1 00:00:21,688 --> 00:00:22,586 Peru. 2 00:00:22,722 --> 00:00:27,022 For centuries home of the high civilizations of the Andes. 3 00:00:28,928 --> 00:00:33,126 Here the Sun ings of the Inca ruled over a vast empire, 4 00:00:33,266 --> 00:00:38,431 which stretched for 2,000 miles along the mountain spine of South America. 5 00:00:42,575 --> 00:00:48,514 In 1532, that empire was destroyed with tragic ease by the Spanish. 6 00:00:50,016 --> 00:00:51,984 As their world crumbled around them, 7 00:00:52,118 --> 00:00:56,521 Inca nobles retreated into the remote recesses of the mountains. 8 00:00:57,157 --> 00:01:01,958 There they struggled to keep alive their culture in its final refuge. 9 00:01:02,462 --> 00:01:06,421 The last city of the Incas Vilcabamba. 10 00:01:24,684 --> 00:01:26,413 This is the story of two men 11 00:01:26,553 --> 00:01:30,421 lured by the silent call of that last Inca hiding place. 12 00:01:31,658 --> 00:01:33,558 One to rediscover it 13 00:01:36,062 --> 00:01:38,997 the other to destroy it forever. 14 00:02:28,047 --> 00:02:30,242 Machu Picchu. 15 00:02:38,158 --> 00:02:42,618 For centuries, this spectacular Inca citadel lay forgotten, 16 00:02:43,163 --> 00:02:44,994 hidden by the plunging ravines 17 00:02:45,131 --> 00:02:48,726 and coiling mists of the mountain cloud forest. 18 00:02:59,312 --> 00:03:01,837 The year is 1948. 19 00:03:01,981 --> 00:03:06,042 Machu Picchu is visited by a retired American senator 20 00:03:06,186 --> 00:03:09,952 a man, who in his youth, revealed it to the world. 21 00:03:11,424 --> 00:03:14,154 He has done many things in his remarkable life, 22 00:03:14,294 --> 00:03:18,594 but Hiram Bingham knows he will be remembered for one: 23 00:03:19,332 --> 00:03:22,665 This astonishing archeological discovery. 24 00:03:25,438 --> 00:03:28,896 Hiram Bingham is a sort of accidental archeologist. 25 00:03:29,042 --> 00:03:31,875 He's been scorned by better trained excavators, 26 00:03:32,011 --> 00:03:37,381 but he really doesn't care he's used to coping with bad press. 27 00:03:40,520 --> 00:03:43,546 Back in Washington he'd been elected a Republican senator 28 00:03:43,690 --> 00:03:45,487 in the Roaring Twenties. 29 00:03:46,326 --> 00:03:50,422 His flamboyant style was perfectly in tune with the times. 30 00:03:52,599 --> 00:03:56,228 A bribery scandal, an affair with the wife of another Congressman, 31 00:03:56,369 --> 00:04:00,465 divorce, accusations that he'd embezzled his first wife's fortune 32 00:04:00,607 --> 00:04:03,303 had all left him unscathed. 33 00:04:05,812 --> 00:04:10,909 In 1929, he landed a Zeppelin on Capitol Hill as a publicity stunt. 34 00:04:12,418 --> 00:04:15,182 Hiram loved headlines. 35 00:04:15,788 --> 00:04:17,585 He was a very, very colorful character 36 00:04:17,724 --> 00:04:22,957 a man of enormous energy, tremendous ambition. 37 00:04:23,463 --> 00:04:27,297 He was capable of doing almost anything, and he had an attitude 38 00:04:27,433 --> 00:04:32,166 that led him to believe he could accomplish whatever he set out to do. 39 00:04:32,839 --> 00:04:37,640 Perhaps Hiram's adventurous life was the perfect reaction to his upbringing. 40 00:04:41,948 --> 00:04:45,679 Born to pioneering Christian missionaries in the Hawaiian Islands, 41 00:04:45,818 --> 00:04:49,618 Hiram was raised for a life of Puritan austerity. 42 00:04:52,358 --> 00:04:55,191 In the world of his childhood, any extravagance, 43 00:04:55,328 --> 00:04:59,287 lack of discipline, even dancing were strictly forbidden. 44 00:05:03,870 --> 00:05:07,499 Not surprisingly, Hiram was eager to escape. 45 00:05:08,207 --> 00:05:09,504 Resourceful and intelligent, 46 00:05:09,642 --> 00:05:13,544 he saved and studied to get into school on the mainland. 47 00:05:14,280 --> 00:05:17,772 Before long, he was headed for Yale. 48 00:05:19,519 --> 00:05:23,011 Hiram threw himself into Yale college life. 49 00:05:23,623 --> 00:05:27,616 Gone were the puritanical days of his Hawaiian childhood. 50 00:05:27,760 --> 00:05:31,321 Suddenly, a new world of temptations was beckoning. 51 00:05:31,464 --> 00:05:36,401 Intellectual excitement, adventure, and girls. 52 00:05:38,104 --> 00:05:40,732 Dear Mother, what can I do? 53 00:05:40,873 --> 00:05:42,807 I know it will hurt you to think that I dance, 54 00:05:42,942 --> 00:05:45,342 but people here in the East do not understand why 55 00:05:45,478 --> 00:05:46,968 anyone should not dance, 56 00:05:47,113 --> 00:05:49,172 unless one is sick or lame. 57 00:05:49,315 --> 00:05:53,046 I can see nothing wrong with it unless carried to excess. 58 00:05:54,420 --> 00:05:58,686 Although reserved, Hiram was determined to enjoy himself. 59 00:05:59,992 --> 00:06:01,016 Thanks to his charm, 60 00:06:01,160 --> 00:06:05,426 he was soon moving freely in this atmosphere of wealth and privilege. 61 00:06:07,934 --> 00:06:13,031 Before long, he met Alfreda Mitchell, heiress to the Tiffany fortune. 62 00:06:18,277 --> 00:06:22,179 Alfreda was irresistible, wealthy, and from the high society 63 00:06:22,315 --> 00:06:25,307 Hiram was now determined to be a part of. 64 00:06:27,820 --> 00:06:30,880 In 1900, two years after they first met, 65 00:06:31,023 --> 00:06:36,256 Hiram and Freda were married at the Mitchell's grand estate in New London. 66 00:06:39,432 --> 00:06:44,699 Hiram took to wealth like a duck to water but there was a down side. 67 00:06:44,837 --> 00:06:48,034 There was obviously an economic asymmetry. 68 00:06:48,174 --> 00:06:50,369 The wife brought with her a set of expectations 69 00:06:50,510 --> 00:06:53,308 about the style in which she should live, 70 00:06:53,446 --> 00:06:56,472 and her side of the family was apparently very active 71 00:06:56,616 --> 00:06:59,983 in making sure that those expectations were met. 72 00:07:00,953 --> 00:07:02,921 He liked the money and status, 73 00:07:03,055 --> 00:07:06,456 but hadn't banked on the pressures from his in laws. 74 00:07:07,193 --> 00:07:08,683 Used to his independence, 75 00:07:08,828 --> 00:07:13,265 Hiram soon began to feel like a bird in a gilded cage. 76 00:07:15,368 --> 00:07:18,462 He had every prospect of a professorship at Yale, 77 00:07:18,604 --> 00:07:23,632 but before long university life, too, started to feel suffocating. 78 00:07:26,779 --> 00:07:29,680 Feeling hemmed in by academia, in laws, 79 00:07:29,816 --> 00:07:31,681 and the pressures of domesticity, 80 00:07:31,818 --> 00:07:35,015 Hiram soon started looking for an escape. 81 00:07:36,022 --> 00:07:39,389 He decided field research for a book about Simon Bolivar 82 00:07:39,525 --> 00:07:42,460 would be his ticket to some adventure. 83 00:07:46,999 --> 00:07:53,063 In 1906, he said good bye to Alfreda and headed off for South America. 84 00:07:53,639 --> 00:07:56,335 I feel the Bingham blood stirring in my veins 85 00:07:56,476 --> 00:07:58,603 as I start for little known regions, 86 00:07:58,744 --> 00:08:03,511 as nearly all my Bingham ancestors for ten generations have done before me. 87 00:08:07,286 --> 00:08:12,189 Freda wasn't happy about the long separation imposed by his travels. 88 00:08:13,459 --> 00:08:18,055 Hiram wrote soothing letters as if he wasn't either. 89 00:08:19,832 --> 00:08:23,029 Dearly beloved, I love you with a love that increases 90 00:08:23,169 --> 00:08:24,864 from day to day. 91 00:08:25,404 --> 00:08:27,668 Let us not complain about our long separation 92 00:08:27,807 --> 00:08:32,506 but rejoice in the opportunity to accomplish a good piece of work. 93 00:08:35,481 --> 00:08:39,315 But thousands of miles away, Hiram was ecstatic. 94 00:08:40,019 --> 00:08:41,316 He may have missed Alfreda, 95 00:08:41,454 --> 00:08:45,652 but at last he met his true calling adventurer. 96 00:08:47,493 --> 00:08:52,487 It was through the actual process of travel that he began to realize that 97 00:08:52,632 --> 00:08:57,934 exploration rather than documentary research was what really drew him. 98 00:08:58,838 --> 00:09:01,170 Bingham abandoned his academic research 99 00:09:01,307 --> 00:09:03,867 to write a book about his travels. 100 00:09:10,950 --> 00:09:12,417 When he reached Peru, 101 00:09:12,552 --> 00:09:17,012 Bingham came face to face with the Inca world for the first time. 102 00:09:18,891 --> 00:09:21,086 He was entranced. 103 00:09:24,730 --> 00:09:27,096 Here was the remains of a civilization 104 00:09:27,233 --> 00:09:31,169 as vast and sophisticated as ancient Egypt, 105 00:09:32,138 --> 00:09:34,902 and yet little was known about it. 106 00:09:38,711 --> 00:09:42,408 Its descendants still populated the Andes. 107 00:09:45,818 --> 00:09:46,807 The ancient sites 108 00:09:46,953 --> 00:09:52,186 which littered Peru spoke to him of a magnificent bygone world, 109 00:09:52,825 --> 00:09:56,591 but he had no idea how to interpret what they said. 110 00:09:57,163 --> 00:09:59,893 He had to find a method on the spot. 111 00:10:01,167 --> 00:10:05,103 Fortunately, I had with me that extremely useful handbook, 112 00:10:05,237 --> 00:10:09,298 "Hints to the Travelers," published by the Royal Geographic Society. 113 00:10:10,509 --> 00:10:13,376 In one of the chapters I found out what should be done 114 00:10:13,512 --> 00:10:16,709 when one is confronted by a prehistoric site: 115 00:10:17,516 --> 00:10:18,813 Take careful measurements, 116 00:10:18,951 --> 00:10:23,820 plenty of photographs, and describe as accurately as possible all finds. 117 00:10:29,428 --> 00:10:34,127 He was soon eagerly examining Inca sites all over Peru. 118 00:10:39,705 --> 00:10:47,339 One episode of Inca history fascinated him above all others Vilcabamba, 119 00:10:47,480 --> 00:10:50,574 last stronghold of the Inca kings. 120 00:10:54,253 --> 00:10:56,619 Sixteenth century chronicles recounted 121 00:10:56,756 --> 00:10:59,691 how a core group of Inca nobles and priests 122 00:10:59,825 --> 00:11:02,385 had escaped the carnage of conquest 123 00:11:03,162 --> 00:11:05,562 and fled into the impenetrable high jungles 124 00:11:05,698 --> 00:11:08,929 to the north of the Inca capital, Cuzco. 125 00:11:11,337 --> 00:11:13,828 And there, at a place called Vilcabamba, 126 00:11:13,973 --> 00:11:17,568 they'd constructed an Inca court in exile. 127 00:11:18,444 --> 00:11:22,540 A palace, a temple, a final refuge of their world. 128 00:11:24,250 --> 00:11:28,414 They had taken their sacred relics of gold with them. 129 00:11:36,228 --> 00:11:40,892 Many had been lured by the accounts of Vilcabamba and gone in search of it. 130 00:11:41,333 --> 00:11:44,302 None had ever succeeded in finding it. 131 00:11:45,071 --> 00:11:47,972 Perhaps the relics and the gold were still there, 132 00:11:48,107 --> 00:11:51,702 hidden in the jungle, waiting to be discovered. 133 00:11:52,378 --> 00:11:54,539 Hiram was spellbound. 134 00:11:55,881 --> 00:11:58,611 It was a treasure seeker's dream. 135 00:12:02,588 --> 00:12:07,025 Suddenly, Hiram saw a fantastic adventure opening up before him: 136 00:12:07,159 --> 00:12:11,186 He would discover Vilcabamba, lost city of the Incas, 137 00:12:11,330 --> 00:12:14,197 and unearth its hidden treasures. 138 00:12:26,011 --> 00:12:27,945 Hiram returned to the U.S. 139 00:12:28,080 --> 00:12:32,244 And threw himself into fundraising and his researches on Vilcabamba. 140 00:12:33,786 --> 00:12:37,415 He pored over maps and chronicles of the Conquest. 141 00:12:38,290 --> 00:12:41,282 Based on these, Hiram made meticulous calculations of 142 00:12:41,427 --> 00:12:44,453 where Vilcabamba must be. 143 00:12:44,597 --> 00:12:47,430 After months of research, he was certain 144 00:12:47,566 --> 00:12:51,332 the last refuge of the Incas had been in a remote place now 145 00:12:51,470 --> 00:12:53,597 called Espiritu Pampa. 146 00:12:57,443 --> 00:13:01,812 Now all he had to do was raise the money for the expedition. 147 00:13:02,715 --> 00:13:06,674 He was too proud to be totally bankrolled by his wife's family. 148 00:13:07,419 --> 00:13:11,378 He went down to the Yale Club in New York City, and he gave a speech. 149 00:13:11,524 --> 00:13:14,152 A number of the people came forward. 150 00:13:14,627 --> 00:13:17,596 When they saw the pictures of his earlier travels, 151 00:13:17,730 --> 00:13:19,755 they became very excited. 152 00:13:20,533 --> 00:13:22,262 Last night a classmate, 153 00:13:22,401 --> 00:13:26,201 of whom I have seen very little, came over and talked with me. 154 00:13:26,338 --> 00:13:30,069 When I told him about my plans and how I needed $1800 155 00:13:30,209 --> 00:13:31,733 to pay for a topographer 156 00:13:31,877 --> 00:13:32,775 he smiled and said, 157 00:13:32,912 --> 00:13:36,075 "Eighteen hundred dollars? I'll give you that." 158 00:13:36,949 --> 00:13:39,975 I could have shouted with joy. 159 00:13:46,258 --> 00:13:49,227 The New York harbor on June 8th, 1911, 160 00:13:49,361 --> 00:13:52,057 Hiram Bingham stood on the deck of a steamer 161 00:13:52,198 --> 00:13:55,292 once again waving goodbye to his wife. 162 00:13:56,569 --> 00:13:58,696 This time it was harder. 163 00:13:58,838 --> 00:14:02,501 They had just had another son, Hiram IV. 164 00:14:04,243 --> 00:14:08,771 I shall never forget how you looked as you stood on the wharf with Harry, 165 00:14:08,914 --> 00:14:13,908 so brave and courageous, and yet so little and so appealing. 166 00:14:14,987 --> 00:14:17,785 It did seem too cruel for words that I should be 167 00:14:17,923 --> 00:14:19,618 leaving you all alone. 168 00:14:25,064 --> 00:14:29,558 But soon he was back in Peru doing what he loved most. 169 00:14:31,237 --> 00:14:35,139 In July 1911, he set off from Cuzco northwards 170 00:14:35,274 --> 00:14:38,072 on the long journey to Espiritu Pampa. 171 00:14:38,944 --> 00:14:42,505 Back in his element, Hiram was overjoyed. 172 00:14:47,486 --> 00:14:50,751 He was also extraordinarily lucky. 173 00:14:52,958 --> 00:14:57,224 After less than three weeks easy trekking down a newly opened road, 174 00:14:57,363 --> 00:15:00,730 a local farmer told him about some old stone terraces 175 00:15:00,866 --> 00:15:02,561 on a mountain nearby. 176 00:15:03,335 --> 00:15:06,566 Hiram asked the man what the place was called. 177 00:15:07,139 --> 00:15:11,803 He scribbled down the answer in his notebook Machu Picchu. 178 00:15:13,145 --> 00:15:16,171 He decided to have a quick look at it the next day. 179 00:15:19,652 --> 00:15:24,589 A young Indian boy led the party up onto a plateau a few hours away. 180 00:15:25,991 --> 00:15:28,118 Hardly had we rounded the promontory 181 00:15:28,260 --> 00:15:31,388 than we were confronted by an unexpected sight: 182 00:15:32,464 --> 00:15:36,560 A great flight of beautifully constructed stone faced terraces, 183 00:15:36,702 --> 00:15:39,102 perhaps a hundred of them. 184 00:15:44,710 --> 00:15:48,441 I could scarcely believe my senses. 185 00:15:53,953 --> 00:15:56,717 Would anyone believe what I had found? 186 00:16:01,894 --> 00:16:04,692 Fortunately, I had a good camera. 187 00:16:44,837 --> 00:16:48,398 He knew he'd found an Inca ruin of exceptional beauty, 188 00:16:48,540 --> 00:16:52,067 but I think because of his lack of experience, 189 00:16:52,211 --> 00:16:56,648 he didn't fully appreciate how unique the discovery was. 190 00:16:58,450 --> 00:17:01,715 It was an entire city which had lain untouched 191 00:17:01,854 --> 00:17:06,314 since the Incas had abandoned it almost 400 years before. 192 00:17:07,159 --> 00:17:10,686 Not understanding what he had found, Hiram left two of his team 193 00:17:10,829 --> 00:17:12,854 to start clearing and mapping the site 194 00:17:12,998 --> 00:17:17,025 while he pressed on to his real goal, Vilcabamba. 195 00:17:25,444 --> 00:17:27,912 He forged on northwards 196 00:17:31,784 --> 00:17:36,244 pushing his team through tangled... jungle and perilous ravines 197 00:17:38,524 --> 00:17:42,016 sure he was heading toward greater discoveries 198 00:17:43,762 --> 00:17:46,560 a fabulous lost city of temples and palaces 199 00:17:46,698 --> 00:17:50,190 that would put any other Inca ruin to shame. 200 00:18:06,018 --> 00:18:08,612 Finally, after weeks of arduous trekking, 201 00:18:08,754 --> 00:18:12,815 he approached the area where he knew Vilcabamba must be. 202 00:18:21,300 --> 00:18:26,033 For days his team hacked through dense underbrush and tangled vines. 203 00:18:27,339 --> 00:18:31,639 To their great astonishment, they found nothing. 204 00:18:34,680 --> 00:18:38,116 Espiritu Pampa was a desolate upland plateau 205 00:18:38,250 --> 00:18:43,347 with a few unimpressive stone foundations and a lot of dense jungle. 206 00:18:47,626 --> 00:18:51,960 It was a far cry from the magnificent city Bingham had imagined. 207 00:18:54,366 --> 00:18:57,096 He was disappointed and confused. 208 00:18:57,870 --> 00:19:02,637 Could this be Vilcabamba? Or had his calculations been wrong? 209 00:19:06,078 --> 00:19:09,514 A perplexed Hiram turned back the expedition. 210 00:19:10,916 --> 00:19:14,875 The men were exhausted and supplies were running out. 211 00:19:16,221 --> 00:19:21,591 As his team trudged back to civilization, morale hit rock bottom. 212 00:19:24,096 --> 00:19:28,328 I often wonder why under the sun I picked out a career 213 00:19:28,467 --> 00:19:31,561 that would force me to spend so much of my time away 214 00:19:31,703 --> 00:19:33,534 from my dear ones. 215 00:19:34,740 --> 00:19:37,106 The future is not clear to me. 216 00:19:38,810 --> 00:19:41,938 As Hiram headed back to the U.S. And Alfreda, 217 00:19:42,080 --> 00:19:46,107 gloom and uncertainty hung over his whole project. 218 00:19:57,262 --> 00:20:00,197 Once back in the U.S., Hiram's spirits revived, 219 00:20:00,332 --> 00:20:03,665 and with them his dreams of Vilcabamba. 220 00:20:04,436 --> 00:20:07,997 He rechecked his calculations of its position. 221 00:20:08,574 --> 00:20:12,908 If it was not Espiritu Pampa, could it be Machu Picchu? 222 00:20:13,045 --> 00:20:16,845 But Machu Picchu's position still seemed wrong. 223 00:20:18,550 --> 00:20:21,314 He decided to return to Peru the following year 224 00:20:21,453 --> 00:20:24,616 and investigate his find more thoroughly. 225 00:20:26,858 --> 00:20:30,817 When he arrived in Machu Picchu again in the summer of 1912, 226 00:20:30,963 --> 00:20:35,991 what the workmen had revealed was, quite simply, stunning. 227 00:20:46,144 --> 00:20:51,639 It clearly was some sort of city its size, its spectacular location, 228 00:20:51,783 --> 00:20:56,982 its magnificent terracing, all made him sure it was a royal city. 229 00:21:00,592 --> 00:21:05,291 No one but a king could have insisted on having the lintels of his doorways 230 00:21:05,430 --> 00:21:10,663 made of solid blocks of granite, each weighing three tons. 231 00:21:10,802 --> 00:21:14,829 What a prodigious amount of patient work had to be employed. 232 00:21:18,977 --> 00:21:22,913 Overcome with excitement, Hiram immediately began to speculate 233 00:21:23,048 --> 00:21:26,916 that this must be the last refuge of the Inca kings. 234 00:21:27,486 --> 00:21:32,651 Even if the location was wrong, everything else was so right. 235 00:21:34,693 --> 00:21:37,161 Here in this breathtaking hideout, 236 00:21:37,296 --> 00:21:42,233 the Inca rulers had surely sheltered the last remnants of their world. 237 00:21:53,945 --> 00:21:58,507 Hiram devoted himself to his spectacular find at Machu Picchu. 238 00:21:59,184 --> 00:22:02,415 It was his passport to worldwide fame. 239 00:22:05,457 --> 00:22:08,221 National Geographic devoted an entire magazine 240 00:22:08,360 --> 00:22:11,523 issue to Bingham and his work in Peru. 241 00:22:17,769 --> 00:22:22,968 Suddenly, everybody knew about Machu Picchu and the man who uncovered it. 242 00:22:27,979 --> 00:22:31,506 At a special National Geographic Society dinner he was honored 243 00:22:31,650 --> 00:22:33,709 along with the world renowned discoverers 244 00:22:33,852 --> 00:22:36,446 of the North and South Poles. 245 00:22:39,024 --> 00:22:43,324 Hiram had finally achieved the fame he'd always wanted. 246 00:22:43,995 --> 00:22:48,455 But his career as an excavator was not to last much longer. 247 00:22:52,471 --> 00:22:57,602 He returned to Peru in 1915 to a storm of controversy. 248 00:22:58,877 --> 00:23:00,777 For many Peruvians, 249 00:23:00,912 --> 00:23:02,641 the apparent absence of spectacular gold 250 00:23:02,781 --> 00:23:06,717 among Bingham's finds was deeply suspicious. 251 00:23:07,819 --> 00:23:10,413 Rumors flew that Bingham had found gold 252 00:23:10,555 --> 00:23:13,319 and was smuggling it out of the country. 253 00:23:20,599 --> 00:23:25,730 Fed up, fearing arrest, Hiram packed and left Peru. 254 00:23:31,009 --> 00:23:36,379 On his return to the U.S., he decided to abandon his excavations. 255 00:23:40,051 --> 00:23:42,383 The first World War was raging. 256 00:23:43,088 --> 00:23:45,420 He signed up as an aviator. 257 00:23:45,924 --> 00:23:51,692 World War I offered him a very convenient way of extricating himself 258 00:23:51,830 --> 00:23:55,095 from what had become an intractable situation in Peru. 259 00:23:55,233 --> 00:23:58,760 He could honorably say that the world needed him 260 00:23:58,904 --> 00:24:01,532 to become involved in the military effort 261 00:24:01,673 --> 00:24:05,074 that, as a patriot, he should do that. 262 00:24:10,816 --> 00:24:12,579 After a tour of duty in Europe, 263 00:24:12,717 --> 00:24:17,051 Bingham had the perfect qualifications for a political career. 264 00:24:17,522 --> 00:24:21,856 Yale man, world famous explorer, and now war hero. 265 00:24:22,527 --> 00:24:27,521 He was elected in 1924 to the U.S. Senate with little difficulty. 266 00:24:29,701 --> 00:24:33,831 His political star rose steadily through the 1920s, 267 00:24:34,840 --> 00:24:39,038 but a bribery scandal and the Great Depression brought it down fast. 268 00:24:40,145 --> 00:24:44,582 The political tide turned against Hiram and his buccaneering style. 269 00:24:45,116 --> 00:24:48,745 He lost his Senate seat in 1932. 270 00:24:49,588 --> 00:24:52,079 Before long, he lost Alfreda too, 271 00:24:52,224 --> 00:24:56,456 and left taking a large part of her family's money with him. 272 00:24:59,164 --> 00:25:02,099 Remarried, eager to make up for past mistakes, 273 00:25:02,234 --> 00:25:06,637 he turned back to tend the one reputation he knew was secure, 274 00:25:07,105 --> 00:25:09,972 discoverer of Machu Picchu. 275 00:25:11,576 --> 00:25:17,572 He believed to his dying day that Machu Picchu was Vilcabamba. 276 00:25:17,716 --> 00:25:21,709 As it turned out, here too he was mistaken. 277 00:25:24,990 --> 00:25:26,821 Later discoveries made it clear 278 00:25:26,958 --> 00:25:32,692 the real Vilcabamba was exactly where Hiram's first calculations had put it, 279 00:25:33,164 --> 00:25:35,064 at Espiritu Pampa. 280 00:25:36,768 --> 00:25:40,864 Beneath the tangled overgrowth of Espiritu Pampa's desolate jungle, 281 00:25:41,006 --> 00:25:45,306 the remains of Vilcabamba had been lying only a few hundred yards 282 00:25:45,443 --> 00:25:47,707 from where Hiram had searched. 283 00:25:55,487 --> 00:25:58,047 Determined to dispel any lingering doubts 284 00:25:58,189 --> 00:26:02,216 that Machu Picchu was not the last refuge of the Incas, 285 00:26:02,360 --> 00:26:06,592 Hiram devoted many of the years up to his death in 1956 286 00:26:06,731 --> 00:26:10,497 to his researches into Vilcabamba and its fall. 287 00:26:13,672 --> 00:26:17,199 His studies took him back to the 16th century. 288 00:26:19,811 --> 00:26:23,804 The bloodstained and tumultuous era of the Conquest 289 00:26:26,184 --> 00:26:29,984 and to a brilliant, chilling, now largely forgotten man 290 00:26:30,121 --> 00:26:32,988 who changed the course of Peru's history 291 00:26:33,692 --> 00:26:38,823 Francisco de Toledo, administrator of genius, 292 00:26:38,964 --> 00:26:43,697 passionate believer in the law, destroyer of Vilcabamba, 293 00:26:44,169 --> 00:26:47,036 killer of the last Inca king. 294 00:26:52,911 --> 00:26:56,369 Francisco de Toledo was born in 1515 295 00:26:56,514 --> 00:27:00,507 into the high Spanish nobility in the town of Oropesa. 296 00:27:01,286 --> 00:27:05,848 In the 16th century, you couldn't get much more privileged than this. 297 00:27:06,992 --> 00:27:11,019 Spain was the wealthiest and most powerful nation on earth. 298 00:27:13,164 --> 00:27:16,395 Its massive armies had subdued Moslems in the Middle East 299 00:27:16,534 --> 00:27:19,332 and Protestants in Europe's north. 300 00:27:20,338 --> 00:27:23,398 It was the powerhouse of the West. 301 00:27:26,745 --> 00:27:30,306 The recent astonishing discoveries of a whole new continent 302 00:27:30,448 --> 00:27:35,784 promised an inexhaustible supply of wealth, and it all belonged to Spain. 303 00:27:37,389 --> 00:27:40,324 This was the confident, aggressive and opulent world 304 00:27:40,458 --> 00:27:42,892 Francisco was born into. 305 00:27:47,966 --> 00:27:52,335 But despite his family's position, his early life was not easy. 306 00:27:53,905 --> 00:27:59,309 His mother died in childbirth, and young Francisco was raised by nuns. 307 00:28:00,045 --> 00:28:01,637 He grew up isolated in a world of 308 00:28:01,780 --> 00:28:05,716 austere Catholicism and fervent devotion. 309 00:28:08,153 --> 00:28:12,954 Young Francisco took on the qualities of the religious world that shaped him. 310 00:28:13,091 --> 00:28:15,685 He became tough minded, disciplined, 311 00:28:15,827 --> 00:28:19,228 and an ardent believer in the justice of Christ. 312 00:28:27,906 --> 00:28:31,342 His family had always been loyal servants of the Spanish crown, 313 00:28:31,476 --> 00:28:35,913 so at 15 Francisco became a page at the royal palace. 314 00:28:39,150 --> 00:28:43,712 In 1532, Francisco would have been at court for only two years 315 00:28:43,855 --> 00:28:48,792 when he heard the astounding tales of Pizarro's conquest of Peru 316 00:28:48,927 --> 00:28:53,796 and the astonishing ransom in gold of the Inca king, Atahuallpa. 317 00:28:56,801 --> 00:29:01,101 These were reports from beyond the edge of the known world. 318 00:29:04,375 --> 00:29:06,707 How could his imagination not be seized 319 00:29:06,845 --> 00:29:10,975 by the faraway kingdom of Peru and its amazing riches? 320 00:29:20,158 --> 00:29:22,786 Francisco joined a religious and military order 321 00:29:22,927 --> 00:29:26,294 at the forefront of Spain's expansion. 322 00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:31,525 He took the necessary vows 323 00:29:32,036 --> 00:29:36,336 and dedicated his life to Christ, Spain and the law. 324 00:29:46,951 --> 00:29:50,409 Toledo was brought up to be what we would consider a humanist. 325 00:29:50,555 --> 00:29:53,854 He had training in the law, he could read Latin. 326 00:29:53,992 --> 00:29:56,460 So, he was a man trained to be like, 327 00:29:56,594 --> 00:30:01,554 today we would say a Harvard or a Yale man, ready to rule. 328 00:30:03,401 --> 00:30:06,370 Francisco rose fast through the ranks. 329 00:30:06,504 --> 00:30:12,033 By 1558, he'd become a permanent, powerful member of the royal household. 330 00:30:13,578 --> 00:30:15,546 He was one of the chosen few present 331 00:30:15,680 --> 00:30:19,207 at the bedside of ing Charles V when he died. 332 00:30:21,719 --> 00:30:24,711 Francisco went on to serve the next king of Spain, 333 00:30:24,856 --> 00:30:26,448 Philip I I, 334 00:30:27,525 --> 00:30:29,857 who on taking the throne was confronted 335 00:30:29,994 --> 00:30:33,623 with the devastating and unexpected realization 336 00:30:34,332 --> 00:30:36,391 the empire was broke. 337 00:30:37,202 --> 00:30:38,794 Overextended in Europe, 338 00:30:38,937 --> 00:30:41,872 Spain had also financed decades of conquest 339 00:30:42,006 --> 00:30:44,566 and exploration in the Americas. 340 00:30:46,945 --> 00:30:49,846 Very little was coming back. 341 00:30:50,949 --> 00:30:54,248 All that Inca and Aztec gold that had been melted down 342 00:30:54,385 --> 00:30:56,876 turned out to be a drop in the ocean. 343 00:30:59,858 --> 00:31:04,124 The real wealth of the colonies was in the hands of the 'encomenderos,' 344 00:31:04,762 --> 00:31:07,595 the new Spanish overlords who had divided up the lands 345 00:31:07,732 --> 00:31:10,064 and the Indians amongst themselves. 346 00:31:11,903 --> 00:31:13,097 In a feeding frenzy 347 00:31:13,238 --> 00:31:16,105 over the astonishing wealth of their newfound land, 348 00:31:16,241 --> 00:31:20,940 the encomenderos had spawned Spain's very own Wild West, 349 00:31:22,313 --> 00:31:25,771 where lawlessness and the sword ruled. 350 00:31:37,762 --> 00:31:42,790 They were busy making themselves rich, and not paying tribute to the crown. 351 00:31:45,103 --> 00:31:47,867 Philip realized he desperately needed someone 352 00:31:48,006 --> 00:31:50,406 who could straighten out the colony in Peru 353 00:31:50,541 --> 00:31:53,874 and get some revenues flowing back to Spain. 354 00:31:55,113 --> 00:31:59,072 That man, he decided, was Francisco de Toledo. 355 00:32:10,461 --> 00:32:13,988 In 1569, Francisco set sail for Peru 356 00:32:14,132 --> 00:32:16,862 to take up the most challenging and important job 357 00:32:17,001 --> 00:32:20,869 in the Spanish Empire, Viceroy of Peru. 358 00:32:25,777 --> 00:32:28,610 The grueling journey took almost an entire year 359 00:32:28,746 --> 00:32:32,182 across the barely charted waters of the Atlantic, 360 00:32:34,052 --> 00:32:38,045 and then down the Pacific Coast of South America to Peru. 361 00:32:47,131 --> 00:32:49,691 On November 30th, 1569, 362 00:32:49,834 --> 00:32:54,134 Francisco arrived in the Spanish capital of Peru, Lima. 363 00:32:58,009 --> 00:32:59,237 Anxious for his favor, 364 00:32:59,377 --> 00:33:03,040 the local encomenderos gave him an enthusiastic welcome. 365 00:33:07,151 --> 00:33:11,349 But in a letter to ing Philip, he secretly confided his disgust 366 00:33:11,489 --> 00:33:15,619 for the anarchic little frontier town and its Spanish overlords. 367 00:33:17,028 --> 00:33:20,896 The Spaniards in this kingdom have tried to fill their greedy hands 368 00:33:21,032 --> 00:33:25,162 in the looting of ancient tombs and sacred worship sites. 369 00:33:25,303 --> 00:33:30,002 And it is the most common thing for them to wildly flaunt their finds. 370 00:33:32,010 --> 00:33:34,911 But this is what he'd been sent to put right. 371 00:33:36,814 --> 00:33:41,808 The new viceroy threw himself into the task of reforming the delinquent colony. 372 00:33:43,388 --> 00:33:45,117 It quickly became clear to him that 373 00:33:45,256 --> 00:33:49,989 the colony was being pulled apart by two powerful forces. 374 00:33:50,128 --> 00:33:52,790 On the one hand there were the encomenderos 375 00:33:52,930 --> 00:33:56,297 who fought amongst themselves and enslaved the Indians. 376 00:33:58,102 --> 00:34:02,266 On the other, there was the Church, which also felt it had a moral right 377 00:34:02,407 --> 00:34:05,672 not only to Indian souls, but their labor. 378 00:34:08,713 --> 00:34:14,345 The whole colony was feeding itself on Indian toil and Indian ignorance. 379 00:34:20,458 --> 00:34:21,425 Not surprisingly, 380 00:34:21,559 --> 00:34:25,586 the native population simmered with resentment and discontent. 381 00:34:26,731 --> 00:34:32,067 Francisco could immediately see where he had to focus his reforms. 382 00:34:34,605 --> 00:34:37,574 I am informed that the Indians are not free 383 00:34:37,708 --> 00:34:39,369 as a result of their weakness, 384 00:34:39,510 --> 00:34:42,707 and the great awe they have toward Spaniards. 385 00:34:43,281 --> 00:34:46,182 It is, therefore, my duty as their protector 386 00:34:46,317 --> 00:34:49,878 to see they are not cheated in their work. 387 00:34:51,289 --> 00:34:54,087 Francisco also learned the Inca court in exile, 388 00:34:54,225 --> 00:34:56,022 now established in Vilcabamba, 389 00:34:56,160 --> 00:34:59,027 had already been at the center of the violent rebellion 390 00:34:59,163 --> 00:35:01,688 which had raged for years. 391 00:35:13,911 --> 00:35:21,545 When Toledo arrived to Peru, he was sympathetic to the Inca. 392 00:35:22,553 --> 00:35:27,513 On the other hand, there had been this famous uprising of the Incas. 393 00:35:27,658 --> 00:35:30,627 The Incas had retired to Vilcabamba 394 00:35:30,761 --> 00:35:35,630 and they were threatening the whole process of the conquest. 395 00:35:37,468 --> 00:35:39,800 Francisco had to somehow introduce order 396 00:35:39,937 --> 00:35:43,031 into this volatile and chaotic situation. 397 00:35:46,878 --> 00:35:49,574 He realized he could never put things right 398 00:35:49,714 --> 00:35:52,877 unless he came to understand it in greater depth. 399 00:35:53,718 --> 00:35:56,243 So he proposed something that, for the time, 400 00:35:56,387 --> 00:36:01,290 was absolutely remarkable a research trip 401 00:36:01,359 --> 00:36:05,125 to find out at first hand what was happening in the colony. 402 00:36:09,467 --> 00:36:12,766 I saw clearly that I would not be able to govern the Spaniards 403 00:36:12,904 --> 00:36:17,534 or the Indians with the zeal that I had for serving God or Your Majesty 404 00:36:17,675 --> 00:36:21,975 unless I saw the land, traveled through it, and inspected it. 405 00:36:25,816 --> 00:36:28,546 It was what we would do today in a social survey. 406 00:36:28,686 --> 00:36:30,711 It was completely innovative. 407 00:36:30,855 --> 00:36:35,189 The government up to that point was based on brutality and the use of arms. 408 00:36:35,326 --> 00:36:38,818 What Toledo proposes is government based on knowledge, 409 00:36:38,963 --> 00:36:41,761 which makes him a man ahead of his time. 410 00:36:44,468 --> 00:36:49,735 So in 1570, Toledo set out on his remarkable voyages of investigation 411 00:36:49,874 --> 00:36:52,843 through the remnants of the vast Inca Empire. 412 00:36:54,712 --> 00:36:57,044 They would last for five years. 413 00:37:02,653 --> 00:37:04,280 With translators and scribes, 414 00:37:04,422 --> 00:37:07,619 he traveled from one end of the colony to the other, 415 00:37:07,758 --> 00:37:13,924 interviewing Indians and Spanish alike, collecting data on population, 416 00:37:14,065 --> 00:37:18,593 land holdings, resources and local history. 417 00:37:20,404 --> 00:37:21,837 In the years of his travels, 418 00:37:21,973 --> 00:37:26,501 he accumulated an astonishing 600,000 documents. 419 00:37:29,547 --> 00:37:32,015 As Francisco listened to Indians talking, 420 00:37:32,149 --> 00:37:35,641 he understood the magnitude of their catastrophe. 421 00:37:37,488 --> 00:37:40,514 Not only had they been subjected to the encomenderos, 422 00:37:40,658 --> 00:37:43,684 but they were dying by the hundreds of thousands. 423 00:37:47,798 --> 00:37:51,097 A series of devastating epidemics of European diseases 424 00:37:51,235 --> 00:37:52,964 to which they had no resistance 425 00:37:53,104 --> 00:37:58,269 had already wiped out over half the Indian population of Peru. 426 00:38:01,912 --> 00:38:04,938 In just 30 years since the arrival of Pizarro, 427 00:38:05,082 --> 00:38:09,610 almost a million people had died of colds, flus, 428 00:38:09,754 --> 00:38:11,813 measles and small pox. 429 00:38:14,792 --> 00:38:19,286 In despair, many people were focusing unreal hopes of salvation 430 00:38:19,430 --> 00:38:21,864 on the Inca court in exile. 431 00:38:22,700 --> 00:38:24,463 Francisco started to believe that 432 00:38:24,602 --> 00:38:29,198 Vilcabamba's hold on the Indian imagination had to be broken. 433 00:38:34,512 --> 00:38:36,571 Francisco traveled on. 434 00:38:38,115 --> 00:38:41,175 In the course of his research he covered all the territory 435 00:38:41,319 --> 00:38:45,187 from what is now Quito in Ecuador to Bolivia. 436 00:38:47,558 --> 00:38:50,527 And as he traveled, he learned something else. 437 00:38:50,661 --> 00:38:55,121 The Inca Empire had been composed of many different tribes. 438 00:38:56,367 --> 00:38:58,426 The Incas were just one of them 439 00:38:58,569 --> 00:39:01,538 who had come to dominate the others only recently, 440 00:39:02,306 --> 00:39:05,867 about 100 years before the arrival of the Spanish. 441 00:39:08,079 --> 00:39:12,641 Just like the Spanish, they had waged fierce war to conquer the country. 442 00:39:22,560 --> 00:39:27,463 There was no shortage of evidence of Inca brutality to weaker tribes. 443 00:39:30,468 --> 00:39:32,026 The Incas are tyrants, 444 00:39:32,169 --> 00:39:36,162 and as such, intruders in the government of these lands. 445 00:39:37,007 --> 00:39:39,703 I think he was looking for arguments 446 00:39:39,844 --> 00:39:45,783 in order to justify the Spanish conquest within this particular region. 447 00:39:45,916 --> 00:39:50,285 And he saw that the excuse could be to blame 448 00:39:50,421 --> 00:39:53,322 the Inca people as being tyrants, 449 00:39:53,457 --> 00:39:57,655 as being dictators, as being people who had imposed themselves 450 00:39:57,795 --> 00:40:02,391 with force on the populations they had conquered 451 00:40:02,533 --> 00:40:06,025 in order to present the Spanish Conquest 452 00:40:06,170 --> 00:40:08,297 as a sort of liberated process. 453 00:40:10,374 --> 00:40:12,103 He wasn't wrong. 454 00:40:13,377 --> 00:40:15,868 What happens is when you use the word 'tyrant' 455 00:40:16,013 --> 00:40:18,743 it has a whole moral connotation. 456 00:40:20,851 --> 00:40:23,319 The Incas were an authoritarian system, 457 00:40:23,454 --> 00:40:27,754 with an imperial military force which was extremely violent, cruel, 458 00:40:27,892 --> 00:40:31,623 and would use the sorts of torture which would scandalize us 459 00:40:31,762 --> 00:40:34,230 if they were used in European wars. 460 00:40:49,346 --> 00:40:53,180 As Francisco pondered the realities he had discovered on his voyages, 461 00:40:53,317 --> 00:40:54,750 any doubts he might have had 462 00:40:54,885 --> 00:40:58,651 about the legitimacy of the Spanish conquest evaporated. 463 00:41:01,659 --> 00:41:02,921 With typical thoroughness, 464 00:41:03,060 --> 00:41:05,858 he came up with a plan which was brilliantly argued, 465 00:41:05,996 --> 00:41:09,329 utterly coherent and totally draconian. 466 00:41:11,802 --> 00:41:16,000 His vision was of a great kingdom of stern justice in Peru. 467 00:41:17,775 --> 00:41:19,242 He would impose Spain's authority 468 00:41:19,376 --> 00:41:23,335 on the quarreling encomenderos and church alike. 469 00:41:23,481 --> 00:41:26,041 He knew he would make enemies of both of them. 470 00:41:26,183 --> 00:41:28,310 He did it anyway. 471 00:41:32,556 --> 00:41:36,822 And he would totally reorganize the Indian world so it could experience 472 00:41:36,961 --> 00:41:40,453 both the justice and authority of the Spanish crown. 473 00:41:42,700 --> 00:41:45,726 The Indians were to be resettled from their remote villages 474 00:41:45,870 --> 00:41:47,667 into more accessible towns 475 00:41:47,805 --> 00:41:51,935 where they would pay taxes to Spain and be protected by her. 476 00:41:53,878 --> 00:41:58,281 And he would insist that, as subjects of Spain, they had rights. 477 00:42:04,855 --> 00:42:07,255 But there was one terrible price to pay 478 00:42:07,391 --> 00:42:11,885 for Francisco's vision of a just social order in Peru 479 00:42:16,000 --> 00:42:18,798 there would be no place for Vilcabamba. 480 00:42:19,904 --> 00:42:23,032 There could not be two kings in the colony. 481 00:42:23,841 --> 00:42:29,336 Vilcabamba and the remaining power of the Inca kings must be destroyed. 482 00:42:40,558 --> 00:42:45,291 Unknown to Francisco, the Inca king he was deciding to destroy 483 00:42:45,429 --> 00:42:50,890 was little more than a boy, Tupac Amaru. 484 00:42:52,970 --> 00:42:56,133 Brought up by the Inca priestesses of Vilcabamba, 485 00:42:56,273 --> 00:43:00,141 he was deeply religious and knew nothing of the outside world. 486 00:43:01,679 --> 00:43:08,551 He was gentle, famously beautiful, charming, and it seems, not very smart. 487 00:43:08,686 --> 00:43:13,817 Tupac Amaru was very young when he was crowned Inca. 488 00:43:14,491 --> 00:43:17,221 Tupac Amaru is referred as an 'Uti'. 489 00:43:17,361 --> 00:43:22,731 Uti is meant to be sort of not mentally retarded, 490 00:43:22,866 --> 00:43:25,528 but not the quickest, not the brightest. 491 00:43:28,205 --> 00:43:31,606 Tupac Amaru was a very young person. 492 00:43:31,742 --> 00:43:36,873 I don't imagine him as being very well politically trained. 493 00:43:37,014 --> 00:43:37,878 He was very young. 494 00:43:38,015 --> 00:43:41,041 He was just a symbolic figure. 495 00:43:43,487 --> 00:43:48,481 Tupac Amaru was an innocent, but that wasn't going to save him. 496 00:43:52,730 --> 00:43:58,635 On June 16th, 1572, Spanish troops thundered towards Vilcabamba. 497 00:44:01,372 --> 00:44:03,169 As they charge into the citadel, 498 00:44:03,307 --> 00:44:06,140 Tupac Amaru manages to escape with his wife 499 00:44:06,276 --> 00:44:08,767 who is expecting their first child. 500 00:44:11,949 --> 00:44:13,917 They don't get far. 501 00:44:31,268 --> 00:44:34,863 The bewildered young Tupac is dragged back to Cuzco, 502 00:44:35,005 --> 00:44:40,068 and on September 21 st, 1572, condemned to death. 503 00:44:51,822 --> 00:44:55,815 As Tupac Amaru is led through the streets to his execution, 504 00:44:55,959 --> 00:44:58,086 the town is seething. 505 00:45:00,264 --> 00:45:03,665 Everybody has fallen in love with the handsome young king, 506 00:45:04,435 --> 00:45:07,768 not just Indians, but Spaniards too. 507 00:45:11,041 --> 00:45:13,976 They all want Francisco to relent. 508 00:45:25,956 --> 00:45:30,791 Francisco locks himself in his office and refuses to see anyone. 509 00:45:39,303 --> 00:45:45,173 In the main square of Cuzco, Tupac Amaru rises to the execution block. 510 00:45:47,678 --> 00:45:50,511 An eyewitness records the scene: 511 00:45:52,850 --> 00:45:56,479 As the multitude of Indians saw that lamentable spectacle, 512 00:45:56,620 --> 00:45:59,851 they deafened the skies making them reverberate 513 00:45:59,990 --> 00:46:02,823 with their cries and wailing. 514 00:46:07,464 --> 00:46:11,093 There are two versions of what happens next. 515 00:46:13,904 --> 00:46:17,863 In one, Tupac quiets the crowd and says nobly, 516 00:46:18,008 --> 00:46:22,274 "Mother Earth, witness how my enemies shed my blood." 517 00:46:30,220 --> 00:46:33,815 In another, he makes a rambling, tearful speech 518 00:46:33,957 --> 00:46:36,357 and renounces the Inca gods. 519 00:46:40,697 --> 00:46:44,929 Everyone prays that Toledo will change his mind. 520 00:46:48,071 --> 00:46:53,304 But from Toledo's closed office, there is a resounding silence. 521 00:47:31,582 --> 00:47:34,278 Toledo writes to ing Philip: 522 00:47:35,152 --> 00:47:41,716 What Your Majesty has ordered concerning the Inca has been done. 523 00:47:48,699 --> 00:47:52,260 But His Majesty had not ordered the death of Tupac Amaru, 524 00:47:52,402 --> 00:47:55,428 only a solution to the Indian problem. 525 00:47:56,406 --> 00:48:01,070 From this moment the tide starts to turn against Francisco. 526 00:48:04,414 --> 00:48:09,181 Toledo accomplished the mission that he had set out for himself. 527 00:48:10,153 --> 00:48:14,112 That's why he wanted it to be so public and so theatrical, 528 00:48:14,258 --> 00:48:19,719 to send a message, "This is over; this is it." 529 00:48:21,064 --> 00:48:22,929 But it wasn't over. 530 00:48:24,201 --> 00:48:28,433 As Tupac's head was mounted on a pike in Cuzco's central square, 531 00:48:28,572 --> 00:48:32,941 the Inca king's faithful subjects held vigil all night. 532 00:48:33,744 --> 00:48:36,042 And immediately the stories circulated that 533 00:48:36,179 --> 00:48:41,344 Tupac Amaru's head became more beautiful with each passing minute. 534 00:48:46,690 --> 00:48:51,059 As the centuries passed, it became more beautiful still. 535 00:48:52,629 --> 00:48:54,529 Tupac Amaru was converted into 536 00:48:54,665 --> 00:48:57,327 a Christ like figure of martyred innocence, 537 00:48:57,467 --> 00:49:00,595 the symbol of native resistance to oppression. 538 00:49:01,772 --> 00:49:06,436 For 500 years, almost every popular rebellion in Peru, 539 00:49:06,576 --> 00:49:09,943 from the Great Indian uprisings of the 18th century, 540 00:49:10,080 --> 00:49:11,638 led by Tupac Amaru I I, 541 00:49:11,782 --> 00:49:16,947 to the urban guerrillas of the late 20th century, have invoked his name. 542 00:49:20,090 --> 00:49:21,284 It's a tragic myth, 543 00:49:21,425 --> 00:49:26,089 because everybody who invoked Tupac Amaru failed as well. 544 00:49:27,130 --> 00:49:31,567 Tupac Amaru I I failed, the Peruvian Revolution of '68, 545 00:49:31,702 --> 00:49:36,537 which relied on the image of the two Tupac Amarus, also failed. 546 00:49:40,277 --> 00:49:44,145 As history turned Tupac Amaru into a tragic hero, 547 00:49:44,281 --> 00:49:48,513 it turned Francisco into a caricature of the cruel Spaniard. 548 00:49:49,152 --> 00:49:52,315 Forgotten were his stands for justice and the rights of Indians 549 00:49:52,456 --> 00:49:56,358 against the brutal exploitation of the encomenderos, 550 00:49:56,927 --> 00:49:59,361 he became famous for one thing: 551 00:49:59,997 --> 00:50:03,899 Executing the innocent boy king, Tupac Amaru. 552 00:50:08,105 --> 00:50:11,199 You've got to remember who was writing that history. 553 00:50:11,341 --> 00:50:14,037 The history of Spain was written by priests, 554 00:50:14,177 --> 00:50:16,975 the missionaries who hated Toledo. 555 00:50:17,514 --> 00:50:20,347 I think he held everybody to the same standards. 556 00:50:20,484 --> 00:50:23,920 In administrative terms, he did the right thing. 557 00:50:24,755 --> 00:50:28,384 In terms of his conscience, only he can tell. 558 00:50:34,865 --> 00:50:38,824 After a remarkably successful reform of the colony in Peru, 559 00:50:38,969 --> 00:50:40,630 Francisco returned to Spain 560 00:50:40,771 --> 00:50:44,298 expecting honors for his years of faithful service. 561 00:50:46,276 --> 00:50:49,609 Instead, insults and disgrace were heaped on him. 562 00:50:49,746 --> 00:50:53,045 The church had worked its influence on Philip. 563 00:50:54,684 --> 00:50:57,778 The king who he had served with such brilliance and devotion 564 00:50:57,921 --> 00:51:01,322 dismissed Francisco without an audience. 565 00:51:02,125 --> 00:51:04,150 Go away to your house. 566 00:51:04,294 --> 00:51:09,129 I sent you to serve a king, and you killed a king. 567 00:51:13,603 --> 00:51:15,901 It was a devastating blow. 568 00:51:18,175 --> 00:51:22,168 Mortally wounded, he returned to his family's home. 569 00:51:24,648 --> 00:51:28,584 Six months later, Francisco de Toledo, 570 00:51:28,718 --> 00:51:33,655 Fifth Viceroy of Peru, died a broken man. 571 00:51:37,561 --> 00:51:42,931 His stern vision of a realm of justice in Peru never came to be. 572 00:51:43,600 --> 00:51:48,128 The greed and corruption of the colony slowly reasserted itself. 573 00:51:48,672 --> 00:51:52,335 The Indians were exploited as never before. 574 00:51:53,710 --> 00:51:56,702 As the screws of colonial oppression tightened, 575 00:51:56,847 --> 00:51:59,543 the memory of Francisco faded, 576 00:51:59,683 --> 00:52:02,880 and Vilcabamba became the tragic myth 577 00:52:03,019 --> 00:52:07,080 which would return to haunt Peru forever.