:28:02,013 --> 00:28:05,141
had been risking their lives
to walk to the North Pole

486
00:28:07,018 --> 00:28:08,315
On the fourth expedition

487
00:28:08,553 --> 00:28:12,114
temperatures dropped to
minus 63 degrees

488
00:28:12,357 --> 00:28:15,622
They were forced to eat
their dogs for food

489
00:28:15,994 --> 00:28:18,258
But the men relentlessly
advanced and

490
00:28:18,496 --> 00:28:20,896
on April 6, 1909,

491
00:28:21,132 --> 00:28:24,966
they became the first to
stand at the top of the world

492
00:28:26,271 --> 00:28:29,069
"The Pole at last,
Peary wrote in his journal

493
00:28:29,307 --> 00:28:33,710
"The prize of three centuries
Mine at last."

494
00:28:35,780 --> 00:28:38,510
As much as Peary and Henson
dreamed of the North Pole

495
00:28:38,750 --> 00:28:40,012
and Armstrong the moon

496
00:28:40,251 --> 00:28:41,582
explorers have dreamed of

497
00:28:41,820 --> 00:28:44,414
climbing the world's
highest mountain

498
00:28:44,656 --> 00:28:47,181
For decades, the slopes of
Everest had claimed

499
00:28:47,425 --> 00:28:50,292
the life of one climber
after another

500
00:28:50,528 --> 00:28:52,860
Then, in 1953...

501
00:28:53,131 --> 00:28:55,156
Mount Everest has been
conquered by members

502
00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:56,424
of the British expedition

503
00:28:56,668 --> 00:28:58,795
...Tenzing Norgay and
Edmund Hillary

504
00:28:59,037 --> 00:29:00,061
overcame the cold and

505
00:29:00,305 --> 00:29:04,435
the thin air to stand on
the summit of Everest

506
00:29:07,278 --> 00:29:09,803
No one else will ever
be able to claim the title:

507
00:29:10,048 --> 00:29:12,812
"First to the roof of
the world."

508
00:29:18,123 --> 00:29:20,216
The drive to explore
endures

509
00:29:20,458 --> 00:29:24,622
But have today's explorers
been born too late?

510
00:29:25,597 --> 00:29:27,087
I'd love to have been an
explorer in an earlier era

511
00:29:27,332 --> 00:29:28,356
where I could have been

512
00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:29,658
the first man to cross
the Congo

513
00:29:29,901 --> 00:29:30,868
or the first man
to penetrate

514
00:29:31,102 --> 00:29:33,195
the heart of Australia
or climb Everest

515
00:29:33,438 --> 00:29:34,166
It would have been
wonderful

516
00:29:34,405 --> 00:29:35,633
Exploration a century ago

517
00:29:35,874 --> 00:29:39,310
was about assigning names
to places

518
00:29:39,544 --> 00:29:43,173
and I think it's become
more about assigning meaning

519
00:29:43,414 --> 00:29:45,006
You really have to push
yourself to the edge

520
00:29:45,250 --> 00:29:47,741
That's why it hasn't been
done before

521
00:29:47,986 --> 00:29:49,544
I mean, if it was easy,

522
00:29:49,788 --> 00:29:51,050
it would have been done
before

523
00:29:51,289 --> 00:29:53,587
An explorer is someone
who pursues the epic journey

524
00:29:53,825 --> 00:29:55,383
a person who has a dream

525
00:29:55,627 --> 00:29:58,824
who prepares to fulfill
that dream

526
00:29:59,063 --> 00:30:02,396
assembles a team, goes out
into the ocean

527
00:30:02,634 --> 00:30:06,365
overcomes the tests of
the mind and the heart

528
00:30:06,604 --> 00:30:07,866
attains the truth and

529
00:30:08,106 --> 00:30:09,937
returns to society to
share the truth

530
00:30:10,175 --> 00:30:11,142
That's the epic journey

531
00:30:11,376 --> 00:30:13,139
and that's what
the explorer does

532
00:30:16,347 --> 00:30:18,110
Deep sea explorer,
Bob Ballard

533
00:30:18,349 --> 00:30:22,080
has spent a career in search
of tragedy and disaster

534
00:30:22,987 --> 00:30:26,423
For years, he longed to
find the Titanic

535
00:30:28,293 --> 00:30:31,820
It was the most elegant
luxury liner of its time

536
00:30:32,163 --> 00:30:35,326
Titanic was built to last
forever

537
00:30:38,436 --> 00:30:43,203
On April 10, 1912, she set sail on
her maiden voyage

538
00:30:43,441 --> 00:30:44,533
Five days later

539
00:30:44,776 --> 00:30:46,641
she disappeared into
the cold waters

540
00:30:46,878 --> 00:30:48,345
of the North Atlantic

541
00:30:49,247 --> 00:30:52,273
More than 1,500 perished

542
00:30:53,718 --> 00:30:56,118
People believed the ship
was gone forever

543
00:30:56,354 --> 00:30:59,323
and that Ballard's quest
to find her was futile

544
00:31:01,159 --> 00:31:03,423
But he proved them wrong

545
00:31:04,395 --> 00:31:09,856
In 13,000 feet of water,
Ballard found the Titanic

546
00:31:10,468 --> 00:31:12,527
He made history come to life

547
00:31:12,770 --> 00:31:16,467
People could see the past
floating before them

548
00:31:16,708 --> 00:31:18,539
a romantic era stolen away

549
00:31:18,776 --> 00:31:22,268
by an iceberg and now
returned

550
00:31:24,382 --> 00:31:25,406
I don't go to sea

551
00:31:25,650 --> 00:31:29,450
unless I am really
convinced I can succeed

552
00:31:29,687 --> 00:31:32,053
I have decided not to do
a lot of expeditions

553
00:31:32,290 --> 00:31:33,086
People say,

554
00:31:33,324 --> 00:31:35,588
"Why don't you find Amelia
Earhart's airplane?"

555
00:31:35,827 --> 00:31:37,260
Fat chance.

556
00:31:37,495 --> 00:31:41,761
I won't take on a job unless
I have a good shot at it

557
00:31:42,066 --> 00:31:44,534
Ballard did not stop with
the Titanic

558
00:31:46,671 --> 00:31:49,435
He found the Nazi battleship Bismarck...

559
00:31:54,579 --> 00:31:58,106
...explored the torpedoed
luxury liner Lusitania...

560
00:32:03,288 --> 00:32:04,812
Contact. That's a ship

561
00:32:05,056 --> 00:32:07,047
It's definitely you
My only love

562
00:32:07,292 --> 00:32:10,284
...and located
the aircraft carrier Yorktown

563
00:32:10,528 --> 00:32:13,463
sunk in the World
War II battle of Midway

564
00:32:19,070 --> 00:32:21,538
I have little boys come up
to me

565
00:32:21,773 --> 00:32:24,139
and say they wish I would
stop exploring

566
00:32:24,375 --> 00:32:28,106
because there isn't going
to be anything left for them

567
00:32:28,346 --> 00:32:29,472
And I try to remind them

568
00:32:29,714 --> 00:32:30,874
that I've only seen
one-tenth

569
00:32:31,115 --> 00:32:32,707
of one percent of
the deep ocean

570
00:32:32,951 --> 00:32:34,282
so there's plenty there

571
00:32:36,454 --> 00:32:39,048
This time, Ballard is
exploring further back

572
00:32:39,290 --> 00:32:41,850
in time than he has ever
gone before...

573
00:32:42,360 --> 00:32:44,487
two thousand years ago

574
00:32:45,096 --> 00:32:48,429
when Roman ships criss-crossed
the Mediterranean

575
00:32:48,700 --> 00:32:52,067
They were small vessels
at the mercy of the sea

576
00:32:52,303 --> 00:32:54,931
Many of them never made it
home

577
00:32:58,576 --> 00:33:00,544
To help him find
the sunken ships

578
00:33:00,778 --> 00:33:04,270
Ballard has enlisted
the help of a Navy submarine

579
00:33:05,049 --> 00:33:07,882
The NR-1 was used during
the Cold War

580
00:33:08,119 --> 00:33:09,586
for missions so secret

581
00:33:09,821 --> 00:33:11,982
the Navy still won't talk
about them

582
00:33:12,390 --> 00:33:15,086
Now the sub is hunting for
a Roman galley

583
00:33:15,326 --> 00:33:18,420
that sank to the ocean floor
2,000 years ago

584
00:33:18,663 --> 00:33:19,891
Captain, ship's fit
for dive

585
00:33:20,131 --> 00:33:22,395
You have permission
to submerge ship

586
00:33:22,633 --> 00:33:24,931
Dive! Dive!

587
00:33:29,273 --> 00:33:31,673
40 feet. Going down

588
00:33:35,680 --> 00:33:37,170
For hundreds of years

589
00:33:37,415 --> 00:33:41,613
scientists have looked in
the ocean for our history

590
00:33:41,886 --> 00:33:43,251
And for most of that time

591
00:33:43,488 --> 00:33:46,423
they've only been able to
look a very short distance

592
00:33:46,657 --> 00:33:48,318
And what we're trying to
accomplish is something

593
00:33:48,559 --> 00:33:49,491
that has never been done
before

594
00:33:49,727 --> 00:33:52,525
and that is to try and
excavate a ship of antiquity

595
00:33:52,897 --> 00:33:55,889
that is thousands of feet
beneath the sea

596
00:34:00,538 --> 00:34:03,701
The NR-1 hits thick mud

597
00:34:03,941 --> 00:34:07,536
The sub's arm is unable to
dig below the surface

598
00:34:12,417 --> 00:34:14,112
Do the wooden hulls
of Roman vessels

599
00:34:14,352 --> 00:34:18,948
still exist just beyond reach
or has time stolen them away?

600
00:34:20,658 --> 00:34:23,821
Will this be Ballard's first failure?

601
00:34:24,362 --> 00:34:27,058
You can be lucky,
but you work for it

602
00:34:27,298 --> 00:34:29,528
You know, you cannot
just go

603
00:34:29,767 --> 00:34:31,257
and dig and discover
something

604
00:34:31,502 --> 00:34:37,168
No! You have to stay day
and night and work very hard

605
00:34:37,408 --> 00:34:39,569
And luck will come to you

606
00:34:39,811 --> 00:34:44,578
And that's why luck cannot
come to a lazy explorer

607
00:34:45,483 --> 00:34:46,507
Like Robert Ballard,

608
00:34:46,751 --> 00:34:51,245
Egyptologist Zahi Hawass
is an explorer of deep time

609
00:34:51,489 --> 00:34:53,480
He has spent a career
searching the sands

610
00:34:53,724 --> 00:34:55,555
of the Giza Plateau

611
00:34:56,694 --> 00:35:01,154
One of his most remarkable
finds began with an accident

612
00:35:01,499 --> 00:35:04,263
when a horse, galloping
past his excavation site

613
00:35:04,502 --> 00:35:06,561
plunged its hoof through
the sand

614
00:35:08,906 --> 00:35:10,840
Below lay a vaulted tomb,

615
00:35:11,075 --> 00:35:13,635
sealed in the time of
the pharaohs

616
00:35:13,878 --> 00:35:18,542
Inside, Hawass glimpsed
eternity

617
00:35:24,655 --> 00:35:26,247
Because of the size
of the tomb

618
00:35:26,491 --> 00:35:28,891
because of the unique shape
of the vaulted ceiling

619
00:35:29,127 --> 00:35:31,755
and also because it was
cased inside with plaster

620
00:35:31,996 --> 00:35:33,224
then I believe this is
the man

621
00:35:33,464 --> 00:35:34,431
who was in charge of

622
00:35:34,665 --> 00:35:37,225
the whole administration
of the workmen

623
00:35:37,468 --> 00:35:40,801
This is the man who wanted
to be sure that

624
00:35:41,038 --> 00:35:44,030
all these people live in
a good living

625
00:35:44,275 --> 00:35:46,004
and they go early in
the morning to work

626
00:35:46,244 --> 00:35:47,802
and they come by the sunset

627
00:35:48,045 --> 00:35:49,512
and they live in
the village,

628
00:35:49,747 --> 00:35:50,577
and at the same time

629
00:35:50,815 --> 00:35:53,875
when they die, there is
a tomb for everyone

630
00:35:58,589 --> 00:36:00,079
Besides the foreman's tomb

631
00:36:00,324 --> 00:36:01,188
Hawass and his crews

632
00:36:01,425 --> 00:36:04,292
unearthed more than
250 graves

633
00:36:04,529 --> 00:36:06,861
an entire cemetery
of workers

634
00:36:10,268 --> 00:36:10,859
For centuries,

635
00:36:11,102 --> 00:36:13,798
the pyramid builders were
thought to be slaves

636
00:36:14,038 --> 00:36:17,030
a captive labor force
cringing under the whip

637
00:36:17,275 --> 00:36:20,210
This discovery shattered
that myth

638
00:36:23,381 --> 00:36:24,871
For explorers like Hawass

639
00:36:25,116 --> 00:36:28,745
the possibilities of
discovery seem limitless

640
00:36:30,254 --> 00:36:33,519
The sands of the desert
are constantly shifting

641
00:36:43,534 --> 00:36:46,765
Artifacts, hidden from one
generation of archaeologists

642
00:36:47,004 --> 00:36:49,837
can suddenly be revealed
to the next

643
00:36:52,076 --> 00:36:55,273
In 1998, a team under
Hawass's supervision

644
00:36:55,513 --> 00:36:59,381
made a startling find: A tomb, unseen

645
00:36:59,617 --> 00:37:02,950
untouched for thousands of years

646
00:37:03,955 --> 00:37:08,619
It is beautiful,
the painting is so beautiful

647
00:37:08,893 --> 00:37:10,918
It is very rare

648
00:37:11,162 --> 00:37:13,323
We discover a lot of things

649
00:37:13,564 --> 00:37:15,429
every day, everywhere
in Egypt

650
00:37:15,666 --> 00:37:17,224
But everything,

651
00:37:17,468 --> 00:37:21,199
almost 99 percent of what
we discover, is robbed

652
00:37:21,439 --> 00:37:23,964
This is unique,
and this is rare,

653
00:37:24,208 --> 00:37:25,197
because of one thing:

654
00:37:25,443 --> 00:37:27,934
This is intact

655
00:37:29,480 --> 00:37:33,246
Beneath a limestone lid,
they discover a sarcophagus

656
00:37:36,654 --> 00:37:38,679
This is wonderful

657
00:37:38,923 --> 00:37:40,948
The symbol of resurrection

658
00:37:50,334 --> 00:37:52,234
Under the glare of
television lights

659
00:37:52,470 --> 00:37:54,802
they struggle to remove
the heavy lid

660
00:37:56,974 --> 00:37:59,966
Have the contents inside
decayed and rotted?

661
00:38:00,678 --> 00:38:06,844
They crane forward, peer inside and a gift
from the first

662
00:38:07,084 --> 00:38:12,522
millennium B. C: A mummy dressed
in a shroud of bead work

663
00:38:12,757 --> 00:38:15,351
portraying the gods of the afterlife

664
00:38:24,935 --> 00:38:26,766
Hieroglyphs around the coffin tell a

665
00:38:27,004 --> 00:38:28,767
story from the final glory days of

666
00:38:29,006 --> 00:38:31,634
ancient Egypt.
Buried here is a

667
00:38:31,876 --> 00:38:35,334
nobleman, a member
of the pharaoh's court

668
00:38:35,613 --> 00:38:37,706
His name was lufaa

669
00:38:38,816 --> 00:38:40,545
He is the director
of the palace

670
00:38:40,785 --> 00:38:41,683
He was near to the king

671
00:38:41,919 --> 00:38:43,352
The king lives in
the palace

672
00:38:43,587 --> 00:38:46,021
This is the man that is
used everyday

673
00:38:46,257 --> 00:38:49,488
to know the throne is fine
your majesty

674
00:38:49,727 --> 00:38:53,060
The ladies, or the wife,
your main wife

675
00:38:53,297 --> 00:38:55,390
she's not coming today
to see you

676
00:38:55,633 --> 00:38:57,533
You can meet this official
today

677
00:38:57,768 --> 00:39:00,828
the dining room is set,
wine is there

678
00:39:01,072 --> 00:39:02,505
we will make the party
tonight

679
00:39:02,740 --> 00:39:04,037
That is the man that does

680
00:39:04,275 --> 00:39:07,176
all the arrangements
at the palace

681
00:39:07,411 --> 00:39:08,935
He makes the palace life

682
00:39:09,180 --> 00:39:10,977
Hawass's explorations have
given us

683
00:39:11,215 --> 00:39:14,150
a more detailed picture
of the past

684
00:39:14,385 --> 00:39:17,513
of who we are and where we
come from

685
00:39:18,322 --> 00:39:19,516
An explorer is someone's

686
00:39:19,757 --> 00:39:22,624
who trying to find answers
to basic truths

687
00:39:22,860 --> 00:39:25,852
I think all of us want to
know those answers

688
00:39:26,097 --> 00:39:28,930
Certainly, we want to know
who we are and

689
00:39:29,166 --> 00:39:31,100
where we came from and
where we're going

690
00:39:31,335 --> 00:39:33,462
And I think most people
think about those questions

691
00:39:33,704 --> 00:39:36,935
but very few of them spend
a career

692
00:39:37,174 --> 00:39:39,369
trying to find answers to
those things

693
00:39:40,378 --> 00:39:41,106
For weeks,

694
00:39:41,345 --> 00:39:43,609
Robert Ballard has been
searching for history

695
00:39:43,848 --> 00:39:45,873
in the depths of
the Mediterranean

696
00:39:46,517 --> 00:39:49,543
He has not been able to
find the Roman ships

697
00:39:49,787 --> 00:39:52,051
he believes sank in
these waters

698
00:39:52,690 --> 00:39:53,782
He cannot afford to fail

699
00:39:54,024 --> 00:39:56,857
A single expedition can
cost millions of dollars

700
00:39:57,094 --> 00:39:58,959
Hold shipwreck

701
00:39:59,797 --> 00:40:01,196
Holy mackerel

702
00:40:01,432 --> 00:40:02,023
At last...

703
00:40:02,266 --> 00:40:04,461
Look at that!

704
00:40:08,205 --> 00:40:11,140
...3,000 feet beneath
the waves...

705
00:40:11,475 --> 00:40:15,275
fragile amphora...
jugs that held wine

706
00:40:15,513 --> 00:40:18,448
dried fish and olive oil

707
00:40:27,191 --> 00:40:29,921
Instead of finding the
amphora sort of randomly

708
00:40:30,161 --> 00:40:31,788
scattered throughout
this area

709
00:40:32,029 --> 00:40:32,461
they are, in fact,

710
00:40:32,696 --> 00:40:35,790
concentrated in
very narrow lines

711
00:40:36,033 --> 00:40:38,695
one amphora after another,
hundreds of them

712
00:40:39,603 --> 00:40:42,936
As Ballard and the captain
of the NR-1 plot the find

713
00:40:43,174 --> 00:40:46,940
the final tragic moments for
the Roman ship are revealed

714
00:40:47,178 --> 00:40:50,011
It must have been caught
in a fierce storm

715
00:40:50,314 --> 00:40:52,805
They began to off-load
their cargo

716
00:40:53,050 --> 00:40:54,210
as fast as they could

717
00:40:54,452 --> 00:40:56,317
throwing the amphoras off

718
00:40:56,554 --> 00:40:57,851
one side of the ship and
off of the other

719
00:40:58,088 --> 00:40:59,487
This is probably the width
of the ship

720
00:40:59,723 --> 00:41:01,987
the separation between
these two rows

721
00:41:02,226 --> 00:41:05,161
Two miles of amphoras were
being thrown over the side

722
00:41:05,396 --> 00:41:07,296
until finally the ship

723
00:41:07,531 --> 00:41:12,867
went under and ultimately
sank here

724
00:41:16,273 --> 00:41:19,174
Ballard deploys a scavenger
sub named Jason

725
00:41:19,410 --> 00:41:23,574
to bring the 2,000-year-old
artifacts to the surface

726
00:41:31,155 --> 00:41:32,486
Robert Ballard has proven

727
00:41:32,723 --> 00:41:35,487
that we can dive into
the deepest oceans

728
00:41:35,726 --> 00:41:39,253
and resurrect the sunken
stories of the past

729
00:41:46,337 --> 00:41:48,931
The key is that
you plug away

730
00:41:49,173 --> 00:41:51,368
you slug away,
you slug away

731
00:41:51,609 --> 00:41:54,772
and then there's
this moment of discovery

732
00:41:55,379 --> 00:41:56,812
And it's so exhilarating

733
00:41:57,047 --> 00:41:59,174
It's just
the greatest natural

734
00:41:59,416 --> 00:42:02,078
high known to a human race

735
00:42:02,353 --> 00:42:04,412
And once you've
experienced that

736
00:42:04,655 --> 00:42:06,350
you want to experience it
again

737
00:42:06,924 --> 00:42:09,620
There is so much of the
planet that's unexplored

738
00:42:09,860 --> 00:42:10,827
that I can't imagine

739
00:42:11,061 --> 00:42:15,054
we're going to be out
of work anytime soon

740
00:42:20,638 --> 00:42:22,230
Exploration really has that

741
00:42:22,473 --> 00:42:25,203
element of discovering
something new

742
00:42:25,442 --> 00:42:28,343
You make it a discipline
to observe

743
00:42:28,579 --> 00:42:31,980
to document, to record
what you see

744
00:42:32,816 --> 00:42:33,874
The old style of explorer

745
00:42:34,118 --> 00:42:36,643
it was about conquering
something

746
00:42:36,887 --> 00:42:38,878
about, you know,
putting your flag on it

747
00:42:39,123 --> 00:42:42,581
about getting control,
to be the master of

748
00:42:42,826 --> 00:42:43,884
I think the real difference

749
00:42:44,128 --> 00:42:46,790
between adventure and
exploration

750
00:42:47,031 --> 00:42:51,400
is that exploration is
adventure with a purpose

751
00:42:52,903 --> 00:42:56,270
Michael Davie is just
starting to explore our world

752
00:42:57,641 --> 00:43:00,371
In 1997, at the age of 22

753
00:43:00,611 --> 00:43:02,010
he trekked from Cape Town,

754
00:43:02,246 --> 00:43:04,806
South Africa,
to Cairo Egypt

755
00:43:05,049 --> 00:43:08,507
a 5,000-mile journey that
took him seven months

756
00:43:11,255 --> 00:43:12,847
Davie uses a video camera

757
00:43:13,090 --> 00:43:15,024
to explore more than
geography

758
00:43:15,259 --> 00:43:17,784
he explores culture
and people

759
00:43:18,028 --> 00:43:21,725
His journey epitomizes the
explorer within us all

760
00:43:22,666 --> 00:43:24,896
Do you think life here
in Botswana is difficult?

761
00:43:25,135 --> 00:43:25,897
Yes

762
00:43:26,136 --> 00:43:26,727
Why?

763
00:43:26,971 --> 00:43:28,632
There are no jobs

764
00:43:29,039 --> 00:43:32,634
But your future, does your
future look good?

765
00:43:33,711 --> 00:43:35,542
Yes, I think so

766
00:43:41,652 --> 00:43:42,846
Peter Pan was my hero,
you know

767
00:43:43,087 --> 00:43:44,384
I wanted to live
a Peter Pan existence

768
00:43:44,622 --> 00:43:46,283
I wanted to fly away to
Never-Never Land

769
00:43:46,523 --> 00:43:49,219
and run wild with
the Lost Boys

770
00:43:49,893 --> 00:43:51,417
I think it's every kid's
dream to get out there

771
00:43:51,662 --> 00:43:53,994
and bash his way through
the jungle

772
00:43:54,231 --> 00:43:56,859
and have wild adventures
and extreme encounters

773
00:43:57,101 --> 00:43:59,661
and get himself into as
much trouble as possible

774
00:43:59,903 --> 00:44:01,598
And now I get paid to
do that

775
00:44:01,839 --> 00:44:04,603
which is the greatest
privilege of my life

776
00:44:04,842 --> 00:44:11,805
Man, this place is just
amazing, just amazing

777
00:44:12,249 --> 00:44:13,113
An explorer is somebody

778
00:44:13,350 --> 00:44:14,840
who has to look deeper into

779
00:44:15,085 --> 00:44:17,383
things than things were
looked into before

780
00:44:18,155 --> 00:44:19,349
It's about going into
territory

781
00:44:19,590 --> 00:44:21,387
which geographically
has been explored before

782
00:44:21,625 --> 00:44:24,719
but emotionally perhaps
has not

783
00:44:25,396 --> 00:44:27,591
Mozambique at last

784
00:44:27,831 --> 00:44:30,629
I just hope I don't step
on any land mines

785
00:44:31,001 --> 00:44:31,729
Red danger sign

786
00:44:31,969 --> 00:44:33,300
Danger! Mines!

787
00:44:35,072 --> 00:44:38,007
What kind of damage could
a mine like this do?

788
00:44:38,242 --> 00:44:41,234
Take off a lower leg or
take off a limb

789
00:44:41,478 --> 00:44:43,343
It's primarily a weapon
that's designed to maim

790
00:44:43,580 --> 00:44:44,604
rather than kill, although

791
00:44:44,848 --> 00:44:46,679
there's every chance
in the world

792
00:44:46,917 --> 00:44:49,147
that it would kill a small
child or an elderly person

793
00:44:50,454 --> 00:44:51,546
One of the most inspiring
people

794
00:44:51,789 --> 00:44:52,585
I've ever met in my life

795
00:44:52,823 --> 00:44:54,654
was a five-year-old girl
named Isabel

796
00:44:54,892 --> 00:44:57,759
She was a land mine victim
living in Mozambique

797
00:44:57,995 --> 00:45:00,862
And I think I forgot that I
had the camera in my hand

798
00:45:01,098 --> 00:45:02,895
and suddenly I was looking
at a five-year-old girl

799
00:45:03,133 --> 00:45:07,001
fighting to learn
to walk again

800
00:45:08,706 --> 00:45:10,367
That was an incredibly
potent and

801
00:45:10,607 --> 00:45:12,302
emotional moment for me

802
00:45:12,543 --> 00:45:14,738
and I don't think it's one
that I will ever forget

803
00:45:35,899 --> 00:45:36,729
When I turned 21,

804
00:45:36,967 --> 00:45:38,559
my parents and I were on
a camping trip

805
00:45:38,802 --> 00:45:40,235
and we were sitting around
the campfire

806
00:45:40,471 --> 00:45:41,870
And we decided to count
the number of times

807
00:45:42,106 --> 00:45:43,505
we'd moved in my 21 years

808
00:45:43,741 --> 00:45:45,641
And we had moved home
36 times

809
00:45:46,009 --> 00:45:47,670
And at that point I
realized that

810
00:45:47,911 --> 00:45:51,108
although I wanted to become
an explorer of some kind

811
00:45:51,348 --> 00:45:54,249
I had already spent
my entire life doing that

812
00:45:58,989 --> 00:46:02,322
Danger certainly adds
an element of spice

813
00:46:02,559 --> 00:46:03,457
to what I do and
I love that

814
00:46:03,694 --> 00:46:06,254
I love the sense that
there's something at stake

815
00:46:06,497 --> 00:46:08,488
Today is a hell of a lot
tougher than

816
00:46:08,732 --> 00:46:11,963
yesterday was and it's
been quite scary, actually

817
00:46:12,202 --> 00:46:14,329
We've been surrounded by
a forest fire

818
00:46:15,038 --> 00:46:16,505
I need the adrenaline,
yeah, I mean

819
00:46:16,740 --> 00:46:17,468
otherwise I'd still be

820
00:46:17,708 --> 00:46:19,676
at law school studying
contracts

821
00:46:21,011 --> 00:46:21,773
Hello

822
00:46:22,012 --> 00:46:22,569
What's the problem?

823
00:46:22,813 --> 00:46:25,008
I don't have to quote
this camera

824
00:46:25,249 --> 00:46:25,772
I know my rights

825
00:46:26,016 --> 00:46:27,415
I think the first time
I got into real trouble

826
00:46:27,651 --> 00:46:28,481
I wasn't enjoying it all

827
00:46:28,719 --> 00:46:29,981
I was absolutely terrified

828
00:46:30,220 --> 00:46:32,518
But once I saw myself get
through that situation

829
00:46:32,756 --> 00:46:33,950
I think that's probably

830
00:46:34,191 --> 00:46:36,091
when the addiction
kicked in

831
00:46:36,326 --> 00:46:38,294
Okay, well you don't have
to hassle me all the time

832
00:46:38,529 --> 00:46:42,488
I know I'm foolish and I
know I'm reckless sometimes

833
00:46:42,733 --> 00:46:43,563
But, you know

834
00:46:43,801 --> 00:46:49,262
there is a certain amount of
appeal in riding that edge

835
00:46:49,506 --> 00:46:51,940
You can't really understand
life or

836
00:46:52,176 --> 00:46:53,541
appreciate it or
understand it or

837
00:46:53,777 --> 00:46:55,005
the scope of it until

838
00:46:55,245 --> 00:46:58,009
you've flirted with death
a little but

839
00:46:58,248 --> 00:46:59,977
understood the other side

840
00:47:01,084 --> 00:47:04,110
Exploration is often
a solitary venture

841
00:47:04,354 --> 00:47:06,049
a journey to understand
yourself

842
00:47:06,290 --> 00:47:08,053
and your place
in the world

843
00:47:08,292 --> 00:47:11,887
Heidi Howkins craves
dangerous places

844
00:47:14,498 --> 00:47:18,366
For her, risking death on
a thin cornice of snow

845
00:47:18,602 --> 00:47:20,433
is how she explores life

846
00:47:23,073 --> 00:47:24,005
Who could have guessed that

847
00:47:24,241 --> 00:47:25,435
this little girl would
grow up

848
00:47:25,676 --> 00:47:28,270
to be a high altitude
mountaineer?

849
00:47:29,079 --> 00:47:30,637
There was one influence
in her life

850
00:47:30,881 --> 00:47:34,840
that might have given you
a clue? Her father

851
00:47:35,185 --> 00:47:38,484
She describes him as
an eccentric fitness fanatic

852
00:47:43,727 --> 00:47:45,194
He passed along his passion

853
00:47:45,429 --> 00:47:47,624
for ultra-long distance
races

854
00:47:47,865 --> 00:47:49,332
But Howkins quickly
got bored

855
00:47:49,566 --> 00:47:51,727
She wanted something more

856
00:47:51,969 --> 00:47:54,164
For me, those are just
physical challenges

857
00:47:54,404 --> 00:47:55,428
They're not mental
challenges

858
00:47:55,672 --> 00:47:57,640
Yes, sure, you get to
the point where

859
00:47:57,875 --> 00:47:59,934
to continue running
after 24 hours

860
00:48:00,177 --> 00:48:03,271
you've got to have
some kind of mental urge

861
00:48:03,513 --> 00:48:06,573
But it's, there's no danger

862
00:48:06,817 --> 00:48:08,682
There's no risks,
there's no fears

863
00:48:12,055 --> 00:48:16,549
But risk and fear are at
the core of mountaineering

864
00:48:18,528 --> 00:48:20,325
While an earlier generation
of climbers

865
00:48:20,564 --> 00:48:21,496
would have been satisfied

866
00:48:21,732 --> 00:48:24,826
with conquering one
world-class peak in a year

867
00:48:25,269 --> 00:48:29,672
Howkins hopes to conquer
two? XEverest and K2

868
00:48:29,907 --> 00:48:32,808
without the aid of
supplemental oxygen

869
00:48:33,210 --> 00:48:34,234
It really doesn't matter

870
00:48:34,478 --> 00:48:36,173
that I'm female when
I'm up there

871
00:48:36,413 --> 00:48:38,472
What matters is that
I'm a good climber

872
00:48:38,715 --> 00:48:41,411
And that's a great feeling

873
00:48:41,652 --> 00:48:45,782
That's something that
definitely gives me a charge

874
00:48:46,023 --> 00:48:51,427
lt'd be nice to share that
with other women

875
00:48:51,662 --> 00:48:54,096
It's just that there aren't
that many of us

876
00:48:55,666 --> 00:48:57,896
My legs are saying,
"No more up!"

877
00:49:00,137 --> 00:49:01,832
Howkins knows all too well

878
00:49:02,072 --> 00:49:03,937
that once she sets foot on
a mountain

879
00:49:04,174 --> 00:49:06,335
she puts her life in peril

880
00:49:08,745 --> 00:49:11,976
While climbing Kanchenjunga
in 1997

881
00:49:12,215 --> 00:49:14,979
she was struck by a massive
avalanche

882
00:49:16,620 --> 00:49:18,383
Although buried
in deep snow

883
00:49:18,622 --> 00:49:22,080
she found the strength to
claw her way to the surface

884
00:49:25,329 --> 00:49:29,789
In 1998, her expedition was
hit by another avalanche

885
00:49:31,335 --> 00:49:33,565
The slabs of snow missed
her

886
00:49:33,804 --> 00:49:35,169
but she was helpless as

887
00:49:35,405 --> 00:49:37,270
members of her team were
swept away

888
00:49:37,507 --> 00:49:39,907
Two were killed

889
00:49:41,178 --> 00:49:42,202
Despite the danger

890
00:49:42,446 --> 00:49:46,075
Howkins returns year after
year to these mountains

891
00:49:46,316 --> 00:49:48,113
You have to confront your
own mortality

892
00:49:48,352 --> 00:49:50,786
like that every day on
an expedition

893
00:49:51,021 --> 00:49:52,420
if not every hour,
or every minute

894
00:49:52,656 --> 00:49:55,022
It becomes something
that you know sort

895
00:49:55,258 --> 00:49:57,249
of like your fingers
and your toes

896
00:49:57,494 --> 00:49:59,052
You're certain that
it's there

897
00:49:59,296 --> 00:50:01,355
and you're fully aware
of it

898
00:50:06,370 --> 00:50:08,930
You're catapulted into
a totally different realm

899
00:50:09,172 --> 00:50:11,470
when you're facing that
fear

900
00:50:11,708 --> 00:50:15,166
that terror, that mystery,
the unknown

901
00:50:16,747 --> 00:50:19,147
Why do climbers like Howkins
scour the earth

902
00:50:19,383 --> 00:50:21,374
for extreme vertical places?

903
00:50:21,818 --> 00:50:25,618
Why do they eagerly seek
out life on the edge?

904
00:50:26,556 --> 00:50:28,353
Why do I do this if it's
so cold and

905
00:50:28,592 --> 00:50:30,719
so uncomfortable and scary?

906
00:50:31,094 --> 00:50:33,756
Because I don't want life
to be easy

907
00:50:33,997 --> 00:50:35,897
You know, I find greater
meaning in my life

908
00:50:36,133 --> 00:50:39,364
when I go out and struggle
to get something I want

909
00:50:40,737 --> 00:50:44,434
On Baffin Island, 300 miles
north of the Arctic Circle

910
00:50:44,674 --> 00:50:46,972
there is a wall of granite
more than twice

911
00:50:47,210 --> 00:50:49,804
as high as the Empire State
building

912
00:50:50,447 --> 00:50:54,110
It's not the world's highest,
it's hardly even famous

913
00:50:54,351 --> 00:50:56,410
But no one has climbed it

914
00:50:56,653 --> 00:50:58,450
For four world class
climbers

915
00:50:58,688 --> 00:51:01,555
that's an irresistible
challenge

916
00:51:01,858 --> 00:51:03,758
I think, to me personally

917
00:51:03,994 --> 00:51:07,020
true adventure requires
an uncertain outcome

918
00:51:07,297 --> 00:51:10,266
It's gotta have this big
question mark hanging over it

919
00:51:10,634 --> 00:51:12,124
It's probably the hardest
piece of big wall

920
00:51:12,369 --> 00:51:13,597
climbing that I've done

921
00:51:13,837 --> 00:51:15,862
Maybe that's what
it's all about

922
00:51:16,106 --> 00:51:17,368
pushing yourself so far
out there

923
00:51:17,607 --> 00:51:20,337
that you can't really
turn around

924
00:51:20,577 --> 00:51:22,010
You have to keep going

925
00:51:23,613 --> 00:51:25,137
Basically, a trip like
this is a journey

926
00:51:25,382 --> 00:51:26,474
It's a journey of exploration

927
00:51:26,716 --> 00:51:29,947
into a beautiful wilderness
like Baffin Island

928
00:51:30,187 --> 00:51:33,088
I don't have a death wish,
I have a life wish

929
00:51:33,323 --> 00:51:35,655
And these trips bring you
closer to life

930
00:51:35,892 --> 00:51:38,258
than anything I can imagine

931
00:51:39,229 --> 00:51:42,756
Howkins's journey is becoming
increasingly difficult

932
00:51:43,433 --> 00:51:46,231
She is approaching
the death zone

933
00:51:49,840 --> 00:51:51,535
Above 26,000 feet

934
00:51:51,775 --> 00:51:53,174
the air is so thin

935
00:51:53,410 --> 00:51:56,174
that the brain is deprived
of oxygen

936
00:51:57,114 --> 00:51:59,480
It becomes hard to think
straight

937
00:52:00,484 --> 00:52:03,851
Every fiber in your body
is telling you to stop

938
00:52:04,087 --> 00:52:06,578
to sit down, to die,
essentially

939
00:52:06,823 --> 00:52:09,553
You've moved beyond your
survival instinct

940
00:52:10,026 --> 00:52:12,517
There has to be something
beyond reason

941
00:52:12,762 --> 00:52:15,492
that's pushing you
to continue moving

942
00:52:15,732 --> 00:52:18,223
especially to continue
climbing up

943
00:52:19,870 --> 00:52:21,132
Howkins isn't the first
woman

944
00:52:21,371 --> 00:52:25,171
to try climbing both Everest
and K2 in a single year

945
00:52:25,408 --> 00:52:26,466
In 1995,

946
00:52:26,710 --> 00:52:30,043
Alison Hargreaves had
successfully climbed Everest

947
00:52:30,280 --> 00:52:32,612
and had reached the summit
of K2

948
00:52:33,183 --> 00:52:34,309
But on her descent

949
00:52:34,551 --> 00:52:38,078
she was caught in a storm
and died on the mountain

950
00:52:41,158 --> 00:52:42,955
Howkins herself is
in trouble

951
00:52:43,193 --> 00:52:46,026
Illness and weather stop
her ascent

952
00:52:53,336 --> 00:52:56,430
I can't describe how I
really feel right now

953
00:52:56,673 --> 00:52:58,470
without using four-letter
words

954
00:52:58,708 --> 00:53:01,176
I mean, I'm like,
I've got a fever

955
00:53:01,411 --> 00:53:03,402
I'm sitting at 21,000 feet

956
00:53:03,647 --> 00:53:06,741
I slept for about one hour
last night

957
00:53:06,983 --> 00:53:08,610
and the other 11 hours

958
00:53:08,852 --> 00:53:11,844
I hacked up all kinds of
lung gunk

959
00:53:12,088 --> 00:53:14,454
I've got bronchitis or
something

960
00:53:16,026 --> 00:53:18,859
She is forced to admit
defeat

961
00:53:19,162 --> 00:53:21,926
give up the summit,
and descend

962
00:53:22,165 --> 00:53:23,564
To deny that the summit
is important

963
00:53:23,800 --> 00:53:24,630
isn't what I'm trying to do

964
00:53:24,868 --> 00:53:26,130
It's just that it's not as

965
00:53:26,369 --> 00:53:29,827
important as the way
in which I climb

966
00:53:30,073 --> 00:53:31,768
The journey that happens
on the way

967
00:53:32,008 --> 00:53:33,703
to the summit is more
important

968
00:53:33,944 --> 00:53:35,309
It sounds cliche,
but it's true

969
00:53:35,545 --> 00:53:39,641
It's not whether you
reach the summit, it's how

970
00:53:39,883 --> 00:53:40,679
It's not what you do

971
00:53:40,917 --> 00:53:42,942
it's how you do it
that matters

972
00:53:44,788 --> 00:53:46,688
The best explorers are
always imagining

973
00:53:46,923 --> 00:53:48,891
the next journey,
the next goal

974
00:53:49,125 --> 00:53:51,889
But what are the personal
costs of such relentless?

975
00:53:52,128 --> 00:53:53,595
I'm on the road a lot

976
00:53:53,830 --> 00:53:57,288
It's very difficult
to develop roots

977
00:53:57,534 --> 00:53:59,399
to put out roots in
any one community

978
00:53:59,636 --> 00:54:03,333
because I'm not here for
enough of the year

979
00:54:03,573 --> 00:54:04,801
to really get to know people

980
00:54:05,041 --> 00:54:06,941
I regret that I didn't
have more time

981
00:54:07,177 --> 00:54:09,611
with my children
when they were young

982
00:54:09,846 --> 00:54:12,314
because I chose to go out
on expedition

983
00:54:12,549 --> 00:54:15,279
The negative side is
obviously being away from home

984
00:54:15,518 --> 00:54:17,816
I love my family

985
00:54:18,054 --> 00:54:19,612
And I love land

986
00:54:20,056 --> 00:54:21,785
I think the most important
thing

987
00:54:22,025 --> 00:54:23,287
I've learned about
exploring the ocean

988
00:54:23,526 --> 00:54:24,686
is how much I love land

989
00:54:24,928 --> 00:54:26,862
You know, I have absolutely
no regrets about it

990
00:54:27,097 --> 00:54:28,564
Whatever one might
conventionally see

991
00:54:28,798 --> 00:54:30,095
as a sacrifice is not
a sacrifice

992
00:54:30,333 --> 00:54:31,732
and that it really entails

993
00:54:31,968 --> 00:54:36,029
not seeking out security
above all else

994
00:54:36,273 --> 00:54:38,207
I think my biggest
sacrifices are the fact

995
00:54:38,441 --> 00:54:40,739
that I'm going to die
real young

996
00:54:40,977 --> 00:54:42,274
because I've just been
worn out

997
00:54:42,512 --> 00:54:44,275
from these tropical
diseases

998
00:54:44,514 --> 00:54:47,210
That's my biggest
sacrifice

999
00:54:52,355 --> 00:54:55,620
The Llanos,
wild heart of Venezuela

1000
00:54:55,859 --> 00:54:58,293
For the early explorers

1001
00:54:58,528 --> 00:55:01,122
who dared enter this
untamed place

1002
00:55:01,364 --> 00:55:02,695
no creature loomed larger

1003
00:55:02,932 --> 00:55:05,594
than South America's giant
serpent...

1004
00:55:07,437 --> 00:55:13,137
Look out, Jimmy!
Hold the head, hold it!

1005
00:55:13,877 --> 00:55:16,607
Explorers spun tales of
100-foot monsters

1006
00:55:16,846 --> 00:55:19,542
intent on human flesh

1007
00:55:19,783 --> 00:55:22,581
Jim is black in the face,
almost done for

1008
00:55:29,159 --> 00:55:32,151
Exploration now is very
different than it used to be

1009
00:55:32,395 --> 00:55:37,526
Early explorers would go
and conquering things

1010
00:55:37,767 --> 00:55:41,294
conquering people,
many times even destroying

1011
00:55:41,538 --> 00:55:43,836
the things that they were
exploring

1012
00:55:44,140 --> 00:55:47,303
Exploration now has a much
more respectful meaning

1013
00:55:47,544 --> 00:55:49,102
and taste to it

1014
00:55:53,116 --> 00:55:54,310
A barefoot explorer,

1015
00:55:54,551 --> 00:55:57,247
Jesus Rivas is hunting
the anaconda

1016
00:55:57,487 --> 00:55:58,351
not for sport,

1017
00:55:58,588 --> 00:56:01,250
but to understand this
mysterious beast

1018
00:56:03,526 --> 00:56:05,960
Rivas explores a dangerous
landscape

1019
00:56:06,196 --> 00:56:10,724
for the anaconda rules this
swamp with lethal efficiency

1020
00:56:11,501 --> 00:56:13,992
It's meal of choice is
the capybara

1021
00:56:14,237 --> 00:56:18,697
a giant rodent that can
weigh in at over 140 pounds

1022
00:56:45,402 --> 00:56:48,735
The snake kills with power,
not poison

1023
00:56:48,972 --> 00:56:51,964
It wraps its coils so
tightly around the capybara

1024
00:56:52,208 --> 00:56:53,971
that the animal cannot
breathe

1025
00:56:54,210 --> 00:56:58,374
so tightly that its blood
can no longer circulate

1026
00:57:07,290 --> 00:57:11,886
It will take the snake six
hours to ingest this meal

1027
00:57:14,764 --> 00:57:15,856
The anaconda is strong

1028
00:57:16,099 --> 00:57:19,125
enough to overwhelm and
kill a person

1029
00:57:22,038 --> 00:57:23,903
Rivas, however, is obsessed
with getting

1030
00:57:24,140 --> 00:57:26,700
as close as he can to these
creatures

1031
00:57:27,310 --> 00:57:31,337
There's no telling how many
hours of fruitless sun

1032
00:57:31,581 --> 00:57:32,445
I got on my head

1033
00:57:32,682 --> 00:57:34,547
and after six, eight hours
looking for a snake

1034
00:57:34,784 --> 00:57:36,752
in the swamp and nothing
happens

1035
00:57:36,986 --> 00:57:39,750
But if you're stubborn
enough and if you go for

1036
00:57:39,989 --> 00:57:40,921
it and you try and try

1037
00:57:41,157 --> 00:57:43,125
and eventually you
accomplish it

1038
00:57:49,899 --> 00:57:52,663
The time comes when you
step on something

1039
00:57:52,902 --> 00:57:54,494
and your foot bounces back

1040
00:57:54,737 --> 00:57:57,797
and there's this big animal
underneath you

1041
00:57:59,909 --> 00:58:01,171
Hurry, hurry

1042
00:58:01,911 --> 00:58:03,435
Are you losing your grip?

1043
00:58:03,680 --> 00:58:04,908
In a second, I will

1044
00:58:11,588 --> 00:58:13,055
Oh, it's a big mama

1045
00:58:13,723 --> 00:58:16,988
Come here and get
a better grip

1046
00:58:17,227 --> 00:58:18,285
It is a wonderful animal

1047
00:58:18,528 --> 00:58:19,893
It is an animal that,
if anything

1048
00:58:20,129 --> 00:58:21,687
has to inspire admiration

1049
00:58:21,931 --> 00:58:24,422
and awe more than
any other thing

1050
00:58:24,667 --> 00:58:29,263
Godzilla!? We are having
a ball, aren't we?

1051
00:58:30,540 --> 00:58:33,270
Rivas and his wife,
biologist Rene Owens

1052
00:58:33,510 --> 00:58:36,968
have captured and studied
more than 800 snakes

1053
00:58:37,447 --> 00:58:38,175
Their exploration

1054
00:58:38,414 --> 00:58:40,974
funded in part by the
National Geographic Society

1055
00:58:41,217 --> 00:58:42,479
is a first

1056
00:58:42,719 --> 00:58:45,688
People ask me why it has
not been studied before

1057
00:58:45,922 --> 00:58:47,617
And the reason is that

1058
00:58:47,857 --> 00:58:51,088
I don't think anybody
thought it was possible

1059
00:58:51,327 --> 00:58:53,386
You can't find them, they
are too hard to get around

1060
00:58:53,630 --> 00:58:54,426
we can't subdue them

1061
00:58:54,664 --> 00:58:56,325
they are a very hard
animal to study

1062
00:58:56,566 --> 00:58:58,363
and that is why they
haven't been studied

1063
00:58:58,601 --> 00:58:59,966
Wait, wait, wait here

1064
00:59:01,104 --> 00:59:03,299
To crack the code of
this strange beast

1065
00:59:03,540 --> 00:59:05,565
Rivas searches
for breeding balls

1066
00:59:05,808 --> 00:59:08,038
massive coils of mating
snakes

1067
00:59:08,945 --> 00:59:10,173
He plants radio transmitters

1068
00:59:10,413 --> 00:59:12,404
to track potential mothers

1069
00:59:15,184 --> 00:59:18,119
Ever since I was a kid,
I always loved the wild

1070
00:59:18,354 --> 00:59:20,754
I had this urge of going
out into the wild

1071
00:59:20,990 --> 00:59:23,686
into the forest,
into the sea, into the ocean

1072
00:59:23,927 --> 00:59:27,988
into whatever was
a good natural habitat

1073
00:59:28,231 --> 00:59:30,392
Oh, you want to kiss me,
don't you?

1074
00:59:30,733 --> 00:59:32,030
I'm not your lover

1075
00:59:32,368 --> 00:59:33,733
My mother, when I was a kid,

1076
00:59:33,970 --> 00:59:35,301
called, had this word
for me

1077
00:59:35,538 --> 00:59:38,507
It was "pata caliente"
which means hot feet

1078
00:59:38,741 --> 00:59:42,541
because she couldn't stop
me from going out

1079
00:59:42,779 --> 00:59:45,907
and looking for
interesting things to do

1080
00:59:46,382 --> 00:59:48,543
Okay, I'm gonna pull
the whole thing

1081
00:59:48,785 --> 00:59:49,945
to see what's going on

1082
00:59:50,186 --> 00:59:52,677
Rivas and Owens have struck
anaconda gold

1083
00:59:52,922 --> 00:59:54,446
a breeding ball

1084
00:59:54,691 --> 00:59:57,023
This is their Everest,
their North Pole

1085
00:59:58,461 --> 01:00:01,988
To reproduce, as many as
a dozen male anacondas

1086
01:00:02,231 --> 01:00:05,564
will wrap themselves
around a single female

1087
01:00:06,436 --> 01:00:07,903
Rivas and Owens have
just begun to

1088
01:00:08,137 --> 01:00:11,538
unravel the secrets of this
communal mating ritual

1089
01:00:12,342 --> 01:00:16,802
The first time I laid hands
on an anaconda

1090
01:00:17,046 --> 01:00:18,638
it was a large female next
to a bridge

1091
01:00:18,881 --> 01:00:20,212
it was a massive animal

1092
01:00:20,450 --> 01:00:23,851
When I put my hands around
it and couldn't grip it

1093
01:00:24,087 --> 01:00:27,250
my fingers could feel
just pure muscle

1094
01:00:27,490 --> 01:00:28,457
It was unbelievable

1095
01:00:28,691 --> 01:00:31,888
It was the thing that really
hooked me about the animal

1096
01:00:32,228 --> 01:00:33,525
Nice female

1097
01:00:33,763 --> 01:00:35,094
It's beautiful

1098
01:00:35,331 --> 01:00:36,855
Look at those colors

1099
01:00:37,567 --> 01:00:43,199
Out there, somewhere
in the swamp

1100
01:00:43,439 --> 01:00:46,533
Rivas believes there are
giant anacondas

1101
01:00:46,776 --> 01:00:49,404
beasts of monstrous
proportions

1102
01:00:49,679 --> 01:00:52,842
He dreams of discovering
such a serpent one day

1103
01:00:53,549 --> 01:00:56,746
I've thought a lot about
what to do

1104
01:00:56,986 --> 01:00:58,681
if I found this animal

1105
01:00:58,921 --> 01:01:02,288
that is too big for me
to catch

1106
01:01:02,525 --> 01:01:05,016
but is too big for me to
let it go

1107
01:01:05,561 --> 01:01:06,789
I don't know what I'll do

1108
01:01:07,030 --> 01:01:10,329
It will be some tough fight

1109
01:01:10,667 --> 01:01:12,760
I don't know
who's gonna win

1110
01:01:13,202 --> 01:01:14,794
They're all my family

1111
01:01:17,173 --> 01:01:18,936
Rivas is following
in the footsteps

1112
01:01:19,175 --> 01:01:22,736
of a noble tradition of
naturalist as explorer...

1113
01:01:24,080 --> 01:01:25,479
...people like
Charles Darwin

1114
01:01:25,715 --> 01:01:28,377
who set sail to
the Galapagos Islands

1115
01:01:28,618 --> 01:01:31,348
and saw birds in a
whole new way

1116
01:01:31,587 --> 01:01:32,815
He returned to England

1117
01:01:33,056 --> 01:01:35,490
with the theory of
evolution...

1118
01:01:37,660 --> 01:01:38,718
...or Jane Goodall

1119
01:01:38,961 --> 01:01:41,486
who lived for decades in
the African wilderness

1120
01:01:41,731 --> 01:01:44,256
and with a patient gaze
explored the world

1121
01:01:44,500 --> 01:01:47,333
and the mind of
the chimpanzee

1122
01:01:49,472 --> 01:01:52,839
She has revolutionized our
understanding of animals

1123
01:01:54,210 --> 01:01:56,201
She witnessed chimps doing
things

1124
01:01:56,446 --> 01:01:59,847
no one had seen before
like making tools

1125
01:02:02,685 --> 01:02:04,880
Her explorations have
shown us

1126
01:02:05,121 --> 01:02:08,215
how closely connected
we are to the natural world

1127
01:02:10,326 --> 01:02:13,124
Since Goodall began her
studies 40 years ago

1128
01:02:13,362 --> 01:02:16,388
the world's population
has nearly doubled

1129
01:02:17,266 --> 01:02:20,394
Blink and wild habitat
vanishes

1130
01:02:25,641 --> 01:02:28,166
Explorers, like
herpetologist Brady Barr

1131
01:02:28,411 --> 01:02:30,538
must act as emergency room
surgeons

1132
01:02:30,780 --> 01:02:33,977
and move quickly to
save endangered species

1133
01:02:35,885 --> 01:02:37,546
I would give anything to
go back in time

1134
01:02:37,787 --> 01:02:40,278
and see what the planet
was like

1135
01:02:40,523 --> 01:02:42,252
when it was more in balance

1136
01:02:42,492 --> 01:02:45,154
before there were so
many humans on the planet

1137
01:02:45,394 --> 01:02:48,488
Something's wrong with
the Everglades

1138
01:02:48,731 --> 01:02:49,755
It's an ecosystem in peril

1139
01:02:49,999 --> 01:02:50,897
It's dying

1140
01:02:51,134 --> 01:02:52,465
And the alligator is

1141
01:02:52,702 --> 01:02:55,796
a crucial component
in that ecosystem

1142
01:02:57,273 --> 01:02:58,069
In the Everglades,

1143
01:02:58,307 --> 01:03:00,571
the 'gators breed less
frequently

1144
01:03:00,810 --> 01:03:02,471
their growth is stunted

1145
01:03:02,712 --> 01:03:03,576
To find out why

1146
01:03:03,813 --> 01:03:07,374
he's exploring the belly
of the beast, literally

1147
01:03:08,551 --> 01:03:09,313
You have to know

1148
01:03:09,552 --> 01:03:11,179
what's important in
the alligator's diet

1149
01:03:11,420 --> 01:03:13,081
before you can get a handle
on the bigger picture

1150
01:03:13,322 --> 01:03:13,720
you know,

1151
01:03:13,956 --> 01:03:16,652
what's really happening with
these alligators out here

1152
01:03:17,994 --> 01:03:19,757
To investigate their
culinary habits

1153
01:03:19,996 --> 01:03:21,190
Brady must first find

1154
01:03:21,430 --> 01:03:25,366
and catch one of these swamp
dwellers? Xno easy task

1155
01:03:25,601 --> 01:03:28,593
Scary situations are just
part of the job

1156
01:03:28,838 --> 01:03:29,896
just the nature of
the situation

1157
01:03:30,139 --> 01:03:32,004
and what I do and
where I go

1158
01:03:32,842 --> 01:03:34,104
If you're gonna work
on something

1159
01:03:34,343 --> 01:03:36,470
that can eat you or bite
you and kill you

1160
01:03:36,712 --> 01:03:37,508
I mean that's just

1161
01:03:37,747 --> 01:03:40,147
there's no way to get away
from the danger

1162
01:03:40,383 --> 01:03:42,374
It's just a part of
the business

1163
01:03:43,519 --> 01:03:44,781
Right there!

1164
01:03:47,256 --> 01:03:48,450
Okay, try to keep
the light right on it

1165
01:03:48,691 --> 01:03:50,090
I'm gonna try to move up
to it

1166
01:03:50,459 --> 01:03:51,983
Oh yeah, I got him,
I got him

1167
01:03:57,867 --> 01:04:00,131
See that?

1168
01:04:00,369 --> 01:04:02,394
Okay, now are you ready
to give it a try?

1169
01:04:02,638 --> 01:04:04,663
Now, when I tell you to move
move fast

1170
01:04:20,857 --> 01:04:25,624
Okay! Lt's always a little
nerve-racking

1171
01:04:25,862 --> 01:04:27,056
to tape the jaws up

1172
01:04:28,731 --> 01:04:32,223
This alligator's not
that big

1173
01:04:32,501 --> 01:04:33,832
I've always been fascinated
with alligators

1174
01:04:34,070 --> 01:04:35,537
even as a small child

1175
01:04:35,771 --> 01:04:38,262
But I grew up in the
cornfields of southern Indiana

1176
01:04:38,507 --> 01:04:40,099
There weren't many
alligators there

1177
01:04:41,010 --> 01:04:43,274
I went to graduate school
in south Florida

1178
01:04:43,512 --> 01:04:44,740
where there were a lot of
alligators

1179
01:04:44,981 --> 01:04:46,005
And I saw these large
carnivores

1180
01:04:46,249 --> 01:04:47,716
living in close contact
with humans

1181
01:04:47,950 --> 01:04:50,578
His explorations are
proving that

1182
01:04:50,820 --> 01:04:54,085
this close contact is toxic
for the alligator

1183
01:04:54,390 --> 01:04:56,984
Alligators in the Everglades
grow very, very slowly

1184
01:04:57,226 --> 01:04:59,421
A seven-foot animal 100
miles north of here

1185
01:04:59,662 --> 01:05:03,120
on Lake Okechobee might
be eight years old

1186
01:05:03,366 --> 01:05:06,062
A seven-foot alligator
here in the Everglades

1187
01:05:06,302 --> 01:05:08,463
this alligator? Might be
20 years old

1188
01:05:09,005 --> 01:05:10,370
Maybe it's mercury
poisoning

1189
01:05:10,606 --> 01:05:12,073
maybe it's quality of
the diet

1190
01:05:12,308 --> 01:05:13,673
That's what we're looking
into

1191
01:05:13,910 --> 01:05:14,934
Maybe it's pollution

1192
01:05:15,177 --> 01:05:17,008
Changes in hydrology have
changed

1193
01:05:17,246 --> 01:05:18,543
what the alligator is
eating

1194
01:05:18,781 --> 01:05:20,078
It's a complicated picture
and, you know

1195
01:05:20,316 --> 01:05:21,305
hopefully we'll shed
a little light on it

1196
01:05:21,550 --> 01:05:23,074
with this stomach content
data

1197
01:05:23,319 --> 01:05:24,946
We're going to put
this garden hose into

1198
01:05:25,187 --> 01:05:26,882
the mouth of the alligator
down into the stomach

1199
01:05:27,123 --> 01:05:28,147
fill it with water and

1200
01:05:28,391 --> 01:05:29,824
then May Lynn's going to
give it

1201
01:05:30,059 --> 01:05:34,018
the Heimlich maneuver just
like a choking person

1202
01:05:36,666 --> 01:05:38,998
Hit it hard.
Everything you got

1203
01:05:39,235 --> 01:05:40,065
I'm gonna pull the hose
this time

1204
01:05:40,303 --> 01:05:41,964
One, two, three? Xgo!

1205
01:05:44,340 --> 01:05:46,399
I didn't feel anything
come out

1206
01:05:53,249 --> 01:05:54,011
Look at this

1207
01:05:54,750 --> 01:05:56,741
There's a seven-foot
alligator

1208
01:05:57,086 --> 01:05:58,986
and here's the contents
of its stomach

1209
01:05:59,221 --> 01:06:03,749
One snail with the tissue
still attached

1210
01:06:04,260 --> 01:06:09,197
And here is two, three
remains of four snails

1211
01:06:09,432 --> 01:06:11,662
Before we started this
research

1212
01:06:11,901 --> 01:06:13,960
people said, "Oh, alligators
eat birds and fish and

1213
01:06:14,203 --> 01:06:15,898
you know, pull down deer."

1214
01:06:16,138 --> 01:06:18,504
We're finding they eat a
lot of snakes and

1215
01:06:18,741 --> 01:06:21,437
believe it or not,
they also eat snails

1216
01:06:21,677 --> 01:06:23,406
That's how these alligators
are making a living

1217
01:06:23,646 --> 01:06:24,476
out here in the Everglades

1218
01:06:24,714 --> 01:06:26,443
It's a tough place to live

1219
01:06:26,682 --> 01:06:27,341
If I was an alligator

1220
01:06:27,583 --> 01:06:29,141
I wouldn't want to live in
the Everglades

1221
01:06:34,724 --> 01:06:35,782
Paul Sereno is famous

1222
01:06:36,025 --> 01:06:39,859
one of the most famous bone
hunters in the world

1223
01:06:40,796 --> 01:06:41,922
Just 41 years old

1224
01:06:42,164 --> 01:06:44,496
he's already made more
significant discoveries

1225
01:06:44,767 --> 01:06:48,066
than most paleontologists
make in a lifetime

1226
01:06:51,307 --> 01:06:52,274
Time and again

1227
01:06:52,508 --> 01:06:54,908
Sereno has headed out into
the unknown

1228
01:06:55,144 --> 01:06:57,374
and come back with
the bones of dinosaurs

1229
01:06:57,613 --> 01:06:59,774
that no one has seen before

1230
01:07:01,417 --> 01:07:05,786
For Sereno, 1,000 years
is a blip in time

1231
01:07:06,155 --> 01:07:07,383
His finds allow us

1232
01:07:07,623 --> 01:07:10,456
to imagine history on
a geological scale

1233
01:07:10,693 --> 01:07:14,424
history that is more than
100 million years old

1234
01:07:16,365 --> 01:07:16,922
How many chances

1235
01:07:17,166 --> 01:07:18,599
do you have to make a mark
in the world

1236
01:07:18,834 --> 01:07:22,201
to change the way we look
at a continent

1237
01:07:22,705 --> 01:07:27,802
the way the world was
130 million years ago

1238
01:07:28,044 --> 01:07:28,840
With one expedition

1239
01:07:29,078 --> 01:07:30,568
we really have the chance

1240
01:07:30,813 --> 01:07:32,838
And the only way that
we can do that is

1241
01:07:33,082 --> 01:07:36,848
really, by performing beyond
what we think we can do

1242
01:07:38,354 --> 01:07:39,150
This time Sereno is

1243
01:07:39,388 --> 01:07:42,824
on an expedition deep into
the Sahara

1244
01:07:43,259 --> 01:07:44,658
It's a harsh landscape

1245
01:07:44,894 --> 01:07:48,295
Sand storms, relentless
heat and gun-toting bandits

1246
01:07:48,531 --> 01:07:51,932
will make the next four
months a brutal experience

1247
01:07:53,035 --> 01:07:55,367
Paleontology often finds
the most remote places

1248
01:07:55,604 --> 01:08:00,735
because they are places
that are raw earth

1249
01:08:00,976 --> 01:08:02,739
places difficult to live in

1250
01:08:02,978 --> 01:08:04,969
places often unexplored

1251
01:08:05,214 --> 01:08:07,739
And the more unexplored
the better

1252
01:08:07,983 --> 01:08:09,746
the better chance you have
of finding something

1253
01:08:09,985 --> 01:08:11,452
that nobody's ever seen
before

1254
01:08:13,089 --> 01:08:14,716
Just getting to
the fossil beds

1255
01:08:14,957 --> 01:08:17,255
is a grueling cross-country
road trip

1256
01:08:23,065 --> 01:08:24,726
The journey is not
just arduous

1257
01:08:24,967 --> 01:08:26,628
it's potentially lethal

1258
01:08:26,869 --> 01:08:29,394
A civil war in this area
ended recently

1259
01:08:29,638 --> 01:08:32,766
Travelers were killed on
this road the week before

1260
01:08:33,742 --> 01:08:34,367
I have told you that

1261
01:08:34,610 --> 01:08:36,805
we might require an armed
guard before we left

1262
01:08:37,046 --> 01:08:38,035
I didn't know the details
of it

1263
01:08:38,280 --> 01:08:39,611
I didn't know what happened
last week

1264
01:08:39,849 --> 01:08:41,077
That was in the future then

1265
01:08:41,317 --> 01:08:42,409
We have items that people
want

1266
01:08:42,651 --> 01:08:45,051
items that they have
killed people for

1267
01:08:45,287 --> 01:08:47,482
It's a personal risk
going out there

1268
01:08:47,723 --> 01:08:48,917
There's no question
about it

1269
01:08:51,694 --> 01:08:52,422
If something happens

1270
01:08:52,661 --> 01:08:54,424
or if people feel that

1271
01:08:54,663 --> 01:08:55,459
whatever their obligations are

1272
01:08:55,698 --> 01:08:56,824
whatever their personal
feelings are

1273
01:08:57,066 --> 01:09:00,035
that they've reached that
point and want to go back

1274
01:09:00,269 --> 01:09:02,237
I don't blame anybody for
that circumstance

1275
01:09:02,471 --> 01:09:05,963
I will help you leave, you
know, in a timely fashion

1276
01:09:07,209 --> 01:09:09,507
It's the classic explorer's
dilemma:

1277
01:09:09,745 --> 01:09:13,044
How much are you willing to
risk to achieve your goal?

1278
01:09:13,415 --> 01:09:15,679
Are you willing to risk
your life?

1279
01:09:16,485 --> 01:09:18,043
Although the team will
need armed guards

1280
01:09:18,287 --> 01:09:20,721
no one abandons
the expedition

1281
01:09:20,956 --> 01:09:21,923
no one wants to pass up

1282
01:09:22,158 --> 01:09:24,592
the chance of making
a major find

1283
01:09:27,596 --> 01:09:30,224
After five days and 14 flat
tires

1284
01:09:30,466 --> 01:09:32,991
they finally reach their
destination

1285
01:09:35,337 --> 01:09:36,065
Okay, show me the money

1286
01:09:36,305 --> 01:09:37,363
Where're the bones?

1287
01:09:37,606 --> 01:09:38,573
Although the world Sereno

1288
01:09:38,807 --> 01:09:41,708
explores vanished millions
of years ago

1289
01:09:41,944 --> 01:09:44,572
it still lives in
his imagination

1290
01:09:44,947 --> 01:09:46,209
You've got to look at
something

1291
01:09:46,448 --> 01:09:48,609
that doesn't look like a
lake and imagine back to

1292
01:09:48,851 --> 01:09:51,285
what it was like as a lake

1293
01:09:52,555 --> 01:09:53,783
What this little fragment

1294
01:09:54,023 --> 01:09:56,116
here is telling you is that
there were fish there

1295
01:09:56,358 --> 01:09:56,847
There were trees

1296
01:09:57,092 --> 01:09:58,081
This was an area

1297
01:09:58,327 --> 01:10:00,795
where there was a chance
that your prize possession

1298
01:10:01,030 --> 01:10:03,863
a dinosaur or a crocodile or
whatever you're looking for

1299
01:10:04,099 --> 01:10:05,566
could have gotten buried
there

1300
01:10:13,609 --> 01:10:15,873
I think I inspire in part
by example in the field

1301
01:10:16,111 --> 01:10:17,237
I wouldn't ask anybody
to do anything

1302
01:10:17,479 --> 01:10:18,571
that I wouldn't be doing
myself

1303
01:10:18,814 --> 01:10:19,906
I can take the heat

1304
01:10:20,149 --> 01:10:22,083
so I'll work right through
the middle of the day

1305
01:10:22,318 --> 01:10:23,307
at 120 degrees out
on the site

1306
01:10:23,552 --> 01:10:25,281
the bone actually reaching
150 degrees

1307
01:10:25,521 --> 01:10:26,749
really, really hot

1308
01:10:29,358 --> 01:10:31,724
I really find that exploring
back in time is

1309
01:10:31,961 --> 01:10:34,054
one of the most fulfilling
things

1310
01:10:34,296 --> 01:10:36,594
because it forces you to
imagine

1311
01:10:36,832 --> 01:10:39,767
And at first, imagination
sounds unscientific

1312
01:10:40,002 --> 01:10:42,664
After all, we're observers
of hard evidence

1313
01:10:42,905 --> 01:10:44,463
But, in fact, imagination
is what

1314
01:10:44,707 --> 01:10:47,699
I think is the essence
of science

1315
01:10:50,246 --> 01:10:53,613
Dig by dig, explorers like
Sereno have transformed

1316
01:10:53,849 --> 01:10:56,909
pure imagination into
scientific fact

1317
01:10:57,253 --> 01:11:01,019
The team has been working
14-hour days

1318
01:11:01,257 --> 01:11:04,658
in heat often over
120 degrees

1319
01:11:04,893 --> 01:11:07,987
And beneath tons of
rock... a revelation.

1320
01:11:08,230 --> 01:11:11,222
We have a couple of
skeletons mixed at this site

1321
01:11:11,467 --> 01:11:13,094
That's a conclusion we've
drawn after a lot of work

1322
01:11:13,335 --> 01:11:14,597
What we discovered

1323
01:11:14,837 --> 01:11:17,305
when we first started
peeling back the mound here

1324
01:11:17,539 --> 01:11:19,507
is the hip region

1325
01:11:19,742 --> 01:11:22,404
and back bone of a very
large sauropod

1326
01:11:22,645 --> 01:11:24,078
Here's the vertebrae here

1327
01:11:27,449 --> 01:11:28,541
Sereno thinks the animals

1328
01:11:28,784 --> 01:11:31,014
were the victims of
a huge flood

1329
01:11:31,253 --> 01:11:32,379
The surging water piled

1330
01:11:32,621 --> 01:11:34,816
their multi-ton bodies
in a stack

1331
01:11:35,057 --> 01:11:37,525
and the river sediment
buried their bones

1332
01:11:39,895 --> 01:11:41,192
Although the sauropods are

1333
01:11:41,430 --> 01:11:44,490
a significant find,
sereno is not satisfied

1334
01:11:44,733 --> 01:11:47,827
He sets out deeper into
the desert

1335
01:11:48,070 --> 01:11:50,095
in search of more bones

1336
01:11:50,939 --> 01:11:51,405
Go this way?

1337
01:11:51,640 --> 01:11:52,766
Okay, go this way.

1338
01:11:53,108 --> 01:11:55,633
As hard-working and
focussed as he is now

1339
01:11:55,878 --> 01:11:57,140
it wasn't always the case

1340
01:11:59,181 --> 01:12:02,412
As a child, he broke school
windows with rocks

1341
01:12:02,651 --> 01:12:04,642
and even tried to derail
trains

1342
01:12:07,423 --> 01:12:11,416
The one thing that kept
him on track was bones

1343
01:12:11,660 --> 01:12:14,458
He's been fascinated with
them since childhood

1344
01:12:18,200 --> 01:12:18,859
At the new site,

1345
01:12:19,101 --> 01:12:21,501
the team can't contain
their excitement

1346
01:12:21,737 --> 01:12:23,898
There are bones everywhere

1347
01:12:26,975 --> 01:12:28,101
We've got an aranosaurus

1348
01:12:28,344 --> 01:12:28,935
We got therasaur

1349
01:12:29,178 --> 01:12:30,668
You've got a sauropod,
and a therapod

1350
01:12:30,913 --> 01:12:32,175
Five minutes

1351
01:12:33,115 --> 01:12:35,583
They can leave their pick
axes in the truck

1352
01:12:35,818 --> 01:12:37,217
Fossils are scattered around

1353
01:12:37,453 --> 01:12:39,353
on the surface of the desert

1354
01:12:40,956 --> 01:12:43,823
No one has been here
to scavenge the bones

1355
01:12:44,259 --> 01:12:47,626
Wow! Look at those ribs!
Beautiful!

1356
01:12:48,063 --> 01:12:48,995
Bone by bone

1357
01:12:49,231 --> 01:12:51,096
they uncover a predator

1358
01:12:51,333 --> 01:12:54,860
some kind of high-spined
dinosaur with a toothy jaw

1359
01:12:57,539 --> 01:12:59,336
Yeah, this is a piece of
aranosaurus

1360
01:12:59,641 --> 01:13:01,233
And then Sereno and
his team

1361
01:13:01,477 --> 01:13:03,741
make another stunning
discovery

1362
01:13:04,012 --> 01:13:05,843
Wow, this is great, Dave

1363
01:13:06,081 --> 01:13:06,945
That's a big ass claw!

1364
01:13:11,120 --> 01:13:12,280
It's a foot-long thumb claw

1365
01:13:12,521 --> 01:13:14,318
just laying there
on the surface

1366
01:13:14,556 --> 01:13:16,524
Anybody would have stopped
to pick it up

1367
01:13:16,759 --> 01:13:18,283
but no one was there

1368
01:13:18,527 --> 01:13:21,018
That's a particularly
exciting moment

1369
01:13:21,263 --> 01:13:23,026
sort of a chilling feeling

1370
01:13:23,265 --> 01:13:24,994
that reveals that there
are many

1371
01:13:25,234 --> 01:13:27,065
many places on the surface
of the earth

1372
01:13:27,302 --> 01:13:28,929
that have not been
investigated

1373
01:13:29,938 --> 01:13:31,803
And it's just the beginning

1374
01:13:32,040 --> 01:13:32,904
Bones of the animal

1375
01:13:33,142 --> 01:13:35,269
have been preserved
in the sand and rock

1376
01:13:35,878 --> 01:13:36,742
Sereno thinks

1377
01:13:36,979 --> 01:13:41,416
they have discovered
a new species of spinosaur

1378
01:13:42,918 --> 01:13:45,614
Not until they haul over
four tons of bones

1379
01:13:45,854 --> 01:13:48,379
back to the lab will they
know for sure

1380
01:13:50,025 --> 01:13:51,686
The expedition is over

1381
01:13:51,927 --> 01:13:54,862
but the journey of discovery
has just begun

1382
01:13:58,200 --> 01:13:58,962
Over the next year

1383
01:13:59,201 --> 01:14:00,793
in this basement laboratory

1384
01:14:01,036 --> 01:14:02,298
at the University
of Chicago

1385
01:14:02,538 --> 01:14:03,732
Sereno's team will

1386
01:14:03,972 --> 01:14:06,440
painstakingly reconstruct
the animal

1387
01:14:06,675 --> 01:14:10,076
I had a vision of something

1388
01:14:10,312 --> 01:14:11,973
I would like, I think

1389
01:14:12,214 --> 01:14:17,208
to see this animal down
low up front

1390
01:14:17,453 --> 01:14:20,115
as if it were almost fishing
with its hand

1391
01:14:20,355 --> 01:14:22,880
you know, with the claws
ready to grab something

1392
01:14:23,125 --> 01:14:25,059
? Xjust like you say,
to some extent

1393
01:14:25,294 --> 01:14:26,192
interacting with something

1394
01:14:26,428 --> 01:14:30,694
it's looking, it's ready
to go after something

1395
01:14:30,999 --> 01:14:33,524
We are literally
resurrecting a world

1396
01:14:33,769 --> 01:14:35,896
that once existed
130 million years ago

1397
01:14:36,138 --> 01:14:37,935
When we set foot in Africa,
in the desert

1398
01:14:38,173 --> 01:14:39,663
there wasn't one skeleton

1399
01:14:39,908 --> 01:14:42,240
or skull that was known
well enough to reconstruct

1400
01:14:42,478 --> 01:14:43,570
from the whole Cretaceous
period

1401
01:14:43,812 --> 01:14:45,780
That's the last half of
dinosaur evolution

1402
01:14:46,014 --> 01:14:51,646
We now can stand among six
or seven of our recreations

1403
01:14:52,020 --> 01:14:56,252
Wow! That is really big

1404
01:14:56,859 --> 01:15:00,590
For the first time
in 100 million years

1405
01:15:00,829 --> 01:15:03,320
the spinosaur stands

1406
01:15:03,765 --> 01:15:06,791
It gives the public a sense
of a lost world

1407
01:15:07,035 --> 01:15:09,094
a time without humans,

1408
01:15:09,338 --> 01:15:11,101
something that's foreign,
strange...

1409
01:15:11,340 --> 01:15:13,604
a time when there were
animals that weren't like us

1410
01:15:13,842 --> 01:15:16,572
where we didn't influence

1411
01:15:16,812 --> 01:15:17,801
and control the world like
we do today

1412
01:15:18,046 --> 01:15:18,978
That's critical, I think

1413
01:15:19,214 --> 01:15:21,682
for understanding and also
preserving our future

1414
01:15:26,154 --> 01:15:28,554
The beast is 11 feet tall

1415
01:15:28,790 --> 01:15:32,726
And from the tip of its tail
to its fang-filled snout

1416
01:15:32,961 --> 01:15:35,259
it measures more than
30 feet

1417
01:15:38,901 --> 01:15:40,334
I think there is a point

1418
01:15:40,569 --> 01:15:43,800
in an expedition when you
feel like

1419
01:15:44,039 --> 01:15:45,131
"We've done it!"

1420
01:15:46,174 --> 01:15:46,902
Unconsciously,

1421
01:15:47,142 --> 01:15:48,769
you realize there's
tension that's gone

1422
01:15:49,011 --> 01:15:51,741
a tension that drove you
to spend months organizing

1423
01:15:51,980 --> 01:15:54,448
and energizing a team to be
able to accomplish that

1424
01:15:54,683 --> 01:15:57,447
But there is a thrilling
point when you say

1425
01:15:57,686 --> 01:15:58,846
"We've done it again,"

1426
01:15:59,087 --> 01:16:00,611
and you can walk out
thinking

1427
01:16:00,856 --> 01:16:02,153
we have made a difference

1428
01:16:02,391 --> 01:16:04,951
In the face of
such discoveries

1429
01:16:05,193 --> 01:16:07,821
how can we say that
exploration is finished

1430
01:16:08,063 --> 01:16:09,997
that it has all been done?

1431
01:16:10,299 --> 01:16:11,425
There are places
on the planet

1432
01:16:11,667 --> 01:16:12,531
that we still haven't seen

1433
01:16:12,768 --> 01:16:15,259
There are ocean depths
we haven't been to

1434
01:16:15,504 --> 01:16:17,563
There are species yet
to be discovered

1435
01:16:17,806 --> 01:16:21,606
And there's always something
new on the horizon

1436
01:16:22,044 --> 01:16:23,102
We can never know everything

1437
01:16:23,345 --> 01:16:24,369
To be an explorer today is

1438
01:16:24,613 --> 01:16:27,605
to face the greatest era
of exploration ever

1439
01:16:27,849 --> 01:16:28,816
It's just beginning

1440
01:16:29,051 --> 01:16:31,212
We're just beginning
to open the doors

1441
01:16:31,453 --> 01:16:33,148
to see how many more
there are out there

1442
01:16:33,388 --> 01:16:34,650
I think the ultimate goal
really is not

1443
01:16:34,890 --> 01:16:38,656
to ever fall into some
false complacency

1444
01:16:38,894 --> 01:16:41,055
and think that we've made
whatever discoveries

1445
01:16:41,296 --> 01:16:43,389
there are to be made and
that we

1446
01:16:43,632 --> 01:16:45,827
our whole life, continue
to be this sense of

1447
01:16:46,068 --> 01:16:49,060
informed by this spirit of
discovery and exploration

1448
01:16:53,442 --> 01:16:55,103
On the cusp of
a new millennium

1449
01:16:55,344 --> 01:16:58,780
we can pause and look back
at what we have accomplished

1450
01:17:01,416 --> 01:17:05,147
Exploration has remade how
we see our planet

1451
01:17:07,656 --> 01:17:10,557
But true explorers will
never be satisfied

1452
01:17:10,792 --> 01:17:12,123
with what they see now

1453
01:17:12,461 --> 01:17:15,089
They will continue to rush
head-long into the future

1454
01:17:15,330 --> 01:17:17,992
...pushing the limits of
mind and body

1455
01:17:18,433 --> 01:17:21,368
whether they are diving
into the deepest oceans

1456
01:17:22,571 --> 01:17:25,699
uncovering artifacts
of antiquity

1457
01:17:26,708 --> 01:17:30,701
or saving the habitats
of endangered species

1458
01:17:33,181 --> 01:17:36,947
Our limits will become the
next generation's triumphs

1459
01:17:37,819 --> 01:17:40,982
One of these children might
walk on the surface of Mars

1460
01:17:41,256 --> 01:17:42,245
Another might explore and

1461
01:17:42,491 --> 01:17:45,051
solve the riddle of human
consciousness

1462
01:17:45,827 --> 01:17:48,796
The only guarantee is that
in every generation

1463
01:17:49,031 --> 01:17:52,262
there will be a daring few
who continue to dream

1464
01:17:52,501 --> 01:17:55,436
to be restless,
and who are willing to

1465
01:17:55,671 --> 01:17:59,038
risk it all to explore
the unknown