Field ration planning begins with the idea that in the backcountry, you 
should eat whenever you are hungry throughout the day. Snack foods that 
you can munch on while on the move or during breaks (lunch is often just 
a longer trail break), such as nuts, granola, hard candy and cheese, 
should be a part of your field rations. These foods provide a handy 
source of quick energy when you are hiking and are also a quick solution 
for cold or hunger in the middle of the night. Extra trail foods also 
make a good emergency food reserve. If you are planning rations for a 
group, you might have each individual be responsible for their own trail 
food to account for personal preferences and body needs; some people 
like and perform better with cheese and dried meat snacks, others with 
nuts and granola. Rather than planning rigid menus for each meal, 
include in a ration a wide variety of ingredients which provide good 
nutrition and allow for choice at each meal. If you experience a craving 
for a certain type of food, your body could be telling you it needs a 
particular nutrient (or it might just mean that you like pepperoni 
pizza). Basic foodstuffs combined with a little creativity are the 
ingredients for good backcountry eating.


For a weekend bivouac in the field, rations can be informal; just toss a 
few big cans of beef stew or chili into your rucksack (Nalley even makes 
them in camouflaged cans sold during hunting season). You should, 
however, include a good supply of food that yields a high amount of 
energy, like cheese or macaroni, which you can probably find in your 
refrigerator or pantry. For longer stays in the field, particularly with 
groups of four or more, rationing can require considerable planning. 
Like most outdoor skills, it may seem painstaking and time-consuming the 
first time, but after you have done it once and begin to understand your 
needs, the process will become quite easy.


There are six important criteria which, when combined with an 
understanding of good nutrition, can help you determine the right food 
to take to the field:


1. Your Mission. The major activities you anticipate during your mission 
should influence your choice of foods. If you will need to do a lot of 
mountaineering and cover a lot of miles, you want foods that can be 
prepared quickly. Energy content will be important, so pack snack foods 
to give yourself extra energy for long days. Don't count on running 
across edible wild vegetation, game or fish in your area of operations, 
but certainly supplement your rations if the opportunity arises and time 
and the mission allows.


2. Weight. Food is a major part of the weight of your rucksack. Your 
rations should weigh about 1-1/2 to 2-1/4 pounds per person per day in 
the summer and 2-1/4 to 2-1/2 pounds in the winter. Eight to ten days 
supply of food is about as much as you can carry comfortably along with 
your weapon, ammo and other mission essential equipment. This assumes 
that much of the food will be dehydrated or dry staples like rice or 
pasta. If water will be in short supply and you need to carry canned 
food and extra water, the ration you can carry won't last as long. 
Freeze dried foods, in which only 2 to 3 percent of the moisture remains 
are lighter than dried foods, which often contain a full 25 percent of 
their original moisture. However, the freeze-drying process often remo
ves some of the nutritional value of the food and freeze dried foods are 
much more expensive. Freeze drying does not alter the cell structure of 
food like other drying processes, so it retains its original shape and 
bulk. For example, you can pack more shriveled up dried apples in your 
rucksack than the equivalent amount of freeze-dried apples which stay 
their original size. To keep weight down, never carry food in glass 
bottles (which are also unsafe) and avoid canned foods or select those 
in aluminum cans like some meat spreads and Vienna sausage. To save 
weight and eliminate unnecessary bulk, discard original packaging (save 
the instructions) and place dried foods in zip-lock plastic bags. 
Freezer bags are stronger than sandwich bags and should be used with 
items like spaghetti which can puncture a weak bag. Carry spices and 
liquids in reusable plastic bottles. Bags and liquid containers can 
spring leaks, so pack liquid containers or several small bags of food in 
large freezer bags and also carry a few extra bags. Peanut butter, 
syrups and honey can be carried in backpacker's reusable squeeze tubes 
and many can now be found on the grocery store shelf in plastic 
packaging.


3. Spoilage. Because of the risk of spoilage, most meats and fresh foods 
should be excluded from summer rations. If you carry all dried goods, 
it's nice to throw in a couple of onions or potatoes, which will keep 
for three or four days (to reduce spoilage, use a brown paper bag and do 
not wash fresh vegetables before packing). Margarine or vegetable oil 
must replace butter on longer stays in the field in the summer. Fresh 
eggs can be broken into a plastic jar with a tight sealing lid and they 
will pour out one at a time. Fresh eggs broken into a backpacker's 
reusable squeeze tube will come out of the spout one at a time. They 
will keep up to four days if kept cool; carry the container in the 
center of your rucksack wrapped in clothing and immerse them in a stream 
when in camp. Plastic camping type egg carriers aren't sturdy enough for 
fresh eggs, but can be used for hard-boiled eggs; keep these cool also 
and use on the first few days in the field. Store-wrapped meat packages 
can be safely taken from your freezer, wrapped in some newspaper and 
packed in a brown paper bag for consumption on the first day of a 
mission, but freeze-dried meats, jerky or hard salami are the only 
practical form of carrying meat for more than one day in the field.


4. Availability and Expense. The best way to insure good, nutritious 
meals and keep your expenses down is to avoid freeze dried foods, which 
can be 3 to 6 times more expensive than buying ingredients for cooking 
from scratch. The more box dinners, commercially-mixed drinks and 
store-bought granola you use, the higher your food bill and the lower 
the nutritional value will be. If you are rationing for large groups, 
buy directly from granaries, dairies or wholesale stores. When including 
freeze-dried foods foods in your rations, try to buy in bulk directly 
from an outlet rather than from retail distributors. Investing in a food 
dryer is a good way to cut down on the cost of dried vegetables and 
fruit (get one with both heat and circulating air). Most of the foods
tuffs you should carry to the field are common staples which you can 
find in a large supermarket.


5. Variety. The more you know about your group's normal eating habits, 
the better you can plan their field rations. Include various types of 
food: trail foods, baking goods, spices for flavoring sauces and instant 
foods for rushed meals. Take along a few special ingredients and 
surprise your companions.


6. Preparations. When planning rations, consider the circumstances under 
which you will cook. What cooking tools will you be taking? Will you be 
using a stove or an open fire? If you will be cooking entirely on a 
butane or multifuel backpacking stove, most of your meals will most 
likely be cooked in one pot and baking will be very limited. If you only 
have a pocket stove and solid fuel tablets, your rations will have to be 
limited to reheating already cooked food in cans or pouches (like MRE's 
or vacuum sealed cooking bags) or freeze-dried foods. In cold weather, 
avoid foods that need to cook a long time or require a lot of pot 
handling or intricate use of knives or fingers, since you will probably 
be wearing heavy gloves or mittens.


The following sample represents a summer ration plan for ten days for 
two people at 2 pounds per person per day, and can be used as a guide 
when planning your field rations:


Tea, 10 bags; or coffee, 1/2 lb. 
Margarine, 3 lbs. 
Powdered milk, 2 lbs. 
Cocoa, 2 lbs. 
Raisins, 1 lb. 
Dried figs, 1 lb. 
Dried coconut, 1/2 lb. 
Dried peaches, 1/2 lb. 
Shelled peanuts, 1 lb. 
Toasted soybeans, 1/2 lb. 
Roasted almonds, 1 lb. 
Sesame seeds, 1/4 lb. 
Sunflower seeds, 1 lb. 
Cheddar cheese, 3 lbs. 
Monterey jack cheese, 3 lbs. 
Gingerbread mix, 1/2 lb. 
Grapenuts, 2 lbs. 
Oatmeal, 1/2 lb. 
Wheat cereal, 1/2 lb. 
Granola, 1 lb. 
Instant hash browns, 2 lbs. 
Instant fruit drink, 1 lb. 
Brown sugar, 1 lb. 
Macaroni, 1 lb. 
Spaghetti, 1 lb. 
White rice, 1 lb. 
Brown rice, 1/2 lb. 
Instant potatoes, 1/2 lb. 
Pinto beans, 1 lb. 
Barley, 1/2 lb. 
Tortillas, 1 lb. 
Flour, 2-1/2 lbs. 
Cornmeal, 1/2 lb. 
Soup mixes, 3/4 lb. 
Dried vegetables, 1/2 lb. 
Popcorn, 1/4 lb. 
Baking powder, 1/4 lb. 
Yeast, 1/4 lb. 
Seasonings: Tabasco, salt, pepper, cayenne, oregano, garlic salt, dry 
mustard, nutmeg, cinnamon, onion salt, curry powder, chili powder, 
flavoring extracts.


Total weight: 40-3/4 lbs. or 20-3/8 lbs. per person 


Buying, Packing & Preparing Foods. Generally the foodstuffs you carry in 
your rucksack should be packed in plastic bags or bottles. A vacuum 
sealing device can greatly reduce the bulk of some foods and help 
preserve them.


Meats: On a long mission, meat, due to its cost and weight, will usually 
be a luxury used only for flavoring. For a short stay in the field, 
there are a variety of suitable meat products, including compressed meat 
bars, freeze dried meats (ground beef is useful with Hamburger Helper 
type pasta main-course dishes) and dry sausages that do not require 
refrigeration. Homemade meat jerky is inexpensive and simple to make. 
Small cans of Vienna sausage, tuna, sardines, cooked boned meats 
(chicken, turkey, ham, etc.), corned beef or various meat spreads are 
also good on short missions. Canned meats with a high fat content like 
corned beef or tuna packed in vegetable oil will lessen the amount of 
margarine required when added to rice or pasta dishes. Even on a longer 
mission a small amount of canned meats should be packed. They can be 
eaten cold when circumstances don't permit cooking.


Soybean Products: The protein in soybeans is fairly similar to that 
found in meat. In addition to roasted soybeans, which make good trail 
food and provide interesting texture for many cooked meals, you can buy 
soy flour (useful for it's nutty flavor) for baking or thickening stews 
or making gravy (most gravy mixes are little more than meat flavoring, 
salt and flour). Soy-derivative products such as "ham" and "bacon" bits 
can add flavor to omelets and rice and bean dishes.


Dried Eggs: Powdered eggs are available as whole eggs, or white and 
yolks separately. Quality varies considerably from brand to brand, so it 
is wise to experiment at home before relying on them in the field.


Nuts and Seeds: Shelled nuts are more convenient for backcountry 
cooking. Nuts make good trail food and add taste and texture to baked 
goods. To save money, buy unroasted nuts and roast them yourself.


Legumes: Dried legumes (split peas, lentils, beans, etc.) when combined 
with brown rice or other grains make a complete protein, and can add 
variety to a meal. They generally take a long time to cook unless you 
use a pressure cooker or you prepare quick-cooking beans (by pre-cooking 
and then drying them for field use). Quick cooking beans are available 
in at some backpacking stores, but are much more expensive than dried 
beans. Bean and pea flours make good soup bases or thickeners if you can 
find them (or grind your own); most are now sold as soup mixes.


Dry Milk: Several types of powdered milk are available: instant whole 
milk, instant nonfat milk, regular whole milk and buttermilk. Whole milk 
has more calories and vitamins than nonfat milk and is a better additive 
for baked goods. Instant powders dissolve more easily in cold water. A 
wide variety of breakfast drinks with milk bases are also easy to find 
in most grocery stores.


Cocoa: It's easier to use the instant type cocoa, which has already been 
combined with powdered milk. In the field all you have to do is add hot 
(not boiling) water.


Cheese: Sharp cheddar seems to be the cheese with the most versatile 
flavor for backcountry cooking. It also keeps better than many other 
cheeses. Hard cheeses like Parmesan and Romano are also good in the 
field, as are processed cheese snacks (leave the type with a heavy can 
full of air at home).


Margarine: Butter spoils rapidly in summer in the field, so margarine 
should be carried. Use a plastic squeeze bottle or remove the wrappers 
from sticks and carry them in a wide mouth screw-top plastic jar (the 
lids on tubs of soft spread margarine aren't secure enough).


Dried Fruit: Dried fruit (such as apples, prunes, raisins, apricots and 
peaches) can be found in any supermarket or you can dry them yourself. 
They make good trail food eaten as they are or added to breads. They can 
be stewed and eaten in cereals or for dessert at suppertime (you can 
cook some extra to be eaten cold the next morning). Dried fruit retains 
about 25 percent of its moisture and is thus heavier to carry than the 
considerably more expensive freeze-dried fruit, which has less than 3 
percent moisture content. Sulfur-dried fruit, which must be soaked 
before using, contain more vitamins and minerals than other dried fruit. 
When properly packaged and stored below 60 degrees, most home dried 
fruit will maintain good quality for at least one year. Fruit packed in 
vacuum sealed bags lasts three to four times longer and for every 18 
degrees drop in temperature, shelf life also increases three to four 
times.


Dried Vegetables: Vegetables add color, vitamins and minerals to any 
meal. You can purchase freeze-dried or dry your own. Home dried 
vegetables don't keep as well as dried fruit because they are low in 
acid and sugar. If possible, they should be refrigerated or frozen. 
Ideally dried vegetables should be used in less than six months when 
stored at 60 degrees (some vegetables like squash and cucumber should be 
used within two weeks). Dried green peas, onions and flaked cabbage are 
good for stews or soups. Carrots, green beans, beets and corn are also 
good, but take somewhat longer to cook. Flaked green peppers and onions 
make good seasonings and can be added to almost anything. Tomato flakes 
mix with water to make paste, sauce or juice, and are one of the best fl
avorings for outdoor cooking.


Potatoes: Potatoes come in flake or powdered form and can be used as a 
separate dish, an additive or a thickener. Though potato flakes lose 
much of their vitamin C when processed, they are a versatile food for 
field cooking. Along with plain potatoes you might also carry a variety 
of packaged flavored types with sauce mixes. Throw away the original 
packaging and re-pack (along with the right proportion of dry milk if 
the recipe requires milk) in plastic bags or bottles labeled with 
cooking instructions.


Self-Rising Baking Dishes: For simplicity and weight, it's important to 
buy mixes which do not require the addition of eggs and shortening. 
Biscuit mixes can also be used to make cakes and pancakes. A few special 
mixes, such as gingerbread, cake mixes or special flours make a good 
change of pace for a long stay in the field.


Wheat Germ: Wheat germ is used primarily as a nutritional supplement for 
cooking. Roasted wheat germ will keep for up to a month without 
refrigeration.


Cereals: Oat and wheat cereals are nutritionally superior to rice and 
barley cereals. Bulgur wheat (also called "ala"), a whole grain product 
that cooks rapidly enough for field use, can be found in the hot cereal 
section of some supermarkets or in health food stores (which sometimes 
also stock other quick-cooking grains). It is wheat which has been 
pre-cooked, dried and cracked; cook and use it like rice. While uncooked 
cereals are the most versatile and can be used for hot cereal, granola 
and baking, the instant cereals are much easier to cook, usually taking 
less than a third of the time. While it is usually the best practice to 
carry foodstuffs consolidated in zip-lock bags and measure out portions, 
you might want to carry several different flavors of instant hot 
breakfast cereals in single serving packs for convenience and to add 
variety.



--