1 00:00:06,306 --> 00:00:09,935 Behind every exciting film image is a cameraman. 2 00:00:10,176 --> 00:00:11,837 Behind his camera he is unseen 3 00:00:12,078 --> 00:00:13,477 and forgotten by viewers 4 00:00:13,713 --> 00:00:17,114 but dangerously exposed to his subjects: 5 00:00:19,586 --> 00:00:22,180 Animals the could easily maul or kill him, 6 00:00:30,363 --> 00:00:34,265 cataclysms of nature that could swallow him up 7 00:00:44,110 --> 00:00:45,509 tumultuous human combat 8 00:00:45,745 --> 00:00:46,905 pulling him closer and closer 9 00:00:47,147 --> 00:00:49,411 to the epicenter of violence. 10 00:00:50,116 --> 00:00:51,083 Sometime with only the camera 11 00:00:51,317 --> 00:00:53,842 between himself and mortal danger, 12 00:00:54,954 --> 00:00:56,251 other times separated from danger 13 00:00:56,489 --> 00:00:58,889 by the flimsiest of protection, 14 00:01:01,261 --> 00:01:03,286 but always driven to shed protection, 15 00:01:03,530 --> 00:01:06,761 to get out of the cage and push even closer. 16 00:01:07,333 --> 00:01:08,766 Stretching the limits, 17 00:01:09,002 --> 00:01:11,994 pioneering in places where the limits are unknown, 18 00:01:12,539 --> 00:01:14,131 stretching luck and boldness 19 00:01:14,374 --> 00:01:18,174 ntil limits are found and exceeded. 20 00:02:19,906 --> 00:02:22,534 The cameraman is David Breashears, 21 00:02:22,775 --> 00:02:26,438 shooting a climb on an ice face in New Hampshire. 22 00:02:27,580 --> 00:02:28,410 Action. 23 00:02:28,648 --> 00:02:29,842 Just watch your left leg on my 24 00:02:30,083 --> 00:02:31,948 To do it right, Breashears must climb 25 00:02:32,185 --> 00:02:35,279 as well or better than the climber. 26 00:02:35,522 --> 00:02:36,113 Keep going. 27 00:02:36,356 --> 00:02:37,983 While the climber thinks about climbing, 28 00:02:38,224 --> 00:02:41,751 Breashears thinks about climbing and shooting 29 00:02:41,995 --> 00:02:43,587 about camera position, angles, 30 00:02:43,830 --> 00:02:46,663 focus and changing light. 31 00:02:46,900 --> 00:02:50,461 About storytelling, lenses, equipment. 32 00:02:50,703 --> 00:02:54,104 He thinks ahead and climbs ahead. 33 00:03:03,516 --> 00:03:04,505 Breashears is one of the top 34 00:03:04,751 --> 00:03:06,275 mountaineering cameramen. 35 00:03:06,519 --> 00:03:09,010 He's been on six Mt. Everest climbs, 36 00:03:09,255 --> 00:03:12,019 twice getting to the summit with his camera. 37 00:03:12,258 --> 00:03:13,247 The job is never over. 38 00:03:13,493 --> 00:03:15,324 You don't crawl into your sleeping bag at night 39 00:03:15,562 --> 00:03:17,587 and just go to sleep. 40 00:03:17,830 --> 00:03:20,355 There's always some fooling around with equipment, 41 00:03:20,600 --> 00:03:23,501 loading a magazine for the next day, 42 00:03:23,736 --> 00:03:27,263 being more prepared than the other people have to be, 43 00:03:27,507 --> 00:03:30,533 and also getting up earlier to get that extra shot, 44 00:03:30,777 --> 00:03:31,835 to be in position 45 00:03:32,078 --> 00:03:36,071 when they begin their ascent or when they leave camp. 46 00:03:36,783 --> 00:03:38,478 It doesn't matter if you're cold; 47 00:03:38,718 --> 00:03:39,480 it doesn't matter if you're tired; 48 00:03:39,719 --> 00:03:41,186 It doesn't matter if you're hungry; 49 00:03:41,421 --> 00:03:42,854 you just do it. 50 00:03:54,067 --> 00:03:55,329 By the 1920s, 51 00:03:55,568 --> 00:03:58,560 cameraman were traveling to exotic and faraway places 52 00:03:58,805 --> 00:04:01,137 to film wildlife and adventure, 53 00:04:01,574 --> 00:04:03,371 and one of the most spectacular locations 54 00:04:03,610 --> 00:04:05,077 was Africa. 55 00:04:06,546 --> 00:04:10,607 Americans at home had never seen such images as these. 56 00:04:10,850 --> 00:04:12,977 They were thrilled by them. 57 00:04:13,219 --> 00:04:18,020 This was the golden age of photographic exploration. 58 00:04:30,837 --> 00:04:32,065 Carl Akeley 59 00:04:32,305 --> 00:04:34,773 as an extraordinary figure of the times: 60 00:04:35,008 --> 00:04:36,908 An American taxidermist who went to Africa 61 00:04:37,143 --> 00:04:40,078 to collect his own specimens. 62 00:04:40,313 --> 00:04:42,747 Trying to shoot a leopard, he only wounded it; 63 00:04:42,982 --> 00:04:43,949 it counter-attacked, 64 00:04:44,183 --> 00:04:47,311 and he managed to kill it with his bare hands. 65 00:04:48,388 --> 00:04:51,016 Akeley's insistence on recording accurate details 66 00:04:51,257 --> 00:04:53,691 for his taxidermy led him to photography, 67 00:04:53,926 --> 00:04:55,223 and his frustration in filming 68 00:04:55,461 --> 00:04:58,794 fast-moving African scenes led him to invent 69 00:04:59,032 --> 00:05:01,933 a better camera for action photography. 70 00:05:02,802 --> 00:05:05,396 The distinctive rounded Akeley camera 71 00:05:05,638 --> 00:05:07,970 revolutionized nature photography 72 00:05:08,207 --> 00:05:10,107 and was also used to film newsreels, 73 00:05:10,343 --> 00:05:12,504 combat in World War I 74 00:05:12,745 --> 00:05:15,714 and Hollywood movies. 75 00:05:16,549 --> 00:05:19,017 In Africa Akeley joined forces at times 76 00:05:19,252 --> 00:05:20,981 with the celebrity filmmaking couple 77 00:05:21,220 --> 00:05:23,745 Martin and Osa Johnson. 78 00:05:24,957 --> 00:05:27,425 As filmmaker the Johnsons were less interested 79 00:05:27,660 --> 00:05:28,820 in documentation 80 00:05:29,062 --> 00:05:31,826 than sensational entertainment. 81 00:05:32,065 --> 00:05:35,296 They raced about Africa elaborate photo safaris, 82 00:05:35,535 --> 00:05:37,526 seeking thrills and narrow escapes, 83 00:05:37,770 --> 00:05:40,238 heightening their adventures when necessary with deceptive 84 00:05:40,473 --> 00:05:42,771 film editing or staging, 85 00:05:43,009 --> 00:05:45,204 Occasionally lapsing into antics that, 86 00:05:45,445 --> 00:05:49,939 seen today, seem like satire of a very bygone era. 87 00:06:20,313 --> 00:06:22,406 The Johnsons were a glamorous pair. 88 00:06:22,648 --> 00:06:26,379 Martin was an all-American guy from a small town in Kansas 89 00:06:26,619 --> 00:06:29,816 who started out as a cook for Jack London. 90 00:06:31,824 --> 00:06:34,088 Osa was a singer who'd never been anywhere 91 00:06:34,327 --> 00:06:35,726 until Martin carried her off 92 00:06:35,962 --> 00:06:36,951 to a life summed up 93 00:06:37,196 --> 00:06:39,596 in the title of her autobiography, 94 00:06:39,832 --> 00:06:41,629 'I Married Adventure'. 95 00:06:56,082 --> 00:06:58,915 In the water, crocodiles are especially wicked. 96 00:06:59,152 --> 00:07:00,642 They would pounce upon the unfortunate 97 00:07:00,887 --> 00:07:02,514 victims of a capsized boat 98 00:07:02,755 --> 00:07:04,120 like a pack of wolves. 99 00:07:04,357 --> 00:07:06,416 If a person were to fall into the water here, 100 00:07:06,659 --> 00:07:08,593 he would not last one minute. 101 00:07:17,837 --> 00:07:21,034 We begin to feel uneasy lest one might charge the boat 102 00:07:21,274 --> 00:07:25,574 and this surly monster does, almost upsetting us! 103 00:07:35,455 --> 00:07:36,683 For all their showmanship, 104 00:07:36,923 --> 00:07:38,584 the Johnsons are recognized today as 105 00:07:38,825 --> 00:07:42,386 intrepid and talented filmmakers. 106 00:07:42,762 --> 00:07:45,094 They developed film in the field and 107 00:07:45,331 --> 00:07:47,731 overcame a vast array of logistical difficulties 108 00:07:47,967 --> 00:07:50,834 and personal hardships. 109 00:07:51,704 --> 00:07:52,329 Their movies, 110 00:07:52,572 --> 00:07:54,506 even with moments that now seem silly, 111 00:07:54,740 --> 00:07:57,231 were remarkable achievements. 112 00:07:59,645 --> 00:08:01,340 It must have been incredible to go there 113 00:08:01,581 --> 00:08:02,980 with primitive cameras, 114 00:08:03,216 --> 00:08:04,274 Primitive transportation, 115 00:08:04,517 --> 00:08:07,486 and how they actually got any material out of it, 116 00:08:07,720 --> 00:08:10,382 out of Africa at all, was a miracle. 117 00:08:11,657 --> 00:08:13,989 Wolfgang Bayer, who's photographed wildlife 118 00:08:14,227 --> 00:08:17,355 in all sorts of conditions, all over the world. 119 00:08:17,663 --> 00:08:20,655 Of all the animal that I filmed, 120 00:08:20,900 --> 00:08:22,663 I must say the primates 121 00:08:22,902 --> 00:08:24,665 are probably the most enjoying 122 00:08:25,104 --> 00:08:26,366 enjoyable ones 123 00:08:26,606 --> 00:08:28,267 They are so much like us. 124 00:08:28,508 --> 00:08:29,770 Like the orangutans: 125 00:08:30,009 --> 00:08:33,376 We had to climb 15 ft. Tall trees in Borneo 126 00:08:33,613 --> 00:08:36,411 in order to go up in their environment. 127 00:08:36,649 --> 00:08:39,209 Everything else before has been filmed from the ground up. 128 00:08:39,452 --> 00:08:42,353 We wanted to go back and we brought mountain-climbing gear, 129 00:08:42,588 --> 00:08:45,182 and we went up into the trees and all of a sudden we were 130 00:08:45,424 --> 00:08:47,790 face to face with orangutans. 131 00:08:48,027 --> 00:08:51,485 Then they came over and they climbed up and down our rope. 132 00:08:51,731 --> 00:08:54,291 They were right above us; they peed on us, you know. 133 00:08:54,534 --> 00:08:55,933 I'm looking up there, and what are you gonna do? 134 00:08:56,168 --> 00:08:58,068 You hang, you're totally helpless 135 00:08:58,304 --> 00:09:00,704 and some orangutan decides to pee on you. 136 00:09:00,940 --> 00:09:03,135 All you can do is just keep your head low 137 00:09:03,376 --> 00:09:05,708 and hope he doesn't do it too long. 138 00:09:06,245 --> 00:09:09,476 And we'll be hanging up 15 ft. On the ropes 139 00:09:09,715 --> 00:09:11,945 which actually came up over our branch 140 00:09:12,184 --> 00:09:13,913 and we would tie the rope off down at the bottom 141 00:09:14,153 --> 00:09:15,313 on a different tree, 142 00:09:15,555 --> 00:09:16,544 And we'll be filming upthere 143 00:09:16,789 --> 00:09:17,983 And we looked down all of a sudden 144 00:09:18,224 --> 00:09:20,021 there's an orangutan trying to untie 145 00:09:20,259 --> 00:09:21,954 our rope on the very bottom, 146 00:09:22,194 --> 00:09:23,684 and it's not a very good feeling. 147 00:09:23,930 --> 00:09:27,388 We of course had to try to shout and throw things down 148 00:09:27,633 --> 00:09:30,693 and then get down as fast as we can to chase'em away. 149 00:09:31,671 --> 00:09:34,572 Looking through a camera when filming wildlife or anything 150 00:09:34,807 --> 00:09:36,434 that could be potentially dangerous, 151 00:09:36,676 --> 00:09:38,337 It puts a barrier between you. 152 00:09:38,578 --> 00:09:40,637 It's almost like watching television, 153 00:09:40,880 --> 00:09:42,245 and you don't realize 154 00:09:42,481 --> 00:09:47,612 that danger could be just feet away from you. 155 00:09:50,256 --> 00:09:52,622 I was filming and I got in the middle of a fight 156 00:09:52,858 --> 00:09:54,758 and I just was an innocent bystander. 157 00:09:54,994 --> 00:09:57,758 But a female came by at full speed 158 00:09:57,997 --> 00:10:00,090 and she just grabbed my hand and bit me. 159 00:10:00,333 --> 00:10:02,096 And drew quite a lot of blood. 160 00:10:03,903 --> 00:10:06,269 The only weapon I had along was my camera, 161 00:10:06,505 --> 00:10:09,440 Which is a, you know, $50,000 piece of equipment. 162 00:10:09,775 --> 00:10:10,742 But in a case like this I used it 163 00:10:10,977 --> 00:10:13,309 and started on hit the chimps 164 00:10:13,546 --> 00:10:16,640 over the head with my camera and get out back in the water 165 00:10:16,882 --> 00:10:18,713 where I was supposed to be. 166 00:10:19,552 --> 00:10:22,612 Chasing animals over the years I've been bitten, scratched, 167 00:10:22,855 --> 00:10:26,518 attacked and uh, other-wise mutilated by coyotes, 168 00:10:26,759 --> 00:10:32,095 cougars, leopards, jaguars, baboons, chimpanzees, 169 00:10:32,331 --> 00:10:34,128 and of course numerous little creatures. 170 00:10:34,367 --> 00:10:36,494 Lucking nothing really poisonous. 171 00:10:36,736 --> 00:10:39,534 Nature and the animals give me so much enjoyment that, 172 00:10:39,772 --> 00:10:42,639 what the hell, a few bites and a few diseases 173 00:10:42,875 --> 00:10:45,708 and a few injuries here and there are not gonna kill me. 174 00:10:48,314 --> 00:10:51,613 You go out on these films and you're with very professional 175 00:10:51,851 --> 00:10:54,217 people who really stay out of trouble, 176 00:10:54,453 --> 00:10:57,616 and of course part of the fun for an audience is too see 177 00:10:57,857 --> 00:10:59,484 how people handle trouble. 178 00:11:00,860 --> 00:11:03,090 Filming an Alaska's Yukon River, 179 00:11:03,329 --> 00:11:06,127 Jim Lipscomb came up against a conflict familiar 180 00:11:06,365 --> 00:11:08,060 to action cameramen: 181 00:11:08,300 --> 00:11:10,962 Things were too safe. 182 00:11:11,203 --> 00:11:14,536 The Yukon raftsmen navigated smoothly post all perils, 183 00:11:14,774 --> 00:11:18,403 and Lipscomb was filming an uneventful trip. 184 00:11:18,644 --> 00:11:20,908 But then they came to Five Fingers Rapids, 185 00:11:21,147 --> 00:11:23,707 and suddenly they were losing control. 186 00:11:24,483 --> 00:11:27,850 It was sort of a funny, perverse pleasure as I realized as 187 00:11:28,454 --> 00:11:29,284 the raft was swinging out, 188 00:11:29,522 --> 00:11:30,989 swinging out... 189 00:11:31,223 --> 00:11:32,918 I could line up the shore behindit 190 00:11:33,159 --> 00:11:34,421 and I could see they weren't, 191 00:11:34,660 --> 00:11:36,355 they weren't gonna miss it. 192 00:11:37,463 --> 00:11:39,488 Looking pretty bad, boy. 193 00:11:39,732 --> 00:11:41,529 So I realized, oh boy, 194 00:11:41,767 --> 00:11:43,598 these guys are into it at last. 195 00:11:43,836 --> 00:11:48,432 They've really got themselves in trouble and I'm so glad. 196 00:11:48,674 --> 00:11:50,642 And then I thought, but I'm with'em! 197 00:11:51,043 --> 00:11:54,809 And the 10-ton raft stopped with the loudest noise 198 00:11:55,047 --> 00:11:56,947 I think I've ever hard in my life. 199 00:12:00,986 --> 00:12:03,045 And we knew we had it and we had it 200 00:12:03,289 --> 00:12:04,347 with three cameras going. 201 00:12:04,590 --> 00:12:06,421 So it made a marvelous scene in the film. 202 00:12:35,187 --> 00:12:39,453 Jim Lipscomb has made films about people and about animals. 203 00:12:39,692 --> 00:12:42,320 He says people are more treacherous. 204 00:12:42,561 --> 00:12:44,085 But it was the animals he photographed 205 00:12:44,330 --> 00:12:46,423 for "Polar Bear Alert" 206 00:12:46,665 --> 00:12:49,657 that taught him a personal lesson about fear. 207 00:12:49,902 --> 00:12:50,994 It began with his own brave 208 00:12:51,237 --> 00:12:54,434 insistence on getting closer to the bears. 209 00:12:54,673 --> 00:12:56,072 When he decided against filming 210 00:12:56,308 --> 00:12:57,935 as planned from the safety 211 00:12:58,177 --> 00:12:59,974 of a vehicle called a tundra buggy 212 00:13:00,212 --> 00:13:02,510 his guide stared getting anxious. 213 00:13:02,782 --> 00:13:03,749 And so I said to the guide, 214 00:13:03,983 --> 00:13:05,382 "We're gonna have to get outside of 215 00:13:05,618 --> 00:13:08,644 that tundra buggy in order to film. 216 00:13:08,888 --> 00:13:09,320 And he said, 217 00:13:09,555 --> 00:13:10,920 Well, I can't let you outside the tundra buggy 218 00:13:11,157 --> 00:13:14,183 if the polar bear is closer than 60 to 80 feet, 219 00:13:14,426 --> 00:13:16,621 Because they're very unpredictable animals. 220 00:13:16,862 --> 00:13:17,794 You don't know what they're gonna do, 221 00:13:18,030 --> 00:13:19,497 and they can get to you in three bounds 222 00:13:19,732 --> 00:13:20,528 and then look you over. 223 00:13:20,766 --> 00:13:22,199 And by the time they get finished looking you over, 224 00:13:22,434 --> 00:13:23,059 you're gonna be dead. 225 00:13:23,302 --> 00:13:24,860 And I don't want any National Geographic photographer 226 00:13:25,104 --> 00:13:26,731 dead in my tundra buggy. 227 00:13:27,039 --> 00:13:30,497 So we said, okay, we'll build a cage. 228 00:13:32,511 --> 00:13:33,603 Yes, please, 229 00:13:34,480 --> 00:13:35,538 lots. 230 00:13:36,448 --> 00:13:38,746 I didn't think when I got out there in the cage 231 00:13:38,984 --> 00:13:40,952 that I was going to feel any particular feel 232 00:13:41,187 --> 00:13:43,018 or that I was in any risk. 233 00:13:43,255 --> 00:13:45,780 And I thought I was going to be very calm. 234 00:13:46,192 --> 00:13:51,858 But then when that big bear walkup to the cage, 235 00:13:52,097 --> 00:13:54,930 Something happened in my mind that was an 236 00:13:55,167 --> 00:13:56,566 entirely different kind of experience, 237 00:13:56,802 --> 00:13:57,700 and I think it's the first time 238 00:13:57,937 --> 00:14:01,737 I've ever identified it in my life. 239 00:14:01,974 --> 00:14:04,238 I felt fear. 240 00:14:14,353 --> 00:14:15,581 Oh, boy. 241 00:14:16,989 --> 00:14:19,355 Oh, boy. 242 00:14:20,326 --> 00:14:22,556 I was breathing hard and I was trying not to tremble 243 00:14:22,795 --> 00:14:25,025 because I wanted to hold that camera still. 244 00:14:25,264 --> 00:14:28,563 The polar came right up and licked the lens. 245 00:14:28,934 --> 00:14:31,835 He wanted to see what this thing tasted like. 246 00:14:39,111 --> 00:14:42,410 And I felt what it must be, 247 00:14:42,648 --> 00:14:46,675 an atavistic fear I think, that there was in, 248 00:14:46,919 --> 00:14:49,251 Inborn, and through centuries, 249 00:14:49,488 --> 00:14:52,753 through eons of evolution into the human species: 250 00:14:52,992 --> 00:14:55,620 This is not the place to be! 251 00:14:55,861 --> 00:14:57,021 You gotta get out of here! 252 00:14:57,263 --> 00:14:59,390 This thing, this thing is gonna get you. 253 00:15:00,532 --> 00:15:06,368 And I, I was just atremble with the sense of fear of that, 254 00:15:06,605 --> 00:15:08,903 That thing, knowing all the time 255 00:15:09,208 --> 00:15:11,642 that I was presumably safe. 256 00:15:12,444 --> 00:15:15,504 There's tremendous charge of adrenalin and excitement 257 00:15:15,748 --> 00:15:18,046 coming through to you. 258 00:15:18,350 --> 00:15:22,309 And you're, yeah, you're thrilled to be there, uh, 259 00:15:22,554 --> 00:15:24,249 and to be experiencing it. 260 00:15:24,490 --> 00:15:26,617 I don't know that it's addicting, 261 00:15:26,859 --> 00:15:30,590 because in retrospect after you think about it, 262 00:15:30,829 --> 00:15:31,591 you think, well, that was a high 263 00:15:31,830 --> 00:15:34,196 I maybe just don't need anymore. 264 00:15:34,433 --> 00:15:35,559 I don't need that one again, you know. 265 00:15:39,505 --> 00:15:40,870 In 1914 266 00:15:41,106 --> 00:15:44,803 motion picture photography reached into a new realm. 267 00:15:45,044 --> 00:15:46,511 Underwater. 268 00:15:50,282 --> 00:15:50,873 John Williamson, 269 00:15:51,116 --> 00:15:54,517 a cartoonist and photographer for a Virginia newspaper, 270 00:15:54,753 --> 00:15:58,382 Had a showman's ingenuity and a father who'd built a 30-foot 271 00:15:58,624 --> 00:16:02,822 flexible steel tube designed for underwater salvage work. 272 00:16:03,062 --> 00:16:05,360 Williamson climbed down into the tube. 273 00:16:05,597 --> 00:16:07,360 Through the window of an observation 274 00:16:07,599 --> 00:16:09,362 chamber he called a "photosphere", 275 00:16:09,601 --> 00:16:12,502 he took still photos in 1913 276 00:16:12,738 --> 00:16:13,602 and, in the next year, 277 00:16:13,839 --> 00:16:17,536 the first moving pictures ever taken underwater. 278 00:16:20,879 --> 00:16:22,141 Only one year later, 279 00:16:22,381 --> 00:16:24,315 Williamson made the first theatrical 280 00:16:24,550 --> 00:16:27,018 movie produced underwater. 281 00:16:27,252 --> 00:16:28,719 These scenes are from his version of 282 00:16:28,954 --> 00:16:32,822 Jules Verne's 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. 283 00:16:36,428 --> 00:16:39,420 Audiences were fascinated by these images. 284 00:16:39,665 --> 00:16:41,155 Others were fascinated by the Williamson 285 00:16:41,400 --> 00:16:43,561 "photosphere" itself. 286 00:16:43,836 --> 00:16:45,929 The eminent Alexander Graham Bell, 287 00:16:46,171 --> 00:16:47,365 inventor of the telephone, 288 00:16:47,606 --> 00:16:50,666 visited in 1922 and spent a half-hour 289 00:16:50,909 --> 00:16:53,639 peering through the underwater window. 290 00:16:54,613 --> 00:16:56,342 Williamson emphasized the safety 291 00:16:56,582 --> 00:16:58,345 and dryness of the device by taking 292 00:16:58,584 --> 00:17:00,745 his wife and baby daughter below. 293 00:17:06,158 --> 00:17:08,626 He filmed them gazing at sea life 294 00:17:08,861 --> 00:17:12,422 including divers hired to swim before his cameras. 295 00:17:14,767 --> 00:17:16,200 Shooting in the Bahamas, 296 00:17:16,435 --> 00:17:18,630 he lured sharks into the picture 297 00:17:18,871 --> 00:17:21,601 the sharks attracted by the scent of chunks of horsemeat 298 00:17:21,840 --> 00:17:24,104 dangled in the water over the photosphere. 299 00:17:27,880 --> 00:17:29,211 What remained to be done, of course, 300 00:17:29,448 --> 00:17:33,578 was filming by a cameraman who swam freely underwater. 301 00:17:34,420 --> 00:17:37,150 An Austrian zoologist, Dr. Hans Hass, 302 00:17:37,389 --> 00:17:39,789 was among the first to try to connect diving 303 00:17:40,025 --> 00:17:41,424 and photography. 304 00:17:41,894 --> 00:17:44,692 Dr. Hass experimented with many different cameras 305 00:17:44,930 --> 00:17:45,862 and housings, 306 00:17:46,098 --> 00:17:48,464 some of which leaked disastrously. 307 00:17:50,369 --> 00:17:52,894 But this was true pioneering: 308 00:17:53,138 --> 00:17:55,402 Equipment was devised from scratch, 309 00:17:55,641 --> 00:17:56,733 Mostly hand made, 310 00:17:56,975 --> 00:17:59,239 improvised with little sophistication 311 00:17:59,478 --> 00:18:00,740 in diving technology 312 00:18:00,979 --> 00:18:04,437 and near-total ignorance of undersea dangers. 313 00:18:08,887 --> 00:18:12,015 How would sharks react to a diver taking their picture? 314 00:18:12,257 --> 00:18:15,693 The only way to find out was to take the plunge. 315 00:18:16,195 --> 00:18:19,494 In 1939 Dr. Hass filmed underwater scenes 316 00:18:19,731 --> 00:18:22,029 that enthralled audiences and fired 317 00:18:22,267 --> 00:18:24,792 the imagination of future divers. 318 00:19:03,675 --> 00:19:05,540 When Hass first went in the water 319 00:19:05,777 --> 00:19:07,540 with his little wind-up sixteen 320 00:19:07,779 --> 00:19:10,179 millimeter camera and started to press, 321 00:19:10,415 --> 00:19:11,382 you know, six, eight-foot, 322 00:19:11,617 --> 00:19:13,414 ten-foot sharks in the Mediterranean, 323 00:19:13,652 --> 00:19:16,143 no one had ever done it before. 324 00:19:16,388 --> 00:19:20,256 So he was not only using new techniques 325 00:19:20,492 --> 00:19:21,652 and worried about the bends 326 00:19:21,894 --> 00:19:23,691 and an embolism, and this and that, 327 00:19:23,929 --> 00:19:28,059 but he was also the first to ever engage those animals. 328 00:19:28,300 --> 00:19:32,361 So today we know that most of them are approachable, 329 00:19:32,604 --> 00:19:34,401 but those guys, those early people-Hass, 330 00:19:34,640 --> 00:19:38,736 Cousteau hadn't clue that that was gonna be the case. 331 00:19:38,977 --> 00:19:41,946 Very bold first efforts. Very exciting. 332 00:19:42,181 --> 00:19:44,877 Al Giddings has shot countless ocean documentaries 333 00:19:45,117 --> 00:19:46,709 and the underwater segments of features 334 00:19:46,952 --> 00:19:49,819 including James Bond movies and "The Deep". 335 00:19:50,055 --> 00:19:54,048 Doing so, he's amassed a vast library of underwater footage. 336 00:19:55,060 --> 00:19:58,052 But he's best known for his work with great white sharks, 337 00:19:58,297 --> 00:20:01,528 Shooting them at first from inside a protective cage... 338 00:20:01,767 --> 00:20:04,964 later going outside the cage. 339 00:20:23,889 --> 00:20:26,824 The first time in the cages most of us dropped 340 00:20:27,059 --> 00:20:28,083 to the bottom of the cage, 341 00:20:28,327 --> 00:20:30,818 hands and knees and sort of cowered for a time, 342 00:20:31,063 --> 00:20:34,521 Because these 3,000-pound eating machines were pounding 343 00:20:34,766 --> 00:20:37,394 the bars and pushing the cages around. 344 00:20:37,636 --> 00:20:43,802 Today, um, I know that if you maintain good eye contact, 345 00:20:44,042 --> 00:20:48,138 you're fairly aggressive, and on the bottom, 346 00:20:48,380 --> 00:20:51,008 you can get out of the cage, 347 00:20:51,250 --> 00:20:56,017 And I have, and, and really fend a two-or three 348 00:20:56,255 --> 00:20:58,314 thousand-pound great white away. 349 00:21:00,225 --> 00:21:01,249 The first time out of the cage 350 00:21:01,493 --> 00:21:05,224 was certainly a ticklish experience. 351 00:21:05,464 --> 00:21:07,159 And I went out six or eight feet 352 00:21:07,399 --> 00:21:08,923 and kept the cage at my back, 353 00:21:09,167 --> 00:21:13,069 and the first animal that came near I lunged forward a bit, 354 00:21:13,305 --> 00:21:15,899 not totally convinced that he was gonna move off. 355 00:21:16,141 --> 00:21:19,269 But it worked, and I continued to move 356 00:21:19,511 --> 00:21:20,978 further and further away from the cages, 357 00:21:21,213 --> 00:21:23,044 And eventually, the last time we were in Australia, 358 00:21:23,282 --> 00:21:25,307 I had five whites circling the cages and me, 359 00:21:25,550 --> 00:21:27,279 and I was thirty, forty feet away, 360 00:21:27,519 --> 00:21:30,454 with animals swimming between me and the cages. 361 00:21:31,256 --> 00:21:33,087 You always have apprehension, 362 00:21:33,325 --> 00:21:39,230 but driven a bit by the hum of that camera and the spectacle, 363 00:21:39,464 --> 00:21:42,399 you take a calculated risk. 364 00:21:48,674 --> 00:21:49,834 Giddings has taken his chances 365 00:21:50,342 --> 00:21:53,209 not only with the ocean's most fearsome creatures 366 00:21:53,445 --> 00:21:56,243 but also with its most formidable places: 367 00:21:56,481 --> 00:21:57,846 Like the hypnotically beautiful 368 00:21:58,083 --> 00:22:00,517 but perilous waters beneath the thick ice 369 00:22:00,752 --> 00:22:03,084 at the North and South poles. 370 00:22:03,922 --> 00:22:05,082 Diving the North Pole, 371 00:22:05,324 --> 00:22:08,088 and for that matter, Antarctica, 372 00:22:08,327 --> 00:22:10,056 I think represents the toughest diving 373 00:22:10,295 --> 00:22:11,990 that I've done anywhere in the world. 374 00:22:12,230 --> 00:22:17,293 Surface conditions north and south, 60, 70 below zero, 375 00:22:17,536 --> 00:22:20,528 water temperature 28.5, 376 00:22:20,772 --> 00:22:22,137 a canopy of ice over your head 377 00:22:22,374 --> 00:22:25,969 in most cases, 8, 9 feet thick. 378 00:22:26,211 --> 00:22:29,271 Antarctic diving is very, very, very tough tough on the gear, 379 00:22:29,514 --> 00:22:30,105 tough on the people. 380 00:22:30,349 --> 00:22:31,873 You're still concerned about bends. 381 00:22:32,117 --> 00:22:34,415 You're still concerned about all the problems of shooting 382 00:22:34,653 --> 00:22:36,280 and making images but, again, 383 00:22:36,521 --> 00:22:38,853 You're going through a hole that's 30 inches in diameter, 384 00:22:39,091 --> 00:22:39,887 40 inches in diameter, 385 00:22:40,359 --> 00:22:41,519 and you've got a limited air supply. 386 00:22:41,760 --> 00:22:43,227 And you're on the bottom perhaps 40 minutes 387 00:22:43,462 --> 00:22:44,394 and you've got, you know, 388 00:22:44,629 --> 00:22:45,152 You're gonna run out of gas 389 00:22:45,397 --> 00:22:47,228 and you've gotta find that exit hole. 390 00:22:52,204 --> 00:22:52,898 If you are in trouble 391 00:22:53,138 --> 00:22:55,504 or you're confused as to where you entered, 392 00:22:56,241 --> 00:22:58,675 that you wanna go deeper, 393 00:22:59,044 --> 00:23:00,443 if you surface under the ice 394 00:23:00,679 --> 00:23:02,146 and you're trying to see the exit point 395 00:23:02,381 --> 00:23:04,474 and you're just under the canopy, of course, 396 00:23:04,716 --> 00:23:05,478 You can't see anything. 397 00:23:05,717 --> 00:23:08,743 So, you know, in most cases if you have an emergency 398 00:23:08,987 --> 00:23:10,420 you're off to the surface. 399 00:23:10,655 --> 00:23:12,714 In this case if you have an emergency it's usually deeper 400 00:23:12,958 --> 00:23:14,892 to get a quick vantage point on 401 00:23:15,127 --> 00:23:17,027 where the exit hole is and out. 402 00:23:31,710 --> 00:23:35,077 Arctic diving is also some of the most beautiful diving 403 00:23:35,313 --> 00:23:36,143 that I've done. 404 00:23:36,381 --> 00:23:37,939 It's really a fairyland of sorts. 405 00:23:55,167 --> 00:23:57,658 You have to be gutsy and you have to be motivated. 406 00:23:57,903 --> 00:23:59,029 The best ones are driven. 407 00:23:59,271 --> 00:24:00,135 They want to excel. 408 00:24:00,305 --> 00:24:02,569 They want to come back with images the likes of which 409 00:24:02,808 --> 00:24:04,708 no one's ever seen before. 410 00:24:21,460 --> 00:24:22,654 The camera goes to war! 411 00:24:22,894 --> 00:24:23,986 Each day it records the courage 412 00:24:24,229 --> 00:24:26,129 and heroism of our troops in battle. 413 00:24:26,364 --> 00:24:27,456 But rarely do you see the camera, 414 00:24:27,699 --> 00:24:28,529 and the men behind it, 415 00:24:28,767 --> 00:24:29,995 who risk those same dangers 416 00:24:30,235 --> 00:24:31,463 to send back their stories and pictures. 417 00:24:31,703 --> 00:24:35,195 This is "Cameramen At War", made during World War II 418 00:24:35,440 --> 00:24:39,467 but with an admiring salute to the filmmakers of World War I. 419 00:24:39,711 --> 00:24:40,803 In the last war they set up their cameras 420 00:24:41,046 --> 00:24:43,344 60 yards from the German front line. 421 00:24:43,582 --> 00:24:46,517 The man in the tin hat and bow tie is D.W. Griffith, 422 00:24:46,751 --> 00:24:48,048 responsible for that silent epic. 423 00:24:48,286 --> 00:24:49,275 The Birth of a Nation. 424 00:24:49,521 --> 00:24:51,045 The get-up may look a bit odd now, 425 00:24:51,289 --> 00:24:52,756 but they thrill the audiences of their day 426 00:24:52,991 --> 00:24:55,357 with the first shots of a tank going into action. 427 00:24:55,594 --> 00:24:56,526 In World War II, 428 00:24:56,761 --> 00:25:00,527 top filmmakers including John Ford, John Huston, 429 00:25:00,765 --> 00:25:03,893 William Wyler and Frank Capra produced war documentaries 430 00:25:05,303 --> 00:25:06,827 working in Hollywood with battle footage 431 00:25:07,072 --> 00:25:08,198 shot by military 432 00:25:08,440 --> 00:25:10,408 and civilian cameramen. 433 00:25:10,642 --> 00:25:12,075 Meet Jack Ramsen of Movietone. 434 00:25:12,310 --> 00:25:15,677 His assignment is a daylight raid over occupied Europe. 435 00:25:15,947 --> 00:25:17,437 His main care is his camera. 436 00:25:17,682 --> 00:25:18,979 It's carefully and accurately fitted 437 00:25:19,217 --> 00:25:20,878 to the door of a Flying fortress. 438 00:25:21,119 --> 00:25:22,450 It's covered with an electric blanket 439 00:25:22,687 --> 00:25:23,711 to prevent the motor freezing up. 440 00:25:23,955 --> 00:25:24,853 Every precaution is taken to 441 00:25:25,090 --> 00:25:27,183 insure you're seeing good pictures 442 00:25:27,425 --> 00:25:29,552 If the cameraman gets back. 443 00:25:33,031 --> 00:25:34,931 All set now except for his oxygen mask 444 00:25:35,166 --> 00:25:36,599 and heavy gloves not easy to work 445 00:25:36,835 --> 00:25:39,326 in but necessary at these terrific heights 446 00:25:39,905 --> 00:25:44,842 if he's to get pictures like-Bombs gone! 447 00:25:45,176 --> 00:25:47,144 Caravan's Jim Wright in another Fortress takes up 448 00:25:47,379 --> 00:25:49,074 where the bomber leader leaves off 449 00:25:49,314 --> 00:25:50,406 over an Italian cove, 450 00:25:50,649 --> 00:25:52,207 pattern bombing it for enemy submarines. 451 00:25:52,450 --> 00:25:55,647 Wouldn't you think his fingers would tremble with excitement? 452 00:25:55,887 --> 00:25:57,878 The pictures are steady as a rock! 453 00:26:05,964 --> 00:26:08,125 The amphibious invasion of the Pacific island 454 00:26:08,366 --> 00:26:10,926 of Tarawa in 1943, 455 00:26:11,169 --> 00:26:12,932 one of the bloodiest battles in the history 456 00:26:13,171 --> 00:26:15,332 of the U.S. Marine Corps. 457 00:26:15,574 --> 00:26:17,439 A documentary film about the battle shot 458 00:26:17,676 --> 00:26:19,769 by Marine combat cameramen 459 00:26:20,011 --> 00:26:22,741 later won an Academy Award. 460 00:26:33,792 --> 00:26:36,420 This is the Army-Navy Screen Magazine cutting room, 461 00:26:36,661 --> 00:26:38,322 where combat film taken by Army, 462 00:26:38,563 --> 00:26:39,962 Navy and Marine cameramen 463 00:26:40,198 --> 00:26:43,292 comes in from battlefronts all over the world. 464 00:26:43,535 --> 00:26:45,560 The Marine staff sergeant with the expert medal is 465 00:26:45,804 --> 00:26:49,797 22-year-old Norman Hatch from Boston, Massachusetts. 466 00:26:50,041 --> 00:26:50,632 Sgt. Hatch went in 467 00:26:50,875 --> 00:26:53,969 with the first wave in the landing at Tarawa, 468 00:26:54,212 --> 00:26:57,045 armed with a pistol and a hand camera, 469 00:26:57,282 --> 00:26:58,374 and brought back a filmed record 470 00:26:58,617 --> 00:27:00,551 of the fighting at that island... 471 00:27:05,824 --> 00:27:06,813 you know that's the best frame of combat film 472 00:27:07,058 --> 00:27:09,083 I've ever seen. Hey, that's okay! 473 00:27:09,327 --> 00:27:10,817 And when an Army man says that to a Marine, brother 474 00:27:11,062 --> 00:27:13,087 he means it. Oh, they're just luck. 475 00:27:13,932 --> 00:27:16,662 Today, Norm Hatch has vivid memories 476 00:27:16,901 --> 00:27:18,459 of hitting the beach at Tarawa 477 00:27:18,703 --> 00:27:21,137 with other Marine cameramen who had no idea 478 00:27:21,373 --> 00:27:23,603 what a fierce battle they were walking into. 479 00:27:23,842 --> 00:27:25,969 They didn't know they'd have the extraordinary opportunity 480 00:27:26,211 --> 00:27:28,111 of seeing the enemy from so close 481 00:27:28,346 --> 00:27:29,711 that both sides in the fighting 482 00:27:29,948 --> 00:27:32,974 would be shown in the same frames of film. 483 00:27:33,351 --> 00:27:35,182 They didn't know that, despite their training, 484 00:27:35,420 --> 00:27:37,752 combat photography was something they'd have 485 00:27:37,989 --> 00:27:40,321 to learn as they went along. 486 00:27:40,692 --> 00:27:42,990 When we went in on Tarawa, the only experience that anybody 487 00:27:43,228 --> 00:27:44,160 had in the Marine Corps 488 00:27:44,396 --> 00:27:48,093 doing a war story on film was Guadalcanal, 489 00:27:48,333 --> 00:27:50,665 and that was almost nothing at all. 490 00:27:50,902 --> 00:27:53,564 And so, consequently, when we got ready to go, 491 00:27:53,805 --> 00:27:57,764 it was sort of like an improve situation, you know, 492 00:27:58,143 --> 00:28:00,111 everybody makes it up on his own. 493 00:28:12,290 --> 00:28:14,884 My thoughts were basically that if those guys can go out 494 00:28:15,126 --> 00:28:16,491 there and fight and do a good job fighting, 495 00:28:16,728 --> 00:28:19,356 we had to go out there and do a good job in photography. 496 00:28:22,233 --> 00:28:25,327 We had the exit covered with machine guns and rifle fire. 497 00:28:25,570 --> 00:28:26,628 The Japs kept coming out 498 00:28:26,871 --> 00:28:28,498 trying to knock out the machine guns. 499 00:28:28,740 --> 00:28:30,002 There's one of them. 500 00:28:33,645 --> 00:28:35,306 That sniper's got a bead on another. 501 00:28:39,818 --> 00:28:41,615 There's a squad of them! 502 00:28:52,063 --> 00:28:56,227 A lot of good guys from the outfit weren't there anymore. 503 00:28:56,468 --> 00:28:58,493 I'm glad I got these pictures, 504 00:28:58,737 --> 00:29:00,364 because when you remember the roaches 505 00:29:00,605 --> 00:29:02,630 you've been fighting and the things they represented, 506 00:29:02,874 --> 00:29:04,501 And when you saw the flag go up and remembered the freedom 507 00:29:04,743 --> 00:29:09,203 that flag stood for, you knew you were in on a good thing. 508 00:29:11,816 --> 00:29:17,618 Vietnam a different war and a different breed of cameraman. 509 00:29:17,856 --> 00:29:20,518 Cameraman Norman Lloyd, on assignment for CBS News, 510 00:29:20,759 --> 00:29:22,226 filmed and recorded these scenes 511 00:29:22,460 --> 00:29:23,620 when Bravo Company moved 512 00:29:23,862 --> 00:29:26,092 into a large Communist bunker complex 513 00:29:26,331 --> 00:29:28,731 six miles north of the Vietnamese border. 514 00:29:29,167 --> 00:29:31,567 The main enemy fore had apparently pulled out, 515 00:29:31,803 --> 00:29:34,169 but a rear guard element was left behind 516 00:29:34,405 --> 00:29:36,396 to slow down the American advance. 517 00:29:47,886 --> 00:29:51,049 Norman Lloyd, from Australia, was a school dropout, 518 00:29:51,289 --> 00:29:55,555 a kangaroo hunter, a bar fighter, a loner. 519 00:29:55,794 --> 00:29:57,261 He went to Vietnam on his own, 520 00:29:57,495 --> 00:30:00,521 replaced a CBS cameraman who was missing in action, 521 00:30:00,765 --> 00:30:02,733 and stayed four years. 522 00:30:02,967 --> 00:30:05,094 He won two Emmys and made a reputation 523 00:30:05,336 --> 00:30:08,533 for courage verging on craziness. 524 00:30:08,807 --> 00:30:12,334 General Westmoreland was making a tour, 525 00:30:12,577 --> 00:30:16,172 and there was a firebase that was in deep trouble, 526 00:30:16,414 --> 00:30:19,247 and, uh, and I really wanted to get in to that firebase. 527 00:30:19,484 --> 00:30:22,009 It was, but it was, they were in terrible shape in there, 528 00:30:22,253 --> 00:30:24,744 and I wanted to get in and I, 529 00:30:24,989 --> 00:30:26,217 I walked up to him and I said, 530 00:30:26,491 --> 00:30:29,051 "General, I want to get into that firebase". 531 00:30:29,294 --> 00:30:31,888 And I said the name of the firebase and he said to me, 532 00:30:32,130 --> 00:30:33,290 and then he said 533 00:30:33,531 --> 00:30:36,557 "son, you don't want to go there" 534 00:30:36,801 --> 00:30:38,564 Then I say "Yes, I do, sir" 535 00:30:38,803 --> 00:30:40,828 He said, "No you don't". 536 00:30:42,073 --> 00:30:43,870 And that firebase was overrun like, 537 00:30:44,108 --> 00:30:47,043 uh, you know, the next day or so, it, it, 538 00:30:47,278 --> 00:30:49,007 but, uh, but I really, 539 00:30:49,247 --> 00:30:53,308 I really wanted to get in there but, 540 00:30:53,852 --> 00:30:56,252 uh, I went as high as I could to try. 541 00:31:01,125 --> 00:31:04,891 There was a lot of competition between the three net works 542 00:31:05,129 --> 00:31:06,528 for "bang, bang" footage. 543 00:31:06,764 --> 00:31:08,994 It was very important to get "bang, bang" footage. 544 00:31:09,234 --> 00:31:13,068 It was action, it was what they really wanted. 545 00:31:13,304 --> 00:31:15,101 The pressure coming from New York, 546 00:31:15,340 --> 00:31:17,035 there was a lot of pressure on people, 547 00:31:17,275 --> 00:31:20,676 On correspondent, uh, on crews, 548 00:31:20,912 --> 00:31:23,710 if someone wasn't getting the story, 549 00:31:23,948 --> 00:31:26,143 and, and, and this led to deaths, 550 00:31:26,384 --> 00:31:27,874 where uh, where people would, 551 00:31:28,119 --> 00:31:30,917 would so silly things because of the pressure on them. 552 00:31:31,155 --> 00:31:32,452 And they'd go out, and they'd get killed, 553 00:31:32,690 --> 00:31:34,988 and this definitely happened, and, and 554 00:31:35,226 --> 00:31:35,954 and other people were killed 555 00:31:36,194 --> 00:31:38,526 with them because of the pressure. 556 00:31:38,763 --> 00:31:40,822 Norman Lloyd's countryman, Neil Davis, 557 00:31:41,065 --> 00:31:45,365 reported and filmed combat is southeast Asis for 11 years. 558 00:31:45,870 --> 00:31:48,464 He was a legend among Vietnam cameramen 559 00:31:48,706 --> 00:31:51,106 a master at covering combat. 560 00:31:53,311 --> 00:31:55,211 I would always try and go to the extreme front line, 561 00:31:55,446 --> 00:31:58,006 because that's where the best film is. 562 00:31:58,249 --> 00:32:02,083 You can't get the spontaneity of action if you're not there. 563 00:32:02,320 --> 00:32:05,118 You can't get it if you're 100 meters behind 564 00:32:05,356 --> 00:32:09,156 the soldiers trying to get it with a telephoto lens 565 00:32:09,794 --> 00:32:10,783 you don't see the faces, 566 00:32:11,029 --> 00:32:12,360 The expressions on their faces. 567 00:32:12,597 --> 00:32:16,226 You don't see the compassion that they may show 568 00:32:16,467 --> 00:32:21,427 for their wounded comrades or their enemy, for that matter. 569 00:32:21,673 --> 00:32:22,833 I wanted to show all those things, 570 00:32:23,074 --> 00:32:25,838 and the only way to show them was being in the front line. 571 00:32:26,077 --> 00:32:27,305 The real front life. 572 00:32:43,695 --> 00:32:45,856 And the idea is for a news cameraman 573 00:32:46,097 --> 00:32:47,359 to get the film and keep it rolling, 574 00:32:47,598 --> 00:32:49,156 no matter what happens. 575 00:32:52,837 --> 00:32:55,567 When Saigon fell, Neil Davis was there 576 00:32:55,807 --> 00:32:57,104 filming the panicked attempt 577 00:32:57,342 --> 00:32:58,866 to escape the bloodbath expected 578 00:32:59,110 --> 00:33:01,943 when the North Vietnamese recaptured the city. 579 00:33:02,180 --> 00:33:04,671 Most camera crews departed in the helicopters lifting off 580 00:33:04,916 --> 00:33:06,349 from the U.S. Embassy 581 00:33:06,584 --> 00:33:08,711 helicopters that were later dumped into the sea 582 00:33:08,953 --> 00:33:09,783 to make room 583 00:33:10,021 --> 00:33:12,080 on aircraft carrier flight decks. 584 00:33:17,095 --> 00:33:19,962 Neil Davis chose not to escape. 585 00:33:20,198 --> 00:33:22,689 He stayed behind, awaiting the conquering army 586 00:33:22,934 --> 00:33:24,902 and making some of the most powerful images 587 00:33:25,136 --> 00:33:27,263 of the Vietnam war. 588 00:33:27,505 --> 00:33:29,769 I didn't believe that there was a great danger as long as 589 00:33:30,008 --> 00:33:31,441 I survived the first few minutes 590 00:33:31,676 --> 00:33:32,802 of the Communist occupation, 591 00:33:33,044 --> 00:33:36,411 Where it's always very dicey, where there might be flare-ups 592 00:33:36,647 --> 00:33:38,615 and fighting immediately. 593 00:33:40,618 --> 00:33:41,915 Most people had left the streets. 594 00:33:42,153 --> 00:33:43,711 The civilian population had gone inside their houses 595 00:33:43,955 --> 00:33:44,546 and waited. 596 00:33:45,289 --> 00:33:47,849 I decided the presidential place was the place to be. 597 00:33:48,092 --> 00:33:52,028 And I went there alone and waited for them. 598 00:33:52,263 --> 00:33:55,824 And, I thought, I wasn't gonna miss this end to the story. 599 00:33:56,067 --> 00:34:00,561 I had a moment's hesitation as the tank was approaching, 600 00:34:00,805 --> 00:34:02,067 and the tank column was approaching, 601 00:34:02,306 --> 00:34:04,433 because they fired a few times 602 00:34:04,675 --> 00:34:05,869 to let people know they were about, 603 00:34:06,110 --> 00:34:08,374 I think, and crashed through that gate. 604 00:34:24,695 --> 00:34:27,289 And a man with a weapon raced toward me, 605 00:34:27,532 --> 00:34:29,796 screaming in Vietnamese, "Stop, stop, stop!" 606 00:34:30,034 --> 00:34:31,592 Then I kept filming, and he got quite close, 607 00:34:31,836 --> 00:34:36,933 and I rehearsed my bit before, which was in Vietnamese, 608 00:34:37,175 --> 00:34:39,735 "Welcome to Saigon, comrade. 609 00:34:39,977 --> 00:34:42,377 I've been waiting to film the liberation". 610 00:34:42,613 --> 00:34:43,443 And I had qualms about that; 611 00:34:43,681 --> 00:34:44,375 I had it all right. 612 00:34:44,615 --> 00:34:46,742 And he said, "You're American". 613 00:34:46,984 --> 00:34:48,611 I said, "No, I'm not, I promise I'm not. 614 00:34:48,853 --> 00:34:51,378 I'm an Australian and I've been waiting for you". 615 00:34:51,622 --> 00:34:53,988 So he hesitated, and then some troops were coming out 616 00:34:54,225 --> 00:34:56,523 and surrendering from the palace, and he hesitated, 617 00:34:56,761 --> 00:34:59,321 then dismissed me and ran past. 618 00:34:59,564 --> 00:35:01,725 And I was able to then start filming again. 619 00:35:02,467 --> 00:35:03,434 In 1985 620 00:35:03,668 --> 00:35:07,229 Neil Davis was shooting a coup in the streets of Bangkok 621 00:35:07,472 --> 00:35:09,372 a tame event compared to the heavy combat 622 00:35:09,607 --> 00:35:12,167 he'd survived so many times. 623 00:35:15,079 --> 00:35:15,738 But on this day, 624 00:35:15,980 --> 00:35:19,609 an exploding tank shell hit Davis and his crew. 625 00:35:19,851 --> 00:35:22,046 His camera, dropped on the pavement, 626 00:35:22,286 --> 00:35:25,221 was still rolling as he was dragged away. 627 00:35:25,456 --> 00:35:26,684 But he was dead, 628 00:35:26,924 --> 00:35:29,893 and his soundman died a few hours later. 629 00:35:34,432 --> 00:35:38,835 Neil Davis was a guy that really had seen it all. 630 00:35:39,070 --> 00:35:43,439 And it was just a shame. Everybody misses him, 631 00:35:43,674 --> 00:35:47,770 but if it had of been in a firefight somewhere and, 632 00:35:48,012 --> 00:35:51,345 uh, you know, he would have liked it better, 633 00:35:51,582 --> 00:35:55,746 I'm sure, instead of some dinky goddamn coup, 634 00:35:56,220 --> 00:35:58,120 you know, that meant nothing. 635 00:36:01,592 --> 00:36:04,390 After you see so many people get killed, 636 00:36:04,629 --> 00:36:05,891 after you see so many civilians get killed, 637 00:36:06,130 --> 00:36:09,293 after you see so many children get killed, 638 00:36:09,534 --> 00:36:11,195 you go a little insane, 639 00:36:11,435 --> 00:36:14,598 and I used to drink all the time. 640 00:36:15,139 --> 00:36:18,734 I thought of suicide a lot, 641 00:36:22,980 --> 00:36:24,811 uh, the, uh, the only, 642 00:36:25,049 --> 00:36:28,951 the only reason that I, I really um, 643 00:36:29,554 --> 00:36:35,493 didn't, uh, do it, was uh, 644 00:36:35,726 --> 00:36:39,253 I really didn't want to hurt my mother, you know. 645 00:36:44,602 --> 00:36:49,403 If I had the opportunity to be a Vietnam cameraman again, 646 00:36:49,640 --> 00:36:51,164 I would do it 647 00:36:51,409 --> 00:36:55,345 because I know what effect it had on the world. 648 00:36:55,580 --> 00:37:00,040 It's taken years for me to, to get myself back together. 649 00:37:00,284 --> 00:37:05,688 But, uh, but I'd do it again because I know that people 650 00:37:05,923 --> 00:37:08,790 have got to see what war is, 651 00:37:09,026 --> 00:37:12,359 and, and, what means, and the futility of it. 652 00:37:15,967 --> 00:37:20,097 Mount Everest a symbol of towering, 653 00:37:20,338 --> 00:37:23,136 irresistible challenge. 654 00:37:23,374 --> 00:37:27,435 Its grandeur has always inspired awe and noble effort, 655 00:37:27,678 --> 00:37:30,340 but Everest is also a killer. 656 00:37:30,581 --> 00:37:32,879 Over 80 climbers have died on it. 657 00:37:33,117 --> 00:37:37,053 Many more have come down broken and defeated. 658 00:37:37,388 --> 00:37:40,687 The summit was first reached in 1953 659 00:37:40,925 --> 00:37:42,654 and then by a second expedition, 660 00:37:42,893 --> 00:37:46,761 before an American team tried it in 1963. 661 00:37:50,968 --> 00:37:54,961 This team 19 men had a dual objective: 662 00:37:55,206 --> 00:37:58,505 To reach the summit but also to film it, 663 00:37:58,743 --> 00:38:00,608 To create a documentary that would 664 00:38:00,845 --> 00:38:04,144 become the first National Geographic Television Special. 665 00:38:07,785 --> 00:38:11,846 The climbers were punished by Everest's devastating weather. 666 00:38:12,089 --> 00:38:14,284 Temperatures 20 below zero, 667 00:38:14,525 --> 00:38:18,086 winds blowing at more than 60 miles an hour. 668 00:38:18,329 --> 00:38:21,856 The altitude and cold induced nausea and headaches. 669 00:38:22,099 --> 00:38:24,363 Climbing was hard labor. 670 00:38:24,602 --> 00:38:27,935 Thinking was hard, operating the camera, 671 00:38:28,172 --> 00:38:32,506 even remembering the camera, was hard. 672 00:38:32,743 --> 00:38:35,644 And then things got worse. 673 00:38:35,880 --> 00:38:39,145 The expedition's professional cinematographer, Dan Doody, 674 00:38:39,383 --> 00:38:41,943 was stricken with a nearly fatal blood clot. 675 00:38:42,186 --> 00:38:44,154 His climb was over, 676 00:38:44,388 --> 00:38:47,016 but lying in his tent he taught a crash course 677 00:38:47,258 --> 00:38:49,488 in mountain cinematography to a pair of climbers 678 00:38:49,727 --> 00:38:53,026 who now got the job as moviemakers. 679 00:38:53,264 --> 00:38:54,128 Lute Jerstad, 680 00:38:54,365 --> 00:38:58,802 who till then had never worked a film camera, remembers. 681 00:38:59,303 --> 00:38:59,735 So we thought he was gonna die, 682 00:38:59,970 --> 00:39:00,959 and he thought he was gonna die. 683 00:39:01,205 --> 00:39:04,402 So Doody got out scraps of paper, 684 00:39:04,642 --> 00:39:08,738 and got Barry Corbet and I by the neck and began to diagram, 685 00:39:08,979 --> 00:39:10,970 I think it was 18 different shots, 686 00:39:11,215 --> 00:39:14,184 and was teaching us how to become cin, cinematographers. 687 00:39:14,418 --> 00:39:16,511 So we'd take these little cameras without film in them 688 00:39:16,754 --> 00:39:19,518 and we'd go outside and shoot and then we'd come back in 689 00:39:19,757 --> 00:39:22,487 and tell him what we did and he'd critique it for us. 690 00:39:23,194 --> 00:39:25,389 On May 1st climber Jim Whitaker 691 00:39:25,629 --> 00:39:28,359 and the Sherpa Gombu reached the summit 692 00:39:28,599 --> 00:39:33,536 planting an American flag but taking only a few snapshots. 693 00:39:34,405 --> 00:39:36,373 Lute Jerstad, with the movie camera, 694 00:39:36,607 --> 00:39:37,835 and his climbing partner, 695 00:39:38,075 --> 00:39:40,373 professional still photographer Barry bishop, 696 00:39:40,611 --> 00:39:43,045 were still a long way from the top. 697 00:39:43,347 --> 00:39:46,646 Climbing is scarcely the word for what they're doing now. 698 00:39:46,884 --> 00:39:48,647 They're barely creeping. 699 00:39:48,886 --> 00:39:52,515 Five breaths to a step and then a rest 700 00:39:52,757 --> 00:39:57,217 Then more steps. More breaths. 701 00:39:57,461 --> 00:40:02,262 Bodies aching. Minds numb. 702 00:40:03,467 --> 00:40:06,630 Even with the flow of oxygen they can barely breathe. 703 00:40:06,871 --> 00:40:09,169 They can barely move their leaden feet. 704 00:40:09,407 --> 00:40:13,366 But still they do move. 705 00:40:13,611 --> 00:40:15,306 You become so single-minded, 706 00:40:15,546 --> 00:40:17,241 the rest of the world is just gone. 707 00:40:17,481 --> 00:40:19,278 Nothing, nothing matters any more. 708 00:40:19,517 --> 00:40:22,816 I am going to get there if I have to crawl. 709 00:40:23,053 --> 00:40:25,886 So you just keep putting one foot in front of the other 710 00:40:26,123 --> 00:40:27,181 and breathing as well as you can 711 00:40:27,425 --> 00:40:29,757 and trying to stay as warm as you can. 712 00:40:30,995 --> 00:40:36,331 On the morning of May 22nd they launch the final push, 713 00:40:37,201 --> 00:40:39,260 as alone as two humanbeings can be 714 00:40:40,771 --> 00:40:42,796 on the face of the earth. 715 00:40:48,145 --> 00:40:53,879 And then, before them is a sight to lift the heart 716 00:40:54,118 --> 00:40:57,212 and bring tears to the eyes. 717 00:40:57,455 --> 00:40:59,013 After three weeks 718 00:40:59,256 --> 00:41:03,454 Jim Whitaker's maypole still stands fast, 719 00:41:03,694 --> 00:41:07,528 with Old Glory streaming in the winds of space. 720 00:41:11,402 --> 00:41:14,371 These are the first moving pictures ever taken 721 00:41:14,605 --> 00:41:17,130 from the summit of Everes. 722 00:41:34,291 --> 00:41:36,088 Lute Jerstad has his camera propped 723 00:41:36,327 --> 00:41:37,624 on the head of his ice axe. 724 00:41:37,862 --> 00:41:40,558 And the blur at the bottom is his furry glove. 725 00:41:50,674 --> 00:41:51,698 Now a blast of wind strikes. 726 00:41:51,942 --> 00:41:54,911 The earth quakes: Lute almost falls, 727 00:41:55,145 --> 00:41:57,739 then steadies himself. 728 00:41:57,982 --> 00:41:59,950 He completes his panorama. 729 00:42:00,184 --> 00:42:02,243 They have won their victory. 730 00:42:02,486 --> 00:42:07,514 They're filled with a great surge of joy... and gratitude. 731 00:42:07,758 --> 00:42:10,784 We probably spent 45 minutes to an hour on top, 732 00:42:11,028 --> 00:42:13,121 and all that was taken up by filming, really. 733 00:42:13,364 --> 00:42:15,298 And filming that long, 734 00:42:15,533 --> 00:42:16,966 certainly you pay a price for it. 735 00:42:17,201 --> 00:42:19,032 And Barry's price was that he lost parts of 736 00:42:19,270 --> 00:42:21,204 both little fingers and his fourth finger. 737 00:42:21,438 --> 00:42:22,905 And then in the bivouacthat night, 738 00:42:23,140 --> 00:42:23,902 as a result of that, 739 00:42:24,141 --> 00:42:25,699 he lost all 10 of his toes and, 740 00:42:25,943 --> 00:42:28,537 And part of his foot bone in both feet 741 00:42:29,113 --> 00:42:31,206 And we finally were flown back to Washington 742 00:42:31,448 --> 00:42:32,574 sometime at the end of July. 743 00:42:32,816 --> 00:42:35,910 I guess, that year to get medals and awards and things. 744 00:42:36,153 --> 00:42:38,280 And part of this was to go to the Geographic, 745 00:42:38,522 --> 00:42:40,649 and they were gonna show some raw footage. 746 00:42:40,891 --> 00:42:42,483 And I walked into this room not really paying a lot of 747 00:42:42,726 --> 00:42:43,385 attention to it 748 00:42:43,627 --> 00:42:46,323 and looking at the great pictures that had been taken, 749 00:42:46,564 --> 00:42:50,056 and all of a sudden on the screen came my summit footage. 750 00:42:50,301 --> 00:42:51,165 And I started to cry. 751 00:42:51,402 --> 00:42:53,199 I couldn't believe it had come out. 752 00:42:53,437 --> 00:42:55,428 And then I remembered what it looked like. 753 00:42:55,673 --> 00:42:56,901 But I couldn't, I hadn't remembered what it 754 00:42:57,141 --> 00:42:58,472 looked like until I saw that, 755 00:42:58,709 --> 00:43:01,644 and it's because of that single-minded attitude of, 756 00:43:01,879 --> 00:43:04,245 you know, get this job done, forget everything else, 757 00:43:04,481 --> 00:43:05,675 and then you can turn around and go home. 758 00:43:07,084 --> 00:43:07,709 Twenty years later 759 00:43:07,952 --> 00:43:10,318 David Breashears reached the summit and beamed 760 00:43:10,688 --> 00:43:13,088 a television picture to a satellite station 761 00:43:13,324 --> 00:43:13,722 for broadcast 762 00:43:13,958 --> 00:43:17,359 a week later on an American network. 763 00:43:17,928 --> 00:43:21,489 Twenty-five years later 1988 pictures from the summit 764 00:43:21,732 --> 00:43:26,226 were seen live on TV around the world. 765 00:43:27,538 --> 00:43:28,300 Thus the dream 766 00:43:28,539 --> 00:43:32,373 of Capt. John Noel was fully realized 767 00:43:32,610 --> 00:43:35,101 Captain Noel who carried the first movie cameras on 768 00:43:35,346 --> 00:43:38,144 Everest in the unsuccessful British expeditions 769 00:43:38,382 --> 00:43:41,317 of the early 1920s. 770 00:43:41,785 --> 00:43:45,516 His film continues to amaze mountaineering cameramen 771 00:43:45,756 --> 00:43:47,747 not only for its clarity and coverage 772 00:43:47,992 --> 00:43:51,189 but also his pioneering ordeal. 773 00:43:51,428 --> 00:43:53,055 He lugged heavy equipment. 774 00:43:53,297 --> 00:43:54,821 He developed the film himself, 775 00:43:55,065 --> 00:43:57,898 on the spot, working in a mountainside tent, 776 00:43:58,135 --> 00:43:59,727 filtering glacier water, 777 00:43:59,970 --> 00:44:04,805 burning yak dung to provide heat to warm his chemicals. 778 00:44:08,045 --> 00:44:09,307 He worked on his own, 779 00:44:09,546 --> 00:44:11,571 getting little cooperation from other climbers 780 00:44:11,815 --> 00:44:13,339 who resented his presence, 781 00:44:13,584 --> 00:44:16,052 regarding his camera as a vulgar intrusion 782 00:44:16,286 --> 00:44:19,585 on the purity of their sportsmanship. 783 00:44:25,396 --> 00:44:29,093 And yet his film preserved the memory of the climb 784 00:44:29,333 --> 00:44:32,700 and made a legend of its tragic climax 785 00:44:32,936 --> 00:44:35,871 climbers George Mallory and Andrew Irvine struggling 786 00:44:36,106 --> 00:44:37,937 to within 600 feet of the summit 787 00:44:38,175 --> 00:44:40,871 before disappearing forever, 788 00:44:41,378 --> 00:44:44,142 Noel and the others watching through telescopes, 789 00:44:44,381 --> 00:44:46,611 then waiting anxiously as a search party led 790 00:44:46,850 --> 00:44:49,341 by N.E. Odell went up. 791 00:44:49,953 --> 00:44:52,444 Crossed blankets in the snow was the visual signal 792 00:44:52,690 --> 00:44:54,920 to those below that there was no hope, 793 00:44:55,159 --> 00:44:57,855 for Mallory and Irvine were gone, 794 00:44:58,095 --> 00:45:02,657 a signal first seen through Captain Noel's long lens. 795 00:45:04,668 --> 00:45:07,398 The emotion of that moment 64 years ago 796 00:45:07,638 --> 00:45:10,300 is still keenly felt by Captain Noel. 797 00:45:10,541 --> 00:45:13,135 Hi is 98 years old. 798 00:45:13,377 --> 00:45:16,869 The top of the North Col was a shelf of ice, 799 00:45:17,114 --> 00:45:20,208 and Odell, when he'd made the search 800 00:45:20,451 --> 00:45:22,316 and determined after two days 801 00:45:22,553 --> 00:45:27,115 and two nights that the men were dead, 802 00:45:27,357 --> 00:45:31,054 just lost, he went and he found their tent, 803 00:45:31,295 --> 00:45:34,287 and he found these pieces of oxygen cylinder, 804 00:45:34,531 --> 00:45:38,763 and he came back and he gave a message by signal. 805 00:45:39,002 --> 00:45:40,629 We had no wireless telephone 806 00:45:40,871 --> 00:45:43,305 in those days; they weren't known. 807 00:45:43,540 --> 00:45:47,067 He put a signal out of crossed blankets. 808 00:45:47,311 --> 00:45:48,505 And the photograph I got, 809 00:45:48,746 --> 00:45:51,237 the best photograph I made in my life, 810 00:45:51,482 --> 00:45:54,349 was a circle made by the, this high-powered lens 811 00:45:54,585 --> 00:45:59,079 at one-and-a-half-miles range showing the crossed blankets 812 00:45:59,323 --> 00:46:03,191 and showing the men walking away. 813 00:46:03,427 --> 00:46:05,486 And people asked me, "What do you see?" 814 00:46:05,729 --> 00:46:10,029 I couldn't tell; I was overcome. 815 00:46:10,267 --> 00:46:15,068 I couldn't tell them, but you'll get the signal. 816 00:46:15,305 --> 00:46:20,436 The crossed blankets meant Mallory and Irvine were dead. 817 00:46:21,779 --> 00:46:24,805 That is clearly shown. 818 00:46:27,851 --> 00:46:31,582 Almost 30 years passed before men reached the top of Everest, 819 00:46:31,822 --> 00:46:33,050 almost 40 years till 820 00:46:33,290 --> 00:46:35,781 Lute Jerstad fulfilled Captain Noel's dream 821 00:46:36,026 --> 00:46:38,961 of moving pictures from the summit. 822 00:46:39,263 --> 00:46:42,824 Captain Noel, filming a heroic quest on a great mountain, 823 00:46:43,066 --> 00:46:45,227 was one of the first of his kind. 824 00:46:45,469 --> 00:46:48,836 As the era of the action film cameraman was just beginning, 825 00:46:49,072 --> 00:46:52,599 he embodied explore and adventurous spirit 826 00:46:52,843 --> 00:46:54,538 and made lasting contribution 827 00:46:54,778 --> 00:46:59,215 to the tradition of cameramen who dared.