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On Mexico's Sea of Cortez a marine

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biologist prepares to encounter
an animal

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local fisherman fear
more than sharks.

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He is exploring a nether-world
between fantasy and fact,

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pursuing a legendary monster of
the deep that does, in fact, exits...

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Around the world,
strange carcasses drift ashore,

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and fishermen catch huge creatures
they have never seen before.

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Bit by bit, the secret life of this
strange animal is becoming Known.

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We can study its anatomy and the
behavior of its smaller relatives -

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the bizarre and wonderful creatures
called cephalopods.

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If they did live anywhere
where a man lived,

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they would make mince-meat
of him in no time.

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Fiction has always branded the giant
squid a ferocious enemy of man,

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and some of its close relations
can be terrifying indeed.

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Master of the deep ocean, the
sperm whale Knows what we cannot,

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but recently scientists have
found a way to learn its secrets.

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"Whales were Known to feed
on squids,

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so it made sense to me try to
use the sperm whale

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as our "hound dog" to lead
us to the giant squid.

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"We really don't Know very much
about what happens to whales

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once they leave the surface.

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So we're working with a mystery
that is hunting a mystery."

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Descend with us now

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into the dark and mysterious world
of the sperm whale

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and its fearsome quarry,
Architeuthis, the giant squid.

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For most of human history the ocean
has seemed a terrifying place.

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Superstitious sailors reported many
strange sightings at sea.

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Their stories summoned up a fantastic
variety of monsters

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that threatened them.

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These ominous creatures were often
blamed when disaster struck-

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as it frequently did.

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Perhaps the most feared of all was
called "the Kraken"

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a many-armed beast of incredible
size and strength.

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But most sea monsters proved to be
harmless or non-existent.

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All but "the Kraken" - Known
today as the giant squid.

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The national Museum of Natural
History in Washington, D.C.

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Houses over a hundred thousand
squid specimens -

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one of the largest collections in
the world.

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In this working laboratory,

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Smithsonian zoologist Dr. Clyde
Roper is engrossed

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in the study of cephalopods,

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such as octopuses, cuttlefish,
and squid -

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and he welcomes the notoriety
of the giant squid.

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"People have to have their monsters,
for some reason,

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and, uh, of course squid make a
perfect monster

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because I really think that, um,

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especially for many
young people today

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that the giant squid has become
the new dinosaur."

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It's called Architeuthis,
Greek for "the ruling squid".

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It is the perfect sea monster
in fantasy,

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and a formidable predator in fact.

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It dwarfs most other life in the sea.

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It deploys a writhing mass of
suckered arms and tentacles

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which ensnare its prey and jam it
into a parrot-like beak

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It glares upon the world with the
largest eyes in the animal kingdom.

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Clyde Roper has a life-long
passion for the giant squid,

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and is determined to see one
alive in its natural habitat.

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It all began when he was a teenager,

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working as a lobster fisherman
in New Hampshire.

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"It doesn't take very long, when
you're working on, on cephalopods...

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"squids especially, uh,
become aware

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that giant squids actually exist.

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"And, as a idealistic young fellow,

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I was pretty, um,
incensed that so many...

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"mis-truths could be told about
these magnificent animals.

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And, as I got deeper and
deeper into it,

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I understood why there were so
many misunderstandings

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and that is because there were
so few specimens

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that had ever been found,

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no giant squid had ever
been seen alive and,

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until this day, has never been
seen alive and photographed.

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So, I became interested in trying
to learn about these animals

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just so I could tell the truth about
them and try to dispel the myths."

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The aura of terrifying mystery
is not easily dispelled.

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A report, by a French warship,
of an encounter with a giant squid

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fired the imagination of
novelist Jules Verne.

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His classic 20,000 leagues Under the
Sea was published in 1870.

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Verne's fictional squid updated the
ship-eating legend of the Kraken.

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This squid did not hesitate
to attack the Nautilus,

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Captain Nemo's electric submarine.

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"Giant squid astern, sir!"

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The terror of the giant squid
may be fictional,

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but its mystery is very real.

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Once in a while, a giant squid
carcass will be washed ashore.

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Often, these are juvenile squid -

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more bizarre and pathetic
than threatening.

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Only an expert can tell its species,

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and that it could have grown to
may times this size.

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In modern times, more and more giant
squid have been caught by fishermen

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as they work in deeper water.

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They are almost always dead, or nearly so,

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when brought aboard.

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Rarely does a scientist get to
examine a newly caught specimen,

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and never a live one.

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Most have turned up in the waters
around New Zealand,

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Norway, and Newfoundland.

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This one, measuring more than 30
feet, was caught off Tasmania.

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>From such fragmentary evidence,

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scientists conclude that giant
squid live in deep water

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and that they are predators.

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They are believed to live only a few
years and to grow very rapidly -

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no one Knows how large.

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The biggest actually measured
was almost 60 feet

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and weighed about a ton.

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It is the world's largest and most
powerful invertebrate,

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portrayed as a villain
in many tales of the sea.

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"Giant squid have a reputation
for being vindictive

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and vicious and fierce."

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"They have no reason t be, uh,
vindictive and fierce.

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They normally don't interact
with human beings.

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Uh, in fact, I wish they would
act a little more,

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react with human beings
so that we could find them.

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At any rate, I think the reputation
is certainly not deserved at all.

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"Because they're so interesting,

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on their own account, that we don't
need to make things up about them.

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"Squids are really exciting to me

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because they have wonderful
adaptations for the,

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for their life in the sea,
and these include things like:

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Like photophores or light organs,

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where they can flash and glow,
uh, different colors;

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they are fast animals; they're
powerful; some like cat's claws to,

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to collect their prey; uh, some
of really are fascinating animals."

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Squid are weird and wonderful -

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they, and their close relatives,

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have been called "aliens
from inner space."

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Indeed, they ride the underwater
currents with a serenity

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that seems almost supernatural.

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Squid are remarkably intelligent,

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and their primary nerve fibers are
the largest in the animal kingdom -

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a hundred times the diameter
of humans.

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Thousands of multi-celled organs,

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called chromatophores,
are scattered across their skin.

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Each, receives signals directly
from the brain.

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This allows cuttlefish and squid to
transform their appearance -

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in less than a second.

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These changes in appearance
provide camouflage

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and a dramatic means of
communication.

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>From seductive yearnings to
aggressive warnings,

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all can be conveyed by resplendent
displays of light and color.

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The advanced nervous system
gives them lightning reflexes

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and a deadly attack

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off the California coast,
near Monterey,

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a submersible robot is lowered
into the deep.

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"Sonar is..."

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Below, is Monterey Canyon,

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the deepest submarine fissure along
the continental United States

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and probably the most carefully
observed deep water in the world.

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Scientists from the Monterey Bay
Aquarium Research Institute

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have been studying life in
canyon on a regular basis

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for more than a decade.

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"Yeah... what's up here to the right."

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"Look at this guy, right up..."

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Any day, they could discover
a living Architeuthis

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and they have observed many
remarkable squid.

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They have also observed species of
squid never before seen alive

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in their natural element.

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Moroteuthis, a slender
and very large squid,

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which grows up to 15 feet;

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Like the giant squid, almost
nothing is Known about its behavior.

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Perhaps the strangest
is Vampyroteuthis.

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It's been called a "living fossil"

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and is completely covered with
what seem to be light organs,

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But whose exact function is unKnown.

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It's a remarkable contortionist,

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presenting to its enemies
a ball of spikes.

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The spikes are soft however and
probably are used only for detection.

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As varied and mysterious as they are,

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squid are short-lived,
fast-growing and very prolific.

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Shallow water species gather
in huge numbers to breed.

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These tentacled couplings
are anything but random -

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as males compete savagely
for females.

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Many die naturally soon after mating...

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if they don't fall victim to the
countless predators that pursue them.

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Squid are among the most numerous
free-swimming creatures in the sea,

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and a crucial part of the oceanic
food chain.

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Today, they support
a massive fishery.

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Some two million metric tons of
squid are consumed annually,

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much of it in Japan and the Far East.

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Small squid are the most
popular sushi.

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But everyone has heard
about the giant squid -

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and it's gotten to be like
the "Jolly Green Giant"

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for Japanese consumers.

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"Hungry? - Nissin Seafood Noodle."

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Mexico's Sea of Cortez:

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Every few years, squid of unusual
size and ferocity are reported here.

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Clyde Roper has come to investigate.

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The squid live in dark
underwater canyons.

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They rise close to the surface
at night to feed.

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They're called Dosidicus gigas -
or the Humboldt squid.

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For safety, Roper will deploy
a protective shelter

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where he can find refuge
if he needs to.

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This time of year, Dosidicus still
have a few feet to grow.

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But already, some are six feet
long and,

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at times, they feed like starving
piranhas.

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Roper has never seen Dosidicus
this big before,

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but he's eager to have
the experience.

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"They have, a, a, an incredible
reputation and, uh,

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many of the fishermen say they
would rather

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fall into a uh, into the water with,
uh, sharks

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in a feeding frenzy rather than in
a, a feeding frenzy of Humboldt squid

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because they have been Known
to kill people

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when they fall into the water
with them.

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"There, here he comes.

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"In fact, they are so aggressive
that they become, uh,

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they become cannibalistic."

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A hungry squid immediately
begins to feed on the one

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00:17:52,104 --> 00:17:54,664
that is hooked and defenseless.

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Dosidicus often prey on one another -

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one thing that could account for the
rapid growth of those survive.

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Some might consider this an
experience to be avoided;

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00:18:29,842 --> 00:18:33,801
but big squid like the Humboldt
don't survive in captivity.

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00:18:33,979 --> 00:18:39,383
For Roper, the chance to see them in
the wild is a priceless opportunity.

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00:18:52,698 --> 00:18:56,293
Like smaller squid, Dosidicus shows
vivid flashes of color

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when aroused or threatened.

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00:19:09,014 --> 00:19:11,505
Roper wants a close-up look-
not easy

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00:19:11,650 --> 00:19:14,585
when the object of study can
deploy two tentacles,

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eight arms lined with powerful
suckers,

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and a razor sharp beak

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And all this is concealed at times
by clouds of dense ink,

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deployed by squid to confuse
their enemies.

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Having a squid inside the shelter
was not part of the plan.

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Roper tries to give it room to escape

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00:19:43,982 --> 00:19:46,951
but gets a sharp nip from the
departing squid anyway.

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"Ech!"

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Later, Roper feels bold enough
to venture out

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and observe Dosidicus in open water.

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It is as close as he has ever
come to seeing

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what Architeuthis might be like
when feeding.

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"At first, I was quite apprehensive.

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Uh, it was a little scary.

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But we were dealing with mostly
individuals.

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They were not in a feeding frenzy,
so it, uh, it felt more comfortable.

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"Oh, what a great animal.

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I was impressed at how incredibly
powerful it is and how it swims...

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Clyde Roper is not the first
scientist to be caught up

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00:21:29,888 --> 00:21:31,150
in the thrill of the hunt for big

237
00:21:31,290 --> 00:21:32,348
squid.

238
00:21:32,491 --> 00:21:34,721
"And to see the funnel so
expanded and,

239
00:21:34,860 --> 00:21:37,328
and moving out so fast,
it was great."

240
00:21:39,131 --> 00:21:42,294
In the nineteen sixties, in fishing
villages throughout Newfoundland,

241
00:21:42,434 --> 00:21:44,698
curious posters appeared.

242
00:21:46,805 --> 00:21:49,569
The reward for a giant squid was
the brainchild

243
00:21:49,708 --> 00:21:52,108
of the late Frederick Aldrich.

244
00:21:52,744 --> 00:21:56,771
An expert on mollusks, Dr. Aldrich
found himself in a region

245
00:21:56,915 --> 00:22:00,942
where giant squid are a proud
part of local history.

246
00:22:02,054 --> 00:22:10,086
Back in october 1873, Newfoundland
fishermen came upon a giant squid

247
00:22:13,699 --> 00:22:16,497
The squid wrapped a tentacle
around their boat.

248
00:22:16,635 --> 00:22:19,126
But one fisherman,
a 12-year-old boy,

249
00:22:19,271 --> 00:22:23,332
quickly hacked the tentacle off,
and the monster retreated.

250
00:22:24,142 --> 00:22:25,609
Only a month later,

251
00:22:25,744 --> 00:22:30,875
Newfoundland fishermen hauled
up a giant squid 32 feet long.

252
00:22:35,354 --> 00:22:40,314
This was the first complete specimen
ever examined by scientists.

253
00:22:40,459 --> 00:22:43,587
And it was the first of many
giant squid stranded or caught

254
00:22:43,729 --> 00:22:45,754
by Newfoundland fishermen.

255
00:22:46,365 --> 00:22:49,994
But examining the dead was not enough
for Frederick Aldrich -

256
00:22:50,102 --> 00:22:52,332
he went after a live one.

257
00:22:53,739 --> 00:22:57,766
"Fred was really one of the first
people to actually want to go out

258
00:22:57,909 --> 00:23:01,606
and try to find giant squid.

259
00:23:02,047 --> 00:23:03,446
"I think Fred liked the mythology

260
00:23:03,582 --> 00:23:07,484
and he liked the, the, the
giantness, the bigness of it all.

261
00:23:08,253 --> 00:23:12,519
In 1989, Aldrich managed to mount
a deep sea expedition

262
00:23:12,657 --> 00:23:14,750
to look for the giant squid.

263
00:23:15,394 --> 00:23:18,522
It was an enterprise that has been
compared to parachuting at night

264
00:23:18,663 --> 00:23:21,655
into an area of the United States
picked at random -

265
00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:24,234
and hoping to see a grizzly bear.

266
00:23:24,636 --> 00:23:26,433
But Aldrich was determined.

267
00:23:33,612 --> 00:23:36,137
The sub descended a thousand feet
in an area

268
00:23:36,281 --> 00:23:39,546
where giant squid have often
washed ashore.

269
00:23:39,851 --> 00:23:42,251
It was literally a shot in the dark

270
00:23:45,924 --> 00:23:48,757
Bait attracted an array
of bottom fish.

271
00:23:52,531 --> 00:23:55,694
For ten hours Aldrich watched
and waited,

272
00:23:57,035 --> 00:24:00,471
but Architeuthis ignored
his invitation.

273
00:24:03,442 --> 00:24:04,739
I am not disappointed.

274
00:24:04,876 --> 00:24:05,968
The fact that I didn't see one

275
00:24:06,111 --> 00:24:10,411
does not effect my understanding
of these animals whatsoever.

276
00:24:10,549 --> 00:24:14,007
I never really held out much hope
that I would see one,

277
00:24:14,152 --> 00:24:17,952
because 'oh, Lord, the ocean is so
big and my ship so small.

278
00:24:18,256 --> 00:24:23,091
The brief expedition ended and
Aldrich died a few years later.

279
00:24:27,199 --> 00:24:29,133
As deep water technology
has improved,

280
00:24:29,267 --> 00:24:31,132
there have been more
and more expeditions

281
00:24:31,269 --> 00:24:33,965
that could encounter a giant squid.

282
00:24:37,108 --> 00:24:39,838
Many new species have been observed.

283
00:24:40,078 --> 00:24:44,310
And some have been seen that could
indeed be called monstrous.

284
00:24:54,192 --> 00:24:57,719
This is the biggest shark ever seen
in the deep sea.

285
00:24:58,530 --> 00:25:02,830
A pacific sleeper shark that turned
up in Japan's Suruga Bay.

286
00:25:03,535 --> 00:25:05,730
Well over 23 feet in length,

287
00:25:05,871 --> 00:25:09,807
it loomed so large the camera
couldn't see it all.

288
00:25:12,477 --> 00:25:16,038
After investigating the sub for
five suspenseful minutes,

289
00:25:16,181 --> 00:25:17,944
the giant went way,

290
00:25:18,083 --> 00:25:21,985
leaving observing scientists excited
- and a bit relieved.

291
00:25:27,993 --> 00:25:31,121
Once dismissed as mere
sensationalism,

292
00:25:31,263 --> 00:25:32,287
the search for the giant squid

293
00:25:32,430 --> 00:25:35,957
continues to gain impressive
proponents today.

294
00:25:36,334 --> 00:25:37,961
One is Dr. Malcolm Clarke,

295
00:25:38,103 --> 00:25:41,504
a specialist in sperm whales
and oceanic squid.

296
00:25:41,873 --> 00:25:45,969
"I think the good has always
got to have a balance of evil.

297
00:25:46,044 --> 00:25:48,535
You, you see the beauty in,
in the sea.

298
00:25:48,680 --> 00:25:52,241
Many of, uh, the fish are
very beautiful

299
00:25:52,384 --> 00:25:54,978
to look at, uh, and, uh, have
wonderful silvery sides,

300
00:25:55,086 --> 00:25:56,849
they make pretty lights.

301
00:25:57,022 --> 00:25:58,751
Uh, that's the beauty -

302
00:25:58,890 --> 00:26:00,949
you need a few big-teethed,

303
00:26:01,092 --> 00:26:03,788
big stomached monsters to go
along with it.

304
00:26:05,830 --> 00:26:07,263
As a young graduate student,

305
00:26:07,399 --> 00:26:10,300
Malcolm Clarke conducted research
aboard a factory ship

306
00:26:10,435 --> 00:26:12,266
that hunted sperm whales -

307
00:26:12,404 --> 00:26:15,931
once considered sea monsters,
in their own right.

308
00:26:17,208 --> 00:26:19,574
Little was Known about sperm
whale biology

309
00:26:19,711 --> 00:26:22,009
despite centuries of killing them.

310
00:26:23,014 --> 00:26:26,950
Only dwindling populations put
scientists aboard whaling boats

311
00:26:27,052 --> 00:26:29,350
to study the huge animals.

312
00:26:30,555 --> 00:26:34,321
Clarke inspected hundreds
of sperm whale stomachs.

313
00:26:35,026 --> 00:26:38,257
One thing he found were the beaks
of deep-sea squid,

314
00:26:38,396 --> 00:26:40,956
too tough to be digested.

315
00:26:41,366 --> 00:26:45,803
This proved that squid are the sperm
whale's primary source of food.

316
00:26:46,004 --> 00:26:48,370
And Clarke amassed a huge
collection of beaks -

317
00:26:48,506 --> 00:26:51,737
as many as eighteen thousand
from a single whale.

318
00:26:52,711 --> 00:26:55,805
Among them, are many beaks
of the giant squid.

319
00:26:57,382 --> 00:27:00,078
"This came from a giant squid

320
00:27:00,218 --> 00:27:05,815
that was taken from the stomach of
a sperm whale caught in the Azores.

321
00:27:05,957 --> 00:27:09,449
Uh, so that, uh, it wasn't a
tremendously large one.

322
00:27:09,594 --> 00:27:13,587
It was probably, uh, thirty, in
excess of thirty feet in length.

323
00:27:13,732 --> 00:27:17,224
So it was quite a big squid, but,
um, not one of the biggest.

324
00:27:17,369 --> 00:27:20,964
Uh, but certainly, it's got
very, very powerful jaws.

325
00:27:21,106 --> 00:27:23,165
So that this is very,
very formidable.

326
00:27:23,308 --> 00:27:28,075
And, uh, of course, if they did live
anywhere where a man lived, eh,

327
00:27:28,213 --> 00:27:31,410
they would make mincemeat
of him in no time.

328
00:27:31,983 --> 00:27:36,215
On a remote shore in New Zealand,
sperm whales have stranded.

329
00:27:38,490 --> 00:27:42,256
What causes whales to strand
is still a mystery.

330
00:27:42,994 --> 00:27:46,122
Clyde Roper and Malcolm Clarke
undertake the grim task

331
00:27:46,264 --> 00:27:47,731
of examining the carcasses

332
00:27:47,866 --> 00:27:52,064
and discover evidence of their
common passion, the giant squid.

333
00:27:53,238 --> 00:27:57,675
The skins of sperm whales are like
weathered maps of ancient battles.

334
00:27:58,009 --> 00:28:02,378
The circular scars were left by
sharp-toothed suckers of giant squid,

335
00:28:02,514 --> 00:28:04,812
marking their last desperate
struggles

336
00:28:04,949 --> 00:28:07,349
in the jaws of the Leviathan.

337
00:28:08,753 --> 00:28:10,721
"They have fifty teeth.

338
00:28:10,855 --> 00:28:14,450
These are in a, uh, form two rows
in the lowerjaw.

339
00:28:14,592 --> 00:28:16,822
They don't have any upper
teeth usually.

340
00:28:16,961 --> 00:28:19,020
Uh, but the jaw is very, very narrow.

341
00:28:19,164 --> 00:28:22,930
It can be about fifteen feet long
and, uh, be a foot across.

342
00:28:23,034 --> 00:28:25,366
So, it's very, very long and narrow.

343
00:28:25,503 --> 00:28:29,064
Uh, and it's a snapping jaw, it's
rather like some of the crocodiles.

344
00:28:29,207 --> 00:28:32,176
It can probably, uh, snap shut
very rapidly

345
00:28:32,310 --> 00:28:35,404
and they snap this jaw against
the upperjaw.

346
00:28:35,547 --> 00:28:36,536
Bang!

347
00:28:36,681 --> 00:28:39,582
And, in that movement,
they squeeze the squid

348
00:28:39,718 --> 00:28:42,312
and it doesn't matter that the
teeth don't damage them much;

349
00:28:42,454 --> 00:28:45,548
the squid will virtually
go paralyzed.

350
00:28:45,690 --> 00:28:47,954
They, they don't like being
squeezed, squids don't -

351
00:28:48,026 --> 00:28:50,722
It's one of their features -
not like humans.

352
00:28:50,862 --> 00:28:54,855
And, uh, if they're squeezed
by the jaws, with these teeth,

353
00:28:54,999 --> 00:28:59,368
and there's a big, very powerful
tongue right at back of the jaws to,

354
00:28:59,504 --> 00:29:01,472
to push it down the throat.

355
00:29:01,773 --> 00:29:06,904
Experts on both whale and squid,
Clarke and Roper are uniquely

356
00:29:07,011 --> 00:29:11,539
to execute a new strategy
in the search of Arthieuthis.

357
00:29:11,850 --> 00:29:15,946
"Whales were Known to feed on squid
right from the very beginning,

358
00:29:16,087 --> 00:29:20,319
in the earliest days of, uh,
of the whale hunting expeditions,

359
00:29:20,458 --> 00:29:22,926
and some of those
were actually giant squid.

360
00:29:23,161 --> 00:29:27,928
So it made sense to me to try to use
the sperm whale as our 'hound dog'

361
00:29:28,066 --> 00:29:30,933
to, to lead us to, to the giant squid

362
00:29:31,069 --> 00:29:34,664
and that quest has brought on
this current expedition."

363
00:29:35,073 --> 00:29:36,005
Off the Azores,

364
00:29:36,141 --> 00:29:41,044
Roper and Clarke help to deploy a
hydrophone to listen for sperm whales.

365
00:29:41,980 --> 00:29:44,141
They, and the other scientists on this expedition,

366
00:29:44,282 --> 00:29:47,308
are combining their search for
the giant squid

367
00:29:47,452 --> 00:29:50,615
with research on
the squid's most formidable enemy.

368
00:29:55,560 --> 00:30:00,293
Hydrophones can detect the sounds of
sperm whales from several miles away

369
00:30:00,665 --> 00:30:03,429
- Iong before they can be
spotted visually.

370
00:30:03,635 --> 00:30:06,331
But the whales themselves
have excellent hearing

371
00:30:06,471 --> 00:30:09,531
and often keep their distance
from boats.

372
00:30:21,653 --> 00:30:23,917
Today, the scientists are in luck

373
00:30:24,055 --> 00:30:26,250
The whales are feeling sociable.

374
00:30:29,527 --> 00:30:32,553
A group of sperm whales
is playing nearby.

375
00:30:46,211 --> 00:30:48,873
Female and their young
come to feed here

376
00:30:49,013 --> 00:30:51,481
in the warm waters of the mid-Atlantic

377
00:30:51,616 --> 00:30:55,552
and announce their presence
with an excited chorus of sounds.

378
00:30:56,254 --> 00:30:58,017
"Good grief!

379
00:31:02,894 --> 00:31:05,328
It is an audience clapping.

380
00:31:05,463 --> 00:31:07,556
And they're clapping at us.

381
00:31:11,269 --> 00:31:16,366
When sperm whales gather,
this is anything but 'a silent world'.

382
00:31:20,411 --> 00:31:25,974
A distinct series of clicks is called
a "coda" used for communication.

383
00:31:34,025 --> 00:31:36,118
Deciphering the sounds is a challenge

384
00:31:36,261 --> 00:31:42,666
for behavioral experts like
Cornell University's Kurt Fristrup.

385
00:31:43,301 --> 00:31:44,996
"Now that's one of the unKnowns.

386
00:31:45,136 --> 00:31:51,041
That could very well be used
for echo-raging, sonar."

387
00:31:53,645 --> 00:31:58,048
Sometimes divers can get very close
to sperm whales.

388
00:31:58,182 --> 00:32:00,980
It's a tremendous thrill
to be kindly received

389
00:32:01,119 --> 00:32:03,952
by the most powerful predators
on earth.

390
00:32:05,690 --> 00:32:09,126
Up close,
a different sound is sometimes heard.

391
00:32:10,762 --> 00:32:14,163
This loud and singular noise
could be a warming

392
00:32:14,299 --> 00:32:19,236
or even a weapon
- Ioud enough to stun a whale's prey.

393
00:32:26,377 --> 00:32:30,040
The sperm whale's head is
fully one third of its total weight

394
00:32:30,181 --> 00:32:35,380
and most of it is nose
- the largest in the animal kingdom.

395
00:32:37,088 --> 00:32:39,420
This is where the sounds are created.

396
00:32:40,024 --> 00:32:42,424
They're generated
in the front of the nose,

397
00:32:42,560 --> 00:32:47,122
then redirected as they resound
powerful off the whale's skull.

398
00:32:47,732 --> 00:32:50,223
No one Knows exactly how.

399
00:32:51,035 --> 00:32:56,268
This remarkable organ also holds
tons of spermaceti oil.

400
00:32:56,741 --> 00:32:58,606
By regulating its temperature,

401
00:32:58,743 --> 00:33:02,645
the whale may be able
to control their buoyancy.

402
00:33:03,114 --> 00:33:04,945
This would allow them
to conserve energy

403
00:33:05,083 --> 00:33:08,382
on their long dives to hunt for squid.

404
00:33:11,990 --> 00:33:13,014
In any case,

405
00:33:13,157 --> 00:33:16,320
the whales seem in perfect control
when they sleep

406
00:33:16,461 --> 00:33:20,454
suspended virtually
just below the waves and swells.

407
00:33:21,833 --> 00:33:26,600
This remarkable behavior has only
recently been reported and filmed.

408
00:33:45,089 --> 00:33:48,252
Mother sperm whales are
doting parents.

409
00:33:48,393 --> 00:33:50,827
Their calves are slow to mature.

410
00:33:52,697 --> 00:33:55,530
They stay in close contact
with their mothers,

411
00:33:55,666 --> 00:33:58,464
but their ability to dive is limited.

412
00:34:00,671 --> 00:34:04,266
A mature female needs more than
half a ton of food a day...

413
00:34:05,977 --> 00:34:09,140
and her food source
- large oceanic squid-

414
00:34:09,280 --> 00:34:11,680
may be thousands of feet below.

415
00:34:12,984 --> 00:34:15,248
So she must leave her calf
at the surface

416
00:34:15,386 --> 00:34:17,820
- sometimes for almost an hour.

417
00:34:20,992 --> 00:34:24,086
The calves are
incredibly trusting and playful

418
00:34:24,228 --> 00:34:27,561
and will often approach
and even nuzzle a diver.

419
00:34:28,199 --> 00:34:31,396
This one offers its mouth
for inspection.

420
00:34:48,086 --> 00:34:50,577
The mother can go down
more than half a mile

421
00:34:50,721 --> 00:34:53,622
a plunge deep into the unKnown.

422
00:34:55,460 --> 00:34:59,590
"We really don't Know
how sperm whales locate their prey,

423
00:34:59,730 --> 00:35:01,391
how they hunt,
how they locate their prey

424
00:35:01,532 --> 00:35:04,330
and how they actually
consume their prey.

425
00:35:04,469 --> 00:35:05,766
There are several hypotheses:

426
00:35:05,970 --> 00:35:10,930
One is that they use echolocation
and get the signals back that way...

427
00:35:11,409 --> 00:35:14,378
Somehow sperm whales "see" the world
around them

428
00:35:14,512 --> 00:35:17,777
through a panorama
of reflected sounds.

429
00:35:23,621 --> 00:35:26,522
This certainly helps them
navigate underwater,

430
00:35:26,657 --> 00:35:30,457
but can they detect and catch
soft-bodied squids?

431
00:35:31,095 --> 00:35:33,996
The scientists seek
another explanation.

432
00:35:34,132 --> 00:35:39,229
"They can use the,
their eyes to see the bioluminescence

433
00:35:39,370 --> 00:35:42,862
that might be created
either by the squids themselves

434
00:35:43,007 --> 00:35:45,532
or by the squids
swimming through the water

435
00:35:45,676 --> 00:35:49,635
and creating a swirl of
bioluminescence.

436
00:35:50,014 --> 00:35:51,777
"When they swim through the water

437
00:35:51,916 --> 00:35:55,977
they disturb all the little organisms
that are in the water,

438
00:35:56,087 --> 00:35:59,147
and these little organisms,
because they're disturbed,

439
00:35:59,290 --> 00:36:01,918
set off a glowing or flashing.

440
00:36:08,866 --> 00:36:12,927
"Perhaps the whales then key
on these strips of bioluminescence

441
00:36:13,037 --> 00:36:14,766
or streaks of bioluminescence

442
00:36:14,972 --> 00:36:18,271
and will be able to home in
on the squid in that way.

443
00:36:18,409 --> 00:36:20,934
"So, it's a little difficult
to Know exactly what it is

444
00:36:21,045 --> 00:36:23,070
and that's just one more thing
we could see

445
00:36:23,214 --> 00:36:27,412
if we could get down into the sea
with these giant whales."

446
00:36:27,985 --> 00:36:29,509
To follow whales into the deep

447
00:36:29,654 --> 00:36:34,148
has long been a favorite theme
of poets and a dream of engineers.

448
00:36:34,892 --> 00:36:38,123
Now, with support from
the National Geographic Society,

449
00:36:38,262 --> 00:36:40,355
one man has managed to do it.

450
00:36:40,631 --> 00:36:44,727
He's Greg Marshall,
inventor of a system called crittercam.

451
00:36:45,836 --> 00:36:50,034
It's a simple concept that has proven
very difficult to execute.

452
00:36:50,441 --> 00:36:53,569
"I had the idea for the crittercam
11 years ago.

453
00:36:53,711 --> 00:36:56,441
Since then, basically,
every waking moment,

454
00:36:56,581 --> 00:37:01,041
I've spent thinking about, developing,
working on making this thing happen."

455
00:37:01,352 --> 00:37:02,182
In early experiment,

456
00:37:02,320 --> 00:37:05,153
cameras were strapped
to the backs of sea turtles

457
00:37:05,289 --> 00:37:07,917
before being risked in the wild.

458
00:37:09,527 --> 00:37:10,551
"What motivates me is the,

459
00:37:10,695 --> 00:37:15,758
the possibility of discovering
totally new phenomena of nature,

460
00:37:15,967 --> 00:37:18,367
seeing things
we've never seem before."

461
00:37:20,771 --> 00:37:23,934
The spirited fur seal
provided a greatest challenge.

462
00:37:24,308 --> 00:37:28,836
A smaller, more rugged camera
needed to enter its frenetic world.

463
00:37:42,360 --> 00:37:43,418
With sperm whales,

464
00:37:43,561 --> 00:37:46,121
every step
from deployment to retrieval

465
00:37:46,264 --> 00:37:48,528
has been fraught with difficulty.

466
00:37:48,899 --> 00:37:52,266
"It's only through, you Know,
really carefully engineering

467
00:37:52,403 --> 00:37:54,963
and then some trial and error
and experience

468
00:37:55,106 --> 00:37:57,597
the field that we've, that we've finally been able to succe

469
00:37:57,742 --> 00:37:58,834
in the way that we have."

470
00:38:05,216 --> 00:38:07,207
After years of experimentation,

471
00:38:07,351 --> 00:38:12,050
crittercam is finally ready for
serious field work in the Azores.

472
00:38:12,290 --> 00:38:16,750
The scientists are hopeful that the
camera can survive a deep water dive,

473
00:38:16,961 --> 00:38:19,122
and be located
and recovered afterwards.

474
00:38:19,530 --> 00:38:20,963
"Um, underwater it weights nothing,
of course,

475
00:38:21,098 --> 00:38:24,261
so that, uh, it just floats right back
after it's released from the animal.

476
00:38:24,402 --> 00:38:26,597
Floats back at about
this orientation and,

477
00:38:26,737 --> 00:38:28,637
uh, will stick out of the water
about this far."

478
00:38:28,773 --> 00:38:31,936
The system must be able
to endure extreme pressure

479
00:38:32,076 --> 00:38:35,671
and record picture
in almost total darKness.

480
00:38:37,715 --> 00:38:41,947
The compact unit includes lights;
instruments to record depth,

481
00:38:42,086 --> 00:38:46,546
temperature and sound;
acoustic and radio homing transmitters;

482
00:38:46,991 --> 00:38:51,826
and a video camera able to
amplify light over 50,000 times.

483
00:39:00,104 --> 00:39:01,969
"Greg! Come over!"

484
00:39:07,645 --> 00:39:12,378
The first task is often the hardest
getting close to the whales.

485
00:39:33,270 --> 00:39:34,965
"You guys,
can direct us to where it is, okay?"

486
00:39:35,106 --> 00:39:39,202
Scientists have used these techniques
to attach instruments to whales,

487
00:39:39,643 --> 00:39:42,806
but no one has tried
to attach a camera before.

488
00:39:43,214 --> 00:39:45,182
They are breaking new ground.

489
00:39:47,818 --> 00:39:50,150
"It was a challenge to get close
to these whales,

490
00:39:50,287 --> 00:39:51,777
an emotional challenge.

491
00:39:51,989 --> 00:39:54,958
Uh. Clearly, we'd heard
all the stories of, of the, the havoc

492
00:39:55,092 --> 00:39:58,220
that the sperm whales had wreaked
on ships in the past and so forth and,

493
00:39:58,362 --> 00:39:59,624
you Know, I, I didn't Know,

494
00:39:59,764 --> 00:40:02,460
what, uh, reaction of a,
of the whales might be to us.

495
00:40:02,867 --> 00:40:04,767
So, when we first started approaching
the whales,

496
00:40:04,902 --> 00:40:07,837
I was a bit nervous,
there's no question about it."

497
00:40:12,109 --> 00:40:16,205
The camera can be attached
by a tag the size of a paper clip

498
00:40:16,347 --> 00:40:18,372
- or with a large suction cup.

499
00:40:25,756 --> 00:40:30,318
A successful deployment depends
entirely on the whims of the whales.

500
00:40:30,795 --> 00:40:34,595
At the moment, they appear to want
a little time to themselves.

501
00:40:36,100 --> 00:40:38,967
"We spend a lot of time on the water
trying to get close to the whales,

502
00:40:39,103 --> 00:40:42,163
a lot of time on the water,
and you have to do that because

503
00:40:42,306 --> 00:40:46,140
the whales are only at the surface
of a few minutes every hour.

504
00:40:46,577 --> 00:40:48,477
Uh, so we have to be perfectly
in position,

505
00:40:48,612 --> 00:40:51,103
anticipating where the whales
are coming up, uh,

506
00:40:51,248 --> 00:40:53,739
in order to place ourselves
close enough

507
00:40:53,884 --> 00:40:57,183
so that we can get to them
during and opportunity deploy."

508
00:41:04,528 --> 00:41:06,325
"You've got whales, uh,
right ahead of you.

509
00:41:06,464 --> 00:41:10,628
They'll be off you, uh, starboard bow,
about a hundred and fifty meters.

510
00:41:10,768 --> 00:41:13,464
Uh, there's a whole gaggle of them,
they're a social group.

511
00:41:13,704 --> 00:41:16,229
Three or four small ones
and a couple of large ones.

512
00:41:18,342 --> 00:41:19,969
"What we've found,
for the most part,

513
00:41:20,077 --> 00:41:22,671
is that the whales tend to be
quite curious about us.

514
00:41:23,247 --> 00:41:27,445
If we're quiet in their environment,
we've found that,

515
00:41:27,585 --> 00:41:31,419
as often as not, they tend to actually
come over and investigate us.

516
00:42:00,751 --> 00:42:05,415
The system is launch
and we are riding in a pod of whales.

517
00:42:07,157 --> 00:42:09,955
The clicking noises are made
by the whales,

518
00:42:10,060 --> 00:42:11,254
and for the first time

519
00:42:11,395 --> 00:42:15,559
we can see exactly how their sounds
relate to their behavior.

520
00:42:21,472 --> 00:42:24,566
It's a revelation
how close the whale are

521
00:42:24,708 --> 00:42:29,543
in their constant calling and
with their bodies touching one another.

522
00:42:41,392 --> 00:42:47,194
Then, as dolphins join the array,
it's like an undersea dance.

523
00:42:47,331 --> 00:42:49,492
They sometimes
ride the subsurface waves

524
00:42:49,633 --> 00:42:52,830
generated by the forward thrust
of the whales

525
00:42:53,037 --> 00:42:55,232
these mountains of movement.

526
00:43:26,270 --> 00:43:29,137
Crittercam is working well
near the surface.

527
00:43:29,373 --> 00:43:33,332
Now comes the real test
as whales descend into the deep.

528
00:43:33,611 --> 00:43:36,637
They will disappear for
more than 20 minutes.

529
00:43:39,149 --> 00:43:43,449
The scientist are left alone
with their hopes and their fears.

530
00:43:44,922 --> 00:43:47,322
"If we don't retrieve the system,
we get none of the data,

531
00:43:47,458 --> 00:43:50,291
we get none of the images,
none of the audio, we learn nothing.

532
00:43:50,794 --> 00:43:53,888
Unless we recover it, it's a bust."

533
00:43:57,067 --> 00:44:01,936
A messenger form another world,
crittercam returns from the deep.

534
00:44:11,548 --> 00:44:13,812
It has detached before
it should have,

535
00:44:13,984 --> 00:44:16,782
but its homing signal is
loud and clear.

536
00:44:26,430 --> 00:44:30,594
After eleven year of trial and error
and months on the high seas,

537
00:44:30,734 --> 00:44:33,294
a moment of truth has arrived.

538
00:44:43,647 --> 00:44:46,047
"Look at that, look at that,
what is that?

539
00:44:46,183 --> 00:44:50,677
That's the... the blowhole
...look, puffs up there...

540
00:44:51,255 --> 00:44:56,022
The camera is tethered about six feet
behind the blowhole and face forward

541
00:44:56,527 --> 00:44:59,655
we are with several whales
diving together.

542
00:45:07,104 --> 00:45:09,072
On the right, a juvenile.

543
00:45:09,406 --> 00:45:11,203
This could be a training dive.

544
00:45:11,341 --> 00:45:15,402
Calves only gradually learn to dive
as deep as their mothers.

545
00:45:17,614 --> 00:45:21,573
The clicking sounds appear to be
coming from more than one whale.

546
00:45:25,723 --> 00:45:30,717
Some scientists believe that
each whale has its own signature coda.

547
00:45:31,028 --> 00:45:34,725
Tapes like this one could help
support the theory.

548
00:45:37,234 --> 00:45:39,327
It's darker and deeper now

549
00:45:39,470 --> 00:45:42,598
and another whale
comes into view at the upper left.

550
00:45:45,442 --> 00:45:51,677
Strange new sounds are heard
growls, grunts even squeals.

551
00:46:03,694 --> 00:46:08,427
No one has conclusively identified
these sounds with sperm whales before.

552
00:46:11,034 --> 00:46:16,336
Now the whales are over nine hundred
feet deep and a strange thing happens.

553
00:46:17,107 --> 00:46:21,942
They almost stop and one moves back
as if inspecting crittercam...

554
00:46:22,446 --> 00:46:26,143
it's head and eye are just
to the right off camera.

555
00:46:31,688 --> 00:46:34,680
There is a long moment
of consideration and then,

556
00:46:34,825 --> 00:46:36,156
apparently satisfied,

557
00:46:36,293 --> 00:46:40,286
the whales speed up again,
going deeper still.

558
00:46:51,575 --> 00:46:53,770
There's two,
there's two of them there.

559
00:46:53,911 --> 00:46:55,242
This is the calf.

560
00:46:57,014 --> 00:47:01,075
1200 feet at this depth
the pressure is enormous

561
00:47:01,218 --> 00:47:04,085
over five hundred pounds
per square inch.

562
00:47:04,822 --> 00:47:06,414
Until the 1960's,

563
00:47:06,557 --> 00:47:09,924
no conventional submarine
could descend this deep

564
00:47:09,993 --> 00:47:12,723
without being crushed
like an eggshell.

565
00:47:13,964 --> 00:47:18,458
How sperm whales survive
these depths is still not understood.

566
00:47:18,969 --> 00:47:21,597
But they've been doing it
for million of year

567
00:47:21,738 --> 00:47:26,300
- lured here by vast bounty of
large oceanic squid.

568
00:47:29,079 --> 00:47:31,775
They will not find Architeuthis
this time,

569
00:47:31,982 --> 00:47:36,146
but each moment is a revelation
for Roper and his colleagues.

570
00:47:36,887 --> 00:47:38,013
"The interesting thing here,

571
00:47:38,155 --> 00:47:42,091
you can, you can hear that these
different coda that we're hearing,

572
00:47:42,226 --> 00:47:44,524
um, each one is
slightly different and,

573
00:47:44,661 --> 00:47:47,255
and every once in a while
we hear a buzz.

574
00:47:48,198 --> 00:47:49,825
"Now the whales have stopped.

575
00:47:50,000 --> 00:47:52,264
The, the camera is pointing
right down,

576
00:47:52,402 --> 00:47:55,303
uh, right down into the skin
of the, of the whale

577
00:47:55,439 --> 00:47:57,737
that's, uh, that's carrying
the crittercam.

578
00:47:59,176 --> 00:48:04,045
"There see, now I'm hearing that,
hearing that buzz which is...

579
00:48:07,317 --> 00:48:10,218
That's fantastic, that's so...

580
00:48:12,456 --> 00:48:18,918
Yeah, that's a fantastic sound,
that long, long buzzing sound and,

581
00:48:19,029 --> 00:48:23,693
uh, this is, uh, what, we believe is
the sonar that they're using for,

582
00:48:23,834 --> 00:48:24,994
when they're actually hunting,

583
00:48:25,135 --> 00:48:28,036
or have actually picked up
a prey organism

584
00:48:28,171 --> 00:48:32,699
and they're zeroing-in on the prey
and getting closer and closer to it.

585
00:48:39,616 --> 00:48:43,279
"Now they're starting
to move again and,

586
00:48:43,420 --> 00:48:46,116
uh, have turned and turned back
towards the surface

587
00:48:46,256 --> 00:48:48,622
because now we can see,
uh, the lighted,

588
00:48:48,759 --> 00:48:49,953
uh, the background that's lighted.

589
00:48:50,093 --> 00:48:53,119
So they're heading back up
to the surface.

590
00:49:05,275 --> 00:49:08,210
"Whoa! There comes
a, a, a whale right across,

591
00:49:08,345 --> 00:49:10,905
another one,
right across in front of the camera."

592
00:49:12,549 --> 00:49:13,345
"There's two more.

593
00:49:13,483 --> 00:49:14,472
Look at that!"

594
00:49:19,690 --> 00:49:22,523
"And there's a, there's a third one
over on that side on the right.

595
00:49:22,659 --> 00:49:25,059
So, that makes four whales...

596
00:49:33,270 --> 00:49:35,033
The, the crittercam has been
Knocked off,

597
00:49:35,172 --> 00:49:38,039
that's how closely, uh, the whales were
to each other,

598
00:49:38,175 --> 00:49:41,838
really rubbing along,
uh, side-by-side."

599
00:49:45,415 --> 00:49:48,009
No giant squid was found.

600
00:49:48,652 --> 00:49:53,817
But this and other crittercam dives
make the expedition a stunning success.

601
00:49:54,758 --> 00:49:56,521
"We were able,
for the very, very first time,

602
00:49:56,660 --> 00:50:00,619
to enter into the deep-sea domain
of the sperm whale.

603
00:50:00,764 --> 00:50:03,358
By playing these instrument
on the whale, um,

604
00:50:03,500 --> 00:50:06,435
we were able to get down to
many hundreds of meters deep

605
00:50:06,570 --> 00:50:10,563
and how the animal actually behaves
down in those depths."

606
00:50:14,711 --> 00:50:17,908
But the sperm whales seem blissfully
unaware of our efforts to enter

607
00:50:18,048 --> 00:50:20,312
and understand their world.

608
00:50:20,717 --> 00:50:23,982
They have appointments
to keep far below,

609
00:50:24,121 --> 00:50:28,649
which we can still see
only our imagination.

610
00:51:53,376 --> 00:51:56,106
One day,
in the not too distance future,

611
00:51:56,246 --> 00:52:00,376
a whale may bring us
a living portrait of Architeuthis

612
00:52:02,152 --> 00:52:05,212
and one of the last great challenges
in natural science

613
00:52:05,355 --> 00:52:07,755
and photography will be met.

614
00:52:08,425 --> 00:52:09,289
But for the moment,

615
00:52:09,426 --> 00:52:12,953
we must contemplate these great whales
as we always have,

616
00:52:13,363 --> 00:52:15,729
fascinated by their physical powers,

617
00:52:15,866 --> 00:52:20,235
tantalized by the secrets they hold
in their great brains.

618
00:52:23,607 --> 00:52:27,202
Two-thirds of our planet lies
in the deep ocean,

619
00:52:27,511 --> 00:52:30,878
and that mysterious realm
is their home.

620
00:52:35,318 --> 00:52:37,286
In search of the giant squid,

621
00:52:37,420 --> 00:52:42,722
Clyde Roper and his colleagues seem
undaunted by the obstacles they face

622
00:52:43,059 --> 00:52:47,086
happily engrossed in the hunt
for the creature that fascinates them.

623
00:52:49,032 --> 00:52:53,435
Perhaps there is much truth
in John Steinbeck's observation,

624
00:52:53,803 --> 00:52:58,672
that men need sea monsters
in their personal oceans

625
00:52:59,042 --> 00:53:01,602
that an ocean
with its nameless creatures

626
00:53:01,745 --> 00:53:05,704
would be like sleep without dreams.