1 00:00:04,571 --> 00:00:08,063 Our world is lit by two fires 2 00:00:08,708 --> 00:00:12,371 One above. And one below. 3 00:00:15,615 --> 00:00:19,312 Nothing can contain the inferno beneath our feet 4 00:01:53,179 --> 00:01:54,874 In the past thousand years, 5 00:01:55,014 --> 00:01:59,917 volcanoes have claimed more than 300,000 lives 6 00:02:00,553 --> 00:02:04,922 No beauty more deadly than the fire within. 7 00:02:47,834 --> 00:02:50,735 The rocky heights of the Andes, in South America, 8 00:02:50,870 --> 00:02:53,532 are more than mere mountains. 9 00:02:54,641 --> 00:02:57,769 Many are sleeping volcanoes. 10 00:03:00,980 --> 00:03:06,919 In Colombia, a peak called Galeras has slumbered more than four decades. 11 00:03:07,854 --> 00:03:09,412 Then in 1988, 12 00:03:09,556 --> 00:03:13,788 soldiers stationed at its summit reported small earthquakes, 13 00:03:13,927 --> 00:03:16,623 and the smell of sulfur. 14 00:03:20,233 --> 00:03:25,000 Some six miles away, the city of Pasto is built on rich volcanic soil 15 00:03:25,138 --> 00:03:27,868 the pride of local farmers. 16 00:03:31,110 --> 00:03:33,704 Galeras has never harmed Pasto. 17 00:03:33,846 --> 00:03:38,613 But a large eruption could threaten up to 400,000 lives. 18 00:03:41,521 --> 00:03:44,718 Colombian officials invited Standley Williams, 19 00:03:44,857 --> 00:03:49,851 of Arizona State University, to work with local volcanologist, 20 00:03:50,530 --> 00:03:53,192 An expert of Latin American volcanoes 21 00:03:53,333 --> 00:03:56,632 William helped organize the international Galeras Workshop, 22 00:03:56,769 --> 00:03:59,829 in January 1993. 23 00:04:05,511 --> 00:04:08,571 El volcan Galeras es el volcan historicamente mas activo 24 00:04:08,715 --> 00:04:10,307 en todo el Colombia... 25 00:04:10,450 --> 00:04:15,012 Close to a hundred volcanologist from fifteen nations attend. 26 00:04:17,090 --> 00:04:21,618 After three days of meetings, they head for the summit. 27 00:04:23,630 --> 00:04:26,190 Galeras has been stable for six months 28 00:04:26,332 --> 00:04:29,995 a reassuring sign to Williams and his colleagues. 29 00:04:30,637 --> 00:04:33,401 We were volcanologist with a lot of experience. 30 00:04:33,539 --> 00:04:37,873 We had been working for five years by that time on this volcano. 31 00:04:38,011 --> 00:04:40,639 We thought we understood Galeras. 32 00:04:40,780 --> 00:04:44,614 In fact, we thought Galeras was in a relatively calm time 33 00:04:44,751 --> 00:04:46,912 for an active volcano. 34 00:04:55,495 --> 00:05:00,125 Most scientist join field trips on the outer slopes of the mountain. 35 00:05:01,167 --> 00:05:02,862 Williams leads a group of twelve 36 00:05:03,002 --> 00:05:06,665 on a grueling, two hour hike to the inner crater. 37 00:05:08,241 --> 00:05:13,508 As his colleagues explore the terrain, Williams keep watch. 38 00:05:14,614 --> 00:05:18,607 Everybody opened up their cases and backpacks and collected samples 39 00:05:18,751 --> 00:05:21,720 of the gases of read the gravimeter. 40 00:05:21,854 --> 00:05:24,049 Geoff Brown, professor from England, 41 00:05:24,190 --> 00:05:27,785 is the expert of the world on how use gravity in volcanoes. 42 00:05:27,927 --> 00:05:31,363 The two Colombian scientists with him were really happy that 43 00:05:31,497 --> 00:05:38,994 they had a chance to work with family of volcanologist. 44 00:05:39,138 --> 00:05:40,571 Igor was working that day 45 00:05:40,707 --> 00:05:45,144 with Nestor Garcia and Nestor's a Colombian, very good friend. 46 00:05:46,479 --> 00:05:49,505 It was an exciting, positive field day. 47 00:05:51,084 --> 00:05:55,783 Then all of a sudden, with no warning we began to hear a lot of noise. 48 00:05:57,223 --> 00:06:00,818 I looked down into the crater and at lgor and Nestor and I yelled, 49 00:06:00,893 --> 00:06:03,088 We better get outta here now. 50 00:06:14,273 --> 00:06:17,003 I made it running, not very far, 51 00:06:17,143 --> 00:06:22,012 before, the first big rock knocked a big hole in my head, 52 00:06:22,849 --> 00:06:25,249 broke my jaw, ruined my ear. 53 00:06:27,487 --> 00:06:30,615 Made it another 20 or 30 feet, I don't know, not very far, 54 00:06:30,757 --> 00:06:31,621 a lot of rocks hit me, 55 00:06:31,758 --> 00:06:36,354 But the next big one broke my left leg shattered my right leg. 56 00:06:36,496 --> 00:06:39,954 I tried to run, but my foot was standing 57 00:06:40,099 --> 00:06:42,567 It was hardly moved my legs 58 00:06:42,702 --> 00:06:46,638 I crawled. The problem was, I was on fire, 59 00:06:46,773 --> 00:06:50,231 so I had to roll over and try to get the fire out. 60 00:06:50,376 --> 00:06:53,140 So I crawled behind a big rock. 61 00:06:57,250 --> 00:07:01,380 The eruption spares everyone on the outer slopes. 62 00:07:02,555 --> 00:07:06,685 But members of Williams group appear at the summit with grim reports. 63 00:07:06,826 --> 00:07:09,556 At least two scientists are dead. 64 00:07:09,695 --> 00:07:12,960 The names of the missing are quickly tallied. 65 00:07:14,100 --> 00:07:23,270 Andrew, Mike, yo, Standley, y Jose Arles. 66 00:07:27,146 --> 00:07:31,082 Luis with help, and Andrew McFarlene with help can make it out. 67 00:07:31,217 --> 00:07:33,845 With help. Not by themselves. 68 00:07:33,986 --> 00:07:35,476 We gotta send somebody down there. 69 00:07:35,621 --> 00:07:36,679 Yeah. 70 00:07:38,257 --> 00:07:41,886 Within 15 minutes, the eruption is over. 71 00:07:42,962 --> 00:07:46,523 Now Williams struggles to remain conscious. 72 00:07:47,133 --> 00:07:53,163 I had hours of time lying there with dead people very close 73 00:07:53,306 --> 00:07:59,541 and thought about going home and being with my wife and kids. 74 00:08:00,780 --> 00:08:04,716 I didn't want to die, that's for sure... 75 00:08:07,086 --> 00:08:09,179 Less than three hours after the eruption, 76 00:08:09,322 --> 00:08:12,291 rescue teams arrive from Pasto. 77 00:08:14,293 --> 00:08:17,421 Three hikers and six volcanologists are dead 78 00:08:17,563 --> 00:08:20,794 in a blast no one could foresee. 79 00:08:22,635 --> 00:08:25,627 Several bodies will never be found. 80 00:08:26,138 --> 00:08:29,801 Rescuers locate Williams when he cried out for help. 81 00:08:29,942 --> 00:08:33,309 He's the last survivor lifted off the mountain. 82 00:08:33,446 --> 00:08:36,472 In 48 hours, he'll be flown by Lear jet, 83 00:08:36,616 --> 00:08:39,380 to a hospital in Arizona. 84 00:08:58,971 --> 00:09:02,566 Sixteen surgeries saved a mangled leg, 85 00:09:02,708 --> 00:09:05,836 and patched a hole in Williams' skull. 86 00:09:05,978 --> 00:09:12,440 Skin grafts hide burns. A hearing aid remedies a ruined ear. 87 00:09:13,019 --> 00:09:17,183 Only his determination survives intact 88 00:09:21,360 --> 00:09:26,024 Galeras remains a threat to thousands who live in its shadow. 89 00:09:26,165 --> 00:09:31,102 A danger undiminished by the tragedy of nine deaths. 90 00:09:31,837 --> 00:09:33,429 The loss of friends and colleagues 91 00:09:33,573 --> 00:09:37,566 breaks the heart but strengthens the will. 92 00:09:38,311 --> 00:09:40,541 I've worked on Galeras now for about eight years 93 00:09:40,680 --> 00:09:44,446 and I've tried hard to essentially get control of Galeras, 94 00:09:45,184 --> 00:09:47,584 and Galeras says, No, I can't be controlled. 95 00:09:47,720 --> 00:09:50,587 Ha, I'm much bigger than you Mr. Williams. 96 00:09:50,723 --> 00:09:51,655 And I come back and say, 97 00:09:51,791 --> 00:09:54,191 No, I'm not going to let you do that' I'm going to come back, 98 00:09:54,327 --> 00:10:00,232 and uh, I'm going to get on top of Galeras. I've been in the crat again. 99 00:10:01,867 --> 00:10:04,335 We're sort of battling it out. 100 00:10:11,744 --> 00:10:13,177 In the past five decades, 101 00:10:13,312 --> 00:10:17,373 nearly thirty scientist have died in eruptions. 102 00:10:18,851 --> 00:10:23,083 Volcanology is a young and dangerous science 103 00:10:23,222 --> 00:10:27,716 one that pits us against the power of the Earth itself. 104 00:10:34,634 --> 00:10:37,432 We live on a fiery planet. 105 00:10:38,337 --> 00:10:40,897 Nearly 2,000 miles beneath our feet, 106 00:10:41,040 --> 00:10:43,372 the Earth's inner core reaches temperatures 107 00:10:43,509 --> 00:10:46,842 of 12,000 degrees Fahrenheit. 108 00:10:48,714 --> 00:10:52,980 Molten rock, or magma, rises to the earth's surface, 109 00:10:53,119 --> 00:10:58,113 a cold, rigid crust fractured into some twenty plates. 110 00:10:59,392 --> 00:11:02,850 When magma breaks through crust it becomes lava, 111 00:11:02,995 --> 00:11:06,123 and gives birth to volcanoes. 112 00:11:07,266 --> 00:11:09,962 Most blossom along the unstable boundaries 113 00:11:10,102 --> 00:11:12,570 where one plate dives beneath another, 114 00:11:12,705 --> 00:11:16,402 or two plates spread apart. 115 00:11:20,246 --> 00:11:26,344 Earth's oceans conceal some 80 percent of all volcanic activity. 116 00:11:27,553 --> 00:11:30,852 An underwater ridge 46,000 miles long 117 00:11:30,990 --> 00:11:34,926 marks the boundaries between spreading plates. 118 00:11:35,061 --> 00:11:37,928 Lava fills the gaps. 119 00:11:49,975 --> 00:11:53,877 This deep sea fire fuels hot springs. 120 00:11:54,013 --> 00:11:57,278 At more than 700 degrees Fahrenheit, 121 00:11:57,416 --> 00:12:01,375 water rich in sulfur supports an entire ecosystem, 122 00:12:01,520 --> 00:12:04,978 in the total absence of sunlight. 123 00:12:06,625 --> 00:12:10,083 Some volcanoes rise from the deep. 124 00:12:14,400 --> 00:12:21,568 November 1963. Just south of Iceland, fishermen report explosions. 125 00:12:33,919 --> 00:12:35,318 Within days, 126 00:12:35,454 --> 00:12:39,254 the windswept isle of Surtsey is born. 127 00:12:44,764 --> 00:12:49,167 Earth's fire also forged a tropical paradise. 128 00:12:49,835 --> 00:12:54,568 The Hawaiian Islands are the work of a single plume of magma burning its way 129 00:12:54,707 --> 00:12:56,538 across the pacific plate. 130 00:13:03,783 --> 00:13:08,948 There may be no finer setting for the spectacle of the living earth. 131 00:13:36,982 --> 00:13:40,679 With nearly continuous eruptions dating back to 1790, 132 00:13:40,820 --> 00:13:44,722 ilauea is the most active volcano on earth 133 00:13:44,857 --> 00:13:47,257 and one of the most benign. 134 00:13:48,093 --> 00:13:50,118 At 2000 degrees Fahrenheit, 135 00:13:50,262 --> 00:13:55,928 its fluid lava can flow for miles, and ruin real estate. 136 00:13:57,703 --> 00:14:01,469 But it can generally be escaped at a brisk walk. 137 00:14:16,422 --> 00:14:21,223 This congenial fire has been attracting tourists for over a century 138 00:14:22,995 --> 00:14:26,396 It also captured the attention of an eminent east coast geologist, 139 00:14:26,532 --> 00:14:28,625 Thomas Jaggar. 140 00:14:28,767 --> 00:14:34,171 He believed, the only way to know a crater is to live with it 141 00:14:35,107 --> 00:14:37,837 a visit to ilauea in 1909. 142 00:14:37,977 --> 00:14:43,176 Convinced him he had found the most livable volcano in the world. 143 00:14:45,784 --> 00:14:46,978 In Jaggar's day, 144 00:14:47,119 --> 00:14:50,555 "volcanology" meant little more than a short term expedition 145 00:14:50,689 --> 00:14:54,216 to the aftermath of a major eruption. 146 00:14:54,827 --> 00:14:57,694 It was too little, too late. 147 00:15:08,007 --> 00:15:09,269 In 1912, 148 00:15:09,408 --> 00:15:14,675 Jaggar founded what today is called the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. 149 00:15:15,481 --> 00:15:18,541 Serving three decades as director, he measured earthquakes, 150 00:15:18,684 --> 00:15:24,213 collected gases and charted subtle changes in ilauea's slopes. 151 00:15:26,258 --> 00:15:30,490 Eventually, he successfully predicted several eruptions. 152 00:15:32,431 --> 00:15:37,664 Many consider him a founding father of modern volcanology. 153 00:15:44,576 --> 00:15:49,104 Today, Hawaiian volcanoes are the best studied on the world. 154 00:15:49,248 --> 00:15:54,311 Decades of firsthand observations are revealing patterns and precursors. 155 00:15:54,453 --> 00:15:58,082 Predicting eruptions is almost routine 156 00:16:06,231 --> 00:16:12,033 Each volcano is unique, with its own pulse, its own life cycle. 157 00:16:12,171 --> 00:16:16,039 But one rule of forecasting applies to all: 158 00:16:16,175 --> 00:16:19,872 The key to the future is the past. 159 00:16:26,685 --> 00:16:31,384 Sakurajima. The "island of fire," in southern Japan. 160 00:16:33,192 --> 00:16:35,353 A noble man commissioned these watercolors 161 00:16:35,494 --> 00:16:40,090 to commemorate an eruption in 1779. 162 00:16:42,267 --> 00:16:47,500 Written accounts of this volcano's fury date back to the eighth century. 163 00:16:50,676 --> 00:16:55,045 Sakurajima is home to some 7,000 people. 164 00:16:55,180 --> 00:16:58,877 Another half million live just across the bay. 165 00:17:01,120 --> 00:17:05,113 This life at the foot of an active volcano. 166 00:17:13,999 --> 00:17:18,663 Sakurajima has been consistently active since 1955. 167 00:17:23,308 --> 00:17:25,970 It erupts up to 400 times a year, 168 00:17:26,111 --> 00:17:30,241 and drops millions of tons of ash on its surrounding. 169 00:17:38,957 --> 00:17:43,792 Local scientists forecast these outbreaks with impressive accuracy. 170 00:17:44,596 --> 00:17:48,589 Residents tune in for ashfall reports. 171 00:17:51,537 --> 00:17:55,473 Eruptions are as commonplace as changes in the weather. 172 00:17:55,607 --> 00:17:59,202 And ash clean-up is a way of life. 173 00:18:41,954 --> 00:18:47,620 Soil enriched with ash yields prime produce, such as loquats. 174 00:18:49,528 --> 00:18:55,057 But each fruit requires individual protection from airborne assaults. 175 00:18:55,767 --> 00:18:59,498 As does every school child on Sakurajima. 176 00:19:01,140 --> 00:19:04,075 Most ash collects on the volcano's slopes 177 00:19:04,209 --> 00:19:07,804 harmless until it rains. 178 00:19:15,754 --> 00:19:16,652 In a flash, 179 00:19:16,788 --> 00:19:21,919 rivers can swell into mudflows that wash out roads and bridges. 180 00:19:22,060 --> 00:19:25,928 Safety channels equipped with sensors and surveillance cameras, 181 00:19:26,064 --> 00:19:28,931 help contain the threat. 182 00:19:31,737 --> 00:19:35,173 Volcanic mudflows can travel up to forty miles an hour, 183 00:19:35,307 --> 00:19:38,640 and sweep up boulders the size if cars 184 00:19:45,150 --> 00:19:50,053 When the rains end, tons of deposits are dumped in the sea. 185 00:19:51,089 --> 00:19:53,114 It's a model system. 186 00:19:53,258 --> 00:19:58,628 But at any moment, Sakurajima could break all the rules. 187 00:19:59,998 --> 00:20:04,662 1914. Lava buries six villages. 188 00:20:06,205 --> 00:20:09,368 More than half the islanders lose their homes. 189 00:20:09,508 --> 00:20:13,740 Twenty-three drown trying to swim across to the mainland. 190 00:20:25,624 --> 00:20:29,788 The anniversary of the 1914 disaster is observed each year 191 00:20:29,928 --> 00:20:32,522 with an evacuation drill. 192 00:20:33,298 --> 00:20:38,668 For a day, residents abandon their homes to the volcano. 193 00:20:41,974 --> 00:20:47,071 A long, familiar history of eruptions keeps these volcano-dwellers vigilant. 194 00:20:47,980 --> 00:20:50,312 Consider them lucky. 195 00:20:51,450 --> 00:20:56,786 Most volcanoes lay quiet for centuries then take is by surprise. 196 00:20:56,922 --> 00:21:01,222 A few of the deadliest have been labeled "extinct" 197 00:21:06,898 --> 00:21:08,661 Some 35 centuries ago, 198 00:21:08,800 --> 00:21:13,533 a Mediterranean island sparkles with art and science. 199 00:21:13,672 --> 00:21:18,371 Then suddenly Santorini blows itself apart. 200 00:21:25,150 --> 00:21:28,881 Seawater rushes in where once stood a mountain 201 00:21:29,021 --> 00:21:33,219 and a civilization vanishes beneath the waves. 202 00:21:33,358 --> 00:21:37,954 The legend of Atlantis still haunts the place today. 203 00:21:40,465 --> 00:21:42,626 79 AD. 204 00:21:42,768 --> 00:21:48,001 Few residents of Pompeii realize Mount Vesuvius is a volcano. 205 00:21:48,140 --> 00:21:51,735 Those who know believe it will not harm them. 206 00:21:55,380 --> 00:22:00,545 Showers of scalding ash seal them in their final agony. 207 00:22:04,823 --> 00:22:09,590 1815 Mount Tambora, Indonesia. 208 00:22:14,032 --> 00:22:18,628 Some 20 cubic miles of debris are launched sky-high. 209 00:22:19,371 --> 00:22:21,965 Most fall back to earth. 210 00:22:22,107 --> 00:22:28,307 But a cloud of ash circles the globe for several years, blocking the sun. 211 00:22:28,980 --> 00:22:32,882 1816 is the "Year without a summer." 212 00:22:33,018 --> 00:22:37,614 In Europe and New England, snow falls in July. 213 00:22:37,756 --> 00:22:42,625 Crop fail, and 80,000 starve. 214 00:22:43,195 --> 00:22:48,292 It's the most powerful eruption in the last 10,000 years. 215 00:22:50,335 --> 00:22:54,271 By contrast, the 1980 explosion of Mount Saint Helens 216 00:22:54,406 --> 00:22:57,204 was almost 80 times smaller. 217 00:22:57,342 --> 00:23:02,177 Yet it packed the punch of 500 atomic bombs. 218 00:23:06,451 --> 00:23:09,545 Magma contains gases that expand violently 219 00:23:09,688 --> 00:23:12,213 as they reach Earth's atmosphere. 220 00:23:12,357 --> 00:23:15,849 It's like pulling the cork on a bottle of champagne 221 00:23:15,994 --> 00:23:18,656 the size of Mount Everest. 222 00:23:24,069 --> 00:23:28,130 A volcano need not explode to be deadly. 223 00:23:29,174 --> 00:23:32,803 Lava too thick to flow can ooze up slowly, 224 00:23:32,944 --> 00:23:37,142 and form a teetering heap of hot rock. 225 00:23:47,692 --> 00:23:52,789 Collapse triggers a searing avalanche of pulverized rock, gas, and ash 226 00:23:52,931 --> 00:23:56,298 called a pyroclastic flow. 227 00:24:02,707 --> 00:24:06,404 At 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit, and more than 100 miles an hour, 228 00:24:06,545 --> 00:24:10,037 it consumes nearly everything. 229 00:24:16,688 --> 00:24:20,488 1902. The Caribbean town of Saint Pierre prospers 230 00:24:20,625 --> 00:24:23,150 at the foot of a sleeping giant 231 00:24:23,295 --> 00:24:29,700 until May 8th, when Mount Pelee unleashes a pyroclstic flow. 232 00:24:29,835 --> 00:24:34,863 In two minutes, 30,000 people are incinerated. 233 00:24:35,740 --> 00:24:40,837 One survives. Though badly burned, this prisoner was somehow protected 234 00:24:40,979 --> 00:24:43,709 by the thick walls of his cell. 235 00:24:43,849 --> 00:24:48,786 Elsewhere, the devastation is eerie. 236 00:24:54,359 --> 00:25:00,298 Pyroclstic flows are virtually unpredictable and relatively rare. 237 00:25:00,432 --> 00:25:05,267 Many volcanologist have seen them only in photographs. 238 00:25:19,851 --> 00:25:23,787 May, 1991. Southern Japan. 239 00:25:23,922 --> 00:25:26,982 Mount Unzen serves up an extravaganza 240 00:25:27,125 --> 00:25:31,562 some 35 pyroclastic flows a day. 241 00:25:31,696 --> 00:25:36,395 The flows are small. But a village lies too close for comfort. 242 00:25:36,535 --> 00:25:38,901 Evacuations are ordered. 243 00:25:51,483 --> 00:25:56,420 From a safe distance, villagers find the spectacle irresistible. 244 00:26:06,031 --> 00:26:09,489 No less captivated, journalists and volcanologists 245 00:26:09,634 --> 00:26:12,626 from around the globe flock to the scene 246 00:26:12,771 --> 00:26:16,798 among them Maurice and atia rafft. 247 00:26:16,942 --> 00:26:21,140 In the volcano world, these are superstars. 248 00:26:22,347 --> 00:26:26,306 Here you have a pyroclastic flow. 249 00:26:26,952 --> 00:26:29,011 It don't occurs all the time. 250 00:26:29,154 --> 00:26:33,386 When you have lava flow, then it will happen all the time. 251 00:26:33,525 --> 00:26:37,985 It's why this is so interesting, because you have very few. 252 00:26:40,098 --> 00:26:43,090 After more than two decades of filming eruptions, 253 00:26:43,234 --> 00:26:46,135 the raffts have a discriminating eye. 254 00:26:49,741 --> 00:26:52,972 Today, Unzen underwhelms. 255 00:26:54,646 --> 00:26:58,082 This is one of the smallest pyroclastic flow I have seen. 256 00:26:58,216 --> 00:27:03,449 I hope to see bigger one than this one because this is very small really, yes 257 00:27:06,458 --> 00:27:08,892 This is no idle bluster: 258 00:27:09,027 --> 00:27:12,758 Maurice and atia rafft have probably seen more eruptions, 259 00:27:12,897 --> 00:27:16,765 at more volcanoes, than anyone on earth. 260 00:27:36,021 --> 00:27:38,285 The raffts hail from France, 261 00:27:38,423 --> 00:27:43,019 but "home" is wherever then earth breathes fire. 262 00:27:43,662 --> 00:27:45,323 For me, an active volcano, 263 00:27:45,463 --> 00:27:47,556 especially volcanoes that I know very well, 264 00:27:47,699 --> 00:27:51,396 those are like friends, there really is a sort of dialogue 265 00:27:51,536 --> 00:27:55,438 between the volcano and me. I don't know exactly why. 266 00:28:06,451 --> 00:28:08,385 For me, the danger is not important, 267 00:28:08,520 --> 00:28:10,511 I am afraid when I go in a car, 268 00:28:10,655 --> 00:28:15,752 but on volcanoes I forget everything and there is no more danger for me. 269 00:28:17,362 --> 00:28:21,958 For the raffts, there has never been another calling. 270 00:28:26,504 --> 00:28:30,031 I fell in love with volcanoes when I was seven years old. 271 00:28:30,175 --> 00:28:33,906 I saw my first volcano with my father Stromboli, in Italy. 272 00:28:34,045 --> 00:28:37,105 And this was really a discovery for, for me, to see a mountain, 273 00:28:37,248 --> 00:28:39,978 a sort of cone and at the top to have a fire. 274 00:28:40,118 --> 00:28:43,178 To have explosion every minute, was fantastic. 275 00:28:43,321 --> 00:28:45,551 And I have seen this eruption from very bear. 276 00:28:45,690 --> 00:28:50,992 And I was really fascinated, so I decided to become geologist. 277 00:28:52,363 --> 00:28:55,594 I fell in love without seeing active volcanoes. 278 00:28:55,734 --> 00:29:00,535 I have seen films and photos and was, uh, interested in geology, 279 00:29:00,672 --> 00:29:02,663 and so you decided to be volcanologist. 280 00:29:02,807 --> 00:29:05,867 And only two years later I asked to my parents 281 00:29:06,010 --> 00:29:09,036 to go to Italy to see really the volcano. 282 00:29:09,180 --> 00:29:15,176 And I was also impressed when I see for the first time what I wish to do. 283 00:29:19,858 --> 00:29:22,019 We met in fact at the University. 284 00:29:22,160 --> 00:29:25,323 I was in geology and atia was in geochemistry. 285 00:29:25,463 --> 00:29:28,864 So I was crazy about volcanoes, she was crazy about volcanoes, 286 00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:31,161 and so we loved each other after, 287 00:29:31,302 --> 00:29:34,567 it's an aftereffect of loving volcanoes. 288 00:29:40,311 --> 00:29:42,404 When we went to Vulcano, in Italy, 289 00:29:42,547 --> 00:29:45,983 we were a group of friends, we were students at this time in geology, 290 00:29:46,117 --> 00:29:47,914 in geochemistry, and so on. 291 00:29:48,052 --> 00:29:52,614 So we stayed at the foot of the volcano and we were making a lot of research, 292 00:29:52,757 --> 00:29:54,748 but with a very low amount of money. 293 00:29:54,893 --> 00:29:58,260 And I remember that we don't had so much clothes at this time, 294 00:29:58,396 --> 00:30:02,730 but those gasses are so acid that our clothes were completely burned 295 00:30:02,867 --> 00:30:05,665 with a lot of holes in it because of the gases. 296 00:30:05,804 --> 00:30:09,865 So, after two or three days we were looking really like beggars. 297 00:30:14,512 --> 00:30:17,970 From the start, the raffts photographed their fieldwork. 298 00:30:18,116 --> 00:30:22,815 Soon, films and photos became their bread and butter. 299 00:30:22,954 --> 00:30:24,046 Through the lens, 300 00:30:24,189 --> 00:30:28,990 they would share their passion for volcanoes with the entire world. 301 00:30:43,374 --> 00:30:45,842 Iceland, 1973. 302 00:30:45,977 --> 00:30:50,539 The isle of Heimacy was abandoned in a single night. 303 00:30:50,682 --> 00:30:55,381 On this empty stage, the raffts stood spellbound. 304 00:30:57,322 --> 00:31:00,120 My work is different from other volcanologists 305 00:31:00,258 --> 00:31:02,818 because, uh, when I see an eruption, 306 00:31:02,961 --> 00:31:07,989 sometimes it's so nice that I just drop my instruments, and look. 307 00:31:11,402 --> 00:31:13,870 That is to say, I cannot only study the eruption. 308 00:31:14,005 --> 00:31:17,771 I want also to film volcanoes, to show it to other people. 309 00:31:17,909 --> 00:31:22,642 So, I am as much interesting in aesthetic than in science. 310 00:31:26,484 --> 00:31:27,883 As was often the case. 311 00:31:28,019 --> 00:31:32,149 The raffts were the only foreign filmmakers on the scene. 312 00:31:37,695 --> 00:31:42,462 Atia and Maurice had no children, no academic appointments. 313 00:31:42,600 --> 00:31:45,125 Nothing to tie them down. 314 00:31:45,270 --> 00:31:49,172 One year they circled the globe eight times. 315 00:31:52,076 --> 00:31:55,045 Tanzania, 1988. 316 00:31:55,179 --> 00:32:01,675 They shot the first footage of lava flows at a unique volcano called Lengai. 317 00:32:02,220 --> 00:32:04,085 I think, really, to see Lengai 318 00:32:04,222 --> 00:32:07,248 from near is something that is outside the earth. 319 00:32:07,892 --> 00:32:12,261 I have never seen such an unusual volcano than this one. 320 00:32:12,397 --> 00:32:17,266 And what is very peculiar for this volcano is that those lava are black, 321 00:32:17,402 --> 00:32:20,030 it's not mud, it's lava. 322 00:32:29,113 --> 00:32:32,571 And once you see those black lava flows going the here 323 00:32:32,717 --> 00:32:34,150 and there in this crater, 324 00:32:34,285 --> 00:32:39,951 24 hours after emission those black lava became white. 325 00:32:40,892 --> 00:32:44,623 We were very surprised by the fluidity of this lava 326 00:32:44,762 --> 00:32:49,358 and with this low temperature because it's only 500 degrees Celsius. 327 00:32:49,500 --> 00:32:53,834 And to take this samples of lava with this spoon. 328 00:32:53,972 --> 00:32:57,408 And what was very exciting also that 329 00:32:57,542 --> 00:33:01,273 in the night it was red, like other lava. 330 00:33:07,085 --> 00:33:11,112 The raffts never denied the dark side of volcanoes. 331 00:33:15,093 --> 00:33:19,587 The face of human suffering. The numbing devastation. 332 00:33:20,665 --> 00:33:25,102 For UNESCO, they began producing safety films on volcanic hazards, 333 00:33:25,236 --> 00:33:27,670 shown around the world. 334 00:33:34,312 --> 00:33:37,110 Footage of aftermath was impressive, 335 00:33:37,248 --> 00:33:42,515 but the raffts aimed to capture pyroclastic flows in action. 336 00:33:43,821 --> 00:33:46,381 Alaska, 1986. 337 00:33:46,524 --> 00:33:51,689 A close encounter on the slopes of Augustine produced amazing footage 338 00:33:51,829 --> 00:33:55,287 and whet their appetite for more. 339 00:33:56,801 --> 00:33:59,861 We have seen so much big eruptions that now 340 00:34:00,004 --> 00:34:01,733 we wanted to see bigger and bigger and bigger 341 00:34:01,873 --> 00:34:04,774 and these don't happen so often, so, sometimes we have to wait, 342 00:34:04,909 --> 00:34:09,107 a one year or even two years to see something really enormous 343 00:34:09,247 --> 00:34:13,149 and more enormous it is, better it is for me. 344 00:34:20,358 --> 00:34:24,818 The quest leads them to Mount Unzen in 1991. 345 00:34:25,496 --> 00:34:28,795 They set up camp inside the evacuation zone 346 00:34:28,933 --> 00:34:32,130 indifferent to the possible danger. 347 00:34:32,770 --> 00:34:34,067 I am never afraid. 348 00:34:34,205 --> 00:34:40,542 Because I have seen so much eruptions in 23 years, that 349 00:34:41,913 --> 00:34:44,848 even if I doe tomorrow, I don't care. 350 00:34:47,585 --> 00:34:52,852 On June 3rd, Maurice, atia, and a bevy of journalists move to a valley 351 00:34:52,990 --> 00:34:55,891 about two miles from the summit 352 00:34:57,028 --> 00:34:59,861 It's a fatal miscalculation. 353 00:35:11,375 --> 00:35:13,468 Something triggers a pyroclastic flow 354 00:35:13,611 --> 00:35:17,604 about ten times bigger than all that came before. 355 00:35:17,748 --> 00:35:21,013 Within moments, it overwhelms the valley. 356 00:35:50,214 --> 00:35:53,911 By the time a TV camera I the village record this scene, 357 00:35:54,051 --> 00:35:58,750 Maurice, atia and 41 others are dead. 358 00:36:23,948 --> 00:36:29,045 Surely, no one loved volcanoes better than Maurice and atia rafft. 359 00:36:30,154 --> 00:36:32,384 Every time we marvel at their films, 360 00:36:32,523 --> 00:36:35,788 we are seeing the world through their eyes. 361 00:36:37,261 --> 00:36:41,391 And for a moment, it's as though they are with us again. 362 00:37:02,720 --> 00:37:05,655 November 13th, 1985. 363 00:37:05,790 --> 00:37:11,285 A Colombian volcano, Nevado del Ruiz erupts around nine p. M. 364 00:37:14,532 --> 00:37:17,023 Part of its summit glacier melts. 365 00:37:17,168 --> 00:37:23,596 Water cascades down canyons, stripping them of soil, trees, boulders. 366 00:37:24,642 --> 00:37:29,079 Soon, the mudflow is 130 feet deep. 367 00:37:31,249 --> 00:37:34,650 Just before midnight, nearly 30 miles from the volcano, 368 00:37:34,785 --> 00:37:38,778 it engulfs a city called Armero. 369 00:37:39,423 --> 00:37:43,655 23,000 people are buried alive. 370 00:37:53,471 --> 00:37:56,998 Only weeks earlier, scientists had surveyed the volcano 371 00:37:57,141 --> 00:38:00,508 and determined Armero was at risk. 372 00:38:00,645 --> 00:38:04,046 Somehow, their report was shelved. 373 00:38:04,181 --> 00:38:08,811 Yet a simple evacuation plan could have saved thousands. 374 00:38:12,390 --> 00:38:17,760 On the ruins of Armero, volcanologists vowed, "Never again." 375 00:38:25,936 --> 00:38:31,738 One year later, the US geological Survey helped create a unique program. 376 00:38:31,876 --> 00:38:34,276 Fifty miles from Mount Saint Helens, 377 00:38:34,412 --> 00:38:37,210 the Cascades Volcano Observatory 378 00:38:37,348 --> 00:38:42,149 is home base for the Volcano crisis Assistant Team. 379 00:38:45,289 --> 00:38:47,951 With a cache of portable monitoring equipment, 380 00:38:48,092 --> 00:38:52,426 the five-man team can mobilize at a moment's notice. 381 00:38:59,737 --> 00:39:01,637 Hey guys, I just got a request from Bob Tilling. 382 00:39:01,772 --> 00:39:04,639 A mission begins when a foreign nation asks for help 383 00:39:04,775 --> 00:39:07,573 in assessing a volcanic threat. 384 00:39:07,712 --> 00:39:12,274 Andy Lockhart has ten years experience in rapid response. 385 00:39:12,416 --> 00:39:13,849 If there is a typical mission, 386 00:39:13,984 --> 00:39:16,953 it would consist of getting the call on Friday afternoon, 387 00:39:17,088 --> 00:39:18,020 going to the books, 388 00:39:18,155 --> 00:39:21,454 finding our if it's a volcano that we don't know much about. 389 00:39:21,592 --> 00:39:25,358 If it's a full blown response we'd take an entire observatory. 390 00:39:25,496 --> 00:39:27,020 We'd take all of the sensors, 391 00:39:27,164 --> 00:39:31,294 all of the computers and that takes some putting together. 392 00:39:34,772 --> 00:39:37,036 Lockhart and his teammates have seen action 393 00:39:37,174 --> 00:39:41,110 at more than 15 volcanoes in 13 countries. 394 00:39:41,245 --> 00:39:44,976 Their most memorable mission took them to the Philippines. 395 00:39:51,188 --> 00:39:57,127 April 2nd, 1991. Fifty five miles northwest of Manila. 396 00:39:58,295 --> 00:40:02,527 Plumes of steamare spotted at the summit of Mount Pinatubo 397 00:40:02,666 --> 00:40:06,864 by tribesmen who have lived on its slopes for generations. 398 00:40:07,505 --> 00:40:10,963 They've never seen anything like this. 399 00:40:15,446 --> 00:40:17,846 Word reaches Ray Punongbayan, 400 00:40:17,982 --> 00:40:20,041 director of the Philippine Institute 401 00:40:20,184 --> 00:40:23,676 for Volcanology and Seismology in Manila. 402 00:40:23,821 --> 00:40:28,258 It has 4 seismometers near the volcano. 403 00:40:29,627 --> 00:40:32,494 They reported that they were recording 404 00:40:33,564 --> 00:40:37,330 over 400 volcanic quakes and that's unusual. 405 00:40:37,468 --> 00:40:38,901 Right then and there, 406 00:40:39,036 --> 00:40:43,473 I said that something unusual is happening inside the volcano. 407 00:40:45,309 --> 00:40:48,335 The reports arouse concern at Clark Air Base 408 00:40:48,479 --> 00:40:51,607 just 15 miles form Pinatubo. 409 00:40:55,719 --> 00:40:59,416 At the request of the US Air force and the Government of the Philippines, 410 00:40:59,557 --> 00:41:05,359 a team from the US geological Survey arrives at Clark on April 23rd. 411 00:41:07,198 --> 00:41:09,530 They begin briefing a Crisis Action Team 412 00:41:09,667 --> 00:41:13,467 directed by Colonel Richard Anderegg. 413 00:41:13,604 --> 00:41:17,301 I think I was like most people, I didn't know a lot about volcanoes 414 00:41:17,441 --> 00:41:21,275 until the United States Geological Survey Team came here 415 00:41:21,412 --> 00:41:23,073 it was a total educational process for me. 416 00:41:23,214 --> 00:41:25,614 I had, you know, when I thought of a volcano, 417 00:41:25,749 --> 00:41:27,011 I thought of a volcano like in Hawaii 418 00:41:27,151 --> 00:41:30,177 where the lava flows out at a nice leisurely pace 419 00:41:30,321 --> 00:41:34,018 and people take pictures of t and it's a, a very pretty thing to watch. 420 00:41:34,158 --> 00:41:39,494 A joint U.S. Philippine science team sees a different picture form the air. 421 00:41:39,630 --> 00:41:42,997 Pinatubo has no written history of eruptions, 422 00:41:43,133 --> 00:41:48,298 but it's surrounded by huge deposits of ancient pyroclastic flows. 423 00:41:50,374 --> 00:41:54,310 Lockhart and his teammates see the threat in a whole new light. 424 00:42:03,120 --> 00:42:03,882 For two weeks, 425 00:42:04,021 --> 00:42:08,958 they install a monitoring network on ridges around the volcano. 426 00:42:09,760 --> 00:42:13,218 Lockhart outfits each station with a radio transmitter 427 00:42:13,364 --> 00:42:18,199 that sends data to a makeshift observatory on Clark. 428 00:42:24,408 --> 00:42:27,605 Pintubo's activity increases daily. 429 00:42:27,745 --> 00:42:32,944 The science team urges local authorities to consider evacuations. 430 00:42:33,784 --> 00:42:37,117 It's a big responsibility in the sense that you 431 00:42:37,254 --> 00:42:40,655 are causing people to move out of their abode 432 00:42:40,791 --> 00:42:43,351 and transfer to evacuation centers 433 00:42:43,494 --> 00:42:46,725 and suffer there and wait for something to happen and, 434 00:42:46,864 --> 00:42:51,597 if nothing happens, then, uh, our reputation is at stake. 435 00:42:51,735 --> 00:42:54,135 So, we were very careful about that. 436 00:42:57,074 --> 00:43:02,239 June 5th. Swarms of earthquakes prompt a level 3 alert: 437 00:43:02,379 --> 00:43:05,780 Eruption possible within two weeks. 438 00:43:09,520 --> 00:43:13,286 Twenty thousand Filipinos living within six miles of the summit 439 00:43:13,424 --> 00:43:17,554 are ordered to relocate to temporary shelters. 440 00:43:21,732 --> 00:43:23,893 But the Air force stays put. 441 00:43:24,034 --> 00:43:29,028 Scientists brief the Senior Officer at Clark, General William Studer. 442 00:43:29,607 --> 00:43:34,510 They admit there is a chance the volcano may not erupt at all. 443 00:43:37,414 --> 00:43:38,711 June 7 th. 444 00:43:38,849 --> 00:43:41,818 Pintubo releases clouds of ash. 445 00:43:41,952 --> 00:43:44,944 The science team issues a level 4 alert: 446 00:43:45,089 --> 00:43:48,354 Eruption possible within 24 hours. 447 00:43:53,130 --> 00:43:57,464 Most ominous is the appearance of a plug of thick lava 448 00:43:57,601 --> 00:44:01,935 the kind that generates pyroclastic flows. 449 00:44:02,406 --> 00:44:05,375 General Studer wants to see it for himself. 450 00:44:05,509 --> 00:44:09,445 Lockhart remembers his conversation with another scientist. 451 00:44:10,681 --> 00:44:13,707 The general says, God, that's a lot of ash! 452 00:44:13,851 --> 00:44:15,580 And Hoblitt says, that's nothing! 453 00:44:15,719 --> 00:44:17,949 And he points out these big ignimbrite sheets, 454 00:44:18,088 --> 00:44:21,922 these things that look like a Japanese parasol stretching out ten kilometers 455 00:44:22,059 --> 00:44:24,084 in every direction from the volcano and says, 456 00:44:24,228 --> 00:44:25,525 See these big sheets out here, 457 00:44:25,663 --> 00:44:28,928 this is what this volcano does when it erupts. 458 00:44:30,234 --> 00:44:32,225 And then we wheel around in the helicopter and he says, 459 00:44:32,369 --> 00:44:33,893 There's your base down there. 460 00:44:34,038 --> 00:44:36,734 And you could see it very obviously at the leading edge 461 00:44:36,874 --> 00:44:40,105 of one of these sheets that came down that valley. 462 00:44:40,244 --> 00:44:42,178 And so we headed back to the base. 463 00:44:42,312 --> 00:44:47,841 And the general says to Jeff Grime, he says, uh, 'Do it tomorrow.' 464 00:44:50,087 --> 00:44:54,456 With those words, Studer orders the evacuation of Clark. 465 00:44:54,591 --> 00:44:55,319 One June 10th, 466 00:44:55,459 --> 00:45:01,329 some 14,000 Americans leave for a Navy facility, 25 miles away. 467 00:45:03,033 --> 00:45:08,130 A small security force, and the science team stay behind. 468 00:45:12,209 --> 00:45:15,372 After the base was evacuate on June 10th, 469 00:45:15,512 --> 00:45:16,706 we felt two ways about it. 470 00:45:16,847 --> 00:45:22,808 One, that it could happen any time and the people were gonna be safe. 471 00:45:22,953 --> 00:45:24,284 On the other hand, 472 00:45:24,421 --> 00:45:30,155 now that the base was evacuate, the clock was really starting to tick. 473 00:45:33,797 --> 00:45:37,790 A century of volcanology is put to the rest. 474 00:45:40,571 --> 00:45:45,235 From afar, an entire nation awaits the unknown. 475 00:45:49,813 --> 00:45:52,839 June 12th, 8:51 am. 476 00:45:53,350 --> 00:45:55,181 The wait is over. 477 00:46:07,898 --> 00:46:13,097 Pintubo blows an ash column nearly 12 miles into the sky. 478 00:46:13,237 --> 00:46:17,799 Communities fifty miles away are showered with ash, and sand. 479 00:46:24,982 --> 00:46:28,042 Eruptions continue for two days. 480 00:46:28,185 --> 00:46:30,983 The evacuation radius is enlarged. 481 00:46:31,121 --> 00:46:35,490 More than 80,000 people leave their homes. 482 00:46:43,267 --> 00:46:48,637 Clark radar now shows a major typhoon headed straight for the Philippines. 483 00:46:49,239 --> 00:46:51,571 Exhausted from round-the-clock shifts, 484 00:46:51,708 --> 00:46:56,577 the science team suspects the worst is yet to come. 485 00:46:58,248 --> 00:47:00,910 June 15th, 2:00am. 486 00:47:01,051 --> 00:47:04,487 Pintubo's finale begins. 487 00:47:14,031 --> 00:47:19,731 At dawn, pyroclastic flows stream down the volcano's flanks. 488 00:47:19,870 --> 00:47:24,204 There's concern its entire summit may be collapsing. 489 00:47:37,020 --> 00:47:40,717 Ash fall turns 10 am black as midnight 490 00:47:44,928 --> 00:47:50,230 When the typhoon comes ashore, rain and ash mix like wet concrete. 491 00:47:55,772 --> 00:47:59,469 Continuous blasts overwhelm monitoring stations. 492 00:47:59,610 --> 00:48:01,771 It's time to consider the possibility 493 00:48:01,912 --> 00:48:06,042 that pyroclastic flows might reach Clark. 494 00:48:07,517 --> 00:48:09,348 I went out to look out the front door. 495 00:48:09,486 --> 00:48:12,148 And I was standing there looking onto the darkness. 496 00:48:12,289 --> 00:48:15,781 You could see some runway lights about a quarter mile away from us, 497 00:48:15,926 --> 00:48:17,951 looking towards Pintubo. 498 00:48:18,095 --> 00:48:19,790 Little line of red lights. 499 00:48:19,930 --> 00:48:24,390 And I thought, well, if it comes down thisfar, 500 00:48:24,534 --> 00:48:26,399 it'll, it'll cut those lights. 501 00:48:26,536 --> 00:48:33,237 And if it cuts those lights, I'll run like hell towards the back of the room. 502 00:48:33,377 --> 00:48:36,574 And that's about 400 yards if it's coming 60 miles an hour, 503 00:48:36,713 --> 00:48:39,181 that'll give me about enought time to make it to the back of the room 504 00:48:39,316 --> 00:48:41,045 for whatever it's worth. 505 00:48:44,154 --> 00:48:46,679 And that was the most terrified I think I've ever been, 506 00:48:46,823 --> 00:48:50,816 standing there looking at those lights listening to that eruption. 507 00:48:57,834 --> 00:48:59,199 Around 2pm, 508 00:48:59,336 --> 00:49:04,774 the largest explosion yet knocks out all bit one of the monitoring stations 509 00:49:07,744 --> 00:49:11,043 I noticed that without much big ado and really no organization, 510 00:49:11,181 --> 00:49:14,480 each of the volcanologist was making sure he had his napsack packed 511 00:49:14,618 --> 00:49:15,585 with the kinds of things that 512 00:49:15,719 --> 00:49:18,187 if he was going to have to leave he could grab very quickly. 513 00:49:18,322 --> 00:49:20,984 And when that particularly larg eruption occurred 514 00:49:21,124 --> 00:49:24,116 about three of those guys turned around and picked up their bags off the floor 515 00:49:24,261 --> 00:49:26,695 and they weren't slowing down when they went out the door. 516 00:49:26,830 --> 00:49:29,128 So, I figured if it was good enough 517 00:49:29,266 --> 00:49:31,632 for them it was good enough for the rest of us. 518 00:49:32,936 --> 00:49:35,166 Clark is finally abandoned. 519 00:49:43,146 --> 00:49:47,105 Around midnight, the eruption is over. 520 00:49:48,986 --> 00:49:53,150 By morning, people return to towns crushed by ash. 521 00:49:53,290 --> 00:49:57,283 Collapsed buildings claim 300 lives. 522 00:49:57,427 --> 00:50:01,295 But tens of thousands are saved in the largest evacuation 523 00:50:01,431 --> 00:50:05,891 ever staged as a result of eruption forecasts. 524 00:50:07,437 --> 00:50:11,931 For volcanology, it's an unprecedented success. 525 00:50:15,379 --> 00:50:17,745 Still, Pintubo's summit is gone, 526 00:50:17,881 --> 00:50:22,511 in the largest eruption on Earth on half a century. 527 00:50:22,652 --> 00:50:27,282 Over two cubic miles of debris blanket the landscape. 528 00:50:27,424 --> 00:50:31,417 Rain wreaks havoc with those loose deposits. 529 00:50:32,429 --> 00:50:37,230 In the days after the eruption, mudflows claim hundreds of lives. 530 00:51:04,394 --> 00:51:05,759 With each typhoon season, 531 00:51:05,896 --> 00:51:09,889 mudflows claim more homes and more lives. 532 00:51:11,835 --> 00:51:14,998 Some two millions people have been affected. 533 00:51:15,505 --> 00:51:18,133 Echoes of the eruption are likely to plague the region 534 00:51:18,275 --> 00:51:21,403 well into the 21 st century. 535 00:51:26,416 --> 00:51:29,715 Today, Pintubo sleeps again. 536 00:51:30,220 --> 00:51:32,017 But for how long? 537 00:51:40,497 --> 00:51:46,094 The earth harbors some fifteen hundred potentially dangerous volcanoes. 538 00:51:46,636 --> 00:51:50,333 More than half a bullion people live within their reach. 539 00:51:55,579 --> 00:51:57,342 To live on harmony with volcanoes 540 00:51:57,481 --> 00:52:00,314 may be little more than wishful thinking. 541 00:52:00,450 --> 00:52:05,046 But for better or worse, we could not exist without them. 542 00:52:10,293 --> 00:52:14,696 If not for the fire within, the earth would be a barren sphere, 543 00:52:14,831 --> 00:52:18,267 worn smooth as a blue marble. 544 00:52:26,543 --> 00:52:29,808 Volcanoes provide the lifeblood of our planet. 545 00:52:29,946 --> 00:52:33,313 They build mountains, and create new land. 546 00:52:33,450 --> 00:52:38,285 Their fireworks recycle life giving gases and minerals. 547 00:52:50,634 --> 00:52:55,367 Most atoms in our bodies were once inside the Earth. 548 00:52:55,505 --> 00:52:59,236 Volcanoes brought these atoms to the surface. 549 00:53:00,610 --> 00:53:06,606 No matter where we live, we have all been touched by fire.