ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My first thanks must go to my wife, Olivia, who has been an excellent proof-
reader and collater and who made the greatest number of helpful suggestions
concerning the manuscript.

Two friends who read the book at an early stage and took extreme pains
to be helpful, and devoted much of their time to writing out or explaining to
me at length their lists of specific suggestions, are Adrian Berry of the London
Telegraph, and Michael Scott of Tangier. The latter gave meticulous attention
to details which few people would trouble to do with another's work.

This book would never have been written without the material concerning
the Dogon having been brought to my attention by Arthur M. Young of
Philadelphia. He has helped and encouraged my efforts to get to the bottom
of the mystery for years, and supplied me with invaluable materials, including
the typescript of an English translation of Le Renard Pale by the anthropologists
Griaule and Dieterlen, which enabled me to bring my survey up to date.

Without the stimulus and early encouragement of Arthur C. Clarke of
Ceylon, this book might not have found the motive force to carry it through
many dreary years of research.

My agent, Miss Anne McDermid, has been a model critic and adviser at
all stages. Her enthusiasm and energy are matched only by her penetrating
intuition and her skill at negotiation.

Others who have read all or part of this book and who made helpful
suggestions of some kind are Professor W. H. McCrea of the Department of
Astronomy, University of Sussex, John Moore of Robinson & Watkins, Brendan
O'Regan of the Stanford Research Institute, Edward Bakewell of St Louis,
and Anthony Michaelis of the Weizmann Institute Foundation.

I am indebted to Adrian and Marina Berry for bringing me into touch with
A. Costa, and to A. Costa for generously supplying his splendid photographs
of the Dogon, some of which appear in this book, and also for his introduction
to Mme Germaine Dieterlen. I am indebted to Mme Dieterlen for giving her
permission and the permission of the Societe des Africainistes of Paris (of which
she is Secretary-General) to publish in English the entire article 'Un Systeme
Soudanais de Sirius', which Mme Dieterlen wrote in collaboration with the
late Marcel Griaule.

Among those whom I have consulted on specific points in my research and
who have been extremely helpful are Geoffrey Watkins, Brigadier R. G. S.
Bidwell, O.B.E., the Hon. Robin Baring, James Serpell, Seton Gordon,
Herbert Brown, and Robert and Pauline Matarasso. I am also indebted for
help or encouragement of varying kinds to Fred Clarke, Professor Cyrus
Gordon, Robert Graves, Kathleen Raine, William Gunston, Professor D. M.
Lang, Professor Charles Burney, Professor O. R. Gurney, Dr Irving Lindenblad,
Dr Paul Murdin, Hilton Ambler, Gillian Hughes, Carol MacArthur, R.
Markham, Richard Robinson, Dr Michael Barraclough, and Angela Earll.

In production of this book my British editor, Mrs Jan Widdows, and

viii                                          ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

my American editor, Thomas Dunne, have been cooperative, helpful, and
sympathetic. The cartographer Daniel Kitts has cheerfully prepared maps
and diagrams to requirements which were often exasperating. Miss Mary
Walsh showed ingenuity in picture research. Stephen du Sautoy has also been
helpful and shown a great deal of imagination in connection with production
of the British dust-jacket design, allowing the author a considerable say in a
matter which is often barred to him.

I would like to acknowledge indirect debts to the African priests Manda,
Innekouzou, Yebene, and Ongnonlou, without whom the subject for this book
could not honestly be said to exist, since it probably could never have been
formulated. Two early pioneers deserve especial mention: the late Sir Norman
Lockyer, who found ways to consider together the previously separate fields of
astronomy and archaeology, and the late Thomas Taylor of London, who
devoted his life to the translation and exposition of texts which have survived
the centuries of malignity, abuse, book burnings, and slaughter which for two
millennia have been the fate of those who adhered to 'the Great Tradition' -
nor did Taylor himself escape the consequences of his position in pain and
suffering. Thanks are also due to the philosopher Proclus for making public
certain specific allusions to secret traditions which he might have concealed.

r. K. G. t.

Acknowledgements
Author's Note

What is the Mystery?

CONTENTS

page

xi

TO THE READER

I

PART ONE

The Sirius Question is posed

1     The Knowledge of the Dogon                                                                  ii

A Sudanese Sirius System by M. Griaule and G. Dieterlen                  35

PART TWO

The Sirius Question is rephrased

2    A Fairytale                                                                                               55

3    The Sacred Fifty                                                                                     82

4    The Hounds of Hell                                                                               101

5    The Oracle Centres                                                                                l2l

6    Origins of the Dogon                                                                              153

7    The Rising of 'Serpent's Tooth'                                                              175

8 A Fable

PART THREE

Beyond the Mystery

APPENDICES

I The Moons of the Planets, the Planets around Stars, and Revolutions
and Rotations of Bodies in Space - Described by the Neoplatonic
Philosopher Proclus                                                                             223

II The Surviving Fragments of Berossus, in English Translation             24.8

III    Why Sixty Years?                                                                               258

IV     The Meaning of the E at Delphi                                                         265
V Why the Hittites were at Hebron in Palestine 268

VI The Dogon Stages of Initiation                                                           273

Bibliography
Index                                                           

283

AUTHOR'S NOTE

Summaries follow each chapter in Part Two. The sheer amount of the material
dealt with makes it advisable for the reader to put it into a smooth perspective
by reading over these summaries which have been prepared so that the reader
may refresh his memory if he wishes. The author can offer no apology for the
complexity of the material, but he can present these slight aids for its
comprehension.

Every effort has been made to trace the ownership of all illustrative material
reproduced in this book. Should any error or omission in acknowledgement have
been made the author offers his apologies and will make the necessary correction
in future editions.

What is the Mystery?

The question which this book poses is: Has Earth in the past been visited by
intelligent beings from the region of the star Sirius ?

When I began writing this book in earnest in 1967, the entire question was
framed in terms of an African tribe named the Dogon, who live in Mali in the
former French Sudan. The Dogon were in possession of information concerning
the system of the star Sirius which was so incredible that I felt impelled to
research the material. The results, in 1974, seven years later, are that I have
been able to show that the information which the Dogon possess is really more
than five thousand years old and was possessed by the ancient Egyptians in
the pre-dynastic times before 3200 B.C., from which people I show that the
Dogon are partially descended culturally, and probably physically as well.

What I have done, therefore, is to push back by over five thousand years the
terms of reference of the original question, so that it now becomes more
tantalizing than ever. But now that I have done that, it becomes less easy to
answer. The Dogon preserve a tradition of what seems to have been an extra-
terrestrial contact. It is more satisfactory not to have to presume the preposterous
notion that intelligent beings from outer space landed in Africa, imparted
specific information to a West African tribe, then returned to space and left
the rest of the world alone. Such a theory never really struck me as possible.
But in the beginning it did have to serve as a working hypothesis. After all, I
had no idea that the Dogon could have preserved ancient Egyptian religious
mysteries in their culture. I also had no idea that the ancient Egyptians knew
anything about Sirius. I was in that state of ignorance so common among
people who know nothing more about ancient Egypt than that the Egyptians
built pyramids, left mummies, had a Pharaoh named Tutankhamen, and
wrote in hieroglyphs. My own academic background concerned oriental
studies, but I never touched on Egypt except regarding the Islamic period
after a.d. 600. I knew almost nothing whatsoever about ancient Egypt. If I
had, perhaps I might have saved myself a lot of time.

It took many, many months for two or three small clues to work themselves
around in my head long enough to force me to study ancient Egypt and a
whole range of subjects which I had never previously tackled. I doubt if, even
then, I could have been persuaded to spend considerable sums of money such
as the necessary fifty pounds for the essential and out-of-print Wallis Budge
Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, which consists of 1,356 pages and cannot even
be lifted off the table by a ten-year-old child. But as fate would have it, I was

2                                             THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

actually given one of these huge dictionaries, along with many other essential
books on the subjects with which I needed to become concerned. This helped
overcome my natural disinclination to erect a camp bed in some scholarly
library and move in for a couple of years. I must therefore note my debt to
my dear friend the late Miss Mary Brenda Hotham-Francklyn for giving me
in the ninety-fourth year of her life what amounted to a sizeable library of
books, which were so interesting that I found it impossible to neglect them,
and the result is now before us.

This entire matter of the Sirius mystery first came to my attention around
1965. I was working on some philosophical and scientific problems with
Arthur M. Young of Philadelphia, the inventor of the Bell helicopter and more
recently (1972) co-editor of and contributor to the book Consciousness and Reality.
Arthur single-handedly taught me more science concurrently with my official
university studies from 1961-7 than an entire university faculty might have
done. For while I was ploughing my way through the Sanskrit language and
other onerous subjects at the official university level, I imbibed a considerable
scientific education from Arthur in company with a few friends from the
university, with whom I participated for years in a series of extremely stimulat-
ing seminars and research projects supervised by Arthur Young and occasionally
linked to a philanthropic foundation which he had established, entitled the
Foundation for the Study of Consciousness.

Arthur Young had a particular passion for reading about mythologies
from all over the world, including those of obscure tribes. One day he showed
me a book entitled African Worlds, which contained several chapters, each
dealing with a different tribe, with its views of life and its customs and mytho-
logy. There was a chapter about the Dogon translated into English from the
French of Marcel Griaule and Germaine Dieterlen, the eminent anthropologists.1

Arthur pointed out to me a passage he had just read in this chapter, in
which these anthropologists were describing the cosmological theories of the
Dogon. I shall quote the paragraph which I read then, which first brought to
my attention this whole extraordinary question, so that the reader will begin
this subject just as I did, with this brief reference:

'The starting-point of creation is the star which revolves round Sirius and
is actually named the "Digitaria star"; it is regarded by the Dogon as the
smallest and heaviest of all the stars; it contains the germs of all things. Its
movement on its own axis and around Sirius upholds all creation in space. We
shall see that its orbit determines the calendar.'

That was all. There was no mention by the anthropologists of the actual
existence of such a star which revolves around Sirius. Now Arthur Young and I
both knew of the existence of the white dwarf star Sirius B which actually does
orbit around Sirius. We knew that it was 'the smallest and heaviest' type of
star then known. (Neutron stars and 'black holes' were not much discussed
and pulsars had not yet even been discovered.) We both naturally agreed that
this was a most curious allusion from a supposedly primitive tribe. How could
it be explained? I had to let the matter drop, due to other activities and
concerns at that time.

Approximately two years later in London, I suddenly was struck by the
irresistible urge to investigate this question. I was prompted to do so by reading

WHAT IS THE MYSTERY ?                                         3

the rousing futuristic essays of Arthur C. Clarke, whom I had come to know
by then. By this time I could not even remember the name of the African
tribe, so I wrote to Arthur Young for it. He replied and kindly sent me a
photostat of the entire chapter I had seen in African Worlds. So, armed with the
knowledge that it was a tribe called the Dogon that I was after, I bravely
made my way to the Royal Anthropological Institute to see what I could find
out about this peculiar tribe.

The librarian went over the catalogue listings with me and I ran into a
problem: everything was in French, and I did not know French. However, I
persevered and found an article listed which included the word 'Sirius' in its
title. That looked promising (for nothing else did). I asked for a photostat.
When I picked this up a week or two later (in early November 1967) I was
unable to make any sense of it, of course. So I eventually found someone to
translate it for me in return for a fee. Finally I was presented with the material
in English - and it was quite as rewarding as I could have wished.2 For this
article dealt exclusively with the most secret of all the traditions of the Dogon
which, after years of living with them, the anthropologists Griaule and Dieterlen
had managed to extract from four of their head priests,3 after a special priestly
conference among the tribe and a 'policy decision' to make their secrets known
to Marcel Griaule, the first outsider in their history to inspire their confidence.

The most secret traditions of the Dogon all concern the star which the
Dogon call after the tiniest seed known to them, the botanical name for which
is Digitaria, and which is thus used in the article as the name of the star instead
of the actual Dogon name, po. However, even in this article which deals
exclusively with this subject, Griaule and Dieterlen only mention the actual
existence of a star which really exists and does what the Dogon say Digitaria
does, in a passing footnote and in this brief remark: 'The question has not been
solved, nor even asked, of how men with no instruments at their disposal
could know the movements and certain characteristics of stars which are
scarcely visible.' But even in saying this, the anthropologists were indicating
their own lack of astronomical expertise, for the star, Sirius B which revolves
around Sirius, is by no means 'scarcely visible'. It is totally invisible and was
only discovered in the last century with the use of the telescope. As Arthur
Clarke put it to me in a letter of 17 July 1968, after he had suggested he would
Check the facts: 'By the way, Sirius B is about magnitude 8 - quite invisible
even if Sirius A didn't completely obliterate it.' Only in 1970 was a photograph
of Sirius B successfully taken by Irving Lindenblad of the U.S. Naval
Observatory; this photograph is reproduced in Plate I.

In the article which I had obtained from the Royal Anthropological
Institute, Griaule and Dieterlen recorded that the Dogon said the star Digitaria
revolved around Sirius every fifty years. It didn't take me long to research
Sirius B and discover that its orbital period around Sirius was indeed fifty
years. I now knew that I was really on to something. And from that moment I
I have been immersed in trying to get to the bottom of the mystery.

Arthur C. Clarke was extremely helpful during the next few months. He
He wrote from Ceylon and was fairly often in London, so he and I also discussed
at great length many of the mysterious facts from around the world which have
since been given such public prominence by the Swiss-German author Erich

4                                             THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

von Daniken in his best-selling book Chariots of the Gods and its sequels. At first
I found myself preparing a book on all these exciting mysteries. (No one had
at that time heard of von Daniken.) Arthur Clarke introduced me to one
interesting professor after another - each with a pet mystery all his own. Derek
Price, Avalon Professor of the History of Science at Yale University, had
discovered the true nature of the now famous mechanical computer of approxi-
mately 100 B.C. found in the Anti-Kythera shipwreck at the turn of the century
and unappreciated until it was dropped on the floor in Athens, cracked open
and they saw what it was. He also had found traces of Babylonian mathematics
in New Guinea and talked a lot about 'the Raffles shipwreck'.

Then there was Dr Alan McKay, a crystallographer of Birkbeck College at
the University of London, who was interested in the Phaistos Disc of Crete,
in a mysterious metal alloy found in a Chinese tomb, and in the wilder stretches
of the Oxus River. I found that, with people like this around every corner, I
was rapidly becoming distracted from my true quest by so many glittering
riddles.

I therefore abandoned all those mysteries and determined to concentrate
in depth on cracking the one really hard and concrete puzzle that I had been
initially confronted with: how did the Dogon know such extraordinary things
and did it mean that the Earth had been visited by extraterrestrials ?

The trouble with trying to undertake a serious investigation about the
possibility of extraterrestrial contact with Earth, is that a lot of sensible people
will be put off by the very idea. Then again, a lot of the people who will
enthusiastically receive my researches with open arms are the sort of people
one least wants to be classed with. I have therefore undertaken all the work
on this subject with a certain degree of reluctance, and if anyone pressed me
during several years to say what I was doing and they extricated from me the
confession that I was working on a book, I did not say what it was about, but
merely mumbled it was 'about the ancient Egyptians' or, before that stage,
'about the mythology of some tribe in Africa - not very interesting, really'.
This book will inevitably, I suppose, put me in that most unenviable category
of 'those people who write about little green men from outer space'. However,
this is meant to be a serious inquiry. I am tempted to apologize for the subject,
but that would be pointless.

It is important that this strange material be placed before the public at
large. Since learning was freed from the tyranny of the few and opened to the
general public, through first the invention of printing and now the modern
communications media and the mass proliferation of books and periodicals
and more recently the 'paperback revolution', any idea can go forth and plant
the necessary seeds in intellects around the world without the mediation of any
panel of approval or the filtering of a climate of opinion based on the currently
accepted views of a set of obsolescent individual minds.

How difficult it is to keep in mind that this was not always the case. No
wonder, then, that before such things were possible, there were secret traditions
of priests which were handed down orally for centuries in unbroken chains
and carefully guarded lest some censorship overtake them and the message be
lost. In the modern age, for the first time secret traditions can be revealed
without the danger that they will be extinguished in the process. Can it be

WHAT IS THE MYSTERY?

5

that the Dogon came to realize something of this when, through some powerful
instinct and after mutual consultations among the highest priests, they decided
to take the unprecedented step of making public their highest mysteries ? They
knew they could trust the French anthropologists, and when Marcel Griaule
died in 1956, approximately a quarter of a million tribesmen massed for his
funeral in Mali, in tribute to a man whom they revered as a great sage -
equivalent to one of their own high priests. Such reverence must indicate an
extraordinary man in whom the Dogon could believe implicitly. There is no
question but that we are indebted to Marcel Griaule's personal qualities for
laying open to us the sacred Dogon traditions. I have now been able to trace
these back to ancient Egypt, and they seem to reveal a contact in the distant
past between our planet Earth and an advanced race of intelligent beings
from another planetary system several light years away in space. If there is
another answer to the Sirius mystery it may be even more surprising rather
than less so. It certainly will not be trivial.                             

It should not surprise us that there must be other civilizations in our galaxy
and throughout the entire universe. Even if the explanation of the Sirius
mystery is found to be something entirely different in the years to come
(though I cannot imagine what), we should bear in mind that, as we are
definitely not alone in the universe, the Sirius mystery will have served to help
us speculate along proper and necessary lines, and opened our innately lazy
minds that much further to the important question of extraterrestrial civiliza-
tions which must certainly exist.

At the moment, we are all like fish in a bowl, with only the occasional leap
out of the water when our astronauts go aloft. The public is becoming bored
with space exploration before it has even really begun properly. We even find
that Congressmen need continual injections of 'space rescues' and 'satellite
gaps' in their tired bloodstreams, like a heroin fix, in order to stimulate them
in their horrible state of lethargy to vote funds for the space programmes
which so many of them consider a bore and lacking in excitement and suspense.

The psychological impact of photographs of the Earth from space, a giant
and beautiful orb resting on nothing, pearled with clouds and sparkling with
sea, has begun to send resonances down the long and sleepy corridors of our
largely drugged psyches. Mankind is imperceptibly struggling to the new and
undeniable realization that we are all in this game together. We are all perched
on a globe suspended in what appears to be emptiness, we are made up of
atoms which are mostly themselves emptiness, and above all, we are the only
really intelligent creatures directly known to us. In short, we are alone with
each other, with all the fratricidal implications of such a tense situation.

But at the same time as we are all slowly realizing these things, the inevitable
conclusion which follows upon all this is beginning to make some headway with
us as well. It has begun to occur to more than a handful of exceptional people
(exceptionally intelligent or exceptionally insane) that if we are sitting here on
this planet fighting among ourselves for lack of any better distraction, then
perhaps there are lots of planets all over the universe where intelligent beings
arc cither sitting and stewing in their own juice as we are, or where those beings
have broken out of the shell and established contact with other intelligent
beings on other planes or planets. And if this is really going on all over the universe, then

6                                              THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

perhaps it will not be all that long before we find ourselves linked up with our
fellows elsewhere - creatures living beside another star out in that vast emptiness
which spawns planets, suns, and minds.

For years I have thought that those organizations which spend millions of
dollars on 'peace' and attempts to find out what is wrong with human nature
that it should indulge in so perverse a thing as conflict, would be better advised
to donate their entire treasuries to the space programmes, and to astronomical
research. Instead of seminars for 'peace research' we should build more
telescopes. The answer to the question: 'Is mankind perverse?' will be known
when we can compare ourselves with other intelligent species and evaluate
ourselves according to some scale other than one which we fabricate out of the
air. At the moment we are shadow-boxing, chasing phantoms. . . . The answers
lie out there somewhere with other stars and other races of beings. We can
only compound our neuroses by becoming even more introspective and narcis-
sistic. We must look outward. At the same time, of course, we must look back
relentlessly into our own past. To go forward with no conception of where we
have been makes no sense whatsoever. There is also the probability that we
may discover mysteries about our own origins. For instance, one result of
my research, which began harmlessly with an African tribe, has been to
demonstrate the possibility that civilization as we know it was an importation
from another star in the first place. The linked cultures of Egypt and Sumer
in the Mediterranean area simply came out of nowhere. That is not to say that
there were no people alive before that. We know there were lots of people, but
we have found no traces of civilization. And people and civilization are vastly
different things. Take for instance these words by the late Professor W. B.
Emery from his book Archaic Egypt:

At a period approximately 3400 years before Christ, a great change took
place in Egypt, and the country passed rapidly from a state of advanced
neolithic culture with a complex tribal character to two well-organized
monarchies, one comprising the Delta area and the other the Nile valley
proper. At the same time the art of writing appears, monumental architecture
and the arts and crafts developed to an astonishing degree, and all the
evidence points to the existence of a well-organized and even luxurious
civilization. All this was achieved within a comparatively short period of
time, for there appears to be little or no background to these fundamental
developments in writing and architecture.

Now, whether or not one supposes that there was an invasion of advanced
people into Egypt who brought their culture with them, the fact remains that
when we get back to that period of history we are faced with so many imponder-
ables that we can hardly say anything for certain. What we do know is that
primitive people suddenly found themselves living in thriving and opulent
civilizations and it all happened rather abruptly. In the light of the evidence
connected with the Sirius question, as well as other evidence which has either
been dealt with by other authors or remains to be tackled in the future, it
must be entertained as a serious possibility that civilization on this planet owes
something to a visit by advanced extraterrestrial beings. It is not necessary to
postulate flying saucers, or even gods in space suits. My own feeling is that this

WHAT IS THE MYSTERY?                                          7

matter has not been dealt with in a sophisticated enough manner so far. Bur
rather than enter into mere speculation as to what extraterrestrials landed in,
etc., let us move on to the evidence that at least indicates that they might have
been here. In Part Three we shall consider some details and clues that the
extraterrestrial visitors from Sirius, whom I postulate, may have been amphibious
creatures with the need to live in a watery environment. But all this gets into
the speculative areas which are such treacherous ground. It has always been
my policy, as well as my temperamental inclination, to stick to solid facts.
We shall see as we proceed just how solid the facts are, and that is a strange
enough tale for the moment. As usual, truth has proved itself stranger than
fiction. The reader is advised to read Part III of this book for some 'wild
speculation'.

The book which now follows poses a question. It does not present, but
merely suggests, an answer. In Part One the question is posed in its original
form, and in Part Two it is rephrased. But nowhere is it answered with any
certainty. The best questions are the ones which often remain unanswered for
a long time and lead us down new avenues of thought and experience. Who
knows where the Sirius mystery will lead us in the end? But let us follow it
for a while. At the very least it will be an adventure. . . .

Motes

1.  African Worlds, ed. by Daryll Forde, Oxford University Press, 1954, pp. 83-110. I wish to
point out to the reader that in the article in African Worlds, the French word arche is mis-
translated 'arch' and should instead be rendered 'ark'.

2.  The translation was, it turned out, extremely inept. The article has been entirely retranslated
by a professional translator for inclusion in this book. It has also been vetted by Mme Germaine
Dieterlen herself, who has kindly given permission for the publication in English of the entire
article written by herself and Marcel Griaule. It is to be found just after Chapter One.

3.  Photographs of these four tribal priests are reproduced in Plate 2. I thought it particularly
important that these original native informants be seen by the reader. Apart from the fact
that their faces are extremely interesting, we owe these four people a great deal. Without them
the public at large might never have known anything about the Sirius mystery, and the
entire tradition might, after its thousands of years on earth, actually have sunk without trace.

The Knowledge of the Dogon

If you look up at the sky, the brightest star you can see is Sirius. Venus and
Jupiter are often brighter but they are not stars; they are planets going round
our own sun, which is a star itself. Now no astronomer will tell you there is any
particular reason for intelligent life to be in the area of Sirius. The reason
Sirius is so bright is that it is large and close, bigger than the sun and bigger
than the handful of other nearby stars. But an intelligent astronomer will
tell you that perhaps the stars Tau Ceti or Epsilon Eridani, which are rather
similar to our sun, have planets with intelligent life. It would be a good guess.
But among the stars most frequently discussed as possibly harbouring intelligent
life, Sirius is not included. It is not a particularly 'obvious' choice.

Project Ozma in the spring of 1960, and, in more recent years, other radio
searches for intelligent life in space, listened for meaningful signals from the
stars Tau Ceti and Epsilon Eridani. But none were detected. Not that that proves
anything but that these two nearby stars were thought by some sensible astrono-
mers to be possible locations of intelligent life in our neighbourhood of space.1
Project Ozma only listened to these two stars to see if any signals were coming
from them on a certain wavelength at a certain time with a lot of energy
behind them. Nothing happened. Later such attempts have more realistically
widened their scope somewhat, but the astronomers are fully aware that they
are waltzing in the dark, and their efforts really take on the nature of a gesture
which can only be described as bravado in the face of enormous odds. They
cannot be certain that they are going about the task in the right way, but are
doing what they hope is their best. Since Project Ozma, the giant radio tele-
scope at Arecibo in Puerto Rico, which is the largest in the world, has listened
selectively to several stars - but not to Sirius. It is the author's hope that the
evidence presented in this book will be sufficient to stimulate an astronomical
investigation of the Sirius system more thorough than all those to date, and build
on the recent studies by Irving Lindenblad.2 I also believe that a programme
should be instituted at a major radio telescope to listen to the Sirius system for
indications of any possible intelligent signals.

Now the basis of speculations about intelligent life in space is always going
to include the possibility that contact with life on our planet has already been
made by some more highly evolved society from elsewhere in the universe.3
It is the possibility that our planet has had contact with a culture apparently
from the area of Sirius that this book will discuss. There seems to be substantial
evidence that at some relatively recent time in the past - possibly between

12

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

seven and ten thousand years ago - this may have happened, and any other
interpretation of the evidence would not seem to make enough sense.

Before we come to the evidence, I should say a little more about Sirius.
About the middle of the last century an astronomer was looking rather hard at
Sirius over a period of time and got annoyed because it wasn't sitting still.4
It was wobbling. He had a difficult time figuring this out, but he finally con-
cluded that an extremely heavy and massive star going around Sirius could
make it wobble that way. The only trouble was that there wasn't any large
star going around Sirius! Instead there turned out to be a tiny little thing going
around it every fifty years, and so Sirius came to be called Sirius A and the little
thing became Sirius B.

Sirius B was at that time unique in the universe as far as anyone knew.
Over a hundred of these things have now been actually seen scattered around
the sky and there are many thousands more which we cannot see even through
our modern telescopes because they are so tiny and their light so feeble. They
are called white dwarfs.5

White dwarfs are strange because although they are feeble they are strong.
They do not give out much light, but they are fantastically powerful gravita-
tionally. On a white dwarf we would not even be a fraction of an inch high.
We would be flat, pulled in by the gravity.* You see, the 'big' star that was
necessary to make Sirius A wobble turned out to be a little thing, but it still
had to be as massive and heavy as an ordinary star of much more enormous
size. It is, in short, a star so dense and closely packed that it is not even made out
of regular matter. It is made out of what is called 'degenerate' matter or 'super-
dense' matter, where the atoms are pressed together and the electrons squashed.
This matter is so heavy that it cannot be thought of in any familiar terms.
There is nothing in our solar system, to our knowledge, comparable to this
stuff. But physicists have considered it theoretically, and in this century we
are making some progress towards understanding it.

It is even claimed by some astronomers that the Sirius system has a Sirius
C, or a third star. Fox claimed to see it in 1920, and in 1926, 1928, and 1929
it was supposedly seen by van den Bos, Finsen, and others at the Union
Observatory. But then for several years when it should have been seen, it was
not. Zagar and Volet said it was there because there were wobbles that pointed
to it. So perhaps it's there and perhaps it isn't.6

The most recent full study of the Sirius system by an astronomer has been
carried out by Irving W. Lindenblad of the U.S. Naval Observatory in
Washington, D.C. He and I have corresponded, and he has sent me his publica-
tions (the latest appeared in 1973) and also the photograph in Plate 1, which
was taken by him in 1970 after several years' preparation and is the first photo-
graph ever taken of the star Sirius B, which in the photograph is a tiny spot
of light near the main star Sirius A, which is 10,000 times brighter.

Lindenblad's accomplishment in getting a successful photograph is described
in 'Notes to the Plates'. He has studied the Sirius system for seven years and has

* A cubic foot of the matter of Sirius B would weigh 2,000 tons. A match-box full of matter
from the star would weigh a ton and a quarter. But a match-box full taken from the star's core
would weigh approximately 50 tons. The star it 65,000 times denser than water, whereas our
own Sun has a density about equal to that of water.

THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE DOGON                                   13

found no evidence of a third star, Sirius C. He says:7 'There is no astrometric
evidence, therefore, of a close companion to either Sirius A or Sirius B'. At
the moment, as this book goes to press, a study of Sirius B is being carried out
by Dr Paul G. Murdin of the Royal Greenwich Observatory, who is trying to
measure the light from the tiny star. He had still had no success by early 1974
when he and I entered into correspondence. Murdin has informed me that
another astronomer, D. Lauterborn, believes there is a third star in the Sirius
system.8 Murdin adds: 'Whether the unseen companion of A is the same
star C in Aitken9 I cannot say' (from a letter to me of 12 February 1974).
Lindenblad's evidence is conclusive as far as it goes, but it is not at all clear that
no Sirius C exists. This is an interesting point for further study, and may require
observations of longer than Lindenblad's seven years (which were taking place
during the seven years I was preparing this book). As Lindenblad has written
to me: 'Like Jacob's service for Rachel, the mysteries of Sirius appear to require
seven years of labour; then we hope not to have received Leah!' But also like
Jacob, the seven years may be just a prelude.

Now we see that the Sirius system is rather interesting and complicated.
Only in this century have we advanced towards knowing about degenerate
matter and understanding white dwarfs through our researches into nuclear
physics. So we would be surprised, would we not, if someone without our
modern science had known as much about the Sirius system as we do?

At this point I want to quote from an interesting book entitled Intelligent
Life in the Universe by two eminent astronomers, Carl Sagan, of Cornell and
formerly of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, and I. S. Shklovskii
of the Soviet Academy of Science. (Sagan saw a book by Shklovskii and ex-
tensively rewrote it in English, and this is the book referred to.) In a very sensible
chapter called 'Possible Consequences of Direct Contact' Sagan says:10

[Matters of human evolution], while difficult for us to reconstruct from a
distance of millions of years, would have been much clearer to a technical
civilization greatly in advance of the present one on Earth, which visited
us every hundred thousand years or so to see if anything of interest was
happening lately. Some 25 million years ago, a Galactic survey ship on a
routine visit to the third planet of a relatively common G dwarf star [our
Sun] may have noted an interesting and promising evolutionary develop-
ment: Proconsul [the ancestor of homo sapiens, or modern man]. The
information would have filtered at the speed of light slowly through the
Galaxy, and a notation would have been made in some central information
repository, perhaps at the Galactic center. If the emergence of intelligent
life on a planet is of general scientific or other interest to the Galactic
civilizations, it is reasonable that with the emergence of Proconsul, the rate
of sampling of our planet should have increased, perhaps to once every ten
thousand years. At the beginning of the most recent post-glacial epoch,
the development of social structure, art, religion, and elementary technical
skills should have increased the contact still further. But if the interval
between sampling is only several thousand years, there is then a possibility
that contact with an extraterrestrial civilization has occurred within
historical times.

14                                                               THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

This is a very interesting prelude to our own story, and I believe Sagan
and Shklovskii's attitude is broadly true of the entire astronomical profession.
I have certainly never met an astronomer of today who seriously doubted that
there must be countless numbers of intelligent civilizations scattered throughout
the universe on other planets which are orbiting around other stars.11 Any
people who still believe human beings are unique as intelligent life in the uni-
verse are seriously out of touch with reliable and informed estimates by scientists
and astronomers. An attitude which asserts that man is the only intelligent life
form in the universe is intolerably arrogant today, though as little as twenty
years ago it was probably common belief. But anyone who holds such an opinion
today is, fortunately for those who like to see some progress in human concep-
tions, something of an intellectual freak equivalent to a believer in the Flat
Earth Theory. I mention that theory because I once met a woman who appeared
quite sane and yet who was a member of a cult who believe the Earth is flat.
This was one of the more startling experiences anyone can have, and a salutary
education to me. It taught me never to underestimate the power of the human
mind to believe what it wants to believe despite any amount of evidence.

Dr Melvin Calvin, of the Department of Chemistry, University of California
at Berkeley, has said: 'There are at least 100,000,000 planets in the visible
universe which were, or are, very much like the earth. . . . this would mean
certainly that we are not alone in the universe. Since man's existence on the
earth occupies but an instant of cosmic time, surely intelligent life has pro-
gressed far beyond our level on some of these 100,000,000 planets.'12

Dr Su-Shu Huang of the Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, has
written: '. . . planets are formed around the main-sequence stars of spectral
types later than F5. Thus, planets are formed just where life has the highest
chance to flourish. Based on this view we can predict that nearly all single
stars of the main sequence below F5 and perhaps above K5 have a fair chance
of supporting life on their planets. Since they compose a few per cent of all
stars, life should indeed be a common phenomenon in the universe.'13

Dr A. G. W. Cameron, Professor of Astronomy at Yeshiva University,
has discussed the stars Tau Ceti and Epsilon Eridani, which are considered the
two likeliest localities for intelligent life within our immediate neighbourhood
of space (within five 'parsecs' of us, a parsec being an astronomical unit of dis-
tance). He has then said, however: 'But there are about 26 other single stars of
smaller mass within this distance, each of which should have a comparable
probability of having a life-supporting planet according to the present analysis'.14

Dr R. N. Bracewell of the Radio Astronomy Institute, Stanford University,
has said:15

As there are about one billion stars in our galaxy, the number of planets
would be about 10 billion. . . . Now not all of these would be habitable,
some would be too hot and some too cold, depending on their distance
from their central star; so that on the whole we need only pay attention
to planets situated as our earth is with respect to the sun. Let's describe
such a situation as being within the habitable zone.

This is not to imply that no life would be found outside the habitable
zone. There may very well be living things existing under most arduous

THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE DOGON

physical conditions. . . . After elimination of frozen planets and planets
sterilized by heat, we estimate that there are about 10^10 [ten thousand

million] likely planets in the galaxy [for life].

Of the 10^10 likely

planets, we frankly do not know how many of them support intelligent
life. Therefore, we explore all possibilities, beginning with the possibility
that intelligent life is abundant and in fact occurs on practically every
planet. In this case, the average distance from one intelligent community to
the next is 10 light-years. For comparison, the nearest star, of any kind, is
about 1 light-year away.

Ten light-years is a very large distance. A radio signal would take
10 years to cover the distance. . . . Consequently, communicating with some-
one 10 light-years away would not be like a telephone conversation . . . are
we sure that we can send a radio signal as far as 10 light-years? A definite
answer can be given to this question.

There is no need for me to continue marshalling quotations from distin-
guished scientists and astronomers in support of the possibility of intelligent life
in space, as the situation is by now obvious. The odds against intelligent life
occurring fairly frequently within our galaxy are impossible ones. Since this is
established, we are faced with yet another factor: in our own history, technolo-
gical development has been rapid within a short space of time. When civiliza-
tions all over the universe reach 'take-off point', they have a technological
explosion. It is familiar to older members of our species today that when they
were young there were no airplanes, automobiles, rockets, satellites, electricity,
radio, or atom bombs. People were dying of diseases which today we do not
take seriously, no one with a toothache could obtain modern dental treatment,
the concept of elementary hygiene was a novelty. I am not reciting all these
wonders merely as a ritual incantation to our new god of progress. The point
to be grasped is the sudden combustible nature of progress of this kind. In the
lifetime of a single person all this can come about.

'Take-off point' is probably a universal phenomenon. Intelligent societies
all over the universe will probably have experienced it, or are due to. Now the
lifetime of a single person is of no consequence on the great universal time scale
for the development of civilizations, not to mention the formation of planets.
Therefore any society in advance of our own is certain to be very much in ad-
vance of ours. Once intelligent societies reach take-off point, they rush so
quickly upward in technological competence that a comparison between
them and non-technological societies is almost absurd. It would be foolish for
us to suppose that any society more advanced than ours would be just a few
years ahead of us. It would more likely be just a few tens of thousands of years
ahead of us. And the technology and nature of such a society are beyond our
abilities to imagine. The intelligent societies existing in the universe, then, are
going to be of two kinds: less advanced than ourselves, 'primitive'; and fantas-
tically more advanced than ourselves, 'magical'. To be at the point where we
are now, at the watershed between 'primitive' and 'magical', is such a rare
event in the universal history, that we may be the only intelligent society in the
entire galaxy which is at this moment experiencing such a stage in our evolution.
We therefore should feel privileged to be witnesses of it. Of course, the nature

16

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

of time comes in again with the impossibility of talking sensibly about simul-
taneity in the galaxy at all. But that is another subject, and one which we may
ignore here.

A further thought follows upon the above observations. Granted that
there are two forms of society in the universe aside from our own bizarre
transition stage, the 'primitive' societies are obviously only of interest to
those more advanced than themselves, for they are incapable of communicating
with anybody else. They are like we were as little as a hundred years ago:
provincial, quiet, probably quite murderous, and smug, with the occasional
visionary who is burned at the stake or crucified causing a moral ripple. But they
cannot send or receive messages between the stars. In our transition stage,
aptly enough, we can receive such messages with existing equipment, but could
not send any unless we constructed expensive and special means to do so.
Now that means that the only societies carrying on an interstellar dialogue of
any kind are the 'magical' societies. These societies will be so advanced that
they probably have emerging primitives like ourselves 'taped'. They certainly
have standard sets of procedures for dealing with the likes of us, and may
already have commenced their operations with the long-range intent of bring-
ing us into their club. But just as no London gentlemen's club wishes to have a
savage in a g-string waving his spear and poisoned arrows about in the mem-
bers' lounge, so the interstellar club is unlikely to plug us straight into the cir-
cuits as a fully-fledged member.

But what I am getting at is not merely to impress upon the reader that a
pecking order is likely to exist in the interstellar club of any galaxy, at least to
the extent of having restrictions on novices, but to make the point which
emerges from this. And the point is, that such highly advanced societies have
possibly developed to such a pitch of technological expertise that inter-
stellar travel has become possible for them, whereby they can physically
transport themselves over at least modest interstellar distances of a few light-
years to their near neighbours. And if that is the case, then our own planet,
which any half-witted extraterrestrial astronomer in the neighbourhood could
assume as a likely place for life to exist, has almost certainly been physically
visited by extraterrestrials in their travels. This could have happened at any
time in our lengthy history as a planet. No doubt, at the very least, our distant
ancestors the cave-men would have been observed by extraterrestrial probes,
who would have made a note that something was happening on this planet -
slowly happening, but nevertheless actually happening. And as Sagan and
Shklovskii said in the quotation from their book: 'It is reasonable that . . .
the rate of sampling of our planet should have increased, perhaps to once every
ten thousand years. . . . But if the interval between sampling is only several
thousand years, there is then a possibility that contact with an extra-terrestrial
civilization has occurred within historical times.'16

If this were so, it would certainly have left some impact upon man and
been incorporated somehow into his traditions. But if several thousand years
had elapsed between that time and the present, the traces of the impact
on man's culture would have been mostly dissipated and, it would seem,
nearly impossible to elucidate. Unless some specific and unmistakable survival
were found to exist, in circumstances which would probably be unusual, it

THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE DOGON                                17

seems that the hope of reconstructing scattered clues and fragments of the
original tradition would be futile. That there would be something there if you
could find the key seems certain. Let us return to a continuation of that
passage from Sagan and Shklovskii for suggestions as to how a memory of an
extraterrestrial contact might have been preserved from prehistoric or early
historic times on Earth, through comparison with a verifiable story of French
contact made with certain American Indians in 1786, as it was told to a modern
anthropologist in the form of a tribal myth :17

There are no reliable reports of direct contact with an extraterrestrial
civilization during the last few centuries, when critical scholarship and non-
superstitious reasoning have been fairly widespread. Any earlier contact
story must be encumbered with some degree of fanciful embellishment,
due simply to the views prevailing at the time of the contact. The extent
to which subsequent variation and embellishment alters the basic fabric
of the account varies with time and circumstance. [An example] relevant
to the topic at hand is the native account of the first contact with the Tlingit
people of the northeast coast of North America with European civilization -
an expedition led by the French navigator, La Perouse, in 1786. The Tlingit
kept no written records; one century after the contact, the verbal narrative
of the encounter was related to the American anthropologist G. T. Emmons
by a principal Tlingit chief. The story was overlaid with the mythological
framework in which the French sailing vessels were initially interpreted.
But what is very striking is that the true nature of the encounter had been
faithfully preserved. One blind old warrior had mastered his fears at the
time of the encounter, had boarded one of the French ships, and exchanged
goods with the Europeans. Despite his blindness, he reasoned that the
occupants of the vessels were men. His interpretation led to active trade
between the expedition of La Perouse and the Tlingit. The oral rendition
contained sufficient information for later reconstruction of the true nature
of the encounter, although many of the incidents were disguised in a
mythological framework - for example, the ships were described as immense
black birds with white wings.

As another example, the people of sub-Saharan Africa, who had no
written language until the colonial period, preserved their history primarily
through folklore. Such legends and myths, handed down by illiterate people
from generation to generation, are in general of great historical value.

I don't know why the people of sub-Saharan Africa - with whom our initial
evidence deals - are mentioned at this point in the Sagan book, for they do not
crop up again in this chapter and it is something of a coincidence that they are

mentioned out of the blue like this. Sagan goes on to discuss some fascinating

creatures credited with founding the Sumerian civilization (which sprang up

out of nowhere, as many Sumerian archaeologists will unhappily admit).

they are described in a classical account by Alexander Polyhistor as amphi-
He says they were happier if they could go back to the sea at night and

return to dry land in the daytime. All the accounts describe them as being

semi-demons, personages, or animals endowed with reason, but (hey are never

l8                                           THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

called gods. They were 'superhuman' in knowledge and length of life and they
eventually returned in a ship 'to the gods' carrying with them representatives
of the fauna of the earth. I discuss these traditions particularly in Chapter Eight,
and the surviving accounts of them are to be found in Appendix II, reprinted
here in their entirety for the first time since 1876.

The Sumerian culture is very important. We shall be discussing it later in
this book. It formed the original basis of that Mesopotamian civilization which
is better known to most people through the much later Babylonians and Assy-
rians who inherited much of the Sumerian culture. The actual language of the
Sumerians was superseded rather early by the Akkadian language (which is
Semitic; Sumerian is non-Semitic and seems to have no linguistic affinities at
all). The Akkadians and the Sumerians intermingled and eventually formed
a meld like that which now exists between what once were the separate Nor-
mans and Anglo-Saxons in Britain, except that the Akkadians were Semitic
and the Sumerians were not, and with considerable physical differences
between them. Then the city of Babylon with its Babylonians and the region
of Assyria with its Assyrian warriors to the north - and later the distant region
of Fars with its Persians to the east - commanded the Mesopotamian area.
From the Sumerian-Akkadian milieu also evolved those Semites known as
Hebrews or Jews.

It should be more widely realized that when those famous Biblical figures
Noah and Abraham 'lived' there was no such thing as a Hebrew yet in existence.
Indeed, Noah is merely a Hebrew name for a much more ancient flood hero
discussed in ancient texts which we have now recovered from early Sumer.18
It is these Sumerians to whom Sagan has just referred, with their legend of an
amphibious creature who founded their civilization. But all this does not con-
cern us quite yet. I will just add that the Jews and the Arabs are both tradi-
tionally said to be descendants of Abraham, and Abraham was neither a Jew
nor an Arab.

Now the peoples of sub-Saharan Africa are the source of our first arresting
information. The particular people are called the Dogon, and they live in the
present state of Mali. The nearest cities to them are Timbuctoo, Bamako,
and Ouagadougou in Upper Volta. Initial research by me on the Dogon turned
up an article in an anthropological journal by the French anthropologists
Marcel Griaule and Germaine Dieterlen.19 The article was written in French
and an English translation of it is published, for the first time, as sequel to Part
One of this book. I decided to publish the article in full because of the difficulty
most interested readers would find in locating the French journal in which the
original article appeared. And, of course, the original article could only be
read by those who know French. The complete article, with its footnotes
and all its illustrations, and in English, is therefore available for anyone who
wishes to read it for himself. It is thus not necessary for me to summarise
its contents.

When I first read the article, which is entitled 'A Sudanese Sirius System'
(and refers to the French Sudan area, not the Republic of Sudan over a thousand
miles to the east below Egypt), I could hardly believe what I saw. For here was
an anthropological report of four tribes, the Dogon and three related ones, who
held as their most secret religious tradition a body of knowledge concerning

THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE DOGON                                21

tually invisible', whereas we know it is totally invisible except through a power-
ful telescope. What, then, is the answer?

Griaule and Dieterlen make clear that the large and bright star of Sirius
is not as important to the Dogon as the tiny Sirius B, which the Dogon call
po tolo (tolo meaning 'star'). Po is a cereal grain commonly called 'fonio' in
West Africa, and whose official botanical name is Digitaria exilis. In speaking
of the po star, Griaule and Dieterlen call it 'the star Digitaria', or just simply
'Digitaria'. What is significant about the po grain is that it is the smallest grain
known to the Dogon, being extremely minute, and unknown as food in Europe
or America. To the Dogon, this tiny grain represents the tiny star, and that is
why the star is called po, after the grain.

In the article we read: 'Sirius, however, is not the basis of the system: it is
one of the foci of the orbit of a tiny star called Digitaria, po tolo . . . which . . .
hogs the attention of male initiates.' Now, this is a most unsettling statement.
The casual reader may not notice just how unusual it is for an African tribe to
put it quite this way. But the orbit of Digitaria, which the Dogon elsewhere
describe as egg-shaped or elliptical (see also Figures 6 and 7, as well as the
illustrations to the article), is specifically described as having the main star
Sirius as 'one of the foci of [its] orbit'. Of course, the technical term 'focus'
has here been supplied by the anthropologists. But they were faithfully render-
ing the meaning of what the Dogon said in their own language. And what the
Dogon were saying, and which they also make quite clear graphically in their
drawings (see Figures 2 and 6), is that the orbit of Sirius B around Sirius A
is of a kind which obeys one of Kepler's laws of planetary motion, extended to
other orbiting bodies. It was Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) who first proposed
that heavenly bodies do not move in perfect circular paths. He hit upon the
brilliant insight that the planets in their motions around the sun were moving
in elliptically shaped orbits, with the sun at one of the two foci of each ellipse.
Most people I speak to have no idea that the planets don't go in circles around
the sun. Even if they were taught the truth at school, they have long since for-
gotten about things like that. And many people honestly don't know what an
ellipse is unless you show them one.

An ellipse is a kind of 'stretched' circle. You can conceive of grabbing the
centre of a circle and ripping the centre into two pieces, and then pulling those
two portions away from each other. This would naturally make the circle
flatten at the top and the bottom and bulge at the two sides, and the two pieces
of the centre would fall along a straight line joining the two most distant points.
These two fragments of centre each then have the name of focus, and the two

the system of the star Sirius, including specific information about that star
system which it should be impossible for any primitive tribe to know.

The Dogon consider that the most important star in the sky is Sirius B,
which cannot be seen. They admit that it is invisible. How, then, do they know
it exists? Griaule and Dieterlen say: 'The problem of knowing how, with no
instruments at their disposal, men could know the movements and certain
certain characteristics of virtually invisible stars has not been settled, nor even posed.'
But even in saying this, Griaule and Dieterlen imply that Sirius B is only 'vir-

together are 'the foci of the ellipse.' If you could get your hands on that ellipse
and push at the bulging ends, you might force it back together again and make
it a proper circle.

But what I ask all readers to take note of is this: How did the Dogon tribe,
who had no access to the theories of Kepler or his successors, know about mat-
ters like this? How did they even get the idea in the first place that elliptical
orbits existed, rather than circular - much less apply this idea to some invisible
star way out in space ? And also to get it right by saying that Sirius A was at
one of the foci, rather than just somewhere in the ellipse ? And not at the centre ?
Wouldn't the natural primitive idea seem to be, even if you wanted to say the
orbit was elliptical, still to have Sirius itself at the centre ? But no. They knew
too much to make a mistake like that. For the whole point about Kepler's Law
is that not only are the orbits ellipses, but the sun must always be at one of the
foci; otherwise nothing will work. Now, in order to know about all this, you
need not have had Kepler. Elliptical orbits are a universal truth, as true here
as they are on the other side of the galaxy, or even in some other galaxy. Kepler
merely discovered a natural principle. He didn't invent it. So there was no need
for the Dogon to know about Kepler personally. All that is required is an ex-
planation of how they could have learned the universal principle from any other
source, considering that they exist on this planet, and we don't know of anyone
else on this planet, living in Africa, say, who has discovered any of these things.

In Fig. 6, I compare the Dogon drawings of the orbit of Sirius B around

24                                           THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

Sirius with the modern astronomical diagrams of the same (which have just
been confirmed as accurate at this scale by Lindenblad's latest work); also
there is a comparison of the same information, tribal and modern, as seen in
a linear perspective, stretched through time. I do not need to claim any perfect
scientific accuracy for the Dogon drawings. The similarity is so striking that the
most untrained eye can immediately see that the general picture is identical,
in each instance. There is no need for perfectionists to get out their slide rules
or measuring tapes. The fact is demonstrated, and it is that the Dogon have an
accurate general knowledge of the most unobvious and subtle principles of the
orbiting of Sirius B around Sirius A.

The Dogon also know the actual orbital period of this invisible star, which
is fifty years. Referring to the sacred Sigui ceremony of the tribe, Dieterlen and
Griaule tell us: 'The period of the orbit is counted double, that is, one hundred
years, because the Siguis are convened in pairs of "twins", so as to insist on the
principle of twin-ness'.

The Dogon also say that Sirius B rotates on its axis, demonstrating that they
know a star can do such a thing. In reality, all stars really do rotate on their
axes. How do the Dogon know such an extraordinary fact? In the article,
the Dogon are recorded as saying: 'As well as its movement in space, Digitaria
also revolves upon itself over the period of one year and this revolution is
honoured during the celebration of the bado rite'. It is not known to modern
astronomy what the period of rotation of Sirius B is; the star is so small we think
we are doing well to see it at all. I asked one astronomer, G. Wegner, of Oxford's
Department of Astrophysics and the University Observatory, whether one year
might be a sensible estimate of the rotation period of Sirius B. He naturally
replied that we had no way of determining it, but that a year could be right;
in other words, it cannot be ruled out, which was all I was seeking to
establish.

The Dogon describe Sirius B as 'the infinitely tiny'. As we know, Sirius B
is a white dwarf and the tiniest form of visible star in the universe. But what is
really the most amazing of all the Dogon statements is this: 'The star which is
considered to be the smallest thing in the sky is also the heaviest: "Digitaria is
the smallest thing there is. It is the heaviest star." It consists of a metal called
sagala which is a little brighter than iron and so heavy "that all earthly beings
combined cannot lift it". In effect the star weighs the equivalent of. . ..all the
seeds, or of all the iron on the earth . . .' (all this from the following article
by Griaule and Dieterlen).

So we see the Dogon presenting a theory of Sirius B which fits all known
scientific facts, and even some which are not known it presents as well.
They know that the star is invisible, but they know it is there nevertheless.
They know that the star's orbital period is fifty years, which it really is. They
know that Sirius A is not at the centre of its orbit, which it is not. They know
that Sirius A is at one of the foci of Sirius B's elliptical orbit, which it is. They
know that Sirius B is the smallest kind of star, which it is (barring totally in-
visible collapsing neutron stars). They know that Sirius B is composed of a
special kind of material which is called sagala, from a root meaning 'strong',
and that this material does not exist on the earth. They know that this material
is heavier than all the iron on earth, etc., all of which is perfectly true. For

26                                           THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

Sirius B is in reality made of super-dense matter of a kind which exists nowhere
on earth.

All this forms the most sacred and most secret tradition known to the Dogon,
the basis of their religion and of their lives. Connected with all this are state-
ments they make about the existence of a third star in the Sirius system, which
they call the emme ya star which, in comparing it to Digitaria, they say is
'four times as light (in weight), and travels along a greater trajectory in the
same direction and in the same time as it (fifty years). Their respective positions
are such that the angle of their radii is at right angles.' This last star has a satel-
lite, indicating that the Dogon appreciate that bodies other than stars are satel-
lites of stars. Of emme ya itself, they say: 'It is the "the sun of women" ... "a
little sun" ... In fact it is accompanied by a satellite which is called the "star
of women" ... or Goatherd ... as the guide of (emmeyd).'

Around the astronomical facts of this extraordinary system, the Dogon
have a complicated system of mythology. Sirius B they see as 'relentlessly
revolving around Sirius . . and never capable of reaching it'. All these facts
have mythological tales and personages connected with them. I have tried to
extract the bare facts from the article and present them here for the reader.
But the reader will by now see quite clearly why I have included the entire
article in this book, for the information is so incredible that I thought the reader
would simply think I had made it all up unless I presented the source for him
to read through himself.

THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE DOGON                               27

But let us move beyond the Griaule and Dieterlen article 'A Sudanese
Sirius System'. Let us now consider a later and fuller publication of book length,
which is obviously too bulky to include within this book as an appendix. I refer
to the book Le Renard Pale (The Pale Fox) published in 1965. This book, by
Griaule and Dieterlen, was produced ten years after the death of Marcel
Griaule himself. It contains Mme Dieterlen's latest reflections on the Sirius
system of the Dogon. In this definitive compendium20 of much of the joint
findings of herself and Marcel Griaule (it is only the first such volume of theirs
to appear in a planned series summing up their work), Mme Dieterlen has actu-
ally added a brief appendix on pages 529-31 which gives information about
Sirius and its companion star in the form of an extract from an article by Dr
P. Baize which appeared in the September 1931 issue of Astronomic She says:
'The excerpts concern the discovery, orbit, period and density of the Companion
of Sirius'.21 Her curiosity has obviously developed since 1950 and the publica-
tion of 'A Sudanese Sirius System'. But like a true professional, Mme Dieterlen
merely cites the astronomical facts in this way in a short appendix at the back
of her book22 without drawing any conclusions or even indicating the connec-
tion of this subject with the Dogon's traditions. In fact, lest the reader assume
otherwise, I must make clear that neither Marcel Griaule nor Mme Dieterlen
has at any time (to my knowledge) made any claim of extraterrestrial contact
to do with the Dogon. They have not even made any direct comments on the
extraordinary impossibility of the Dogon knowing all the things which they
know. I could never have made discoveries such as those of Griaule and Dieter-
len and merely said (as in the article): 'The problem of knowing how .. . has not
been settled, nor even posed.' I do believe such restraint calls for a medal;
it is so phenomenal that it is the greatest factor in favour of Griaule and Dieter-
len's discoveries. If they had trumpeted their findings, I suppose I would never
have taken them seriously. I would have thought them unreliable. Such are the
ironies by which information can be revealed - by almost disappearing through
diffidence.

I sat down and rewrote this book in the light of Le Renard Pale (I have not
been able to discover whether this has been published in English; I read the
translation in manuscript), with its more complete information. Much of this
will be found in the context of a more advanced discussion in Chapter Eight.

In Le Renard Pale it is possible to learn much more of the Dogon beliefs and
knowledge relating to astronomy and the Sirius system. Of the moon, they say it
'is dry and dead like dry dead blood'.23 Their drawing of the planet Saturn has a
ting around it, and is reproduced as Figure 10 in this book. They know that the
planets revolve around the sun. Planets are called tolo tanaze, 'stars that turn
(around something)'.24 But this does not mean turning around the Earth.
The Dogon specifically say, for instance: 'Jupiter follows Venus by turning
slowly around the sun.'25 The various positions of Venus are recalled on a very
large geographical space by a series of altars, raised stones, or arrangements
in caves or shelters.28 The positions of Venus determine a Venus calendar.27
In fact, the Dogon have four different kinds of calendar. Three of them are
liturgical calendars: a solar calendar, a Venus calendar, and a Sirius calendar.
their fourth is an agrarian one, and is lunar.28

The Dogon know of the existence of four other invisible heavenly bodies

Sirius B and its possible companions in the Sirius system. These other
four bodies are in our own solar system. For the Dogon know of the four major
'Galilean' moons of Jupiter. These four moons are called 'Galilean' because
Galileo discovered them when he began to use the telescope. The other moons
of Jupiter are small and insignificant, having formerly been asteroids which
were captured by Jupiter's gravitation at some unknown time in the past.
(They are thought to have come from the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter
which some astronomers think once constituted a planet which exploded.)
The Dogon say: 'The mutilation (the Fox) suffered was still bloody. The blood
of his genitals fell on the ground, but Amma made it ascend to heaven as four
satellites that turn around dana tolo, Jupiter,. . . "The four little stars are Jupiter
wedges" . . . When Jupiter is represented by a rock, it is wedged in with four
stones.'29 A Dogon drawing of Jupiter with its four moons is reproduced in
Figure 9 in this book. Griaule and Dieterlen describe this drawing as
follows:30

This figure represents the planet - the circle - surrounded by its four satel-
lites in the collateral directions and called dana tolo unum 'children of dana
tolo (Jupiter)'. The four satellites, associated to the four varieties of sene
(acacia), sprang from the drops of blood from the Fox's mutilated genitals.
'The four small stars are Jupiter's hulls' .... The sectors between the
satellites represent the seasons. They turn around Jupiter and their move-
ments will favour the growth of the sene leaves, for the sene moves on the
ground at night like the stars in the sky; they turn on their own axes (in a
year) like the satellites.

They add in a footnote that 'the trunks of certain varieties of sene are spiral-
led. A house is not built with sene wood, which would make the house "turn".
The "movements" of the sene at night are supposed to attract the souls of the
dead who "change place".'                             A

As for Saturn, drawn in Figure 10, the Dogon specifically describe its
famous halo, which is only visible through a telescope. According to Griaule and
Dieterlen:31 '. . . the Dogon affirm there is a permanent halo around the star,
different from the one sometimes seen around the moon . . . the star is always
associated to the Milky Way.'

Saturn is known as32 'the star of limiting the place' in association somehow
with the Milky Way. The meaning is unclear, and the anthropologists say

the subject must be pursued further,33 but it would seem they may be trying to
Convey the idea that Saturn 'limits the place' of the solar system, separating

it  from and acting as link with, the Milky Way itself, in which the solar system
Is situated. Saturn being the outermost planet which the Dogon mention, this
may be their intended meaning. The Dogon realize that the Milky Way con-
tains the earth:34 '. . . the Milky Way ... is in itself the image of the spiralling
stars inside the "world of spiralling stars" in which the Earth is found. In this
"world of stars", the axis ("Amma's fork") around which they move, links the
Polar Star . . . ' and so on. The Milky Way is described as the 'more distant
stars' - that is, than the planets.

We are told that35 'For the Dogon an infinite number of stars and spiralling
worlds exist'. They carefully differentiate the three kinds of tolo or 'stars':
"The fixed stars are a part of the "family of stars that doesn't turn" (around
another star) . . . the planets belong to the "family of stars that turns" (around
another star) . .. the satellites are called tolo gonoze"stars that make the circle".'36
The heavenly motions are likened to the circulation of the blood. The planets
and satellites and companions are 'circulating blood'.37 And this brings us to the
extraordinary point that the Dogon do know about the circulation of the blood
in the body from their own tradition. In our own culture, the Englishman
William Harvey (1578—1657) discovered the circulation of the blood. Strange
as it may seem to us now, before his time the notion seems not to have occurred
to anyone. John Aubrey, author of Brief Lives, knew Harvey well, and tells us:38
'I have heard him say, that after his Booke of the Circulation of the Blood came
out, that . . . 'twas beleeved by the vulgar that he was crack-brained . . .'.
However, the same theory does not seem to arouse among the Dogon notions
that their wise men are crack-brained. Here is an account of the theory by the
Dogon themselves and recorded in their own words:39

The movement of the blood in the body which circulates inside the organs in
the belly, on the one hand 'clear' blood, and on the other the oil, keeps them
both united (the words in man): that is the progress of the word. The blood-
water -or clear- goes through the heart, then the lungs, the liver and the

30                                          THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

spleen; the oily blood goes through the pancreas, the kidneys, the intestines
and the genitals.

The Dogon say: '. . . the food you eat, the beverage you drink, that Amma
changes into red blood; white blood is a bad thing'.40 They also say: 'The
essence of nourishment passes into the blood'.41 They know that the blood
passes into the internal organs 'starting with the heart'.42 The Dogon even seem
to understand the role of oxygen - or at least, air - entering the bloodstream.
For they equate air with 'the word' which they say enters the bloodstream
bringing 'nourishment of the interior' by 'the impulse raised by the heart'.
The 'integration of the "word" (air) into the body also has to do with the
food nourishing the blood. All the organs of respiration and digestion are
associated with this integration.'43

The Milky Way, likened as I said to a circulation of the blood, is described
further: '. . . the term yalu ulo designates the Milky Way of our galaxy, which
sums up the stellar world of which the Earth is a part, and which spins in a

spiral.....(it encompasses) the multiplication and the development, almost

infinite, of the spitaloid stellar worlds that Amma created . . . (there are)
spiralling worlds that fill the universe - infinite and yet measurable.'44 Amma is
the chief god, the creator, of the universe, to the Dogon. There is an interesting
account of Amma and the creation: 'The active role of fermentation at the time
of the creation is recalled in the present brewing of beer.... the fermentation of
the liquid constitutes a "resurrection" of the cereals destroyed in the brewing.
. . . Life ... is comparable to a fermentation. "Many things were fermenting
inside Amma" ' at the creation.48 And 'Spinning and dancing, Amma created
all the spiralling worlds of the stars of the universe.'46 '. . . Amma's work rea-
lized the universe progressively, it was made up of several stellar worlds
spiralling around.'47

The Dogon have no difficulty in conceiving of intelligent life all over the
universe. They say:48

The worlds of spiralling stars were populated universes; for as he created
things, Amma gave the world its shape and its movement and created
living creatures. There are creatures living on other 'Earths' as well
as on our own; this proliferation of life is illustrated by an explanation of
the myth, in which it is said: man is on the 4th earth, but on the 3rd there
are 'men with horns' inneu gammurugu, on the 5th, 'men with tails' inneu
dullogu, on the 6th, 'men with wings' inneu bummo, etc. This emphasizes the
ignorance of what life is on the other worlds but also the certainty that it
exists.

The Dogon know that the Earth turns on its own axis. When the fox
walks over the tables of divination which have been drawn in the sand, 'the
planet begins to turn under the action of (the fox's) paws'.4* 'When the only
traces that are visible are made by the tail, the image is likened to the move-
ment of the Earth turning on its own axis; it is said: "The Fox turned with his
tail; the Earth turned on its own axis".'50 'So the divination table represents
the Earth "which turns because of the action of the Fox's paws" as he moves
along the registers; while the instruction table represents the space in which the

THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE DOGON                               31

Earth moves, as well as the sun and the moon, which were placed by Amma out
of his reach.'51 The instruction table here referred to has twelve registers and
constitutes a lunar calendar, with each register representing a month. It is
Figure 96 in Le Renard Pale. These twelve months, then, are 'the space in which
the Earth moves' - that is, one year's orbit around the sun. And within this
orbit, the Earth's rotations on its own axis every day take place. The orbit
around the sun is 'the Earth's space'.

The Dogon know perfectly well that it is the turning of the Earth on
its axis which makes the sky seem to turn round. They speak of... the apparent
movement of the stars from east to west, as men see them'.52 The Dogon are
thus free from the illusions of our European ancestors, who thought the sky and
stars wheeled round the Earth (though there was an exception to such primitive
notions in Europe which no historian of science has ever reported, at least as
far as I have been able to discover after a great deal of searching. I have sum-
marized this 'secret' tradition in Appendix 1, and pointed out its connection
with the Sirius mystery).

The placenta is used by the Dogon as a symbol of a 'system' of a group of
stars or planets. Our own solar system seems to be referred to as 'Ogo's
placenta',53 whereas the system of the star Sirius and its companion star and
satellites, etc., is referred to as 'Nommo's placenta'.54 Nommo is the collective
name for the great culture-hero and founder of civilization who came from the
Sirius system to set up society on the Earth. Nommo - or, to be more precise,
the Nommos - were amphibious creatures, and are to be seen in the two tribal
drawings in Figure 32 and Figure 34 in this book. These Nommos are more
Or less equivalent with the Sumerian and Babylonian tradition of Oannes. All
Of this subject is discussed in Chapter Eight, where it is necessary to consider
details of what kind of creatures may live on a planet in the Sirius system.
For the moment we are really more concerned with the Dogon astronomical
and other scientific knowledge. Their descriptions of 'spacemen' and landings
of 'spaceships' - or at least what seem to be such - are left to Chapter Eight.

Here is the way in which Griaule and Dieterlen record the Dogon beliefs
about the two cosmic placentas I have just mentioned:55

Two systems, that are sometimes linked together, intervene, and are at the
origin of various calendars, giving a rhythm to the life and activities of man.
. . . One of them, nearest to the Earth, will have the sun as an axis, the sun
is the testament to the rest of Ogo's placenta, and another, further away,
Sirius, testament to the placenta of the Nommo, monitor of the Universe.

The movements of the bodies within these 'placentas' are likened to the
circulation of blood in the actual placenta, and the bodies in space are likened
to coagulations of blood into lumps. This principle is also applied to larger
systems: 'In the formation of the stars, we recall that the "path of the blood"
is represented by the Milky Way . . .',56 '. . . the planets and satellites (and

companions) are associated to the circulating blood and to the "seeds" . . . that

How with the blood.'57 The system of Sirius, which is known as 'land of the
fish,58 and is the placenta of Nommo, is specifically called the 'double placenta
in the sky',59 referring to the fact that it is a binary star system. The 'earth'

32                                                 THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

which is in the Sirius system is 'pure earth', whereas the 'earth' which is in our
solar system is 'impure earth'.60

The landing of Nommo on our Earth is called 'the day of the fish',61 and the
planet he came from in the Sirius system is known as the '(pure) earth of the
day of the fish . . . not (our) impure earth . . ,'62 In our own solar system all
the planets emerged from the placenta of our sun. This is said of the planet
Jupiter,63 which 'emerged from the blood which fell on the placenta'. The
planet Venus was also formed from blood which fell on the placenta.64
(Venus 'was blood red when she was created, her colour fading progressively'.65)
Mars, too, was created from a coagulation of 'blood'.66 Our solar system is,
as we have noted, called the placenta of Ogo, the Fox, who is impure. Our own
planet Earth is, significantly, 'the place where Ogo's umbilical cord was attached
to his placenta . . . and recalls his first descent'.67 In other words, the Earth is
where Ogo 'plugged in', as it were, to this system of planets. What Ogo the
Fox seems to represent is man himself, an imperfect intelligent species who
'descended' or originated on this planet, which is the planet in our solar system
to which the great umbilical cord is attached. Ogo is ourselves, in all our cosmic
impurity. It comes as a shock to realize that we are Ogo, the imperfect, the
meddler, the outcast. Ogo rebelled at his creation and remained unfinished. He
is the equivalent of Lucifer in our own tradition in the Christian West. And in
order to atone for our impurity it is said over and over by the Dogon that the
Nommo dies and is resurrected, acting as a sacrifice for us, to purify and cleanse
the Earth. The parallels with Christ are extraordinary, even extending to Nommo
being crucified on a tree, and forming a eucharistic meal for humanity and then
being resurrected. But these religious elements are not the subject with which I
propose to deal. Let each reader pursue them as he sees fit, on his own initiative.
I only raise the subject that, as Ogo, we may be cosmic pariahs, because I only
hope that we must not always remain so. The Dogon seem to hold out hope of
'redemption' just as Jesus Christ did in his great message to the world.
Redemption can mean what you want it to mean. But perhaps it would be
more sensible to view 'sin' less as a sort of infraction of social rules and more as a
form of impurity such as Ogo represents. The perversions of Christianity have
always seemed to me to incorporate a perversion of the notion of 'sin' and the
means by which 'sin' can be exploited as a means of temporal blackmail over
other human beings. To rid ourselves of some impurity may be closer to what
is needed, and those writers who have speculated that we suffer from a genetic
fault may even be correct. If so, are we actually in cosmic quarantine at this
moment ?

We are told that the Nommo will come again. A certain 'star' in the sky will
appear once more68 and will be the 'testament to the Nommo's resurrection'.
When the Nommo originally landed on Earth, he 'crushed the Fox, thus mark-
ing his future domination over the Earth which the Fox had made'.69 So
perhaps man's brutish nature has already been sufficiently subdued in our dis-
tant past. Perhaps it was those visitors whom the Dogon call the Nommos who
really did 'crush the Fox' in us, who all but destroyed Ogo, and have given
us all the best elements of civilization which we possess. We remain as a curious
mixture of the brute and the civilized, struggling against the Ogo within us.

The Dogon seem to have come to terms with life, amid the bewildering

THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE DOGON                               33

multiplicity of heavenly motions in which they exist. '. . . the Earth turns on
its own axis . . . and makes a great circle (around the Sun) . . . The moon turns
Eke a conical spiral around the earth. The Sun distributes light in space and
on the earth with its rays.'70 The sun is 'the remainder of Ogo's placenta'71
and the centre of our system. For some reason, which they say is the visitation
to earth of the amphibious bringers of civilization from there, the Dogon centre
their life and religion not on all this glorious panoply of solar and planetary
activity of which they know, but on the system of a nearby star and its in-
visible companions. Why ? Can it really be for the reason they say ? And if so,
will the Nommo come again ? We should really investigate the details of the
Dogon knowledge as fully as possible, for a start. In Le Renard Pale, as opposed to
the earlier article reproduced here, it is said, for instance, that the star emmeya
in the system of Sirius may have an orbital period of thirty-two years instead of
the fifty years which others maintain. It is larger than Sirius B and 'four times
lighter'. In relation to Sirius B, 'Their positions are straight'. It is watched over
by Sirius B and acts as an intermediary, transmitting Sirius B's 'orders'.72
Does such a body exist? Can we treat Dogon prognostications as evidence to
be tested? Dr Lindenblad says he cannot find evidence of a Sirius C of the kind
which was presumed earlier by astronomers. But can evidence be found of the
kind of Sirius C suggested by the Dogon ? And if such a discovery were made,
would it conclusively establish the validity of the Dogon claims ?

Among the Dogon, an allusion to the great Creator's immortality and stabi-
lity is expressed in good wishes of greetings or farewell that are addressed
to a friend or relative: 'May the immortal Amma keep you seated'.73 It is just
as well that we keep our seats, for we are about to launch into the dark waters
of our planet's past, which may bring quite an alteration of our normal concep-
tions of it. For beyond the fact that a culture contact between ourselves and an
alien civilization from outer space may have taken place, of which we may find
some evidence from our own ancient cultures, we may discover that the ancient
world, the further back one goes in time, tends to develop a more and more odd
flavour. The mysteries become denser, the strangeness thicker and more viscous.
Just as in tracing the origins of sugar one goes from lighter syrup back to the thick
and pungent molasses which develops, it seems, qualities far removed from one's
expectations at the beginning, so with the past. Its doors encrusted with almost
solid cobwebs give off the stench of air last breathed by ancestors forgotten by
us all.

Notes

1.  Cameron, A. G. W., ed., Interstellar Communication, W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York, 1963.
See p. 75 (Calvin), p. 88 (Huang), p. 110 (Cameron), and particularly p. 176 (Drake).

2.  For account see Sky and Telescope, June 1973, p. 354. Publications: Lindenblad, Irving,
'Relative Photographic Positions and Magnitude Difference of the Components of Sirius'
in Astronomical Journal, 75, no. 7 (September 1970), pp. 841-8, and 'Multiplicity of the
Sirius System' in Astronomical Journal, 78, no. 2 (March 1973), pp. 205-7.

3.  Sagan, C. and Shklovskii, I. S., Intelligent Life in the Universe, Dell Publishing Co., New
York, 1966, pp. 437, 440-64.

4.  The astronomer Johann Friedrich Bessei in 1834. Just before his death in 1844 he decided

34                                              THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

Sirius must be a binary system. In 1862 the American Alvan Clark looked through the
largest telescope then existing and saw a faint point of light where Sirius B should be,
confirming its existence. In 1915 Dr W. S. Adams of Mt Wilson Observatory made the
necessary observations to learn the temperature of Sirius B, which is 80000, half as much
again as our sun's. It then began to be realized that Sirius B was an intensely hot star
which radiated three to four times more heat and light per square foot than our sun. It then
became possible to calculate the size of Sirius B, which is only three times the radius of the
Earth, yet its mass was just a little less than that of our sun. A theory of white dwarfs then
developed to account for Sirius B, and other white dwarfs were later discovered.

5.  See previous note.

6.  Aitken, R. G., The Binary Stars, Dover Publications, New York, 1964, pp. 240-1. The
account of Sirius extends from p. 237 to p. 241.

7.  'Multiplicity of the Sirius System,' art. cit. (see above, Note 2).

8.  Mass Loss and Evolution in Close Binaries, Copenhagen University, 1970, pp. 190-4. (A
seminar held in Elsinore Castle, with Lauterborn as a participant.)

9.  Op. cit. (Note 6 above).

10.  Op. cit. (Note 3 above) Chapter 33.

11.  See for instance the book Interstellar Communication, op. cit. (Note 1 above), an anthology
with contributions from nineteen astronomers and scientists.

12.  Ibid., p. 75.

13.  Ibid., p. 92.

14.  Ibid., p. no.

15.  Ibid., pp. 232-5.

16.  Op. cit. (Note 3 above), pp. 440-64.

17.  Ibid.

18.  See for instance Pritchard, J. B., Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament,
Princeton University Press, 1955, p. 42, the introductory remarks to trans, of 'The Deluge'
and also pp. 93-5, account of the Flood.

19.  Griaule, M., and Dieterlen, G., 'Un Systeme Soudanais de Sirius', Journal de la Societe des
Africainistes, Tome XX, Fascicule 1, 1950, pp. 273-94. An English translation of this article
follows Chapter One in this book.

20.  Griaule, Marcel, and Dieterlen, Germaine. Le Renard Pale (Tome I, Fascicule 1), Institut
d'Ethnologie, Musee de l'Homme, Palais de Chaillot, Place du Trocadeio, Paris 16*
(75016 Paris), 1965. 544 pp.

21.  Ibid., p. 529.

22.  Nine references are given to Baize's publications, extending to 1938, and one given to
Schatzman in L'Astronomie, 1956, pp. 364-9

23.  Le Renard Pale, p. 478.

24.  Ibid., pp. 480-1.      25. Ibid., pp. 480-1.      26. Ibid., p. 486.
27. Ibid., p. 481.           28. Ibid., p. 226.           29. Ibid., p. 264.
30. Ibid., p. 329.           31. Ibid., p. 292.           32. Ibid., p. 291.
33. Ibid., p. 292.           34. Ibid., p. 321.           35. Ibid., p. 321.
36. Ibid., p. 323.           37. Ibid., p. 323.

38.  Aubrey, J., Brief Lives, Penguin, London, 1972. See entry for Harvey, William, pp. 290-1.

39.  Le Renard Pale, p. 348.

40.  Ibid., p. 287 n. 1. 41. Ibid., p. 141.           42. Ibid., p. 141.
43. Ibid., p. 141. 44. Ibid., pp. 102-4. 45- Ibid., p. 128.

46. Ibid., p. 163.           47.  Ibid., p. 168.           48. Ibid., p. 170 n. 2.

49. Ibid., p. 276.           50.  Ibid., p. 279, inc. n. 4. 51. Ibid., p. 280.

52. Ibid., p. 335.           53.  Ibid., p. 470.           54. Ibid., p. 470.

55. Ibid., p. 470.           56.  Ibid., p. 489.           57. Ibid., p. 323.

58. Ibid., p. 384.           59.  Ibid., p. 384.           60. Ibid., p. 381.

61. Ibid., p. 381.           62.  Ibid., p. 381.           63. Ibid., p. 287.

64. Ibid., p. 248.           65.  Ibid., pp. 248-9.     66. Ibid., p. 249.

67. Ibid., p. 219.           68.  Ibid., p. 440.           69. Ibid., p. 440.

70. Ibid., p. 477.           71.  Ibid., p. 477.           72. Ibid., p. 475.

73. Ibid., p. 499 n. 2.

A Sudanese Sirius System

by
M. GRIAULE and G. DIETERLEN

Note: The following article is translated and published in its entirety.
It is written for professional anthropologists and ethnographers, and is pre-
sented here for the reader who is sufficiently interested in the subject to wish
to pursue the source material. It is, therefore, supplementary information,
and is not essential for the reader who merely wishes to follow the argument.

FOREWORD

The indigenous knowledge about the Sirius system which is set forth in this chapter has
been gathered from four Sudanese peoples: the Dogon in Bandiagara, the Bambara and
the Bozo in Segou1 and the Minianka in Koutiala.

The main investigation was carried out among the Dogon between 1946 and 1950,
where the four major informants were:

Innekouzou Dolo, a woman aged between sixty-five and seventy, ammayana 'priestess of
Amma', and soothsayer, living in the Dozyou-Orey quarter of Ogol-du-Bas (Lower
Ogol Sanga-du-Haut (Upper Sanga). Tribe: Arou. Language: Sanga.

Ongnonlou Dolo, between sixty and sixty-five years old, patriarch of the village of Go,
recently established by a group of Arou in the south-west of Lower Ogol. Language:
Sanga.

Yebene, fifty years old, priest of the Binou Yebene of Upper Ogol, living in Bara
(Upper Sanga). Tribe: Dyon. Language: Sanga.

Manda, forty-five years old, priest of the Binou Manda, living in Orosongo in
Wazouba. Tribe: Dyon. Language: Wazouba.

The system as a whole was expounded by Ongnonlou, its various details by the other
informants. Although he was not responsible for drawing up the Sigui calendar, Ongnon-
lou was acquainted with the principles behind it and, during the periods when the
investigators were there, was able to obtain further information from the Arou at Yougo
Dogorou on the one hand and, on the other, from the permanent steward of the supreme
chieftain of the Arou at Arou-by-Ibi.2 Ongnonlou is in fact patriarch of the family from
which the next holder of the title will be designated when the next holiday comes around.

Ongnonlou's learning, within an extremely secret body of knowledge, thus represents
an initial acquaintance or, to use a Bambara expression, a 'slight acquaintance', and this
point should be kept in mind. Just as, for the layman, the star Sirius is the brightest star
in the sky, attracts his gaze, and plays the major role in the computation of the Sigui, so
the rules of the Sirius system as revealed to the initiated in the first instance are at once
simplified in some parts and complicated in others, so as to divert the attention from
calculations which are more secret by far.

It must therefore be understood, once and for all, that the system described here
represents one phase of the revelations permitted to initiates who are top-ranking but not
specifically responsible for the calculations to do with this part of the sky.

For our part, the documents gathered together have not given rise to any original

36                                           THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

hypothesis or research. They have been simply pieced together in such a way that the
accounts of the four principal informants are merged into one and the same statement.
The problem of knowing how, with no instruments at their disposal, men could know the
movements and certain characteristics of virtually invisible stars has not been settled,
nor even posed. It has seemed more to the point, under these special circumstances, to
present the documents in the raw.

THE CALCULATION OF THE TIME OF THE SIGUI

Every sixty years8 the Dogon hold a ceremony called the Sigui (ceremony). Its purpose
is the renovation of the world, and it has been described at length by them in 1931.4
Since the beginning of this investigation, we were faced with the question of determining
the method used to calculate the period separating two Sigui ceremonies. The common
notion, which dates back to the myth of creation, is that a fault in the Yougo rock,
situated at the centre of the village of Yougo Dogorou,8 lights up with a red glow in the
year preceding the ceremony. This fault contains various altars, in particular busts of
Andoumboulou (the name given to the people of small stature who formerly lived in the
rocks), and a rock painting called amma bara, 'god helps', to which we shall refer later.
Furthermore, and before this red glow appears, a spot situated outside the village
becomes covered with elongated gourds of a type which no one would have sown.

When these signs are observed, an apparently simple procedure of calculation is
carried out, solely by the people of Yougo Dogorou who belong to the Arou tribe:6 the
council of elders assesses the interval by means of thirty two-yearly drinking-bouts when
beer made from millet is drunk; and the eldest elder marks up each bout with a cowrie
shell.

These bouts are held about one month before the first rains, sometimes in May or
June, in a tent or shelter pitched to the north of the village centre.7 But this rule is only
theoretical: between the last Sigui, celebrated at the beginning of the century, and 19318
there has been only one bout, halfway through the period; but the two-yearly cowries
were set down and gathered into a pile representing the first thirty years. From 1931
onwards, the drinking bouts took place every two years. When the second pile consisting
of fifteen cowries has been collected, the second Sigui of the twentieth century will be
celebrated.9

According to Manda, the priest, the calculation of the Sigui is recorded above the
door of the sanctuary of Binou by two figures made of millet pulp representing the god
Amma and his son, Nommo, Instructor of the new world.10 The first consists of a vertical
oval - the egg of the world - and its major axis, Amma in the original darkness. In the
right-hand half, each year is marked with a dot, starting from the bottom. When the
seventh year comes round, a kind of trident is drawn on the outside, as an extension to the
line of dots. The same thing is done on the left-hand side, in the order top-to-bottom.
Fourteen years are counted in this way: the seven twin years during which the world
was created, and to which a unit, symbolizing the whole, is added.11 Diagrammatically
speaking, the figure shows the god's last gesture, raising one hand and lowering the other,
thereby showing that sky and earth are made.

This drawing is repeated four times, making it possible to reckon a period of sixty
years; it is accompanied by the figure of the Instructor,12 composed of two vertical legs
supporting a head atop a long neck. During the first thirty years which are recorded by
two ovals, the figure features only the right leg. During the second thirty-year period, the
left leg is made a little longer each year in such a way that when the Sigui actually occurs
it is the same length as the right leg. It is by allusion to this figure that people talk about
the Sigui 'getting to its feet' during this latter period.                                           

THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE DOGON

THE CALCULATION OF THE SIGUI CEREMONIES

37

When it is time for the Sigui, the elders gathered in the tana tono shelter at Yougo draw a
symbol on the rock with red ochre (fig. i), which represents a kanaga mask;13 this, in
turn, represents the god Amma; a hole is made in the ground below it symbolizing the
Sigui, and thus Amma in the egg of the world. In effect these two signs should be 'read'
In the opposite order: Amma, in the shadow of the egg (the hole) reveals himself to men
(the red design) in his creative posture (the mask depicts the god's final gesture, showing
the universe.)14

The hole is also interpreted as the hole which must be dug to put seeds in. From this
viewpoint the holes are arranged in series of three, connoting three Siguis, placed
respectively beneath the sign of three seeds, after which they are named. Thus the Sigui
at (he beginning of this century was called emme sigi, the 'sorghum Sigui'; the next one
will be called yu sigi, the 'millet Sigui'; and the one after nu sigi, the 'haricot Sigui'.

I n theory, then, it would seem possible to record the Siguis using this simple method.

In practice, the holes become obliterated and the painting, more often than not, is touched

up instead of being reproduced and thus forming part of a countable series. But there is

another figure painted on the facade of the sanctuaries which reveals rather more

specific data; it is called sigi lugu, 'calculation of the Sigui', and consists of a line of

vertical chevrons, the notches of which are painted alternately black, red, and white;

each colour corresponds to a seed, the first to millet, the second to the haricot and the

third to sorghum (fig. ii). This line can be read in two ways: Either by using just one

counting system (for example the left-hand one), whereby each notch is the equivalent

of twenty years; here, the notch upon which a Sigui actually falls is carried over to the

following series: or, by taking the whole figure and counting twenty years for each notch,

regardless of its positioning (the right column in fig. ii); here, the notch upon which a

Sigui falls is recounted.

More consistent evidence of the celebration of the Sigui is provided by the large

38                                           THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

wooden mask, whose carving is one of the major concrete purposes of the ceremony. This
mask - usually of considerable size18 - is seldom used, and is kept in some shelter or
hideaway in the rocks, along with those which have been carved at previous ceremonies.
The care with which these masks are treated - for in some ways they are the village
archives - means that it is not uncommon to come across series of three or four of them,
the oldest of which date back, respectively, to 1780 and 1720,16 give or take a year or two.
In exceptional cases, when the shelter has been well selected and under constant surveil-
lance, the series may be longer still; thus at Ibi, in 1931, nine poles were counted, and

THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE DOGON                               39

these must have succeeded three more which had been reduced to a few fragments and
piles of dust and were still visible; as were the special places earmarked for them at the
back of the shelter, all perfectly protected from the damp, vermin and animals. The
oldest in the series of nine, which showed a continuous progression of ageing in the course
of time,17 thus date from the beginning of the fifteenth century; and if the three others
are taken into account, the remnants of the earliest would date back to the first half of the
thirteenth century.18

It is not easy to come across material evidence dating back further than the traces of
these poles at Ibi. But there is another object, existing in a single edition, which is fashioned
during these Sigui ceremonies and which might also, be a significant milestone in the
calculation process. With the festival in mind, each regional Hogon, as well as the
supreme Hogon of Arou, has a fermentation stand woven out of baobab fibres; this
stand is used during the preparation of the first ritual beer. This beer is distributed in
small quantities to each family; it is then added to everybody's cup, and thus ensures the
homogeneousness of the beer drunk by the community. In addition to this, all the other
fermentation stands are associated, by contact, with the principal one, which is exception-
.illy large: the lid measures 40 cm. (16 in.) in diameter, and the four 'pompoms' are the
size of the normal object. As a result, it can only enter the large jars.

These objects are kept in the Hogon's house where they are hung from the main
l»ram, and thus form a permanent sequence. Ongnonlou saw six or seven of them in the
official residence of the Hogon of Sanga; the latter, one of the oldest men in Dogon

country, has it that his great-great-grandfather had seen eight others which preceded
the oldest in the present series.19 Assuming a total of fourteen objects for the Sanga

chieftaincy, the first - which almost certainly does not denote the first ceremony held in
this region - would have been woven in the twelfth century, if one reckons on the period
separating two Siguis being sixty years.

Again, Ongnonlou counted a series of eight in the house of the supreme Hogon of the
Arou, at Arou-by-Ibi. But he adds that the number 'should' be twenty-four, although
he cannot explain if there is an ideal series which a complete sequence would aim for, or
which, conversely, would correspond to reality if the fibres had not turned to dust..20

The methods described above for both keeping track of the ceremonies and for cal-
-ulating the intervals between Siguis are simple and tend to be mnemotechnic. For the
initiate they simply act as understudies for other more complex practices and knowledge
to do with the Sirius system. The Dogon names for this star - sigi tolo, star of the Sigui;21
or yasigi tolo, star of Yasigui22 - sufficiently indicate its relation with the ceremony of the
renovation of the world which takes place every sixty years.

Sirius, however, is not the basis of the system: it is one of the foci of the orbit of a tiny
star called Digitaria, po tolo,23 or star of the Yourougou,24 yurugu tolo, which plays a

crucial role, and which, unaided as it were, hogs the attention of male initiates.

This system is so important that, unlike the systems of other parts of the sky, it has
not been assigned to any particular group. In effect the Ono and Domino tribes govern
the stars, the former including Venus rising among its attributes, the latter Orion's belt.
The sun should be assigned to the most powerful tribe, the Arou; but so as not to be guilty
of excess, the Arou handed the sun over to the Dyon, who are less noble, and hung on
to the moon. As far as the star Digitaria and the system to which it belongs are concerned,
these are common to all men.

THE ORBIT OF DIGITARIA

The orbit described by Digitaria around Sirius is perpendicular to the horizon, and this
Million

alluded to in one of the most common ceremonies in which masks play a part:

The period of the orbit is counted double, that is, one hundred years,28 because the
Siguis are convened in pairs of 'twins', so as to insist on the basic principle of twin-ness.29
It is for this reason that the trajectory is called munu, from the root monye 'to reunite', from
which the word muno is derived, which is the title given to the dignitary who has cele-

brated (reunited) two Siguis.

According to Dogon mythology, before the discovery of Digitaria the supreme chief
was sacrificed at the end of the seventh year of his reign (the seventh harvest). This was
the only computation known about; the year-unit had not then been established. The
spirittual and material principles of the victim were conveyed to Digitaria - to regenerate

the victim - whose existence was known but whose features had not been revealed to man,
because the star was invisible.

This was the rule for forty-nine years for the first seven chiefs who thus nourished the

40                                                THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

laba ozu po

ozugo po ya

(the path of the mask (is) straight (vertical)
this path runs straight)

But if one takes the pun into account - familiar to the initiated - between po:25
'straight' and po: Digitaria, the translation becomes:

the path of the mask (is the star) Digitaria
the path runs (like) Digitaria.

A figure made out of millet pulp (fig. iii) in the room with the dais in the house of
the Hogon of Arou gives an idea of this trajectory, which is drawn horizontally: the oval
(lengthwise diameter about 100 cm. = 40 in.) contains to the left a small circle, Sirius (S),
above which another circle (DP) with its centre shows Digitaria in its closest position.
At the other end of the oval a small cluster of dots (DL) represent the star when it is
farthest from Sirius. When Digitaria is close to Sirius, the latter becomes brighter; when
it is at its most distant from Sirius, Digitaria gives off a twinkling effect, suggesting
several stars to the observer."

This trajectory symbolizes excision and circumcision, an operation which is repres-
ented by the closest and furthest passage of Digitaria to Sirius. The left part of the oval
is the foreskin (or clitoris), the right part is the knife (fig. iv).

This symbolism is also expressed by a figure used for other performances2' (fig. v).
A horizontal figure rests on a vertical axis which connects two circles: S (Sirius) and D
(Digitaria); the centre of the figure is a circle T, which represents the trajectory of D.
The line E is the penis, the hook B' the foreskin. Two horns hinge on the circle and repro-
duce once again the two parts of the trajectory (cf. fig. iv): A, the knife; B, the foreskin.
Thus the Sirius system is associated with the practices of renovating people, and,
consequently - in accordance with the Black mentality - with the ceremonies which
celebrate the renovation of the world.                                                     

ented in Wazouba either by a dot or by a sac enveloping a concentric circle of ten dots
(the eight ancestral Nommos and the initial couple of Nommo). Its continual movement
produces beings whose souls emerge at intervals from the dots and are guided towards the
star Sorghum41 which sends them on to Nommo. This movement is copied by the
rhombus which disperses the creation of the Yourougou in space. Six figures are arranged
around the circle, as if ejected from it (fig. vii) :42

a two-pronged fork: trees;

a stem with four diagonal lines: small millet;

four dots arranged as a trapezium: cow with its head marked by a short line ;43

four diverging lines starting from the base of a bent stem; domestic animals;

four dots and a line: wild animals;

an axis flanked by four dots: plants and their foliage.44

The original work is likewise symbolized by a filter-basket made of straw called nun
goro, 'bean cap'. This utensil consists of a sheath in the form of a continuous helical
spiral, the centre of which starts at the bottom.45 The spiral supports a network of
double radii.46 The spiral and the helix are the initial vortical motion of the world; the
radii represent the inner vibration of things.

Originally, then, Digitaria is a materialized, productive motion. Its first product was
an extremely heavy substance which was deposited outside the cage of movement
represented by the filter-basket.47 The mass thus formed brought to mind a mortar twice
as big as the ordinary utensil used by women.48 According to the version told to the men,
(his mortar has three compartments: the first contains the aquatic beings, the second,
terrestrial beings, and the third, the creatures of the air. In reality the star is conceived
of as a thick oval forming a backcloth from which issues a spiral with three whorls (the
three compartments).

According to the version instructed to the women, the compartments are four in
number and contain grain, metal, vegetables and water. Each compartment is in turn
made up of twenty compartments; the whole contains the eighty fundamental elements.

The star is the reservoir and the source of everything: 'It is the granary for every thing
in the world.'" The contents of the star-receptacle are ejected by centrifugal force, in
the form of infinitesimals comparable to the seeds of Digitaria exilis which undergo rapid
development : ''The thing which goes (which) emerges outside (the star) becomes as

42                                           THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

star, and enabled it to renovate the world periodically. But, having discovered the star,
the eighth chief resolved to avoid the fate of his predecessors: with his son's complicity,
he feigned death, lay dormant for a few. months and reappeared before the chief who had
succeeded him; he announced that he had been to Digitaria, knew its secrets, and that,
from then onwards, every Hogon would reign for sixty years - the period which would
later separate one Sigui from the next.30 Restored to office, he raised the level of the sky
which, hitherto, had been so close to the earth that it could be touched,31 and he com-
pletely reviled the method of calculating time, and the method of reckoning.

Until that time the ceremonies celebrating the renovation of the world had in fact
taken place every seventh harvest;32 the Hogon made his calculations on the basis of
five day periods, a unit which established the week as it still is today, and five harvest
cycles. And as he was eighth in line, he counted eight cycles, in other words forty years,
and the number forty became the basis for computation: the month had forty days, the
year forty weeks (of five days each). But the Hogon lived sixty years, a number which was
interpreted as the sum of forty (basis of calculation) and twenty (the twenty fingers and
toes, symbolizing the person and thus, in the highest sense of the word, the chief). Thus
sixty became the basis for calculations33 and it was first applied to establish the period of
time separating two Siguis. Although the orbit of Digitaria takes approximately fifty
years and although it corresponds to the first seven reigns of seven years respectively, it
none the less computes the sixty years which separate two ceremonies.34

As well as its movement in space, Digitaria also revolves (rotates) upon itself over the
period of one year and this revolution is honoured during the celebration of the bado rite.
On this occasion it ejects from its three spirals the beings and the things which it contains.
This day is called badyu, 'surly father', because it is marked by a general movement of
the world which upsets people and places them in an unsure relationship with themselves
and with each other.

THE ORIGINS AND FEATURES OF DIGITARIA

The eighth Hogon instructed his people in the features of the star, and, more generally, of
the Sirius system.

Sirius appears red to the eye, Digitaria white. The latter lies at the origin of things.
'God created Digitaria before any other star'.36 It is the 'egg of the world', aduno ted, the
infinitely tiny and, as it developed, it gave birth to everything that exists, visible or
invisible.36 It is made up of three of the four basic elements: air, fire and water. The
element earth is replaced by metal.37 To start with, it was just a seed of Digitaria exilis,38
pi, called euphemistically kize uzi, 'the little thing',39 consisting of a central nucleus
which ejected ever larger seeds or shoots in a conical spiral motion (fig. vi). The first
seven seeds or shoots are represented graphically by seven lines, increasing in length,
within the sac formed in turn by an oval symbolizing the egg of the world.

The entire work of Digitaria is summarized in a drawing whose various parts are
carried out in the following order :40 a vertical line issues from the oval - the first shoot to
emerge from the sac; another segment, the second shoot, takes up a crosswise position,
and thus supplies the four cardinal points: the stage of the world. The straightness of
these two segments symbolizes the continuity of things, their perseverance in one state.
Last, a third shoot, taking the place of the first, gives it the form of an oval which is open
in its lower section, and surrounds the base of the vertical segment. The curved form, as
opposed to the straight, suggests the transformation and progress of things. The personage
thus obtained, called the 'life of the world', is the created being, the agent, the microcosm
summarizing the universe.

In its capacity as the heavy embryo of a world issued each year, Digitaria is repres-

large as it every day.51 In other words, what issues from the star increases each day by a
volume equal to itself.

Because of this role, the star which is considered to be the smallest thing in the sky
is also the heaviest: 'Digitaria is the smallest thing there is. It is the heaviest star:''2 It
consists of a metal called sagala,53 which is a little brighter than iron and so heavy 'that
all earthly beings combined cannot lift it'. In effect the star weighs the equivalent of 480
donkey-loads54 (about 38,000 kg. = 85,000 lb.), the equivalent of all seeds, or of all the
iron on earth,6' although, in theory, it is the size of a stretched ox-skin or a mortar.

THE POSITION OF DIGITARIA

The orbit of Digitaria is situated at the centre of the world, 'Digitaria is the axis of the
whole world,''56 and without its movement no other star could hold its course. This
means that it is the master of ceremonies of the celestial positions; in particular it governs
the position of Sirius, the most unruly star; it separates it from the other stars by encom-
passing it with its trajectory.

OTHER STARS IN THE SIRIUS SYSTEM

But Digitaria is not Sirius's only companion: the star emme ya, Sorghum-Female, is larger
than it, four times as light (in weight), and travels along a greater trajectory in the same
direction and in the same time as it (fifty years). Their respective positions are such that
the angle of the radii is at right angles. The positions of this star determine various
rites at Yougo Dogorou. Sorghum-Female is the seat of the female souls of all living or
future beings." It is euphemism that describes them as being in the waters of family
pools: the star throws out two pairs of radii (beams) (a female figure) which, on reaching
the surface of the waters, catch the souls.                                           

THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE DOGON                               45

It is the only star which emits these beams which have the quality of solar rays
because it is the 'sun of women', nyan nay, 'a little sun', nay dagi. In fact it is accompanied
by a satellite which is called the 'star of Women', nyan tolo, or Goatherd, enegirin (literally:
goat-guide), a term which is a pun on emme girin (literally: sorghum-guide). Nominally
then it would be more important as the guide of Sorghum-Female. Furthermore, there
is some confusion with the major star, the Goatherd, which is familiar to everyone.

The star of women is represented by a cross,58 a dynamic sign which calls to mind
the movement of the whole Sirius system (fig. viii).

Sorghum-Female is outlined by three points, a male symbol of authority, surrounded
by seven dots, or four (female) plus three (male) which are the female soul and the male
soul (fig. ix).

Taken as a whole, the Sorghum-Female system is represented by a circle containing
a cross (the four cardinal directions), whose centre consists of a round spot (the star
itself) and whose arms serve as a receptacle for the male and female souls of all beings.
This figure, called the 'Sorghum-Female pattern', emme ya tonu, occupies one of the
Centres of an ellipse called 'the pattern of men', anam tonu, consisting of a full line called
the 'goatherd's course', enegirin ozu, flanked by two dotted lines, the outside of which is
the path of the male souls, and the inside the path of the female souls (fig. x).

The Sirius-Digitaria-Sorghum system is represented by a 'pattern of the Sigui',
sigi tonu, consisting of an oval (the world) in which one of the centres is Sirius. The two
alternate positions of Digitaria at the time of the Sigui are marked and the positions at the
same moment of Sorghum-Female are marked on two concentric circles encompassing
Sirius.

The Sirius system as a whole is drawn at Sanga in different ways, in particular at the
bado ceremony. On the facade of the residence of the great Hogon of Arou and inside the
official houses assigned to the Hogons of Dyon, the course of these stars is represented by
'the pattern of the master of the star of the Shoemaker', dyan tolo bana tonu (fig. xi),
composed of a vertical axis supporting, two-thirds of the way up, a bulge, Sirius (S),
and broken at its base to form an elongated foot jutting to the left at right-angles, the
course of the star of the Shoemaker (C). It is topped by a semi-oval whose arms extend
quite low down; the meeting-point (D) with this oval symbolizes Digitaria, whose course
is traced by the right arm (F). But this arm is also the star of women whilst the left arm
is Sorghum-Female (E). The lower part of the axis (SC), longer than the upper part (SD),
reminds one that the Shoemaker (C) is farther than Sirius is from the other stars, and
revolves in the opposite direction.

Thus it is that during the bado ceremony the oldest woman of the family draws, at the
entrance to the house, the 'pattern of the world of women', nyan aduno tonu,59 or 'pattern
of the top and bottom of the world', aduno dale donule tonu (fig. xii).

It consists of an oval, the egg of the world, containing nine signs:

Da. - Digitaria. The open curve on the right indicates the acceptance of all the
substances and matter placed in it by the Creator.

Db. - Digitaria in its second position. The open oval below marks the exit of the
matter which spreads across the world; A and B also indicate the extreme positions of
Digitaria in relation to Sirius.

/ The star Sorghum-Female, counterpart of Digitaria. As it is the 'sun of women',
It ii placed at the centre of the egg, like the sun at the centre of the solar system. The oval
It framed by two times two small vertical lines symbolizing the rays emitted by the star.

S. - Sirius, 'star of the Sigui' or 'star of Yasigui'. The sign, so placed that it materializes

48                                           THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

the liaison worked by Sirius between the two stars described above, consists of a kind of
X with one right arm - the ant, key - dividing a curved arm, the lower part of which is
Yasigui; and the other part the piece of the organ which is detached during excision.
Although female, the ant is here depicted by a straight rod, as if it were a man. This
marks its domination of Yasigui's feminity, for Yasigui is maimed.

R. - The Yourougou. A hook, made up of a circular arc and a straight segment
indicates that the first movement of the Yourougou describes a curve which goes around
the sky; falling short of the goal, it descended directly, as is shown by the right-hand
segment which is also the piece of bared placenta60.

In effect, with Digitaria as the egg of the world (see earlier) this latter was split into
two twin placentas which were to give birth respectively to a pair of Nommo Instructors.
What happened, however, was that a single male being emerged from one of the pla-
centas; in order to find his twin, this being tore off a piece of this placenta, which became
earth. This intervention upset the order of creation: he was transformed into an animal,
the pale fox, yuruga,61 and communicated his own impurity to the earth, which rendered
it dry and barren. But the remedy to this situation was the sacrifice, to the sky, of one of
the Nommo Instructors which had issued from the other placenta, and the descent of his
twin to earth with life-giving, purifying rain.'2 The destiny of Yourougou is to pursue
his twin to the end of time - the twin being his female soul at the same time. On the
mythical level, Digitaria is thus considered to be the Yourougou held in space by Nommo,
relentlessly revolving around Sirius, or Yasigui in other words, and never capable of
reaching it.

N. - The figure of the Nommo consists of a vertical segment, Nommo in person, upon
which, and slightly below the upper edge, rests a line broken into three unequal parts;
the first is the seat of future female souls; the second the seat of the souls of the dead; and
the third the seat of living souls.

Fa. - The star of Women, nyan tolo. An embryonic spiral calls to mind that it is the
satellite of Sorghum-Female.

Fb. - The 'sign of women', nyan tonu, consists of a diagonal line, man, cut by a line
which ends in a convex curve, woman. This shows the contact between the sexes.63 The
rod is upright with astonishment at the sight of creation, which started with the system
of women. Woman is a heavy-bellied profile, ready to give birth.

Fc. - The sex of women is depicted by an oval which is open in the lower part,
womb-world, ready for procreation, gaping downwards to spread the seeds.

THE SIRIUS SYSTEM AMONG THE BAMBARA

The Bambara call Sirius 'the star of the foundation', sigi dolo, which is the same term
Used by the Dogon, and like them they call the star Digitaria fini dolo." The expression
fa" dolo fia, 'the two stars of knowledge', is generally attributed to it, because 'it represents
in the sky the invisible body of Faro', conceived as a pair of twins.65 This name also
implies that the star is the seat of all learning.

The Sirius system is depicted on the chequered blanket called koso wala, 'coloured
picture', consisting of ten sequences made up of some thirty rectangles coloured alter-
nately indigo and white which symbolize, respectively, darkness and light, earth and sky,
and, in Bambara mythology, Pemba and Faro. Scattered throughout there are twenty-
three rectangles with different patterns of small stripes placed in the direction of the
thread, alternating the indigo, white and red. Twenty of them represent stars or con-
stellations; the other three respectively represent the rainbow, hailstones and rain. The
fifth sequence in the centre, in which there is no coloured rectangle, symbolizes the
Milky Way. The ninth sequence, at one end, contains five black (not indigo) rectangles

THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE DOGON

49

which point to the 'fifth creation, in darkness, which will occur with the arrival of the
waters to come'.66

Sigi dolo is first depicted alone 'in the cold season and in impurity' by the ninth
rectangle (third sequence); it is next depicted flanked by fa dolo fla (two red lines) in the
fifteenth rectangle (eighth sequence).67

In Bambara mythology, Sirius represents Mousso Koroni Koundye, twin of Pemba,
maker of the earth, a mythical woman whom he chased through space and was never
able to catch. In every respect Mousso Koroni Koundye is comparable to Yasigui.68
She inaugurated circumcision and excision and, as a result, Sirius is the star of circum-
cision, for both Bambara and Dogon alike.

THE SIRIUS SYSTEM AMONG THE BOZO

The system is also known to the Bozo, who call Sirius sima kayne (literally: sitting trouser)
and its satellite tono nalema (literally: eye star).

Notes

1. A member of the Bambara living in Bandiagara also confirmed the most important features

of the system,
a. Various pieces of information were supplied direct by the people of Yougo-Dogorou in 1931,

1936, 1948, 1949 and 1950.

3.  We ourselves accepted this figure in 1931 and it can safely be retained for the time being.

4.  Cf. Griaule, Masques Dogons, Travaux et Memoires de l'lnstitut d'Ethnologie de l'Universite"
de Paris, vol. xxxiii (1938), chapter 1.

5.   Ibid., pp. 167 ff., where this fault in the rock is described in detail.

6.   The Dogon are divided into four tribes, each of which had a different role at one time.
The four are the Arou (soothsayers), the Dyon (farmers), the Ono (merchants), and the

Domino (who were confused in this respect with the Ono).

7.  The spot is called tana tone; cf. Griaule, op. cit, p. 171.
8. Or 1933.                           

9. Probably in 1961 or 1963, if this computation is valid. (The information came from a
prominent member of the Yougo aged between fifty-five and sixty.) It is a matter of common
knowledge that the next Sigui will not be celebrated for another ten years or so (we were
told this in late 1950).

10.  These figures are described in M. Griaule and G. Dieterlen, 'Signes graphiques soudanais'
L'Homme, 3 (Paris: Hermann).

11.  The Dogon count a week of five days as six days, just as in French a week of seven days is
referred to as 'eight days' and a fortnight as 'fifteen days'.

12. For a discussion of this substitute for God the Creator cf. Griaule, Dieu d'eau, Paris, Editions

du Chene, 1948.

13. For a description of the mask cf. Masques Dogons, pp. 470 ff.
14. This information came from a prominent member of the Yougo Dogorou. According to all

the initiates, the kanaga mask represents on the one hand the static gesture of the god, and

on the other hand the swastika, through the repetition of the same gestures at an angle of

90 deg. to the first. The second figure represents the god whirling round as he comes down to

earth to reorganize the world in chaos.
15. The largest known example is ten metres long. It was brought back by the Dakar-Djibouti

Mission and given to the Musee de l'Homme in Paris; cf. M. Griaule, Masques Dogons,

pp. 234 ff.
16. Thus the Yendoumman Damma niche contains three specimens; the Yendoumman

Banama contains four; the Yendoumman Da, three; the Barna, four; and the Ennguel-du-

Bas, three. Cf. M. Griaule, Masques Dogons, pp. 24a ff.
17. Ibid., pp. 245 ff.

50                                           THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

18.  For another index that enables us to establish the minimum age of some of the villages, cf.
Griaule, 'Le Verger des Ogol (Soudan francais)', Journal de la Societe des Africainistes, xvii,

pp- 65-79-

19.  The Hogon of Sanga, who was enthroned in 1935, was thus the oldest man in the area at
that date (i.e. the oldest of the Dyon). If we agree that he was born in about 1855, his
great-grandfather, who, he claims, was very old when he himself was a young goatherd,
w.is probably born between 1770 and 1780.

Each fermenting-receptacle is evidence of the Sigui for which it was woven and is known
as such. This means that these objects form a sequence that is considered by the people to
be more than purely numerical.

BO. The period indicated by a scries of this kind would be 1,440 years by the time the next
Sigui came round. It would apparently correspond to the sequence of sixty reigns in which
each Hogon appears and which itself covers a period of about 1,500 years. The supreme
chiefs of the Arou tribe are in fact chosen when still young, unlike the practice current among
the other tribes. The average reign is likely to be twenty-five years.

a 1. Sigo dolo in Bambara.

22. For a discussion of this mythical figure, who corresponds to the Bambaras' Mousso Koroni,
see later in this article.

23.  The po, Digitaria coilis is commonly called 'fonio' in West Africa.

24.  For a discussion of this mythical figure see later in text.

25.  In the song the vowel becomes slightly nasal.

26.  The saying that 'if you look at Digitaria it's as if the world were spinning (po tolo yenehe aduno
gonode ginwo) was probably coined to convey this impression.

27.  cf. M. Griaule, 'Signes graphiques des Dogon', in M. Griaule and G. Dieterlen, 'Signes
graphiques soudanais', L'Homme, 3 (Paris, Hermann).

28.  In the system of notation based on the figure 80 this number is called '80 and 20'. The
period of fifty years is very close to that of Sirius's companion. Cf. P. Baize, 'Le Compagnon
de Sirius', L'Astronomie (Sept. 1931), p. 385.

29.  For a discussion of this principle cf. Griaule, Dieu d'eau, pp. 183 ff.

30.  After this reform the Hogons' sacrifice was replaced by animal sacrifice.

31.  This belief still obtains among the Dogon, and also among many other peoples; cf. Griaule,
Jeux Dogons, Travaux et Mimoires de L'Institut d' Ethnologic de l'Universite de Paris, vol. xxxii.

32.  For a discussion of the symbolism attached to the number 7 cf. Griaule, Dieu d'eau, p. 60.

33.  The figure 60 is the old base of the system of notation still used in the Sudan for a number of
ritual calculations. In several Sudanese languages 60 is known as the 'Mande calculation',
because the system is believed to have spread from Mande. Nowadays the various districts
use 80 as a base for their calculations. Cf. G. Dieterlen, Essai sur la religion bambara (Paris:
PUF).

34.  There is a contradiction here that has not so far been solved. On the one hand the Dogon
accept that Digitaria is in orbit for fifty years and this figure governs the way the Sigui is
calculated. On the other hand Siguis are held at sixty-year intervals. Nevertheless, it should
be noted that the date of the last Sigui, which was celebrated at the very beginning of the
twentieth century, was allegedly brought forward. Does this indicate that the date was
regularly brought forward for each ceremony? The uninitiated would thus be kept going
with the idea that the official period was sixty years and that, for accidental reasons, it
happened to be reduced to a half-century.

The foregoing myth is given here as an indication of the changes or combinations in the
system of computation that occur in the 'history' of the black peoples.

35.  po tolo amma tolo la woy manu.

36.  According to Innekouzou, po tolo, 'Digitaria star', has a hidden etymological derivation from
polo to, 'profound beginning'.

37.  See below.

38.  The Digitaria seed is made up of four parts, only one of which, the outer casing, has a name,
kobu. The other three are known as yolo.

39.  This expression is always being used by Manda, whose extremely punctilious mind thus
avoids even mentioning the name of one of the most basic tabus of the totemic priests.

40.  For further details cf. Griaule, 'Signes graphiques des Dogons'. See also Griaule, 'L'imagc
du monde au Soudan', Journal de la Societe des Africainistes, xix, 2, pp. 81-89.

THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE DOGON                            51

41. Cf. below.

42. They are counted clockwise, starting from the highest figure on the right-hand side.

43.  This cow is an avatar of the Nommo.

44.   It should be remembered that the Dogon, like the other black peoples, use several different
symbols or even several different sequences of images to express a single idea or object.
Conversely, a symbol often represents several different things.

45.  The shape of this basket is roughly the same as the outline of a mortar.

46.  On the system of symbols represented by this basket.

47.   It is understood that Digitaria was the same shape as a basket, but was not a basket.

48.  The initiates have a different idea of these dimensions.

49.  aduno kize fu guyoy.

50. This drawing is executed in Wazouba inside the sanctuaries during the festival of agu.

51. kize wogonode para gwdy wokuwogo dega bay tuturu byede.

52. po tolo kize woy wo gayle be dedemogo wo sige be,

33. This has the Same root as sagatara, 'strong, powerful' (native etymology).

54.  The number 480 is the product of the base number 80 times the number of tens in the base
number 60, which was formerly in use. It is used here to symbolize the largest number of all.

55.  Versions of, respectively, Innekouzou, Manda and Ongnonlou.
56. po tolo aduno fu dudun gowoy.

57. The men have two twin-souls of different sexes. Cf. Griaule, Dieu d'eau, pp. 183 ff. The
same idea is current among the Bambara, cf. Dieterlen, Essai sur la religion Bambara,
chapter 3.
58. The figures reproduced here are used in Wazouba.

59. This figure was taught to Ongnonlou in August 1950, by the Hogon of Sanga.

60. Yourougou, who was born a single being, is fated to pursue the female soul that is his ideal
twin to the end of time. In particular he tried to seize it by snatching away from his mother,
the Earth, part of the placenta that emerged after he was born, because he thought it was
his twin soul.

61. Vulpes pallida.

62. Cf. Griaule and Dieterlen, *Le harpe-luth des Dogon', Journal de la Societe des Africainistes,
xx, 2.

63. A man could just as well call it anam tohu, 'drawing of men'.

64. Fini, from which fonio, a word used throughout Sudanese Africa, is derived, is the same
word as po.

65. The expression may possibly indicate the Sirius and Digitaria grouping, or Digitaria and
another companion. For Faro, or Fanro, the Bambara equivalent of the Dogon Nommo,
cf. Dieterlen, Essai sur la religion Bambara, chapters 1 and 2.

66. Cf. ibid., chapter 1. This refers to a future world that will be heralded by flood-waters.

67. The koso wata blanket, which is worn by elderly initiates at the major Bambara institutions
(dyo), belongs to a series of eight ritual blankets with patterns and colours representing
mythology, cosmology and the social structure. They are used at night or worn as clothing,
depending on the status, duties and aims of the wearer. Apart from their economic value,
they are evidence of the wearer's knowledge. Their ritual use is plain, particularly during
marriage ceremonies. The Dogon have similar blankets. The one known as yanunu represents
a sort of very rough map of the world showing the most important stars.

For a discussion of the way the Bambara and Dogon set great store by weaving and the
various cotton strips, cf. Dieterlen, Essai, chapter 5, and Griaule, Dieu d'eau.

68. For a discussion of the parallels between Mousso Koroni Koundye and Yasigui, cf. Dieterlen,
Essai, chapter 1. For a discussion of Mousso Koroni Koundye, Pemba and Faro, cf. S. de
Ganay, 'Aspect de mythologie et de symbolique bambara', Journal de psychologie normale et
pathologique (April/June 1949); Dieterlen, Essai, chapters 1 and 2.

The Sirius Question is Rephrased

INTRODUCTION

We shall turn now to the star Sirius in history. What was its importance, i
any, in ancient religions ? Is there evidence from the ancient cultures that the
mysterious details of the Sirius system were known to others than the Dogon
tribe? And can we discover where the Dogon got their information?

I must warn the reader that Part Two is difficult, by the nature of its subject
matter. I have tried to make it readable, but beg the reader's indulgence if
have not succeeded. It is exciting material and the reader should stick with it
I am certain he will come out at the end of the tunnel with a great deal of
amazement. For the ancient cultures are far more bizarre than the ordinary
person is generally led to expect.

A Fairytale

Once there was a beautiful bright star named Sothis, as fine as any goddess.
She had long held a dominant position in the sky and been admired by all
for her beauty. But of late she had felt unwell; indeed, it distinctly seemed to
her that she felt her life ebbing away. Night by night she fell further from her
high, proud place in the sky - closer to the skyline and what must surely be
her certain death. Failing, failing, she clung to any companion star she could
find, only to discover that they too felt this deathly weakness, and were sinking
into a kind of sweet sleep. What was she to do ? She felt her strength going
nightly; she could hardly shine the way she wished. Once she had been as
glamorous, as scintillating a queen of the night sky as ever had been seen.
And now she felt she was as worthless as any old woman, her position at the
centre of things gone, and her beauty fading steadily. . . . Towards the end she
wept bitterly and her eyes reddened with the shame of her coming eclipse.
She was so ill, her discomfort so acute. She was almost glad to welcome her
fate, and that terrible line of earth and hills which she had dreaded, at last
devoured her brilliant presence entirely. The night came and she was no more.
Beneath the earth she rested in the balm of death.

But because this queen of the sky had been good during her ascendancy
and had not been too haughty or vulgar, there were many admirers of her
beauty to mourn her passing. Down on the lowly earth moved less brilliant
mortals. Many nights they had stood in awe of the beautiful Sothis when she
was in her prime. Some, indeed, had watched her birth when, red as a baby
from the womb or as the Sun when he rises daily, this bright and beautiful
immortal (or so she had seemed) had first flashed the most piercing and
glittering rays of her incomparable presence sideways across the earth -
seeming almost to scorch the very ground with her flaming beauty. This first
appearance had been brief, for immediately behind her had come the all-
engrossing grandeur of the great Sun himself. Heedless of Sothis, he soon
washed the sky white with his splendour. All the stars dissolved like tiny drops
of milk, lost when their bowl is suddenly filled to overflowing. So great was
the Sun, so irresistible his presence - he whom some compared to a great wild
bull bellowing and lording it over the heavens and the earth alike. But every
night the Sun retired to his resting place, and night by night the flaming
goddess Sothis entranced and bewitched mortal men, as she rose steadily higher
and grew to great perfection. And further and further ahead of the Sun she
rose each night.

56                                           THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

But with her absence, how barren, how bleak, the sky now seemed. The
disappearance of this renowned beauty from the vault of the heavens seemed
such an unbearable deprivation. How the goddess was missed! Many mortal
men shed bitter tears not to see the beauty who had infatuated them with her
glancing eyes, her winsome smile, her slim waist and delicate feet. Were they
never again to see her light tread in the celestial round dance of the stars ?

Day followed night, and the sorrow of many became soothed by time's
healing wings, which slowly fold themselves around the sufferer in invisible
layers of sleep, forgetfulness, and the new interests which life must bring. The
beautiful Sothis, though mourned, was lost only to the sight. For all remembered
her, and that image of her burned into memory was so glorious, that to expect
her actual presence came to seem almost too much to ask of many-hued,
shifting, and various Fate.

Seventy days had elapsed. Hope had long since been abandoned to accept-
ance; sorrow had become numb. A shepherd had gone out before sunrise to
his lambs now fully six months old. The Sun would not long be delayed, it
was approaching the time of daybreak. The shepherd looked towards the
skyline in the east. And as he looked, he saw the horizon burn with a refulgent
fire, and the shimmering red birth of the goddess. It was she, it must be she!
No other star had that aura, such a penetrating persona. The shepherd stood
transfixed; his eyes were seared by this fresh star, dripping it seemed, with the
waters of life, and aflame also with the fiery resurgence of its renewed existence.
As the quick Sun behind her moved up to erase Sothis's tantalizingly brief
appearance, the shepherd turned and ran to the nearest settlement. 'Awake!
Awake! The goddess has returned! She is reborn, immortal, come back from
death!' And all the devotees assembled with excitement and renewed hope.
They heard the tale, saw for themselves the next morning, and they instituted
a yearly celebration. This celebration exists to this day, and many are the
temples, many are the priests, who gather in the month of July throughout all
our land of Egypt to witness the much-heralded yearly rebirth of the great
Sothis, Mother Isis, bestower of concord and blessings to her people. And in
honour of her seventy days spent in the underworld, we have instituted the
seventy-day embalming and mummification rites for our own dead, as it is
pious and indeed right that we should do.

I wrote this fairytale, from the point of view of an ancient Egyptian priest, in
order to convey to the reader not only certain facts but also certain equally
important and, unfortunately, extinct emotions. For the attitudes and feelings
of ancient peoples are just as important as the dry description of what facts
they believed.

Sothis was the ancient Egyptian name for Sirius as it was spelt by the
Greeks. The Egyptians had a Sothic calendar and the first appearance of Sirius
on the eastern horizon just before the sun - after 70 days in the Duat (Under-
world) — was what is called the heliacal rising (or 'with-the-sun' rising) of
Sirius. This event occurred once a year and gave rise to the Sothic Calendar,
whose details we need not go into.

The heliacal rising of Sirius was so important to the ancient Egyptians (as

Indeed it is to the Dogon as well1) that gigantic temples were constructed with

their main aisles oriented precisely towards the spot on the horizon where
Sirius would appear on the expected morning. The light of Sirius would be
chanelled along the corridor (due to the precise orientation) to flood the altar
in the inner sanctum as if a pin-pointed spotlight had been switched on. This
|blast of light focused from a single star was possible because of the orientation
being so incredibly precise and because the temple would be otherwise in total
darkness within. In a huge, utterly dark temple, the light of one star focused
solely on the altar must have made quite an impact on those present. In this
way was the presence of the star made manifest within its temple. One such
temple to the star Sirius was the temple of Isis at Denderah. An ancient
hieroglyphic inscription from that temple informs us:2

58                                           THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

She shines into her temple on New Year's Day, and she mingles her light
with that of her father Ra on the horizon.

(Ra is an ancient Egyptian name for the sun.)

The heliacal rising of Sirius was also important to other ancient peoples.
Here is a dramatic description by the ancient Greek poet Aratus of Soli of the
rising of Sirius3 (often known as the Dog Star as it is in the constellation Canis,
or 'Dog'):

The tip of his [the Dog's] terrible jaw is marked by a star that keenest of
all blazes with a searing flame and him men call Sirius. When he rises
with the Sun [his heliacal rising], no longer do the trees deceive him by the
feeble freshness of their leaves. For easily with his keen glance he pierces
their ranks, and to some he gives strength but of others he blights the bark
utterly.

We see that this dramatic description of the rising of the star indicates an
event which was certainly noticed by ancient peoples. Throughout Latin
literature there are many references to 'the Dog Days' which followed the
heliacal rising of Sirius in the summer. These hot, parched days were thought
by that time to derive some of their ferocity and dryness from the 'searing' of
Sirius. Traditions arose of Sirius being 'red' because it was in fact red at its
heliacal rising, just as any other body at the horizon is red. When making
rhetorical allusion to the Dog Days, the Latins would often speak of Sirius
being red at that time, which it was.

We tend to be unaware that stars rise and set at all. This is not entirely
due to our living in cities ablaze with electric lights which reflect back at us
from our fumes, smoke, and artificial haze. When I discussed the stars with a
well-known naturalist, I was surprised to learn that even a man such as he,
who has spent his entire lifetime observing wildlife and nature, was totally
unaware of the movements of the stars. And he is no prisoner of smog-bound
cities. He had no inkling, for instance, that the Little Bear could serve as a
reliable night clock as it revolves in tight circles around the Pole Star (and
acts as a celestial hour-hand at half speed - that is, it takes 24 hours rather
than 12 for a single revolution).

I wondered what could be wrong. Our modern civilization does not ignore
the stars only because most of us can no longer see them. There are definitely
deeper reasons. For even if we leave the sulphurous vapours of our Gomorrahs
to venture into a natural landscape, the stars do not enter into any of our
back-to-nature schemes. They simply have no place in our outlook any more.
We look at them, our heads flung back in awe and wonder that they can exist
in such profusion. But that is as far as it goes, except for the poets. This is
simply a 'gee whiz' reaction. The rise in interest in astrology today does not
result in much actual star-gazing. And as for the space programme's impact
on our view of the sky, many people will attentively follow the motions of a
visible satellite against a backdrop of stars whose positions are absolutely
meaningless to them. The ancient mythological figures sketched in the sky were
taught us as children to be quaint 'shepherds' fantasies' unworthy of the
attention of adult minds. We are interested in the satellite because we made it,

A FAIRYTALE

59

but the stars are alien and untouched by human hands - therefore vapid. To
such a level has our technological mania, like a bacterial solution in which we
have been stewed from birth, reduced us.

It is only the integral part of the landscape which can relate to the stars.
Man has ceased to be that. He inhabits a world which is more and more his
own fantasy. Farmers relate to the skies, as well as sailors, camel caravans,
and aerial navigators. For theirs are all integral functions involving the
fundamental principle - now all but forgotten - of orientation. But in an
almost totally secular and artificial world, orientation is thought to be un-
necessary. And the numbers of people in insane asylums or living at home
doped on tranquilizers testifies to our aimless, drifting metaphysic. And to our
having forgotten orientation either to seasons (except to turn on the air-
conditioning if we sweat or the heating system if we shiver) or to direction (our
one token acceptance of cosmic direction being the wearing of sun-glasses
because the sun is 'over there').

We have debased what was once the integral nature of life channelled by
cosmic orientations - a wholeness - to the ennervated tepidity of skin sensations
and retinal discomfort. Our interior body clocks, known as circadian rhythms,
continue to operate inside us, but find no contact with the outside world.
They therefore become ingrown and frustrated cycles which never interlock
with our environment. We are causing ourselves to become meaningless body
machines programmed to what looks, in its isolation, to be an arbitrary set of
cycles. But by tearing ourselves from our context, like the still-beating heart
ripped out of the body of an Aztec victim, we inevitably do violence to our
psyches. I would call the new disease, with its side effect of 'alienation of the
young', dementia temporalis.

When I tried to remedy my own total ignorance of this subject originally,

I found it an extremely difficult process. I discovered that I was reading
coherent explanatory matter which I 'understood' but did not comprehend.
For comprehension consists of understanding from the inside as well as under-

standing from the outside. Things that do not really matter to us, or into which
we do not imaginatively project our own consciousness, remain strange to us;
we understand them outside (like a man feeling the skin of an orange) but
we have no inherent relation with the thing, and hence are ultimately divorced
from its reality. This increasing isolation and alienation, a cultural blight of
which there is almost universal complaint in the 'civilized' world, is yet another

consequence of dementia temporalis. For how can you get inside anything in the end
if you have ceased to be inside your own local universe with its cycles and
natural events? To be outside nature is to be an outsider in all things.

With these observations in mind and a child's fairytale to help guide us
into the anteroom of the Egyptian psyche, let us prepare to take a plunge over a

waterfall in the certainty that there is no chance of drowning. I have been
ever this particular waterfall before, and I assure you that the thrill is absolutely
delicious if you just let yourself go. But there is no question about the fact that
will have to swim pretty hard. We're off. . . and immediately we are in
the frothing rapids where names and basic guidelines must be established
quickly. Professors Parker and Neugebauer, who are experts in such matters
as these, tell us:4

A FAIRYTALE                                                  61

The Egyptian calendar-year on which the diagonal star clocks (hitherto
called 'diagonal calendars') were constructed is the well-known civil or
'wandering' year which consisted of twelve months of three 10-day weeks,
divided into three seasons of four months each, followed by five epagomenal
days, called by the Egyptians 'the days upon the year'. The total of 365
days did not vary and as a consequence the Egyptian year moved slowly
forward in the natural year by, on the average, one day in four years. As
we shall see later . . . this was a continuously vexing complication in keeping
the star clocks adjusted.

The basis of these clocks was the risings of the stars (conventionally
referred to as 'decans') at twelve 'hour' intervals through the night and in
10-day weeks through the year.

The main star or decan was Sirius. The four decans immediately before it
in order comprise the constellation Orion. The last portion of Orion rises
above the horizon one 'hour' before Sirius. It was for this reason that Orion
took on significance in the Egyptian mythology and religion. The Egyptians
were so concerned with Sirius, the star whose rising formed the basis of their
entire calendar, that the decan immediately preceding it came to be looked
on as Sirius's 'advance man'. Sirius itself was known to the Egyptians as Spd
or Spdt (a 't' ending is feminine). This is sometimes spelt Sept and pronounced
thus. Orion was known to the Egyptians as Ssh which is transliterated as Sah or
Sah, and pronounced thus.

Now that we have established a few names and facts, we have to consider
the next fundamental point. We must establish, on the professors' word for it,
that the star Sirius was actually identified with the famous goddess Isis, the
head of the Egyptian pantheon. This will be a major breakthrough in our
search for understanding. We must be careful not to be just saying things
without evidence. The most common and most offensive characteristic of
previous books about 'visiting spacemen' has often been the impossibility of
checking any of their statements about ancient cultures (aside from the many
obvious errors). Sometimes there are even references to newspaper articles
which never existed, or to mysterious professors behind the Iron Curtain who
have gone into hiding, taking their unpublished manuscripts with them. There
are some such writers who claim that mysterious hierarchies of 'initiates' exist -
some of them residing in secret caves deep in the centres of mountains - and
some of these 'initiates' are directly in touch with and take their orders from
'flying saucers'!

Now on to the Egyptians: The heliacal rising of Sirius is called in Egyptian
prt Spdt. Neugebauer and Parker say:5 'We offer the suggestion that Spdt was
in origin a nisbe of spd referring to Isis as "the one of Spd". That spd and spdt
Sothis are both identified with Sirius is one of the rare certainties in Egyptian
astronomy.' Sothis is a goddess firmly identified with Spdt and residing there.
Sothis is also identified with the goddess known to us as Isis but whose Egyptian
name is ast which is transliterated as Ast.

Professor Wallis Budge makes this interesting observation :8 'The throne or

62                                            THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

counterpart of Osiris, and it is very probable that originally the same conception
underlay both names.' Osiris as the husband of Isis was identified with the
constellation Orion.

Wallis Budge also said, after giving the following hieroglyphic forms of
Osiris:7

From the hieroglyphic texts of all periods of the dynastic history of Egypt
we learn that the god of the dead, par excellence, was the god, whom the
Egyptians called by a name which may be tentatively transcribed As-Ar,
or Us-Ar, who is commonly known to us as 'Osiris'. The oldest and simplest

form of the name is

that is to say, it is written by means of two hieroglyphics the first of which
represents a 'throne' and the other an 'eye', but the exact meaning attached
to the combination of the two pictures by those who first used them to
express the name of the god, and the signification of the name in the minds
of those who invented it cannot be said.

There is a great elaboration of what As-Ar does not mean, referring to the
use of puns which particularly delighted Egyptian priests, etc. Two pages
later he winds up by saying: 'The truth of the matter seems to be that the
ancient Egyptians knew just as little about the original meaning of the name
As-Ar as we do, and that they had no better means of obtaining information
about it than we have.'

The Bozo tribe in Mali, cousins to the Dogon, describe Sirius B as 'the eye
star', and here we see the Egyptians designating Osiris by an eye for reasons
which are not clear. And Osiris is the 'companion' of the star Sirius. A
coincidence? The Bozo also describe Sirius A as 'seated' - and a seat is the
sign for Isis.

A little later Budge adds:'... in some passages (As-Ar or "Osiris") is referred

to simply as "god",

without the addition of any name. No other god of the Egyptians was ever
mentioned or alluded to in this manner, and no other god at any time in
Egypt ever occupied exactly the same exalted position in their minds, or was
thought to possess his peculiar attributes.' He adds:8 'The plaque of Hemaka
proves that a centre of the Osiris cult existed at Abydos under the 1st Dynasty,
but we are not justified in assuming that the god was first worshipped there,
and ... it is difficult not to think that even under the 1st Dynasty shrines had
been built in honour of Osiris at several places in Egypt.'*

* Emery estimates the First Dynasty as commencing around 3200 B.C.

A FAIRYTALE                                                       63

Thus we see the immense antiquity of the recognition of Ast and Asar (Isis
and Osiris), going back well before the dynastic period in Egypt.

Wallis Budge says :9 'The symbol of Isis in the heavens was the star Sept,

which was greatly beloved because its appearance marked not only the beginning
of a new year, but also announced the advance of the Inundation of the Nile,
which betokened renewed wealth and prosperity of the country. As such Isis
was regarded as the companion of Osiris, whose soul dwelt in the star Sah,

i.e. Orion ..."

Wallis Budge also says:10

Notwithstanding the fact that As, or Ast, i.e. Isis, is one of the goddesses
most frequently mentioned in the hieroglyphic texts, nothing is known with
certainty about the attributes which were ascribed to her in the earliest
times. . . . The name Ast has, like Asar, up to the present defied all explana-
tion, and it is clear from the punning derivations to which the Egyptians
themselves had recourse, that they knew no more about the meaning of her
name than we do.... The symbol of the name of Isis in Egyptian is a seat, or

throne, , but we have no means of connecting it with the attributes

of the goddess in such a way as to give a rational explanation of her name,
and all the derivations hitherto proposed must be regarded as mere guesses.
. . . An examination of the texts of all periods proves that Isis always held
in the minds of the Egyptians a position which was entirely different from
that of every other goddess, and although it is certain that their views
concerning her varied from time to time, and that certain aspects or phases
of the goddess were worshipped more generally at one period than at another,
it is correct to say that from the earliest to the latest dynasties Isis was the
greatest goddess of Egypt. Long before the copies of the Pyramid Texts which
we possess* were written the attributes of Isis were well defined, and even
when the priests of Heliopolis assigned her the position which she held in
the cycle of their gods between b.c. 4000 and b.c. 3000 the duties which
she was thought to perform in connexion with the dead were clearly defined,
and were identical with those which belonged to her in the Graeco-Roman
period.                                                                                   

I had begun to suspect that the sister-goddess of Isis, who is called Nephthys,
represented a possible description of Sirius B, the dark companion star that
described a circle around Sirius. (For we have just seen that Isis was identified
with Sirius quite precisely by the Egyptians, a fact which no Egyptologist
would ever dream of disputing, as it is quite undeniably established as we have

• Wallis Budge believes those of the Vth and Vlth Dynasties to be copies of earlier writings
including those of the 1st Dynasty; see p. 117 of his book.

64                                           THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

seen.) But I must confess that I was not prepared to discover this following
passage :11

On the subject of Anubis Plutarch reports (44;61) some interesting beliefs.
After referring to the view that Anubis was born of Nephthys, although
Isis was his reputed mother, he goes on to say, 'By Anubis they understand
the horizontal circle, which divides the invisible part of the world, which
they call Nephthys, from the visible, to which they give the name of Isis;
and as this circle equally touches upon the confines of both light and
darkness, it may be looked upon as common to them both - and from
this circumstance arose that resemblance, which they imagine between
Anubis and the Dog, it being observed of this animal, that he is equally
watchful as well by day as night.

This description could be taken to be one of the Sirius system. It clearly
describes Isis (whom we know to have been identified with Sirius) as 'the
confines of light' and 'the visible', and her sister Nephthys is described as
being 'the confines of darkness' and 'the invisible', and common to both is the
horizontal circle which divides them - the horizontal circle described, perhaps,
by the orbit of the dark companion about the bright star? And here, too, is
an explanation of the symbolism of the dog which has always been associated
with Sirius, which has borne throughout the ages the name of the 'Dog Star'.

Anubis is variously represented as jackal-headed and dog-headed in Egyptian
art. Wallis Budge adds:12 'Thus much, however, is certain, that in ancient
times the Egyptians paid the greatest reverence and honour to the Dog. ..."

Anubis was also variously represented as the son of Nephthys by Osiris
and as being really identical with Osiris himself. A famous tale has him embalm
the corpse of Osiris. Osiris was known as Anubis, though, at Oxyrhynchus and
Cynopolis.13

A name similar to Anubis (which is really Anpu in Egyptian) and which is
also associated with Isis-Sothis (Sirius), is Anukis, a fellow-goddess of Sothis
who, along with the goddess Satis, sails in the same celestial boat with Sothis
in the Egyptian paintings. There are thus the three goddesses together, possibly
a description of Sirius A, Sirius B, and Sirius C, and emphasizing that the
Sirius system is really thought to be a three-star system. Just to underline the
point, Neugebauer specifically states:14 'The goddess Satis, who like her
companion Anukis is hardly to be taken as a separate constellation but rather
as an associate of Sothis.'

The goddess Anukis holds two jars from which she pours water, possibly
indicating two watery planets around her star ? All the references to the Sothic
heavens are to a watery, reed-growing paradise. Many archaeologists have
surmised that this refers to some specifically Egyptian locale. But no one is
sure. What is known is that heaven is almost invariably associated with the
Sirius system and is described as being prolific of vegetation and watery.

In Plutarch's famous and lengthy treatise (from his immense work the
Moralia, which is even longer than his Lives), 'Isis and Osiris' (356) we read:
'. . . Isis was born in the regions that are ever moist.' In the Loeb Library
edition of this, the translator F. C. Babbitt adds a footnote at this point saying:
'The meaning is doubtful. ..." In other words, no one is really sure what is

A FAIRYTALE                                                   65

meant by all these references to Isis-Sothis and the 'moist regions', which are
supposed by most scholars quite sensibly to be projections of local Egyptian
conditions around the Nile into an ideal celestial region. But most scholars
admit that this is mere conjecture. The 'moist regions' could just as well be
an attempt to describe some watery planets.

It is worth pointing out that in the event of planets in the Sirius system
being watery, we must seriously consider the possibility of intelligent beings
from there being amphibious. This ties in with the legend of Oannes which I
mentioned in Part One. He was the amphibious being mentioned by the
astronomer Carl Sagan from the Sumerian tradition, and was the bringer of
civilization to man. In other words, beings of this type would be a bit like
mermaids and mermen - and might in some way resemble our intelligent
friends the dolphins. I discuss this subject further in Part Three of this book.

Perhaps 'the sirens' are, figuratively, a chorus of mermaids recalled from earlier
times. By coincidence, in zoology a siren is 'one of a genus (Siren) of eel-shaped
amphibians having small forelimbs, but destitute of hind legs and pelvis, and
having permanent external gills as well as lungs'. It would be interesting to
see how far back in time these creatures were called by their name. As for
the singing sirens who lure sailors to the rocks, they are called in Greek Seiren
(singular), Seirenes (plural) and are first mentioned in Homer's Odyssey. Homer
knew of two sirens, but later there was a third, and some added a fourth. (Plato
decided there were eight because of that number matching the number of
musical notes in the octave.) It is interesting that in Greek Sirius is Seirios.
Liddell and Scott in their definitive Greek lexicon give a meaning of the previous
Seiren as 'a constellation, like Seirios, Eust. 1709. 54'.

Another similar word Seistron became in Latin sistrum and Liddell and Scott
define it as 'A rattle used in the worship of Isis, . . .'

Let us now turn our attention to a remarkable book, Star Names, Their
Lore and Meaning by Richard Hinckley Allen. In this book, under a discussion
of the constellation Canis Major (The Dog), which contains Sirius,15 on p. 130,
in a description of the star of the constellation represented by the Greek letter
8 (delta):

It is the modern Wezen, from (the Arabic) Al Wazn, Weight, "as the star
seems to rise with difficulty from the horizon," but Ideler calls this an astonishing
star-name.'

Yes, concerning what we know, it is astonishing!

Before leaving the star, it is worth noting that Allen says the Chinese knew
it is well as some stars in Argo as 'Hoo She, the Bow and Arrow', and that the
bow and arrow is a variation motif associated with the Sirius system by the
Egyptians. In Neugebauer we read :16 'The goddess Satis, who like her companion
Anukis is hardly to be taken as a separate constellation but rather as an
associate of Sothis. In Dendera B, the goddess holds a drawn bow and arrow.'

More information regarding Al Wazn, 'Weight', is found in Dr Christian
Ludwig Ideler's Untersuchungen ueber den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen,
Berlin, 1809, which Allen describes as 'the main critical compendium of
Information on stellar names - Arabic, Greek, and Latin especially. It is to
him that we owe the translation of the original Arabic text of Kazwini's
Inscription of the Constellations, written in the 13th century, which forms the

66

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

basis of the Sternnamen, with Ideler's additions and annotations from classical
and other sources. From this much information in my book is derived.'

Ideler might well comment that Al Wazn is 'an astonishing star-name'. To
call a star in the same constellation as Sirius 'too heavy to rise over the horizon
with ease' looks suspiciously like an attempt to describe a 'heavy star' such as

Sirius B.

Could this reference to a 'heavy star' be a reference to Sirius B by people
who have inherited a slightly garbled version of the tradition of its being a
super-dense star invisible to the unaided eye - resulting in their seizing on one
of Sirius's apparent companions (as seen from the Earth) and giving it a
description properly applying to its actual companion? The Arabs do not
mention '480 ass loads' to describe its weight in the quaint fashion of the Dogon,
but the substance of the idea seems to be present. It is well known that ancient
Arabic astronomical lore derives from Egypt and is found in Arabic traditions
in a degenerate form. Obviously the search must now be on for this concept of a
super-heavy star in Egyptian traditions! I had always suspected that this most
secret tradition of the Dogon reached them from Egypt, just as the lore of stars
reached the Arabs from Egypt. It will not be easy for us to discover, as it must
have been an extremely esoteric and secret teaching of the Egyptians, just as it
was the most secret teaching of the Dogon.

A further use of the name Wazn is its loose application to the star Canopus
in the constellation Argo.17 Allen, in describing the Argo, quotes the ancient
Greek poet Aratos, in a passage showing us something of the relation Argo
bears to Canis Major, the Great Dog:

Sternforward Argo by the Great Dog's tail
Is drawn . . .

Argo is the constellation representing both Jason's ship with its fifty
Argonauts and Noah's ark.

Jason's Argo 'carried Danaos with his fifty daughters from Egypt to Rhodes',
as Allen puts it. He adds: 'The Egyptian story said that it was the ark that
bore Isis and Osiris over the deluge; while the Hindus thought that it performed
the same office for their equivalent Isi and Iswara.'

Allen's old-fashioned spelling 'Iswara' is a reference to the word 'Ishvara'.
There are some interesting facts to be gleaned from perusing the meanings of
the Sanskrit word ishu, which basically means 'an arrow'. Recall the connection
of the bow and arrow with Sirius among both the Egyptians and the Chinese.
(Further examples are given in the book Hamlet's Mill, along with interesting
illustrations.) Now note from Monier-Williams's definitive Sanskrit dictionary
that ishu means not only 'arrow' but 'ray of light'. Ishvasa means 'a bow' or
'an archer'. Remember the three goddesses and note this: that Ishustrikanda,
which literally means 'the threefold arrow', is specifically meant to be the name
of a constellation! Monier-Williams says it is 'perhaps the girdle of Orion' (which
has three prominent stars). The interested reader must refer to Hamlet's Mill by
Santillana and von Dechend for a great deal of discussion of Sirius the Bow Star.
But to return to the celestial Argo-boat (or ark); we have previously
encountered this Egyptian idea of the celestial boats in which their gods sailed

A FAIRYTALE                                                   67

through the waters of the heavens. The three Sirius-goddesses: Sothis, Anukis,
and Satis, were all in the same boat. So it is interesting to see that Argo was a
boat connected with Isis and Osiris, for a concept which seems to be peculiarly
stubborn in attaching itself to Argo is the number fifty. It is my suspicion that
this is a remnant of the concept of Sirius B taking fifty years to complete an orbit
around Sirius A. This suggestion is not as far-fetched as it may seem at first
sight. Indeed, the reader will discover as he proceeds that the suggestion will
become more and more obvious. We must realize that in Egyptian terms the
orbit of Sirius B around Sirius A could have been expressed in terms of a celestial
boat. Now since Argo is the boat of Isis and Osiris, what better way to express
the fifty-year orbit than by giving the boat fifty oarsmen? And that is what
Argo has - in the tradition there are fifty rowers, or Argonauts.

In order to fortify my argument I shall quote Allen's precise way of describing
this:18 'Mythology insisted that it was built by Glaucus, or by Argos, for Jason,
leader of the fifty Argonauts, whose number equalled that of the oars of the ship ..."
In other words, it is not the men but the number of oars laid out in line round the
ship that is important. A ship (an orbit) with fifty oars (fifty 'markers' or yearly
stages)! And just so that we don't miss the importance of the figure fifty, we
are told there were fifty daughters of Danaus transported from Egypt on the
Argo! (Readers who wonder what other connection there may be between the
Argo of the Greeks and ancient Egypt must be patient.) Argo is therefore totally
involved in the picture, as we now see. There are many further ramifications of
this, not only of Argo, but of the number fifty.

But before moving on to what that entails, it is worth giving an illustration
of the concept of 'the rower' in the celestial barque from an ancient Egyptian
coffin text 'The Field of Paradise'.19 It is quite likely that from concepts such
as these the idea of a rower and his oar developed and became incorporated
in the Argo myth and came to be symbolic: '. . . in the place where Re (the
Sun) sails with rowing. I am the keeper of the halyard in the boat of the god;
I am the oarsman who does not weary in the barque of Re.' (Re is another
form of the more familiar Ra.)

The first person in this text refers to the deceased Pharaoh. This is one of
the examples of the common Egyptian conception that when a Pharaoh died
he became a celestial rower. It should be obvious, then, how the concept of
'fifty rowers' by fifty positions, or oars, came to be important as symbols. It
harks back to this Egyptian motif.

Now we must turn to the Sumerian civilization (which later developed into
the Babylonian civilization). We shall be back in Egypt soon enough, with
more Argo material. But we must go east. Sumer-Akkad was roughly con-
temporaneous with ancient Egypt, and the lands are known to have been in
contact. In a major source we read20 of the Sumerian word Magan: 'The land
Magan is usually identified either with Arabia or with Egypt.'

But whatever contact the two civilizations may have had, we must first
investigate the Sumerian religion and mythology. For this we rely primarily
on the excellent work of Samuel Noah Kramer of the University of Pennsylvania.
The Sumerian heaven-god is called Anu. (In Sanskrit anupa means 'a
watery county'.) I had a considerable shock when I discovered that Alexander
Heidel says in The Babylonian Genesis: '. . . just as the departed spirits of

68

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

Enlil and Anu were pictured as the wild ass and the jackal, respectively'.21
Anu is represented by the jackal. Well, of course, the jackal is the symbol
(interchangeable with the dog) of the Egyptian Anpu (Anubis)!

I shall explain later why I consider Anu to be related to the Sirius question,
apart from this obvious parallel. At the moment I shall deal with further
related parallels which I consider amazing. Anu is the king of some attendant
deities called the Anunnaki. We shall shortly see why they are so involved in
the Sirius question. But note the recurrence in Sumer of 'Anu' in both Anu and
the Anunnaki, and in Egypt with both Anpu (Anubis) and Anukis. In all
these cases Sirius is involved. Even the jackal or dog is common as a symbol to
the 'Anu' in both countries. There are other parallels, but we shall come to
them in due course.

In Sumerian the word an means 'heaven' and Anu is the god of heaven.

Wallis Budge says22 that the Egyptian god Nu was often identified with
Nut, which is 'heaven'.

Significantly, he expressly states:23

It is surprising therefore to find so much similarity existing between the
primeval gods of Sumer and those of Egypt, especially as the resemblance
cannot be the result of borrowing. It is out of the question to assume that
Ashur-banipal's editors borrowed the system from Egypt, or that the literary
men of the time of Seti I borrowed their ideas from the literati of Babylonia
or Assyria, and we are therefore driven to the conclusion that both the
Sumerians and the early Egyptians derived their primeval gods from
some common but exceedingly ancient source. The similarity between the
two companies of gods seems to be too close to be accidental ... it is certain
that the company of primeval gods . . . was quite different from . . . those
which formed in Babylonia and Assyria when these countries were inhabited
by Semitic populations.

I had come to all these conclusions myself before seeing this passage by Wallis
Budge.

But to return to Anu. Osiris is sometimes known as An.2* In a hymn to
Osiris25 he is called the 'god An of millions of years . . .' and also 'An in An-tes,
Great One, Heru-khuti, thou stridest over heaven with long strides'. Therefore
this designation as An is specifically connected with heaven and the long strides
mean heavenly motion.

In considering An and Anu we must look again at Anubis. But as we do so
we shall take a glance at the Sanskrit. Recall that Anubis in Plutarch's account
seemed to refer specifically to the orbit of Sirius B. In Sanskrit the word anda
means 'ellipse', and the word anu means 'minute, atomic, "the subtle one",
an atom of matter' and animan means 'minuteness, atomic nature, the smallest
particle, the superhuman power of becoming as small as an atom'. The first
word could describe an orbit. Since Kepler, we have known that our planets
move in elliptical orbits rather than circular ones, and the orbit of Sirius B is
that of an ellipse. As for the next two forms anu and animan, they seem to have
meanings perilously peripheral to an account of that level of matter (the atomic)
where the nature of Sirius B is manifested. We shall see much later in the book
that other similarities exist between certain Sanskrit terms relevant to the Sirius

A FAIRYTALE                                                   69

question and like terms in Egypt and the Near East. But we shall leave those
philological matters until later, when they will be shown to have considerable
importance.

Back to Anubis. Wallis Budge says of him:28 'His worship is very ancient,
and there is no doubt that even in the earliest times his cult was general in
Egypt; it is probable that it is older than that of Osiris.' Also he points out
here, as elsewhere, that the face of the deceased human becomes identified
with Anubis, and it is just the head of Anubis which is symbolically represented
l>y the jackal or dog. I have already pointed out that he is described as the
circle or orbit separating the dark Nephthys from the light Isis or Sirius. In
other words, I take Anubis to represent the orbit of Sirius B around Sirius A.
We also find him described as 'time',27 a particularly intelligent way of looking
at an orbit as progressive and sequential in time. 'Time the devourer', a motif
common to us all, is no stranger to the Egyptians. It should not surprise us that
Anubis is also represented as a devourer! More specifically, he is accused of
devouring the Apis bull. The Apis bull is the animal into which the dead
Osiris was sewn and transported, according to a late legend which is widely
known. But more basically, the 'Apis Bull' (the deity known under the Ptolemies
us Serapis) is Asar-Hapi. It is Osiris himself! In The Gods of the Egyptians,
we read 'Apis is called "the life of Osiris, the lord of heaven" ' and 'Apis was,
in fact, believed to be animated by the soul of Osiris, and to be Osiris incarnate'.28
Bo, consequently, when Anubis (devoured Apis, he was eating the husband of
Isis! It is very colourfully represented in these dramatic mythological terms,
but the meaning is clear. We read later:29

'Others again are of the opinion that by Anubis is meant Time, and that
his denomination of Kuon [the Greek word for 'dog'] does not so much
allude to any likeness which he has to the dog, though this be the general
rendering of the word, as to that other significance of the term taken from
breeding; because Time begets all things out of itself, bearing them within
itself, as it were in a womb. But this is one of those secret doctrines which
are more fully made known to those who are initiated into the worship of
Anubis.'

Exactly. A secret doctrine! What one would give for a fuller account!
This is the trouble with most of our sources; they give away little except by
inference. Secret doctrines are not scribbled down too frequently and left for
posterity. The most secret doctrine of the Dogon was only revealed with great
reluctance after many, many years, and following upon a conference by the
Initiates. The Egyptians were no fools, and we can hardly expect them to have
left papyri or texts specifically revealing in so many words what they were not
supposed to reveal. We can only try to piece together clues. But we will see our
clues eventually turn into a veritable avalanche.

The last passage from Wallis Budge was a quotation by him from Plutarch's
Isis and Osiris'. Many Egyptologists have remarked on the irony that we
have nowhere in Egyptian sources a full, coherent account of Isis and Osiris -
not even in all the sources put together! And we are forced to rely on Plutarch,
who did preserve a long account which he wrote in his native Greek. Plutarch
in thought to have been a priest himself, and was certainly a Delphic initiate.

70                                            THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

He had a talent for befriending priests and priestesses. One of his best friends
was the priestess Clea of the oracle at Delphi. His treatise 'Isis and Osiris' is
dedicated to Clea and addressed to her. It begins with these words: 'All good
things, my dear Clea, sensible men must ask from the gods; and especially
do we pray that from those mighty gods we may, in our quest, gain a knowledge
of themselves, so far as such a thing is attainable by men.' This gives some
indication of what Plutarch was like as a man.

The Introduction to the Loeb edition of Isis and Osiris by F. C. Babbitt says:
'[Plutarch] once visited Egypt, but how long he stayed and how much he
learned we have no means of knowing. It is most likely that his treatise represents
the knowledge current in his day, derived, no doubt, from two sources: books
and priests.' It is certain that Plutarch's friend Clea, who was so important at
Delphi, would have seen to it that Plutarch had ample introductions to leading
priests of Egypt. This sort of thing was standard practice — as with the study of
Egyptian religion and astronomy undertaken centuries earlier by the Greek
scholar Eudoxus (colleague of Plato and Aristotle), who was given a letter of
introduction to the last of the native Pharaohs, Nectanebo, by the Spartan
general Agesilaus, and who in turn sent him off to associate with his priests.
The fact that Plutarch's treatise is addressed to Clea may indicate a debt to
her for its preparation as well as common religious enthusiasms. So, no doubt
Plutarch did with the Egyptian priests what Griaule and Dieterlen did with
the Dogon - drew some secret traditions out of them. It is thus not surprising
that Plutarch's essay is more respected by Egyptologists than by classicists.

Plutarch says: 'Some are of the opinion that Anubis is Cronos.'30 Chronos,
of course, was the Greek 'time the devourer', spelt with an h. Cronos in Latin
is Saturn. There is a considerable debate among scholars whether Cronos
(Saturn), the former chief god prior to Zeus (Jupiter), has any definite relation
to the word chronos spelt with the h and sometimes used as a proper name for
Time. From this latter word we derive chronology, chronicle, etc. The Sumerian
god Anu is quite similar to the Greek Cronos because both Cronos and Anu
were 'old' gods who were displaced by younger blood - by Zeus and Enlil
respectively. Thus another possible link between Anu and Anubis, if one be
willing to grant that Cronos and Chronos are not entirely separate words and
concepts in ancient pre-classical Greece.

Wallis Budge continues with reference to Plutarch:

Referring to Osiris as the 'common Reason which pervades both the superior
and inferior regions of the universe', he [Plutarch] says that it is, moreover,
called 'Anubis, and sometimes likewise Hermanubis (i.e. Heru-em-Anpu);
the first of these names expressing the relation it has to the superior, as the
latter, to the inferior world. And for this reason it is, they sacrifice to him
two Cocks, the one white, as a proper emblem of the purity and brightness
of things above, the other of a saffron colour, expressive of that mixture and
variety which is to found on those lower regions.'

Here is what I take to be a possible reference to the white Sirius A and the
'darker' Sirius B. But also, the 'lower regions' are the horizons, where white
heavenly bodies at their 'births' and 'deaths' become saffron-coloured.

There is a clearer translation by Babbitt in the precise description of Anubis

A FAIRYTALE                                                          71

as 'the combined relation of the things'31 rather than as 'the common Reason
which pervades' the light world and the dark world. A circular orbit is just
that - 'a combined relation' between the star revolving and the star revolved
around. In order to make this more firmly established less as fancy than as fact,
I shall cite Plutarch's words from his next paragraph (Babbitt's translation):
'Moreover, they (the Egyptians) record that in the so-called books of
Hermes (the Trismegistic literature?) it is written in regard to the sacred names
that they call the power which is assigned to direct the revolution of the Sun

Horus . . .'

This is important because we see here that they specifically call the orbit
of the sun by a god's name. If they can call the revolution of the sun by a god's
name, they can call the revolution of Sirius B (assuming they really knew about
it) by a god's name. We are dealing with a precedent. Now we resume this
quotation because it is interesting for other reasons: '. . .but the Greeks call

it   Apollo; and the power assigned to the wind some call Osiris and others
Serapis; and Sothis in Egyptian signifies "pregnancy" (cyesis) or "to be
pregnant" (cyein): therefore in Greek, with a change of accent, the star is
called the Dog-star (Cyon), which they regard as the special star of Isis.'

A further piece of information from Plutarch about Anubis is:32 'And
when the child (Anubis, child of Nephthys by Osiris) had been found, after
great toil and trouble, with the help of dogs which led Isis to it, it was brought
up and became her guardian and attendant, receiving the name Anubis, and
it is said to protect the gods just as dogs protect men.'

If Anubis is conceived of as an orbit around Sirius, then he would indeed
he attendant upon Isis! He would go round and round her like a guard dog.

Plutarch has an interesting tale: 'Moreover, Eudoxus says that the Egyptians
have a mythical tradition in regard to Zeus that, because his legs were grown
together, he was not able to walk . . .'33 This sounds very like the amphibious
Oannes of the Sumerians who had a tail for swimming instead of legs for
walking.

Plutarch provides us with an important and crucial clue linking Isis with
the Argo and the Argonauts and demonstrating a probable derivation of an
idea that has puzzled classicists enormously (and later on we shall see the links
between Isis and the Argo considerably elaborated): 'Like these also are the
Egyptian beliefs; for they oftentimes call Isis by the name of Athena, expressive
of some such idea as this, "I came of myself," which is indicative of self-
impelled motion.'34

It must be remembered that the Greek goddess Athena, the goddess of the
mind and of wisdom, was reputed to have sprung full-fledged from the brow of
Zeus. She was not born. She came of herself. However, the quotation must be
continued to make the point:

Typhon, as has been said, is named Seth and Bebon and Smu, and these
names would indicate some forcible and preventive check or opposition or
reversal.

Moreover, they call the lodestone the bone of Horus, and iron the bone
of Typhon, as Manetho records. For, as the iron oftentimes acts as if it
were being attracted and drawn toward the stone, and oftentimes is rejected

72                                           THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

and repelled in the opposite direction, in the same way the salutary and
good and rational movement of the world at one time, by persuasion,
attracts and draws towards itself and renders more gentle that harsh and
Typhonian movement, and then again it gathers itself together and reverses
it and plunges it into difficulties.

The identification of Isis with Athena here in connection with lodestones
and 'self-impelled motion' brings to mind the placing by Athena of a cybernetic*
oak timber from the holy sanctuary of Dodona (supposedly founded by
Deukalion, the Greek Noah, after his ark landed) in the keel of the Argo.
H. W. Parke in his books Greek Oracles and The Oracles of Zeus refers to this:
'Athena when the Argo was built took a timber from the oak tree of Dodona
(the oracular centre of Zeus) and fitted it into the keel. This had the result that
the Argo itself could speak and guide or warn the Argonauts at critical moments,
as it actually is represented as doing in our extant epics on the subject. The
original epic is lost, but there is no reason to doubt that this miraculous feature
went back to it, and, if so, was at least as old as the Odyssey in which the Argo
and its story are mentioned.' Parke then emphasizes most strongly that it is
the timber itself that acts as guide. It is self-sufficient and not merely an
oracular medium. Thus we see that the Argo had a unique capacity for 'self-
impelled motion' which was built into it by Athena (whom Plutarch identifies
with Isis).88

Now is a suitable stage to return to the Sumerians, as in their culture we
shall find many significant references to 'fifty heroes', 'fifty great gods', etc.
But first we shall leave the fifty Argonauts and their magical ship to turn our
attention to what appears to be a rather precise Egyptian description of the
Sirius system preserved in an unusual source. The source is G. R. S. Mead
(who was a friend of the poet Yeats and is mentioned by his nickname 'Old
Crore' in Ezra Pound's Cantos), whose three volume Thrice Greatest Hermes36
contains a translation of, with extensive prolegomena and notes to, the obscure
and generally ignored ancient 'Trismegistic literature' of the Hermetic tradition.
These writings are largely scorned by classical scholars who consider them
Neoplatonic forgeries. Of course, ever since the wild Neoplatonic boom in the
Italian Renaissance period when Marsilio Ficino translated and thereby
preserved for posterity (one must grant the Medicis the credit for finding and
purchasing the manuscripts!) such Neoplatonists as Iamblichus, as well as
these Trismegistic writings, the Neoplatonists have been in the doghouse. The
Loeb Classical Library still has not published all of Plotinus even now.

But most readers will not be familiar either with the term 'trismegistic' or
with the Neoplatonists. So I had better explain. The Neoplatonists are Greek
philosophers who lived long enough after Plato to have lost the name of
Platonists as far as modern scholars are concerned (though they were intellectual
disciples of Plato and considered themselves Platonists). Modern scholars have
added the prefix 'Neo-' to 'Platonist' for their own convenience, in order to

* Norbert Wiener in Cybernetics, the pioneer textbook of computer theory, said: 'We have
decided to call the entire field of control and communication theory, whether in the machine or
in the animal, by the name Cybernetics . . . (from the Greek for) steersman.'

A FAIRYTALE

73

distinguish them from their earlier predecessors, those Platonists who lived
within 150 years of Plato himself. The Platonic Academy existed for over nine
centuries at Athens. In actuality, scholars talk about 'Middle Platonists',
'Syrian Platonists', 'Christian Platonists', 'Alexandrian Platonists', and so on.
I suggest the reader look at my Appendix I, which will tell him a lot about the
Neoplatonists and their connection with the Sirius mystery, and which deals
primarily with Proclus.

G. R. S. Mead, at the beginning of his work Thrice Greatest Hermes, explains
fully what 'the Trismegistic Literature' is. He calls it 'Trismegistic' instead of
by its earlier designation 'Hermetic' (from the name of the Greek god Hermes)
in order to distinguish it from other less interesting writings such as the Egyptian
Hermes prayers and also the 'Hermetic Alchemical Literature'. The Trismegistic
writings are now fragmentary and consist of a large amount of exceedingly
strange sermons, dialogues, excerpts by Stobaeus and the Fathers of the Church
from lost writings, etc. I hesitate to give a brief summary of them and suggest
that the interested reader actually look into this subject himself. There are
some matters which defy summary, and I consider this to be one of them. The
writings contain some 'mystical' elements and certainly some sublime elements.
old Cosimo de Medici was told by Ficino that he could translate for him
either the Hermetic Literature or the dialogues of Plato, but not both at once.
Cosimo knew he was dying. He said something like: 'If only I could read the
Hooks of Hermes, I would die happy. Plato would be nice but not as important.
Do the Hermes, Ficino.' And Ficino did.

As I explain fully in Appendix I, the Neoplatonists are so thoroughly
despised through the bias of the moment, however one cares to define that
bias, that the Trismegistic literature suffers with Neoplatonism under the onus

of being considered too far removed from reality and logic and being inclined
inwards the mystical. This does not fit well with the hard rationalism of an
age still bound by the (albeit decaying) fetters of nineteenth-century scientific
deterministic prejudice. The sublime irony is, of course, that proven and
authentic Egyptian texts are obviously mystical, but that is considered all
right. However, as long as there is a belief that the Trismegistic literature is
Neoplatonic it will be despised because it is mystical.

The Trismegistic literature may be Neoplatonic. But that does not make
what it has to say about Egyptian religion any less valid per se than the 'Isis
and Osiris' by the Greek Plutarch, who was only slightly earlier in time than
the Neoplatonist Greeks. It is time for scholars to pay some attention to this
sadly neglected material. Much of the Trismegistic literature probably goes
back to genuine sources or compilations such as Manetho's lost Sothis. Or the
literature may be quite ancient, in which case some of it cannot, in its present
form, be earlier than the Ptolemaic period when the Zodiac as we know it was
Introduced into Egypt by the Greeks who in turn had it from Babylon. (I

cannot here discuss the matter of earlier forms of zodiac, such as at Denderah.)

Mead quotes an Egyptian magic papyrus, this being an uncontested
Egyptian document which he compares to a passage in the Trismegistic

literature: 'I invoke thee, Lady Isis, with whom the Good Daimon doth unite,

He who is Lord in the perfect black.'"

We know that Isis is identified with Sirius A, and here we may have a

74

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

description of her star-companion 'who is Lord in the perfect black', namely
the invisible companion with whom she is united, Sirius B.

Mead, of course, had no inkling of the Sirius question. But he cited this
magic papyrus in order to shed comparative light on some extraordinary
passages in a Trismegistic treatise he translated which has the title 'The Virgin
of the World'. In his comments on the magic papyrus Mead says: 'It is natural
to make the Agathodaimon ("the Good Daimon") of the Papyrus refer to
Osiris; for indeed it is one of his most frequent designations. Moreover, it is
precisely Osiris who is pre-eminently connected with the so-called "under-
world", the unseen world, the "mysterious dark". He is lord there . . . and
indeed one of the ancient mystery-sayings was precisely, "Osiris is a dark God."

'The Virgin of the World' is an extraordinary Trismegistic treatise in the
form of a dialogue between the hierophant (high priest) as spokesman for Isis
and the neophyte who represents Horus. Thus the priest instructing the initiate
is portrayed as Isis instructing her son Horus.

The treatise begins by claiming it is 'her holiest discourse' which 'so speaking
Isis doth pour forth'. There is, throughout, a strong emphasis on the hierarchical
principle of lower and higher beings in the universe - that earthly mortals are
presided over at intervals by other, higher, beings who interfere in Earth's
affairs when things here become hopeless, etc. Isis says in the treatise: 'It needs
must, therefore, be the less should give place to the greater mysteries.' What
she is to disclose to Horus is a great mystery. Mead describes it as the mystery
practised by the arch-hierophant. It was the degree (here 'degree' is in the
sense of 'degree' in the Masonic 'mysteries', which are hopelessly garbled and
watered-down versions of genuine mysteries of earlier times) 'called the "Dark
Mystery" or "Black Rite". It was a rite performed only for those who were
judged worthy of it after long probation in lower degrees, something of a far
more sacred character, apparently, than the instruction in the mysteries enacted
in the light.'

Mead adds: 'I would suggest, therefore, that we have here a reference to
the most esoteric institution of the Isiac tradition . . .', Isiac meaning of course
'Isis-tradition', and not to be confused with the Book of Isaiah in the Bible
(so that perhaps it is best for us not to use the word-form 'Isiac').

It is in attempting to explain the mysterious 'Black Rite' of Isis at the
highest degree of the Egyptian mysteries that Mead cited the magic papyrus
which I have already quoted. He explains the 'Black Rite' as being connected
with Osiris being a 'dark god' who is 'Lord of the perfect black' which is 'the
unseen world, the mysterious black'.

This treatise 'The Virgin of the World' describes a personage called Hermes
who seems to represent a race of beings who taught earthly mankind the arts
of civilization after which: 'And thus, with charge unto his kinsmen of the
Gods to keep sure watch, he mounted to the Stars'.

According to this treatise mankind have been a troublesome lot requiring
scrutiny and, at rare intervals of crisis, intervention.

After Hermes left Earth to return to the stars there was or were in Egypt
someone or some people designated as 'Tat' (Thoth) who were initiates into
the celestial mysteries. I take this to refer to the Egyptian priests. However,
one of the most significant passages in the treatise follows immediately upon this

A FAIRYTALE                                                   75

statement, and indicates to me that this treatise must have some genuine
Egyptian source, for no late Greek should have been capable of incorporating
(his. But in order to recognize this one must know about the extraordinary
Imhotep, a brilliant genius, philosopher, doctor, and Prime Minister (to
use our terms) during the Third Dynasty in Egypt circa 2600 B.C. under King
Zoser, whose tomb and temple he constructed and designed himself. (This is
the famous step-pyramid at Sakkara, the first pyramid ever built and the world's
earliest stone building according to some.) Imhotep was over the centuries
gradually transformed into a god and 'a son of Ptah'. One reason why the
process of his deification may have been retarded for some thousands of years
is that writings by him survived, rather like the survival of the Gathas by
Zarathustra (Zoroaster), making it impossible to claim that a man who left
writings could in fact have been a god. Just like Mohammed and Zoroaster,
Imhotep remained a sort of 'prophet' through his surviving writings.

For the significant passage, now, here is the entire paragraph: 'To him
(Hermes) succeeded Tat, who was at once his son and heir unto these knowledges
[this almost certainly implies a priesthood]; and not long afterwards Asclepius-
Imuth, according to the will of Ptah who is Hephaestus, and all the rest who
were to make enquiry of the faithful certitude of heavenly contemplation, as
Foreknowledge (or Providence) willed, Foreknowledge queen of all.'

Now this is a really striking passage. We have the mysterious 'Hermes'
succeeded by an Egyptian priesthood of Thoth. Then 'not long afterwards' we
have someone called Asclepius-Imuth 'according to the will of Ptah'. This is
I mhotep! Ptah, known to the Greeks as Hephaestus, was considered the father
of Imhotep in late Egyptian times. In fact, it is interesting that this text avoids
the late form 'son of Ptah' to describe Imhotep. Imhotep was known to the
Greeks and provided the basis for their god Asclepius (the Greek god of medicine,
corresponding to Imhotep's late form as Egyptian god of medicine). Imhotep
is also spelled Imouthes, Imothes, Imutep, etc. Hence the form in this treatise
'Asclepius-Imuth'.

There is absolutely no question that Imhotep is being referred to here. And
in the light of that, certain other statements in this passage become quite
interesting.

It has already been mentioned that in a treatise like 'The Virgin of the
World', where gods' names are thrown round like birdseed, the authors were
exceedingly restrained to have avoided labelling Asclepius-Imhotep as 'a son
Of Ptah-Hephaestus'. This may, indeed, point to a genuine early source from
the time before that when the Egyptians ceased to regard Imhotep as a mortal.

Hurry says:38

For many years Egyptologists have been puzzled to explain why Imhotep,
who lived in the days of King Zoser, ca. 2900 B.C., was not ranked among
the full gods of Egypt until the Persian period, dating from 525 b.c. The
apotheosis of a man, however distinguished, so many centuries after his
lift on earth seems mysterious. The explanation appears to be that first
suggested by Erman, viz. that Imhotep, at any rate during a large part of
the interval was regarded as a sort of hero or demigod and received semi-
dlvlne worship. Erman suggested that this rank of demigod was bestowed

70                                           THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

on him at the time of the New Kingdom, i.e. about 1580 B.C., but more
recent evidence seems to indicate that this demigod stage was reached at a
much earlier period.

Here a bit of chronology helps. 'The Virgin of the World' correctly described
Imhotep as 'not long afterwards', following upon the creation of the Egyptian
priesthood, presumably in the First Dynasty after Menes, in the form in which
it would be known after the unification of Egypt. Imhotep lived in the Third
Dynasty, at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. I. E. S. Edwards39 estimates
this as commencing about 2686 B.C. He puts the start of the First Dynasty about
3100 B.C. Imhotep is thus literally 'not long afterwards'. Whoever wrote 'The
Virgin of the World' knew his Egyptian chronology and also did not call
Imhotep 'son of Ptah'.

There is another point. Looking at this statement from 'The Virgin of the
World': '. . . and all the rest (i.e. after Imhotep) who were to make enquiry of
the faithful certitude of heavenly contemplation . . .', we find that we have a
reference to successors of Imhotep who 'enquired' into the riddles of the
universe and also a description of Imhotep's own activities as an 'enquirer'.
This also is accurate and reflects considerable knowledge of the subject. For
Imhotep is often described as the first genuine philosopher known by name.
And on p. 30 of his book, Hurry refers to apparent successors mentioned in an
Oxyrhyncus papyrus (in Greek, edited by Grenfell and Hunt) which relates
that 'Imhotep was worshipped as early as the IVth Dynasty, and his temple
was resorted to by sick and afflicted persons'. Hurry further says: 'The other
persons are Horus son of Hermes, and Kaleoibis son of Apollo (Imhotep being
a son of Ptah); it is not known who these were.' Could they have been successors
of Imhotep at 'enquiring' ? It seems likely that we shall be learning more of
these people as excavations in Egypt proceed. In 1971-2 there came to light
at Sakkara a remarkable group of texts written by a man named Hor (from
Horus), describing his life at an Egyptian temple in the Ptolemaic period,
recounting his dreams and his political encounters. These texts should have been
published by 1976 by the Egypt Exploration Society.

Hurry refers to the Trismegistic (Hermetic) literature as follows: 'If the
references to Imhotep in Hermetic literature can be trusted, he was also
interested in astronomy and astrology, although no special observations are
associated with his name. Sethe gives various references to that literature,
showing that Imhotep was reputed to have been associated with the god Thoth
(Hermes) in astronomical observations.'40 Obviously Imhotep, as chief priest
under King Zoser (for he held that office as well), was associated with Thoth
(Tat) in the form of the priesthood previously mentioned who had the 'Dark
Rite' as their highest mystery. Here is actual confirmation, then, that it was
astronomical matters with which they dealt. In other words, my astronomical
interpretation receives some confirmation from this source as well. It is nice
when loose ends tie up.

Inscriptions in a temple at Edfu built by Ptolemy III Euergetes I (237 B.C.)
describe Imhotep as 'the great priest Imhotep the son of Ptah, who speaks or
lectures'. Hurry says 'Imhotep enjoyed the reputation of being "one of the
greatest of Egyptian sages";41 his fame for wisdom made so deep an impression

A FAIRYTALE                                                   77

on his countrymen that it endured as a national tradition for many centuries.

'As regards his literary activities, he is said to have produced works on
medicine and architecture, as well as on more general subjects, and some of his
works were extant at the dawn of the Christian era. ... his eminence as a
man of letters led him to be recognized as the "patron of scribes." '

In other words, he was the first great philosopher. And he obviously 'spoke
and lectured' in his lifetime. Perhaps he was the first classical Greek in
prototype. We also have something to look forward to - his tomb has yet to be
discovered. It is thought to be at Sakkara, and the late Professor Emery more
than once thought he had come close to discovering it in his excavations there,
which are now being carried on by Professor Smith, who is a man with a
strange enough aura about him to convince anyone that he is capable of making
a discovery which would be the most important in archaeological history and
beside which the minor and later tomb of a boy Pharaoh named Tutankhamen
would entirely pale by comparison. But perhaps the most interesting thing
about the possible forthcoming discovery of Imhotep's tomb is that it will
almost certainly be full of books. Would a man like Imhotep be buried without
them ?

Bearing these books in mind (and I am sure they are there waiting under-
ground like a time bomb for us), it is interesting to read this passage in 'The
Virgin of the World' following shortly upon that previously quoted:

The sacred symbols of the cosmic elements were hid away hard by the
secrets of Osiris. Hermes, ere he returned to Heaven, invoked a spell on
them, and spake these words: . . . 'O holy books, who have been made by
my immortal hands, by incorruption's magic spells ... (at this point there
is a lacuna as the text is hopeless) . . . free from decay throughout eternity
remain and incorrupt from time! Become unseeable, unfindable, for every
one whose foot shall tread the plains of this land, until old Heaven doth
bring forth meet instruments for you, whom the Creator shall call souls.'

Thus spake he; and, laying spells on them by means of his own works,
he shut them safe away in their own zones. And long enough the time has
been since they were hid away.

In the treatise the highest objective of ignorant men searching for the truth
is described as: '(Men) will seek out . . . the inner nature of the holy spaces
which no foot may tread, and will chase after them into the height, desiring to
observe the nature of the motion of the Heaven.

'These are as yet moderate things. For nothing more remains than Earth's
remotest realms; nay, in their daring they will track out Night, the farthest
Night of all.'

We 'will chase out into the height' of space to 'observe the nature of the
motions of the Heavens', says this old (indeterminately old) treatise. How
correct it was. We have now landed on the moon, which is 'chasing out into
the height' with a vengeance. And we are indeed 'observing the nature of the
notion of the Heavens'. And the treatise is also right in saying that 'these are
yet moderate things'. For, as everyone knows, the people in the space programme
feel as if they have only just begun. Man will only pause properly again when
he has made the entire solar system his familiar and his own. Then we shall

78                                         THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

be faced with the limitations of our solar system and the barrier that separates
it from the stars. What then ? Yes, what we have done to date certainly deserves
the description of 'yet moderate things'. Vasco da Gama may have congratulated
himself on his brilliant navigational accomplishments, but as we can clearly see
in his case, a beginning is only a beginning. It is 'yet moderate things'.

According to the treatise, after these moderate things we shall 'in our
daring' even learn the greatest secret ... we shall discover 'Night'. And the
meaning of the 'Dark Rite' will become clear. And as this rite and this mystery
concern Isis and the star Sirius and by the context of this prophecy clearly
concerns the heavens, can we be accused of sensationalism in making the
suggestion that nothing would shake up the human race more than having the
discovery of intelligent life elsewhere in the universe proven for the first time ?
And what if the dark companion of Sirius really does hold the answer to this
mystery? What if the nearest centre of civilization really is based at the Sirius
system and keeps a watchful eye on us from time to time ? What if this is proven
by our detecting on our radio telescopes actual traces of local radio communica-
tions echoing down those nine light years of space in the vast spreading ripple
of disintegrating signals that any culture remotely near to us in development
would be bound to dribble forth into the surrounding universe ? What if this
happens? It will be like the sky falling in, won't it?

Notes

1.  Le Renard Pale, p. 325. Figure 109 in that book shows it, drawn as 'the meeting of Sirius with
the Sun'.

2.  Mariette, Denderah, Vol. I, p. 206.

3.  Aratus, Phaenomena 331-6. English translation in Loeb Library series, in volume with
Callimachus and Lycophron. See bibliography.

4.  Vol. I, p. 1, of Egyptian Astronomical Texts, Otto Neugebauer and Richard Parker, Brown
University Press, 1960-7.

5.  Ibid., Vol. I, p. 25.

6.   The Gods of the Egyptians, London, 1904, Vol. II, p. 114.

7.  Ibid., Vol. II, p. 113.

8.  Ibid., Vol. II, p. 117.

9.  Ibid., Vol. II, p. 215.

10.  Ibid., Vol. II, pp. 202-3.

11.  Ibid., Vol. II, p. 264.

12.  Ibid., Vol. II, p. 265.

13.  Ibid., Vol. II, p. 139.

14.  Neugebauer and Parker, op. cit.

15.  Star Names, Their Lore and Meaning, R. H. Allen, Dover Publications, New York, 1963, p. 130.

16.  Neugebauer and Parker, op. cit.

17.  Star Names, Their Lore and Meaning, p. 68.

18.   Ibid., p. 65.

19.  Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament, ed. by James B. Pritchard, Princeton
University Press, 1955, p. 33.

20.  Ibid., p. 41.

21.  Alexander Heidel, The Babylonian Genesis, University of Chicago Press, 1965, p. 86.

22.  Wallis Budge, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 284.

23.  Ibid., Vol. I, p. 290.

24.  Ibid., Vol. II, p. 154, and Vol. I, p. 446.

25.  Ibid., Vol. I, p. 154.

A FAIRYTALE                                                         79

26.   Ibid., Vol. II, p. 261.

27.  Ibid., Vol. II, pp. 264-5.

28.   Ibid., Vol. II, pp. 195-200.

29.   Ibid., Vol. II, pp. 264-5.

30.   'Isis and Osiris', Loeb edition, p. 107,

31.  Ibid., p. 145.

32.  Ibid., p. 39.
Ibid., p. 149.

54. Ibid., p. 147.

35.   The Oracles of Zeus, H. W. Parke, p. 13.

36.   Thrice Greatest Hermes, G. R. S. Mead, John Watkins, London, 1964.

37. Ibid, Vol. Ill, p. 95. He quotes from Wessley, Denkschr d. k. Akad. (1893), P.37, 1• 500.

38.  See Imhotep, the Vizier and Physician of King Zoser and afterwards the Egyptian God of Medicine,
by Jamieson B. Hurry, Oxford University Press, 1926.

39.  I. E. S. Edwards, The Pyramids of Egypt, Penguin, 1970.

40.  Hurry, op. cit., p. 20.

41.   Ibid., p. 40.

SUMMARY

Sirius was the most important star in the sky to the ancient Egyptians. The ancient
Egyptian calendar was based on the rising of Sirius. It is established for certain that
Sirius was sometimes identified by the ancient Egyptians with their chief goddess Isis.

The companion of Isis was Osiris, the chief Egyptian god. The 'companion' of the
constellation of the Great Dog (which includes Sirius) was the constellation of Orion.
Since Isis is equated with Sirius, the companion of Isis must be equated, equally, with the
companion of Sirius. Osiris is thus equated on occasion with the constellation Orion.

We know that the 'companion of Sirius' is in reality Sirius B. It is conceivable that
Osiris-as-Orion, 'the companion of Sirius', is a stand-in for the invisible true companion
Sirius B.

'The oldest and simplest form of the name' of Osiris, we are told, is a hieroglyph of a
throne and an eye. The 'eye' aspect of Osiris is thus fundamental. The Bozo tribe of Mali,
related to the Dogon, call Sirius B 'the eye star'. Since Osiris is represented by an eye and
is sometimes considered 'the companion of Sirius', this is equivalent to saying that Osiris
is 'the eye star', provided only that one grants the premises that the existence of Sirius B
really was known to the ancient Egyptians and that 'the companion of Sirius' therefore
could ultimately refer to it.

The meanings of the Egyptian hieroglyphs and names for Isis and Osiris were un-
known to the earliest dynastic Egyptians themselves, and the names and signs appear to
have a pre-dynastic origin - which means around or before 3200 B.C., in other words
5,000 years ago at least. There has been no living traditional explanation for the meanings
of the names and signs for Isis and Osiris since at least 2800 b.c. at the very latest.

'The Dog Star' is a common designation of Sirius throughout known history. The
ancient god Anubis was a 'dog god', that is, he had a man's body and a dog's head.

In discussing Egyptian beliefs, Plutarch says that Anubis was really the son of
Nephthys, sister to Isis, although he was said to be the son of Isis. Nephthys was 'invisible*,
his was 'visible'. (In other words, the visible mother was the stand-in for the invisible
mother, who was the true mother, for the simple reason that the invisible mother could
not be perceived.)

Plutarch said that Anubis was a 'horizontal circle, which divides the invisible part...
which they call Nephthys, from the visible, to which they give the name Isis; and as this
circle equally touches upon the confines of both light and darkness, it may be looked
upon as common to them both.'

8o

TIE SIRIUS MYSTERY

This is as clear an ancient description as one could expect of a circular orbit (called
'Anubis') of a dark and invisible star (called 'Nephthys') around its 'sister', a light and
visible star (called 'Isis') - and we know Isis to have been equated with Sirius. What is
missing here are the following specific points which must be at this stage still our assump-
tions: (a) The circle is actually an orbit, (b) The divine characters are actually stars,
specifically in this context.

Actually, Anubis and Osiris were sometimes identified with one another. Osiris, the
companion of Isis who is sometimes 'the companion of Sirius' is also sometimes identified
with the orbit of the companion of Sirius, and this is reasonable and to be expected.

Isis-as-Sirius was customarily portrayed by the ancient Egyptians in their paintings
as travelling with two companions in the same celestial boat. And as we know, Sirius does,
according to some astronomers, have two companions, Sirius B and Sirius G.

To the Arabs, a companion-star to Sirius (in the same constellation of the Great Dog)
was named 'Weight' and was supposed to be extremely heavy - almost too heavy to rise
over the horizon. 'Ideler calls this an astonishing star-name/ we are told, not surprisingly.

The true companion-star of Sirius, Sirius B, is made of super-dense matter which is
heavier than any normal matter in the universe and the weight of this tiny star is the
same as that of a gigantic normal star.

The Dogon also, as we know, say that Sirius B is 'heavy' and they speak of its 'weight'.

The Arabs also applied the name 'Weight' to the star Canopus in the constellation
Argo. The Argo was a ship in mythology which carried Danaos and his fifty daughters to
Rhodes. The Argo had fifty oarsmen under Jason, called Argonauts. There were fifty oars
to the Argo, each with its oarsman-Argonaut. The divine oarsman was an ancient
Mediterranean motif with sacred meanings.

The orbit of Sirius B around Sirius A takes fifty years, which may be related to the
use of the number fifty to describe aspects of the Argo.

There are many divine names and other points in common between ancient Egypt
and ancient Sumer (Babylonia). The Sumerians seem to have called Egypt by the name
of 'Magan' and to have been in contact with it.

The chief god of Sumer, named Anu, was pictured as a jackal, which is a variation of
the dog motif and was used also in Egypt for Anubis, the dog and the jackal apparently
being interchangeable as symbols. The Egyptian form of the name Anubis is 'Anpu' and
and is similar to the Sumerian 'Anu', and both are jackal-gods.

The famous Egyptologist Wallis Budge was convinced that Sumer and Egypt both
derived their own cultures from a common source which was 'exceedingly ancient'.

Anu is also called An (a variation) by the Sumerians. In Egypt Osiris is called An
also.

Remembering that Plutarch said that Anubis (Anpu in Egyptian) was a circle, it is
interesting to note that in Sanskrit the word Anda means 'ellipse'. This may be a co-
incidence.

Wallis Budge says that Anubis represents time. The combined meanings of 'time'
and 'circle' for Anubis hint strongly at 'circular motion'.

The worship of Anubis was a secret mystery religion restricted to initiates (and we
thus do not know its content). Plutarch, who writes of Anubis, was an initiate of several
mystery religions, and there is reason to believe his information was from well-informed
sources. (Plutarch himself was a Greek living under the Roman Empire.) A variant
translation of Plutarch's description of Anubis is that Anubis was 'a combined relation'
between Isis and Nephthys. This has overtones which help in thinking of 'the circle' as
an orbit - a 'combined relation' between the star orbiting and the star orbited.

The Egyptians used the name Horus to describe 'the power which is assigned to
direct the revolution of the sun ' according to Plutarch. Thus the Egyptians conceived
of and named such specific dynamics - an essential point.

A FAIRYTALE

8l

Plutarch says Anubis guarded like a dog and attended on Isis. This fact, plus Anubis
being 'time', and 'a circle' suggests even more an orbital concept - the ideal form of
attendance of the prowling guard dog.

Aristotle's friend Eudoxus (who visited Egypt) said that the Egyptians had a tradition
that Zeus (chief god of the Greeks whose name is used by Eudoxus to refer to his Egyptian
equivalent, which leaves us wondering which Egyptian god is meant - presumably
Osiris) could not walk because 'his legs were grown together'. This sounds like an amphi-
bious creature with a tail for swimming instead of legs for walking. It is like the semi-
divine creature Oannes, reputed to have brought civilization to the Sumerians, who was
amphibious, had a tail instead of legs, and retired to the sea at night.

Plutarch relates Isis to the Greek goddess Athena (daughter of Zeus) and says of them
ihey were both described as 'coming from themselves', and as 'self-impelled motion'.
Athena supervised the Argo and placed in its prow the guiding oak timber from Dodona
(which is where the Greek ark landed, with the Greek version of the Biblical Noah,
Deukalion, and his wife Pyrrha). The Argo thus obtained a distinctive 'self-impelled
motion' from Athena, whom Plutarch specifically relates to Isis in this capacity.

The earliest versions of the Argo epic which were written before the time of Homer
are unfortunately lost. The surviving version of the epic is good reading but relatively
recent (third century B.C.)

The Sumerians had 'fifty heroes', 'fifty great gods', etc., just as the later Greeks with
their Argo had 'fifty heroes' and the Argo carried 'fifty daughters of Danaos.'

An Egyptian papyrus says the companion of Isis is 'Lord in the perfect black'. This
■ounds like the invisible Sirius B. Isis's companion Osiris 'is a dark god'.

The Trismegistic treatise 'The Virgin of the World' from Egypt refers to 'the Black
Rite', connected with the 'black' Osiris, as the highest degree of secret initiation pos-
sible in the ancient Egyptian religion - it is the ultimate secret of the mysteries of Isis.

This treatise says Hermes came to earth to teach men civilization and then again
'mounted to the stars', going back to his home and leaving behind the mystery religion
of Egypt with its celestial secrets which were some day to be decoded.

There is evidence that 'the Black Rite' did deal with astronomical matters. Hence
the Black Rite concerned astronomical matters, the black Osiris, and Isis. The evidence
mounts that it may thus have concerned the existence of Sirius B.

A prophecy in the treatise 'The Virgin of the World' maintains that only when men
concern themselves with the heavenly bodies and 'chase after them into the height' can
men hope to understand the subject-matter of the Black Rite. The understanding of
astronomy of today's space age now qualifies us to comprehend the true subject of the
Black Rite, if that subject is what we suspect it may be. This was impossible earlier in the
history of our planet. It must be remembered that without our present knowledge of
white dwarf stars which are invisible except with modern telescopes, our knowledge of
super-dense matter from atomic physics with all its complicated technology, etc., none
of our discussion of the Sirius system would be possible; it would not be possible to propose
such an explanation of the Black Rite at all - we could not propound the Sirius question.
Much material about the Sumerians and Babylonians has only been circulated since the
late 1950s and during the 1960s, and our knowledge of pulsars is even more recent than
that. It is doubtful that this book could have been written much earlier than the present.
The author began work in earnest in 1967 and finished the book in 1974. Even
so, he feels the lack of much needed information: sites remain unexcavated, texts un-
translated from various ancient languages, astronomical investigations are perpetually
incomplete. The author has also found it difficult to master material from so many
different fields and wishes he were much better qualified. The Sirius question could not
realistically have been posed much earlier, and future discoveries in many fields will be
essential to its full consideration.

The Sacred Fifty

We must return to the treatise 'The Virgin of the World'. This treatise is quite
explicit in saying that Isis and Osiris were sent to help the Earth by giving pri-
mitive mankind the arts of civilization:

And Horus thereon said:

'How was it, mother, then, that Earth received God's Efflux?'

And Isis said:

'I may not tell the story of (this) birth; for it is not permitted to describe
the origin of thy descent, O Horus (son) of mighty power, lest afterwards
the way-of-birth of the immortal gods should be known unto men - except
so far that God the Monarch, the universal Orderer and Architect, sent for
a little while thy mighty sire Osiris, and the mightiest goddess Isis, that
they might help the world, for all things needed them.

' 'Tis they who filled life full of life. 'Tis they who caused the savagery of
mutual slaughtering of men to cease. 'Tis they who hallowed precincts to the
Gods their ancestors and spots for holy rites. 'Tis they who gave to men
laws, food and shelter.' Etc.

They are also described as teaching men how to care for the dead in a
specifically Egyptian way, which inclines one to wonder how a Greek could
conceivably have written this unless during the Ptolemaic period: "Tis they
who taught men how to wrap up those who ceased to live, as they should be.'

Now anyone knows this is Egyptian and not Greek practice. What Neo-
platonist would include such a statement unless it were actually taken from an
early source which he used, and which had been written by someone actually
living in Egypt?

The treatise ends this long section with:

' 'Tis they alone who, taught by Hermes in God's hidden codes, became
the authors of the arts, and sciences, and all pursuits which men do practise,
and givers of their laws.

' 'Tis they who, taught by Hermes that the things below have been
disposed by God to be in sympathy with things above, established on the
earth the sacred rites over which the mysteries in Heaven preside. [The
absence here of a blatant propaganda for astrology argues a pre-Ptolemaic
date for this treatise; after the Greek and Babylonian influx a mild statement
like this would have been almost impossible to make without the author
dragging in all the paraphernalia of the astrology-craze of late Egypt.]

THE SACRED FIFTY                                             83

' 'Tis they who, knowing the destructibility of (mortal) frames, devised
the grade of prophets, in all things perfected, in order that no prophet who
stretched forth his hands unto the Gods, should be in ignorance of anything,
that magic and philosophy should feed the soul, and medicine preserve
the body when it suffered pain.

'And having done all this, my son, Osiris and myself perceiving that the
world was (now) quite full, were thereupon demanded back by those who
dwell in Heaven . . .'

And in the treatise Isis claims that the 'Black Rite' honours her and 'gives
perfection'. It is also concerned with the mysterious thing called 'Night' -
Who weaves her web with rapid light though it be less than Sun's'. It is made
plain that 'Night' is not the night sky because it moves in the Heaven along
with 'the other mysteries in turn that move in Heaven, with ordered motions
and with periods of times, with certain hidden influences bestowing order on
the things below and co-increasing them'.

We must scrutinize the description of what is labelled 'Night' in this treatise.
This description makes it perfectly clear that 'Night' is not 'night', but a code
word. For it is said to have 'light though it be less than Sun's'. The dark com-
ptuiion of Sirius is a star and has light, though less than the sun. Also 'Night'
said 'to weave her web with rapid light' which specifically describes the object
as being in motion. Since Sirius B orbits Sirius A in fifty years, it moves more
rapidly even than three of our sun's planets in our own solar system - Pluto,
Neptune, and Uranus. Of these three, Uranus is the most rapid, and its orbit
about the sun takes eighty-four years. So here is a star orbiting more rapidly
than a planet! That may indeed be said to constitute 'weaving a web with rapid
light'!

Now to turn to the Sumerian culture, or, more properly, the Sumero-
Ukadian culture. It was roughly contemporaneous with ancient Egypt and I
had already suspected its basic religious concepts to be so similar to those of
Egypt that I imagined them to have a common origin. Then I discovered that
Wallis Budge thought the same thing from his point of view as a distinguished
Egyptologist. I am not aware of any Sumerologists having dealt with this
particular problem. Far more attention has been given to the known trading
links which existed between Sumer and the Indus valley civilization, and also
to the problem of deciding where Dilmun was located. Kramer thinks Dilmun
was the Indus valley; Bibby follows Peter B. Cornwall and thinks it was the
island of Bahrein in the Persian Gulf. But to the Sumerians this land, which
lay in a direction seemingly other than that of Egypt, had immense importance.
consequently, it has tended to monopolize the attention of modern scholars
investigating Sumerian geographical references. Kramer thinks that the land
Magan' was probably Egypt and that Sargon even sent his armies there.

The basic Egyptian astronomy and the basic Sumero-Akkadian astronomy
(this assumes a continuity of some sort, as there is no overtly astronomical
treatise from the early period of Sumer) are identical. For the multitude of
variations at a less basic level, one may consult Professor Otto Neugebauer's
the Exact Sciences in Antiquity. But Neugebauer's interests lie with late material,
as he admits, and he does less than justice to the earlier material, skimming

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

84

over it quickly and making little of some things which are important. Here
is an example of his attitude expressed in his own words near the beginning
of Chapter V: 'Our description of Babylonian astronomy will be rather in-
complete. The historical development will be given in bare outline. As in the
case of Egypt, a detailed discussion of the few preserved early texts would
require not only too much room but would also unduly exaggerate their histori-
cal importance. For the late period, however, the opposite situation prevails.'
Well, at least Professor Neugebauer is honest about his preferences.

Having nodded in the direction of an authority who has voluntarily abdi-
cated, we proceed. For our evidence we turn to E. A. Speiser's translation1
of the Akkadian creation epic know as the Enuma elish from the first two words
of the text which mean 'When on high . . . ' At the very beginning of this text
we read:

He constructed stations for the great gods,

Fixing their astral likenesses as constellations.

He determined the year by designating the zones:

He set up three constellations for each of the twelve months.

After defining the days of the year [by means] of (heavenly) figures,

He founded . . ., etc.

In other words, the text gives a system identical with that recorded in the
Egyptian star clocks. Twelve months composed of three ten-day weeks each,
resulting in thirty-six constellations or 'decans' designating astral likenesses
of gods. The text specifically states that there are twelve months consisting
of three periods each (unless one strains the point enormously and maintains on
no grounds whatsoever that these three periods are unequal, they must be of
ten days each - hence 'ten-day weeks' as in Egypt), and that a constellation or
'zone' of the sky applies to each of these 'weeks'. Since three times twelve equals
thirty-six, we have thirty-six decans, each of which is 'designated' by a constel-
lation. And also as in Egypt, each decan is an 'astral likeness' of a great god.
It is surprising that no scholar has seen that this passage in the Enuma elish
describes the Egyptian star-clock system down to the last detail.

No doubt also the five 'epagomenal' days left over in order to fill out this
resulting 360-day year to a 365-day year are referred to in the line: 'After
defining the days of the year of (heavenly) figures,' which is again identical
with the Egyptian tradition where the five left-over days are each assigned
to five different gods or heavenly figures and thus defined. In Egypt these five
left-over days are called 'the days upon the year'. These five days are also ex-
tremely important in Maya astronomy. But if we get into a discussion of Maya
astronomy, we shall be stirring up a hornets' nest. It is not relevant to the
purposes of this book.

We can see that the astronomical systems in Egypt and Sumer were abso-
lutely identical in their fundamentals. Now these similarities between Egypt
and Sumer are a far different matter from similarities of names of gods and re-
ligious concepts. One can always maintain that people in different parts of the
globe spontaneously produce identical sounds when awe-struck by divine con-
cepts. 'Everybody around the world says "Ma!" to Mother,' as we have all
heard many times. But an astronomical system of this kind is a complex set of

THE SACRED FIFTY                                             85

specific data. The fact that this Akkadian text tentatively dated by Speiser at
the Old Babylonian period (i.e. the early part of the second millennium B.C.)
records an astronomical system of this complexity which is identical with that
of the Egyptian star clocks can be said to prove either contact between these
two civilizations or a common derivation for the system, And it suggests a
date which could serve as an upper limit. Culture contact during which this
information was shared could not have been any later. Let any latest date
accepted for the writing of the Enuma elish serve as an upper limit. If this be
done, we find the first millennium Bug. as the upper limit, even for those who
require incontrovertible physical proof. The contact between Egypt and Sumer
must have been considerably earlier if direct, or it may not have been a contact,
but rather a common derivation (which was Wallis Budge's favoured idea).

The Egyptian star clocks date from at least the reigns of Seti I (1303 -
1290 Bug.) and Ramses IV (1158 - 1152 Bug.) of the XlXth and XXth Dynasties
respectively, on the walls of whose tombs they are found. Therefore these star
clocks are at least as old as 1300 Bug. and seem to go back to the very origins of
Egyptian culture. By the first millennium b.c. they had been changed and a
fifteen-day week substituted for the ten-day week. Other innovations took place
as well at later dates, and the system fell into a considerable decay and became,
it seems, a relic. I should imagine that a rise in the popularity of the sun god
Ra made stars and especially Sirius seem less important. In any case, the innate
integrity of the Sirius system in Egypt began to rot away and be ignored by the
first millennium b.c, as it was superseded by ideas more obvious and less eso-
teric to impatient priests. Perhaps when this began to happen some purists may
have gone off to other places where they hoped to retain the traditions without
interference from decadent Pharaohs. We shall return much later to this idea,
with some surprising information.

But let us return to Sumer and continue in hot pursuit. In Tablet VI of the
Enuma elish we find an interesting passage. In it are mentioned the Anunnaki,
who were the sons of An (An means 'heaven'), also known as Anu the great god.
These Anunnaki were fifty in number and were called 'the fifty great gods'.
Nearly always these Anunnaki were anonymous, the emphasis being on their
number and their greatness and their control over fate. No certain identifica-
tion of any important Sumerian god with any one of the Anunnaki exists
except peripherally (as I shall describe later). In fact, all Sumerologists have
been puzzled by the Anunnaki. They have not been 'identified' and no one
knows exactly what is meant by them. They recur often throughout the texts,
which makes it all the more annoying that nowhere are they explicitly explained.
But their apparent importance to the Sumerians cannot be questioned.

In an early Sumerian fragment (from a time long before the civilization of
the Babylonians) of the material concerning the epic hero Gilgamesh, entitled
Gilgamesh and the Land of the Living', we find an antecedent to the tradition
of the Argonauts of the Greeks. This fragment appears in a translation by
Kramer.2 In fact, I feel it is safe to say that this Sumerian fragment is the
earliest known form of the story of that hero who was later to be named Jason.
In the story from this fragment, the hero, Gilgamesh, wishes to go to the 'land
of the living', which is described as being in the charge of the sun god Utu.
In the story of Jason and the Argonauts, the hero, Jason, wishes to search for the

86                                           THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

golden fleece, which is known to be a solar symbol. In the Sumerian fragment
we also find the surprising line: 'The hero, his teeth are the teeth of a dragon.'
In the Jason story, the hero, Jason, sows the dragon's teeth! (So does Cadmus
in another Greek tale which we shall examine later.)

In the Jason story, Jason is accompanied on his quest by the fifty Argonauts.
In the Sumerian fragment, Gilgamesh is accompanied by fifty companions
also! Here is the relevant passage (in which Gilgamesh is speaking):

'Who has a house, to his house! Who has a mother, to his mother!

'Let single males who would do as I (do), fifty, stand by my side.'

Who had a house, to his house; who had a mother, to his mother,

Single males who would do as he (did), fifty, stood at his side.

To the house of the smiths he directed his step,

The . . . , the . . . -axe, his 'Might of Heroism' he caused to be cast there.

To the ... garden of the plain he [directed] his step,

The . . . -tree, the willow, the apple tree, the box tree, the . . . [-tree] he

[felled] there.
The 'sons' of his city who accompanied him [placed them] in their hands.

The fifty companions are mentioned several times. The fragmentary text is
extremely broken and confused. Further light on the motif of sowing the dragon's
teeth seems to come from a passage where Gilgamesh, who has for some un-
known reason been asleep, was awakened, girded himself, stood like a bull on
the 'great earth' and: 'He put (his) mouth to the ground, (his) teeth shook.'
Note that it is at least open to question that the mouth and the teeth are actually
his, and the word 'his' is both times in parentheses, put thus by the translator.
But here is the entire passage:

He put (his) mouth to the ground, (his) teeth shook.

'By the life of Ninsun, my mother who gave birth to me, of pure Lugulbanda,

my father,
'May I become as one who sits to be wondered at on the knee of Ninsun,

my mother who gave birth to me.'

Apart from the fact that Gilgamesh's desire to sit on the knee of his mother,
the goddess Ninsun, is similar to Horus sitting on the knee of his mother, the
goddess Isis as a constant motif in Egyptian art, there seems to be here an
obscure but significant reference to the fact that if the hero puts his mouth
to the ground and his teeth shake, he can invoke a kind of rebirth in strength.
I suspect that the translation needs to be worked on further, but it is difficult,
as there are so many words in Sumerian whose meanings are not precisely
understood. Whether or not it is Gilgamesh's own mouth and teeth that are
being discussed here, the fact is that Gilgamesh seeks strength by putting some
teeth to the ground - either his or someone else's. As previously in the same tale,
there has been the clear statement: 'The hero, his teeth are the teeth of a dra-
gon', we may assume that Gilgamesh's own teeth are probably being referred
to - his own teeth which have previously been described as being dragon's teeth!

Now in the lines following the putting of the teeth to the ground, we learn
that Gilgamesh needs to summon strength by putting his teeth to the ground
because he needs to fight. In the story of the Argo, Jason sows the dragon's teeth

THE SACRED FIFTY                                             87

in the ground, and from them spring up armed soldiers who begin to fight - as
is also the case in the story of Cadmus. So we see that in the two Greek myths,
as also in this Sumerian fragment, the dragon's teeth go to the ground and a
fight ensues where the hero has acquired superhuman strength. Later in this
book we shall see the precise explanation of where this curious jumble origi-
nated, that it is specifically derived from an Egyptian sacred pun, and what it
all means.

Meanwhile we must stay at our present level of enquiry. This book is an
anabasis, or journey upward.

Let us look a little closer at the story of Jason and the golden fleece. The
golden fleece was given to Phrixus and Helle by the god Hermes. The
Egyptian god Anubis became known to the Greeks as their own Hermes.
furthermore, Diodorus Siculus (IV, 47) and Tacitus (Ann. VI, 34) explain
the golden fleece's origin by saying that Phrixus and Helle (who flew away on
the golden ram's back to Colchis, Helle falling in the Hellespont on the way
and giving that body of water its name) really sailed in a ship with a ram's
head on the prow, rather than having ridden the magical ram of the story.
The fact that the more widespread myth which had an actual ram in the story
maintained specifically that they flew on the golden ram, could refer to the idea
of a celestial boat. Thus everyone is correct.

In any case, this boat would definitely have been a boat of Egypt, which
to the Sumerians would have been called a 'Magan-boat', if we accept what
Kramer and others believe, namely, that Magan is Egypt. And the boat was
a 'gift from Hermes' - in other words from Anubis. No wonder, then, that the
Sirius-related fifty is connected with the golden fleece as well as Anubis. It is
worth mentioning also that the fifty Argonauts were also called the Minyae,
its they were all related to each other and of the same family, descended all of
them from Minyas, who had been the king of the Minyan city of Orchomenus
in Boeotia, in Greece. So Jason and the Argonauts, fifty in number, all shared
a kind of shadowy anonymity somewhat reminiscent of the fifty Anunnaki of
Sinner, as they were often referred to simply as 'the Minyae' - a group of fifty
related oarsmen in a celestial boat.

Later on we shall look extremely closely at the Argo story and also at the
connections between the land Colchis, the object of its quest, and ancient
Egypt? as attested for us by the historian Herodotus. But we must complete our
look at the story of Gilgamesh and the Land of the Living. For even a boat is
mentioned in that fragment, corresponding to the Argo. My equating a moment
ago of the Argo with an Egyptian celestial barque must now be seen in conjunc-
non with the following passage in which Gilgamesh's boat is specifically re-
ferred to as the 'Magan-boat'! I might add that the trees which Gilgamesh
cut down and which his fifty companions 'placed in their hands' according to the
text were probably their oars! (The text is too broken for anything at all to be
certain, even punctuation, among the fourteen lines which follow that particular
passage.) Here, then, is the passage about the boat:

lor me another will not die, the loaded boat will not sink,
The three-ply cloth will not be cut,
The ....... will not be overwhelmed,

88                                           THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

House (and) hut, fire will not destroy.

Do thou help me (and) I will help thee, what can happen to us?

After it had sunk, after it had sunk,

After the Magan-boat had sunk,

After the boat, "the might of Magilum", had sunk,

In the . . . , the boat of the living creatures, are seated those who come out

of the womb;

Come, let us go forward, we will cast eyes upon him,
If we go forward,

(And) there be fear, there be fear, turn it back,
There be terror, there be terror, turn it back,
In thy . . . , come, let us go forward.'

1 must emphasize that there is confusion here, In a footnote Kramer em-
phasizes that from the line 'After it had sunk' it is no longer certain that Gil-
gamesh is still speaking. It is not clear whether the Magan-boat has really
sunk or whether this is a statement injected by Gilgamesh's 'faithful servant5
who immediately before the passage just quoted had told Gilgamesh:

'O my master, journey thou to the "land", I will journey to the city,

I will tell thy mother of thy glory, let her shout,

I will tell her of thy ensuing death, [let her] shed bitter tears,5

What seems to happen is that Gilgamesh here tells his frightened servant
(who just previously in the text is described as 'terror-stricken') that no other
will die for him and that 'the loaded boat will not sink'. Then the servant would
seem to break in again in his terror with his hypothetical tale to Gilgamesh's
mother with 'After it had sunk . . ,' Then Gilgamesh again speaks, beginning
with, 'Come, let us go forward . ..'

The phrase 'those who come out of the womb' to describe those who are
seated in the Magan-boat may be meant to refer to those who are children of
the goddess Nintu (also known as Ninmah, Ninhursag, and Ki - 'earth').
This, combined with the strange reference to teeth, seems to refer to the children
of the earth-goddess springing from the womb of the earth - for Ki, the earth-
goddess (ki means 'earth' in Sumerian) is also Nintu or 'the goddess who gives
birth'. (Ninmah means 'the great goddess' and Ninhursag means 'the goddess
of the hill, a hursag or hill having been erected by her son - and she was named
after it by him in commemoration of a significant mythical event; in Egypt
Anubis is also called 'Anubis of the Hill', about which I shall have much to say
later on, but suffice it here to note that if the Sumerians were to speak of'Anubis
of the Hill they would call him Anpu-hursag.)

Basically in the goddess who gives birth, and also in the earth-goddess,
we thus find antecedents to the soldiers springing up from the dragon's teeth
sown in the earth, and also the throwing over his shoulder of the 'earth's bones'
(stones) by Deukalion, the Greek Noah, with the stones becoming men much as
the teeth did in the other stories. (And teeth are bones!)

In fact there are several points of contact other than this one between the
Deukalion and Jason stories. For the ark of Noah is a concept which is identical
with that of the ark of Deukalion, and both are magical ships in which sit 'those

THE SACRED FIFTY                                             89

who come out of the womb', in the sense that they repopulate the world after
the deluge. And both arks, but particularly that of Deukalion, are concepts
related to the Argo. (As anyone who has read the full Epic of Gilgamesh will
know, the ark of Noah in the Middle East before either the Hebrews or the
name Noah even existed, was the ark of Ziusudra or the ark of Utnapishtim,
and it occurs as an established element of the mythical background brought
into the Epic.) For the ark of Deukalion rested on the mountain by the sacred
oracle grove of Dodona, from which the Argo received its cybernetic guiding
timber. Also, of course, the origin of the story of the flood and the ark (contain-
ing as it does 'archetypes' of all living creatures in pairs, and the word arche
in Greek being definitely related to ark, as we shall see all too well much later
in this book) is Sumerian at least, if not even before that something else (which
we shall see in due course). But it was from this early source that the Greeks
obtained their Deukalion and the Hebrews their Noah - both of which are ex-
tremely late forms of an exceedingly ancient story, which existed thousands of
years before there were such things as either Greeks or Hebrews in existence.
(Anyone really interested in the origins of Greek and Hebrew civilizations should
read Professor Cyrus Gordon's brilliant book The Common Background of Greek
and Hebrew Civilizations3)

Now the point of going into all this is really to show that the Argonaut
motif of fifty heroes in a boat on a heroic quest exists in Sumer and forms a
complement to the 'fifty great gods'. For if the Magan-boat's fifty heroes are
seated, as the Anunnaki usually are, and are 'those who come forth out of the
womb', and thus children, so to speak, of Nintu, 'the goddess who gives birth',
then they may be directly equated with the Anunnaki. For the Anunnaki, as the
children of An, would also be the children of An's ancient consort Ki or Nintu.
In other words, the fifty heroes are heroic counterparts of the celestial Anun-
naki. The corollary of this is, that the fact that there are fifty Anunnaki is not
so likely to be a coincidence as might have been thought. This brings out all
the more the immense significance of the number fifty.

The number occurs also in 'Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Nether World'.
There Gilgamesh dons armour which weighs 'fifty minas'. And in this tale also
Gilgamesh has fifty companions. In the later Babylonian version the fifty
companions are omitted from the story. At that date the true nature of the
symbolism of fifty must have been forgotten.

In his book The Sumerians, Kramer points out4 that cultic and symbolic
weapons, maces with fifty heads, were fashioned by the ruler Gudea.

If we return for a moment to the intriguing hursag of the Sumerians, the
strange 'hill', we must recall that Ninhursag the goddess of the hill is identical
with Nintu the goddess who gives birth. Those are two separate names for the
same deity. Now it is interesting to note that in Egyptian the word tu means
'hill', so that if we take the word nin which means 'goddess' and add the Egyp-
tian tu we have 'the goddess of the hill', which in fact is a synonym.

This is by no means the end of this interesting investigation. For if we
note that the Egyptian form of Horus (the son of Isis and Osiris) is Heru
(which is a bit like Hero, isn't it?) and the traditional usage in Egyptian is to
speak continually of Heru-sa-something which means Horus-the-son-of-something,
then we shall note that the strange and puzzling word hursag might really be the

90                                           THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

Egyptian Heru-sa-Agga, which means 'Horus the son of Agga9. It so happens
that Agga is an Egyptian synonym for Anubis. And 'Anubis of the Hill' has
already been mentioned. What is more, the word hursag in its older Sumerian
form is indeed hursagga, as may be seen in The Babylonian Genesis, Chapter 2,
by Alexander Heidel, 'A Sumerian Creation Account from Nippur', where we
read of the goddess Ninhursagga.

It also happens that Agga is in fact a reputable Sumerian name. There is in
translation a short 115-line text entitled 'Gilgamesh and Agga' from the
Sumerian period.5 In line eighty of this text is the mention of a 'magurru-boat',
which is referred to in much the same way as the Magan-boat in 'Gilgamesh and
the Land of the Living'. Just as in that previous text the Magan-boat was being
discussed as to whether or not it would sink, so in this latter text the 'magurru-
boat' is being discussed as to whether or not it would have its prow cut down.
Curiously, as in the other tale, in this one also the boat is described as having
had the worst fate actually occur, for in line ninety-eight we learn that 'the
prow of the magurru-boat was cut down', just as in the previous text we read:
'After the Magan-boat had sunk, /After the boat, "the might of Magilum",
had sunk.'                                     

The connections between Egyptian and Sumerian words in sacred contexts
become so multifold that it is impossible to ignore the continuities between the
two cultures. Let us look, for instance, at the curious phenomenon of the cedar
which Gilgamesh is always being claimed to have cut down. In 'Gilgamesh and
the Land of the Living' Gilgamesh says: 'I would enter the land of the cut-
down cedar' and later he is described as he 'who felled the cedar', etc. That is
an early Sumerian text. In the actual Epic proper, as we have it, Gilgamesh
goes to the Cedar Mountain and slays the monster Humbaba (or Huwawa)
in 'the cedar mountain, the abode of the gods'. In Tablet V we read:

[Gilgamesh] seized [the axe in (his) hand]

[. . . and] felled [the cedar].

[But when Huwawa] heard the noise,

[He] became angry: 'Who has [come],

[Has slighted the trees, which] had been grown in my mountains,

And has felled the cedar?'

In Chapter XXII of Hamlet's Mill, Santillana and von Dechend identify
Huwawa with the planet Mercury. Now, remembering that Huwawa is also
the god of the cedar forest, it is interesting to note that in Egyptian the word
seb means 'cedar' and also means 'the planet Mercury'! The subject is far more
complicated than that, but I wanted to note the further source of an Egyptian
pun for yet another crucial Sumerian motif. In other words, Huwawa is con-
nected with both Mercury (the planet) and the cedar, because the planet Mer-
cury and the cedar are both called by the same name in Egyptian - namely,
seb.                                                                                               

Let us now put aside the enigmatic monster-god Huwawa and turn to the
Epic of Gilgamesh for another purpose. But in doing so let us note Kramer's
opinion in his essay 'The Epic of Gilgamesh and Its Sumerian Sources',6
that 'the poem was current in substantially the form in which we know it, as
early as the first half of the second millennium B.C.'

92                                            THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

Let us recall that, in an early Sumerian fragment, Gilgamesh's mother was
the goddess Ninsun 'who is versed in all knowledge', and upon whose knee he
wanted to sit (like Horus on the knee of Isis). In the First Tablet we read:

Indeed, Gilgamesh arose to reveal dreams, saying to his mother:

'My mother, last night I saw a dream.

There were stars in the heavens;

As if it were the host of heaven [one] fell down to me.

I tried to lift it, but it was too heavy for me;

I tried to move it away, but I could not remove [it].

The land of Uruk was standing around [it],

[The land was gathered around it];

[The peop]le pressed to [ward it],

[The men th]ronged around it,

[. . .] while my fellows kissed its feet;

I bent over it [as] [over] a woman

[And] put it at [thy] feet,

[And thou thyself didst put] it on a par with me.'

There is another version of this (both as translated by Heidel)7 at the begin-
ning of Tablet II in the Old Babylonian version which is older than the above
Assyrian version and preserves more of the original significance:

Gilgamesh arose to reveal the dream,

Saying to his mother:

'My mother, last night

I felt happy and walked about

Among the heroes.

There appeared stars in the heavens.

[The h]ost of heaven fell down toward me.

I tried to lift it but it was too heavy for me;

I tried to move it, but I could not move it.

The land of Uruk was gathered around it,

While the heroes kissed its feet.

I put my forehead [firmly] against [it],

And they assisted me.

I lifted it up and carried it to thee.'

Kramer translates the two versions somewhat differently.8 One of the most
important changes occurs in his translation of what Heidel before him had
rendered as 'the host of heaven'. Kramer renders 'An' not as 'heaven' but as
An (or Anu), the god who was the father of the Anunnaki. And the word which
Heidel renders as 'host' he comments on in a footnote at considerable length:

As regards ki-sir, there are too many possible meanings. Furthermore, the
one adopted for this passage ('the ki-sir of Ninurta' earlier than our passage)
should also apply to ... the war-god Ninurta, and the sky-god Anu, Enkidu,
and something that fell down from heaven. The common assumption that
the author may have used in these passages the same term in more than one
sense is unsatisfactory.

THE SACRED FIFTY

93

In the earlier edition I tried to justify for kisru the rendering 'liegeman'
for the several passages in question. I now withdraw that suggestion. The
correct sense, I believe, is indicated by the use of the term in medical con-
texts as 'concentration, essence', cf. E. Ebeling, JCS, IV (1950), 219.
'Essence', or some nuance of this term, could well be applied to deities
as well as to missiles from heaven. Our poet had in mind, no doubt, some
specific allusion, but the general meaning appears clear enough,

Kramer, then, renders 'the host of heaven' as 'the essence of An', He says:
'Like the essence of Anu it descends upon me.' He adds another footnote to
comment on the word 'it' in this sentence: 'One of the stars?'

Kramer also changes the last lines in the first version:

'[I] was drawn to it as though to a woman.

And I placed it at [thy] feet,

For thou didst make it vie with me.'

The emphasis here on being 'drawn to it' may be important. He continues:

[The wise mother of Gilgamesh, who] is versed in all knowledge,

Says to her lord;

[Wise Ninsun], who is versed in all knowledge,

Says to Gilgamesh:

'Thy rival, - the star of heaven.

Which descended upon thee like [the essence of Anu];

[Thou didst seek to lift it], it was too stout for thee;

[Thou wouldst drive it off], but couldst not remove it;

[Thou didst place] it at my feet,

[For it was I who made] it vie with thee;

Thou wert drawn to it as though to a woman -'

Let us look once again at part of the second version, this time as Kramer
gives it:9

'My mother, in the time of night

I felt joyful and I walked about

In the midst of the nobles.

The stars appeared in the heavens.

The essence of Anu descended towards me.

I sought to lift it; it was too heavy for me!

I sought to move it; move it I could not!'

All this, which we have examined here in two translations each of two
versions, was worth seeing from these several angles. It helps us cover all the
possibilities of meaning. It should be obvious that the reference is clearly to a
star connected with 'the essence of Anu' which 'draws him towards it' and is in the
area of the (fifty) heroes - and is super-heavy.

Thus we see that in Sumer both the concepts of the heavy star (later al
Wazn) and of the figure 'fifty' associated somehow with that star are present.
Does this look familiar to anybody?

94

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

In Tablet VI of the Enuma elish we read10 about the Anunnaki and some-
thing called 'the Bow Star' which is their brother and is in the midst of them as
they are seated in the celestial regions. This Bow Star is also the daughter of
Anu, who raises it up in their midst. (Remember 'the essence of Anu'.) What is
being referred to seems to be Sirius. Remember the Egyptian goddess Sati (or
Satis) with her bow, who was one of the three goddesses (one was Sothis and
the third was Anukis) riding in the celestial barque of Sothis (Sirius). Also
recall the other connections of the bow with Sirius, even in China. (And here
one must refer to the book Hamlet's Mill for many examples.11) Now with parti-
cular reference to the three goddesses which Neugebauer claims are versions
of Sothis ('The goddess Satis, who like her companion Anukis is hardly to be
taken as a separate constellation but rather as an associate of Sothis'), note the
following emphasis on three names for the star, only one of which is 'Bow
Star':

The fifty great gods took their seats.

The seven gods of destiny set up the three hundred [in heaven].

Enlil raised the bo[w, his weapon, and laid (it) before them.

The gods, his fathers, saw the net he had made.

When they beheld the bow, how skilful its shape,

His fathers praised the work he had wrought.

Raising [it], Anu spoke up in the Assembly of the gods,

As he kissed the bow: 'This is my daughter!'

He mentioned the names of the bow as follows:

'Longwood is the first, the second is [. . .];

Its third name is Bow-Star, in heaven I have made it shine.'

He fixed a place which the gods, its brothers, [. . .].

A footnote says of the word 'its' in the last line: 'Referring to the Bow, as
indicated by the feminine possessive prefix in line 94.' (In Egyptian the word
Sept, which is the name of the star Sirius, also has the meaning 'a kind of wood',
though whether this could be 'longwood' or not is anyone's guess.) We continue:

After Anu had decreed the fate of the Bow,

And had placed the exalted royal throne before the gods,

Anu seated it in the Assembly of the gods.

The phrase 'the Assembly of the gods' invariably refers to the seated as-
sembly of the fifty Anunnaki. So it is clearly stated, we see, that this 'Bow Star'
- the daughter of An - was placed by An on the exalted royal throne in the
midst of the fifty Anunnaki. In Egypt, Isis as Sothis was also pictured as seated
on a white royal throne in the heavens. She too was the daughter of the sky
god. Recall also that the hieroglyph for Ast (or Isis) is a throne. And the
hieroglyph for her husband Asar (or Osiris) is a throne above an eye.

Before proceeding, we had better see who 'the seven gods of destiny'
are. They are often referred to as the seven Anunnaki of the underworld. This,
we shall see, also relates to the Sirius question. But the use of Anunnaki in this
way underscores the total anonymity of the term 'Anunnaki'. Needless to say,
none of these seven Anunnaki is ever identified as an individual god. They are
always 'the seven' underworld gods who determine destiny. The strictly celestial

THE SACRED FIFTY

95

Anunnaki are also known as the Igigi. No Sumerologist has satisfactorily ex-
plained all this. It is terribly imprecise and confusing - unless one had a struc-
ture to supply which fits under the cloth and matches the contours and can
thereby be accepted as a tentative basis of explanation.

Now let us try to think of what we know is connected with the celestial
Anunnaki and Sirius which also fits into this idea of there being seven Anun-
naki-gods in the underworld. Remember that in both Sumer and Egypt each
god of significance in astronomical terms has his own ten-day period or 'week'.
If we multiply seven (gods) times ten days we get seventy days. Is there any
basis for this length of time being of significance for the underworld in either
Sumer or Egypt? Yes! In Egypt the underworld is called the Duat (or Tuat)
and the seventy-day period is very significant there and relates intimately to
Sirius, as we have seen in our fairytale.

Parker and Neugebauer say12: 'It is here made clear that Sirius (Sothis)
gives the pattern for all the other decanal stars.' Sirius was, astronomically,the
foundation of the entire Egyptian religious system. Its celestial movements
determined the Egyptian calendar, which is even known as the Sothic Calendar.
Its heliacal rising marked the beginning of the Egyptian year and roughly
coincided with the flooding of the Nile. (Plutarch says the Nile itself was some-
times called Sirius.) This heliacal rising was the occasion of an important feast.
One can imagine a kind of New Year-cum-Easter. The heliacal rising was the
occasion when Sirius again rose into visibility in the sky after a period of seventy
days of being out of sight, during which time it was conceived of as being in the
Duat, or underworld. A further connection with Anubis comes in here, as
Anubis was conceived of as embalming Sothis for these seventy days in the Duat.
But as we all know, an embalmed mummy is supposed to come alive again.
And this is what happens to the mummy of Sothis. Sothis is reborn on the
occasion of her heliacal rising. Parker and Neugebauer also say:13 'During the
entire time of its purification it (Sothis, the star) was considered dead and it
was only with its rising again out of the Duat that it could once more be con-
sidered as living.'

The Egyptians stubbornly clung to the traditional seventy days as the pro-
totype of an underworld experience, despite its inconvenience, and, as we have
already seen, 'Sirius gives the pattern for all the other decanal stars'. In
fact, it was the practice through all of Egyptian history for there to be a period
of precisely seventy days for the embalming of a human mummy - in imitation
of Sirius. Even during the late Ptolemaic period, the embalming process in-
variably lasted the precise period of seventy days.

Thus we find the explanation of the seven Anunnaki of the underworld!
It is also interesting to note that in ancient Mexico the underworld was thought
to have seven caves.

It is worth noting that in the story Etana,14 about the legendary King Etana
not long after the Great Flood, who had to ascend to heaven in order to have
something done about his inability to have children (and thereby managed to
have a son and heir), mentions 'the divine Seven' and describes them as Igigi,
emphasizing the apparent interchangeability of the terms Igigi and Anunnaki.
Also 'the great Anunnaki' are described as 'They who created the regions, who
set up the establishments'.

96                                           THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

In the 'Descent of Ishtar to the Nether World'15 the Anunnaki are described
as being brought forth (they are referred to as if they were stuffed animals
being brought out of a closet,, dusted off, and displayed in a taxidermists'
contest) and seated on thrones of gold. Once more the throne concept appears.
It seems all the Anunnaki ever do is sit and be symbolic.

Good little Anunnaki, like poodles, sit and smile at Anu. They are never
given personalities, poor fellows. I might mention that in this story the nether
world is described as having seven gates leading to seven successive rooms (or
caves). It is obvious that the period of seventy days during which Sirius was
'in the underworld' to the Egyptians led to a breaking down of the seventy
days into ten-day weeks, each with a god, giving seven gods. But these seven
gods of the underworld must not have personalities lest there be the distraction
of personal qualities to detract from the purely numerical significance of the
concept. And of course the seven rooms of the seven gods are successive, leading
from 'week' to 'week' until Sirius again rises. So we see yet another essential
link between the early Sumerian concepts and the Egyptian concepts. When
will Professor Neugebauer take notice of this and cease ruminating among
the late Babylonians and Persians?

In later times the god Marduk usurped the central position of the pantheon
from all the other gods in Babylon. The Enuma elish is largely a description of
this process and is basically written to Marduk, telling of his honours. This was
quite an innovation, a real centralization of power. 'The black-headed people',
which is how the Sumerians usually referred to themselves in their writings
(when the context is sufficiently pious they meekly call themselves 'the be-
clouded'; it is also interesting to note that the Egyptians were known as 'the
melampodes' or 'the black-footed people' to the Greeks!) obviously didn't take to
the rise of Marduk with unanimous acclaim. In many ways the Enuma elish
is a blatant propaganda tract for Marduk, alternately trying to convert and to
denounce the people. Here we see the author trying to woo them:16

Let his sovereignty be surpassing having no rival.

May he shepherd the black-headed ones, his creatures.

To the end of days, without forgetting, let them acclaim his ways.

Here, however, we see a more authoritarian approach, where the sugary
smile dissolves:

May he order the black-headed to re[vere him],

But the next moment, compromise comes again in the form of a mock-
tolerance :

Without fail let them support their gods!

Their lands let them improve, build their shrines,

Let the black-headed people wait on their gods.

In other words, the author despairs and goes into a sulk. For his next words
indicate the sentiment, 'We don't need them, we'll go it alone':

As for us, by however many names we pronounce it, he is our god!
Let us then proclaim his fifty names!

THE SACRED FIFTY

97

In other words, the supporters of Marduk thought the best way to glorify
their god was to give him fifty names. Then, with any luck, he would be
omnipotent.

As Marukka, Marduk 'gladdens the heart of the Anunnaki, appeases
their [spirits]'. All the fifty names are given, along with short comments
following each. In a footnote Speiser says, revealingly, that: 'The text etymo-
logizes the names in a manner made familiar by the Bible; the etymologies,
which accompany virtually every name on the long list are meant to be cabalis-
tic and symbolic rather than strictly linguistic, although some of them happen
to be linguistically sound.'

The list ends and we read in the text:

With the title 'Fifty' the great gods

Proclaimed him whose names are fifty and made his way supreme.

This final note adds a last flourish of emphasis to the importance to the
supreme god of the title 'Fifty' as well as the designation by fifty names.

There is one cluster of names among the fifty given which is of particular
interest. They are Asaru, Asarualim, Asarualimnunna, and the group of three
centred round the similar name Asaruludu (the other two being Namtillaku
and Namru). I suspect these names of being related to the Egyptian Asar
(Osiris). We have already seen how the An of Egypt was known in Sumer not
only as An but as Anu, picking up a 'u' ending. It is therefore not so senseless
to see in Asaru a Sumerian form of Asar, with the same 'u' ending added. But
the Egyptians themselves also had an Asaru, or more precisely, an Asar-uu,
whom Wallis Budge describes as 'a form of Osiris worshipped in lower Egypt'.

Since Asaru in Sumer corresponds to Asar-uu in Egypt, what about the
Sumerian Asaruludu? In Egyptian a vegetative Osiris would be known as
Asar-rutu but as is well known, the liquid V and '1' are in Egyptian entirely
interchangeable and represented by the same hieroglyph. So Asar-rutu could
just as well be Asar-lutu, and the lingual 't' as opposed to a dental 't' is pro-
nounced rather like a 'd', being a softer sound. If we merely transliterate it thus,
we have Asar-ludu. It would mean, 'Osiris of the growing plants'. And in fact,
in the Sumerian text, we find Asaru described as 'bestower of cultivation . . .
creator of grain and herbs, who causes vegetation to sprout'.

Immediately after one of the Asaru-names of Marduk in the Enuma elish
we find that his thirteenth name is Tutu. It so happens that Tutu is the name of
an Egyptian god. Wallis Budge describes him as 'a lion-god, son of Neith'.
(Wallis Budge says that Neith was: 'One of the oldest goddesses of Egypt. She
was the goddess of hunting and weaving, but was identified with many other
goddesses such as Isis, Meh-urt, and their attributes were assigned to her.'17)
There is even an Egyptian precedent for the use of Tutu as one name of a god
who has many names. The Egyptian monster of darkness, Apep, 'possessed
many names; to destroy him it was necessary to curse him by each and every
name by which he was known. To make quite sure that this should be done
effectively, the Papyrus of Nesi-Amsu adds a list of such names, and as they are
the foundation of many of the magical names met with in later papyri they are
here enumerated . . .18 And one of these is Tutu. Surely this almost identical
preoccupation with the need to enumerate every one of the magical names of a

98                                            THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

god in both countries must have common origins - especially as the name
Tutu is in the lists of both countries.

It is important to look even closer at the Egyptian god Tutu. In Heidel's
translation of the Enuma elish he gives for Asaruludu the early Sumerian epithet
namshub as opposed to the late Babylonian form namru - both meaning 'bright',
and in the text further explained as, 'The bright god who brightens our way'.'
In a footnote Heidel explains: 'The poets are here apparently playing on the
Sumerian term shuba, which is equated with the Babylonian words ebbu, ellu,
and namru, all of which mean "bright".5 Now, what is so interesting is that in
Egyptian the word shu means 'bright' and also describes the sun god - who is
indeed a 'bright god who brightens our way'. So we see that shu in Egyptian
means the same as shuba in Sumerian. Furthermore, both are made to apply to a
description of the sun. Also the Sumerian shuba is made to refer to Asarluhi,
and we may now take note of the further surprising fact that the Egyptian god'
Tutu is, according to Wallis Budge: 'a form of the god Shu, whose symbol was a
lion walking'.19

So as we examine the material we find an increasingly complex weave of
common patterns in Egypt and early Sumer both linguistically and in religion-
astronomy. Later in the book we shall see this all reach a meaningful climax.

Notes

1.  In Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts.

2.  Also in Pritchard, ibid.

3.  Pub. by W. W. Norton & Co., New York, 1965. An earlier edition of this book had a different
title: Before the Bible.

4.   The Sumerians, University of Chicago Press, 1963, p. 67.

5.  Also in Pritchard, op. cit.

6.  Journal of the American Oriental Society, 64 (1944), p. 11.

7.  Heidel, Alexander, The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels, University of Chicago
Press, 1970.

8.  Pritchard, op. cit.

9.  Ibid.

10.  Ibid. Also see p. 514, Addenda: New Text Fragments, in same vol.

11.  de Santillana, Giorgio, and von Dechend, Hertha, Hamlet's Mill, Macmillan & Company
Ltd; London, 1969.

12.  Egyptian Astronomical Texts, Vol. I, p. 74.

13.  Ibid., p. 73.

14.  Pritchard, op. cit., p. 114.

15.  Ibid., p. 106.

16.  In Pritchard, ibid.

17.  Book of the Dead, trans, by Wallis Budge, p. 176, n.

18.  Wallis Budge, The Gods of the Egyptians, Vol. I, p. 326.

19.  Wallis Budge, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 463-4.

SUMMARY

'The Black Rite' concerned something called 'Night' which was apparently an object
that moves in heaven along with 'the other mysteries in turn that move in heaven, with
ordered motions and periods of times'. It has less light than the sun and it 'weaves a web
with rapid light'.

THE SACRED FIFTY                                              99

Sirius B moves in heaven with ordered motion and period, has less light than our
sun, and distinctly weaves a web with its rapid motion, since it revolves round Sirius A
in much less time than the planets Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto revolve around our own
sun.

'Night' may thus refer to Sirius B, just as may 'black Osiris' and 'invisible Nephthys'.

In really early times the basic concepts of Egyptian astronomy and Sumerian astro-
nomy were identical. Later many differences appeared. Authorities on ancient astro-
nomy tend to give short shrift to the earlier times, hence the similarities between the two
cultures in this particular field have tended to go unremarked.

In Egypt and Sumer (Babylonia) there were identical systems of dividing the calendar
year into twelve months each composed of three weeks which lasted ten days apiece.
Each week had a constellation of the night sky associated with it (which in modern
parlance we might describe as 'being a kind of zodiac'). Thirty-six of these weeks added
up only to 360 days, which was less than a year, so the 365-day year was obtained by
adding on five extra days at the end.

Identical systems of such complexity in these two cultures mean that the relationship
between Egypt and Sumer must be explored further.

In Sumer the 'fifty great gods' called the Anunnaki were anonymous as individuals
and only ever spoken of as 'the fifty great gods' with the emphasis on their number. They
were literally restricted to the level of being a numerological cipher. They are continually
invoked and are of importance - but they never did anything but sit on their thrones and
'be fifty'.

In an early Sumerian tale of their epic hero Gilgamesh, we find him accompanied
in his adventures by fifty heroes, reminiscent of the fifty Argonauts who accompanied
Jason. 'His teeth are the teeth of a dragon', we are told - reminiscent of Jason sowing the
dragon's teeth. And Gilgamesh also puts his teeth to the ground (that much we can
gather, but the passage is obscure and he may really be sowing teeth). Each of his fifty
heroic companions carries a specially felled tree for the journey - and the only reasonable
purpose to go around carrying a tree seems to be that these trees were used as oars,
especially as there is an association with a boat. This again is like the Argonauts. We
thus seem to have found a Near Eastern tale from which the tale of the Argonauts was
derived two thousand years or so later by the Greeks.

Gilgamesh somehow derives strength from putting his teeth to the ground. In the
Greek tale, Jason sows the teeth and they spring up as strong soldiers - another parallel.

Anubis, who is now familiar to us from Egypt, was identified by the Greeks with
their own god Hermes (known in Latin as Mercury). Hermes turned the Golden Fleece
to gold originally, in the Greek myth. It was this same Golden Fleece that Jason and the
Argonauts sought in their quest, and which they succeeded in seizing and taking away
with them.

In the early Gilgamesh tale of the Sumerians, Gilgamesh and his fifty proto-Argonauts
have some connection with a ship (the text is tantalizingly fragmented) called 'the
Magan-boat'. It should be remembered that Magan is the Sumerian name for Egypt.
Hence the boat is connected with Egypt.

All the Greek Argonauts were related to one another and more or less anonymous as
individuals - reminiscent of the earlier Sumerian 'fifty heroes' accompanying Gilgamesh
and also the 'fifty great gods' known as Anunnaki.

The Greek ark of Deukalion came to rest after the Flood at Dodona, from where the
Argo received its guiding timber. The ark and the Argo apparently were related in other
ways too.

Professor Cyrus Gordon has written an important book on common origins of Greek
and Hebrew cultures from the Egyptian-Sumerian milieu of the cosmopolitan world of
the ancient Mediterranean (see bibliography).

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THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

The 'fifty great gods' of Sumer, the Anunnaki, are invariably seated. Sacred oarsmen
or Argonauts are all, of course, invariably seated while they are rowing. 'The fifty who
sit' and 'the fifty who sit and row' seem to be a motif.

The other element besides the eye in the Osiris-name hieroglyph is the throne,
which is the hieroglyph for Isis as well. The throne is a divine seat. The Sumerians fre-
quently intoned of the Anunnaki that they were 'they who are seated on their thrones';
or sometimes for a bit more drama, 'the fifty great gods took their seats'. (Of course they
did nothing even then.)

The Egyptian Anubis (Anpu) was a god 'of the hill'. The Sumerian god Anu's wife
was a goddess 'of the hill'.

The older form of the Sumerian word for hill, hursagga, may be derived from the
Egyptian Heru-sa-agga, where 'agga' refers to Anubis (who was 'of the hill'). There are
many other word and name similarities between Egypt and Sumer.

In the Epic of Gilgamesh a dream of Gilgamesh is described where he encounters a
heavy star that cannot be lifted despite immense effort. This star descends from heaven
to him and is described as connected with Anu (who is the god of heaven). Thus we find
'the heavy star' concept in Babylonia long before the Arabs even existed and were to
have their star in the Great Dog (and the other in Argo) called 'Weight' and described as
'the heavy star'.

Gilgamesh is drawn to this heavy star irresistibly, in a manner described in a way that
seems to hint at a kind of gravitational attraction (to those, that is, who are conscious of
a 'heavy star' like Sirius B being gravitationally powerful as well as 'heavy').

The Epic of Gilgamesh refers to 'the essence of Anu' possessed by the star. The word
rendered as 'essence' is used elsewhere in medical contexts referring to 'concentration,
essence' - an intimation of super-dense matter? This 'concentrated star essence of Anu'
was too heavy for Gilgamesh to lift in his dream.

It must be recalled that Gilgamesh had his fifty companions in the early versions of
the Epic (they were discarded later, by Babylonian times). Hence connected with Gilga-
mesh we find: (a) Fifty anonymous companions seemingly important only as a numero-
logical element in the story and in later times discarded as useless, (b) A super-heavy
star connected with An (also an Egyptian name of Osiris, husband of Isis who was
identified with Sirius), (c) A description of the star as being composed of a 'concentrated
essence' and of having extreme powers of attraction described in a manner reminiscent
of gravitational attraction.

These elements comprise almost a complete description of Sirius B: a super-heavy
gravitationally powerful star made of concentrated super-dense matter ('essence') with
the number fifty associated with it (describing its period?) - and connected with An
(Anu), which we know to be linked in Egypt (and Gilgamesh's 'Magan-boat' seems
Egyptian) with Sirius.

CHAPTER FOUR

The Hounds of Hell

Since Sirius is the Dog Star, let us turn to the dog-headed Sumerian goddess Bau.
According to Thorkild Jacobsen,1 'Bau seems originally to have been goddess
of the dog and her name, Bau, to have constituted an imitation of the dog's
bark, as English "bowwow".* Bau was also the daughter of An. So here the
dog-goddess is the daughter of An, whereas in Egypt the dog-god was himself
An-pu (Anubis). Since An is connected with Sirius, we should thus not be sur-
prised that he has a dog-goddess for a daughter in Sumer. Sirius as the Dog
Star was a tradition which was not thought to have existed in Sumer, however,
before now.

Since the fifty Anunnaki were children of An, and Bau is a daughter of An,
it is not far-fetched to see in Bau a survival (for she is an old goddess who faded
into obscurity in later times) of the concept of a dog-star goddess equivalent to
his as Sothis. And it is interesting that she was dog-headed. For Anubis was not
entirely a jackal or dog, he was merely jackal- or dog-headed.

Bau's husband Ninurta was the son of Enlil. Just as Marduk usurped the
position of chief god, at a somewhat earlier time Enlil had usurped this position
from An. (The situation is analogous to Greek mythology where Cronos usurped
the position of Uranus and was in turn overthrown by Zeus.) There is an in-
teresting 170-line hymn to Enlil2 which seems to describe a stellar abode for the
god. The 'lifted eye' or 'lifted light' scanning and searching the lands sounds
reminiscent of the Dogon concept of the ray of Digitaria which once a year
sweeps the Earth. In any case, a 'lifted light' which searches and scans is de-
finitely a beam or ray, and is in its own right an interesting concept for the
Sumerians to have had as situated in the celestial abode. I must emphasize in
advance for the reader that lapis lazuli was considered by the Sumerians to
represent the night sky. Here then are significant excerpts from the hymn:

Enlil, whose command is far-reaching, whose word is holy,

The lord whose pronouncement is unchangeable, who forever decrees

destinies,

Whose lifted eye scans the lands,

Whose lifted light searches the heart of all the lands,
Enlil who sits broadly on the white dais, on the lofty dais . . .

* In Egyptian a word for 'dog, jackal', is Auau, which probably has the same 'dog's bark'

derivatlon as the Sumerian Bau.

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THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

The lofty white dais of Sothis-Sirius is an Egyptian concept. It is Ast (Isis).
It is also Asar (Osiris), with the addition of a hieroglyphic eye. Later we find
in this hymn from Sumer the city of Nippur's temple in comparison:

Nippur - the shrine, where dwells the father, the 'great mountain',

The dais of plenty, the Ekur which rises . . . ,

The high mountain, the pure place . . . ,

Its prince, the 'great mountain', Father Enlil,

Has established his seat on the dais of the Ekur, lofty shrines;

The temple - its divine laws like heaven cannot be overturned,

Its pure rites, like the earth cannot be shattered,

Its divine laws are like the divine laws of the abyss, none can look upon

them,
Its 'heart' like a distant shrine, unknown like heaven's-zenith. . .

And:

The Ekur, the lapis-lazuli house, the lofty dwelling place, awe-inspiring,
Its awe and dread are next to heaven,
Its shadow is spread over all the lands
Its loftiness reaches heaven's heart.

These mentions of the lapis lazuli aspect of Enlil's abode and also that it
reaches heaven's heart make quite clear that we are not merely dealing with a
solar description. It is not the sun but a stellar abode that is being distinctly
described. Hence the references to the ray or beam are all the more curious
as they do not refer to the sun's light as might have been thought from a
superficial reading. We continue:

Heaven - he is its princely one; earth - he is its great one,
The Anunnaki - he is their exalted god;
When in his awesomeness, he decrees the fates,
No god dare look on him.

Here we see Enlil has been called the exalted god over the Anunnaki (in
other texts his son Enki, or Ea, boasts that he is their 'big brother' and leader).
Here Enlil has also himself been given the power of decreeing the fates, which
the Anunnaki traditionally do themselves. In the fourth line from the end
above, 'heaven' is An and 'earth' is Ki. An and Ki were married. The com-
pound an-ki is Sumerian for 'heaven-earth' and is the word meaning 'universe'.
Note the similarity between an-ki and the name of the Egyptian goddess Anukis
who is identified with Sothis-Sirius. Also, of course, the similarity to the name
Anunnaki.

So we find the above stellar descriptions of Enlil, the father-in-law of the
dog-headed goddess we tentatively identify with Sirius. And we find those
fifty irrepressible Anunnaki creeping in again. They manage to turn up every-
where, given half a chance, when the subject of Sirius comes up.

Now the many similarities between Sumer and Egypt which we have so far
noted (with more to come), which have led us to consider the possibility of the
two nations having been in some way linked, may be referred to in a most
interesting passage from Josephus,3 in which 'the children of Seth' are men-
tioned. Many ancient writers supposed Seth to have been Hermes Trismegistus.

THE HOUNDS OF HELL                                        I03

This fact may suddenly be more important in the light of what we have begun
to suspect about a scantily surviving authentic Hermetic tradition (maligned
and obscured by a welter of useless, trivial co-survivals from later times).
Here is the passage:

'The children of Seth' were the inventors of that peculiar sort of wisdom
which is concerned with the heavenly bodies, and their order; and that their
inventions might not be lost before they were sufficiently known, upon
Adam's prediction, that the world was at one time to be destroyed by the
force of fire, and at another time by the violence and quantity of water,
they made two pillars, the one of brick, the other of stone. They described
their discoveries on them both, that in case the pillar of brick should be
destroyed by the flood, the pillar of stone might remain, and exhibit those
discoveries to mankind, and also inform them that there was another
pillar of brick erected by them. Now this remains in the land of Syria or
Seirad to this day.

This passage calls forth many comments. The point which immediately
springs to one's notice is that there is a 'pillar of brick' in the land of Syria,
or in the land of Sumer-Akkad-Babylonia. Well, this is the very land of brick!
It is the land of the brick ziggurat or 'great mountain' - a giant pillar if you
like. But where is the land of stone? Why, it is obviously Egypt, the land of the
great stone pyramids. Here, then, is a description of two linked cultures, one
building brick edifices and the other building stone edifices. In Egypt we have
the Great Pyramid, which so many people have believed to contain in its basic
construction the proportions and measurements to demonstrate that it was
constructed by highly advanced and civilized men. The great ziggurats of
Babylon and other cities, too, though in a more ruinous state, seem to embody
in their construction much that is profound. Can it be that Josephus has pre-
served a tradition of the link between Egypt and Sumer and their respective
types of building ? He says the link was an astronomically-defined one. 'The
children of Seth' first possessed 'that peculiar sort of wisdom which is concerned
with the heavenly bodies'. Well, we have already discovered for ourselves that
the fundamental astronomical and astronomical-religious concepts were com-
mon to earliest Egypt and Sumer. And here is Josephus telling us the same thing,
and what is more, telling us what the treatise 'The Virgin of the World' would
have us know - that it all began with Hermes Trismegistus in the way we have
previously discussed.

But now let us pursue other relevant ramifications of Egypt found else-
where. And let us do so by returning to the subject of the Argo and the fifty
Argonauts, who were all Minyae (descendants of Minyas), who were led by
Jason (also a descendant of Minyas) in the quest for the golden fleece at the
mysterious land of Colchis, which actually existed and was just about as strange
a locale as one could wish. For if you sail through the Hellespont (named after
Helle, who fell from the golden ram) into the Black Sea (called the Euxine
Sea by the Greeks), and follow the coast of present-day Turkey until you come
to the region of the border with the Soviet Union of today, you will have come
to Colchis. It is a pretty strange place for the Greeks to attach so much impor-
tance to. It sits at the loot of the formidable Caucasus Mountains and not far

104

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

away are the Georgian people who live in their mountains to such amazing ages
as a hundred and ten, with a culture peculiarly their own. Not far to the south is
that strange place, Mount Ararat, where the ark of Noah landed after the Flood.
Surely this is a most unusual land, and far removed from the Greek world.
Or is it?

Minyas had a great-grandson called Phrixus. Phrixus had four sons who
lived in Colchis, to which he had fled on the back of the golden ram and where
he gave the golden fleece to the local King of Colchis, and in return was made
welcome and married the king's daughter. It is obvious that these four sons
were only half-Colchian and would feel some loyalty towards their father's
homeland which was in mainland Greece. Sure enough, on his deathbed Phrixus
asked his sons to return to Orchomenos, his home in Greece, to reclaim their
birthright there. This they agreed to do. For Phrixus's father had been the King
of Orchomenos (as had Minyas) and these sons should be able to claim what
honour and position (not to mention more material matters) was rightly theirs.
However, they knew that setting things straight might be a bit difficult, as their
father and his sister Helle (who fell into the Hellespont) had left in rather a
hurry on the golden ram with the blessing of Hermes, but not with too many
tears being shed in Orchomenos at the time.

So these four sons set out and were shipwrecked but were fortunately picked
up and rescued. Who rescued them? None other than our fifty Argonauts who
were just passing. In fact, these Argonaut cousins of theirs were at that moment
just happening by on their way to Colchis where their mission was to try to get
that fleece back. The four young fellows had no objection to such a plan, especi-
ally as they were also descended from Minyas. The Argonauts had been losing
some of their men (for instance, Hercules and Hylas had vanished; Hylas was
dragged down into a stream by a passionate water nymph and Hercules went
berserk and wandered off into Turkey calling his name in vain, later founding
cities and doing various Herculean things). So these four fellows from Colchis
were just the thing to recharge the ranks.

But what about this place Colchis ? Perhaps if we examine it we shall find
some Egyptian connections. Anything seems to be possible in a magical land
like this.

In fact if we look at the Histories of Herodotus4 we read: 'It is undoubtedly
a fact that the Colchians are of Egyptian descent, I noticed this myself before
I heard anyone else mention it, and when it occurred to me I asked some ques-
tions both in Colchis and in Egypt, and found that the Colchians remembered
the Egyptians more distinctly than the Egyptians remembered them. The Egyp-
tians did, however, say that they thought the Colchians were men from Sesos-
tris' army.5 This Sesostris is identified tentatively by scholars with Ramses II.
Herodotus continues:

My own idea on the subject was based first on the fact that they have black
skins and woolly hair (not that that amounts to much, as other nations
have the same), and secondly, and more especially, on the fact that the
Colchians, the Egyptians, and the Ethiopians are the only races which
from ancient times have practised circumcision. The Phoenicians and the
Syrians of Palestine themselves admit that they adopted the practice from

THE HOUNDS OF HELL

105

Egypt, and the Syrians who live near the rivers Thermodon and Parthenius,
learnt it only a short time ago from the Colchians. No other nations use
circumcision, and all these are without doubt following the Egyptian lead.
As between the Egyptians and the Ethiopians, I should not like to say which
learned from the other, for the custom is evidently a very ancient one; but
I have no doubt that the other nations adopted it as a result of their
intercourse with Egypt, and in this belief I am strongly supported by the
fact that Phoenicians, when they mix in Greek society, drop the Egyptian
usage and allow their children to go uncircumcized.

And now I think of it, there is a further point of resemblance between
the Colchians and Egyptians: they share a method of weaving linen
different from that of any other people; and there is also a similarity be-
tween them in language and way of living.*

So here we see a probable (indeed, almost entirely certain) explanation for
the connection of Colchis with the Argonaut story. No wonder the Hermes-
given (which is to say, Anubis-given) golden fleece was at Colchis. For Colchis
was a thoroughly Egyptian country. But because the heroes of a Greek tale
must be Greeks and not Egyptians, the Argonauts are all Minyae from Greece.
The familiar anonymity of 'the fifty' witnessed by us with the Anunnaki of
Sumer, prevails here among the Argonauts as well. Different epic poets who
treated of the tale chucked in various epic heroes. In the main surviving Argo-
nautica by Apollonius of Rhodes, Orpheus and Herakles (Hercules) are among
the crew, though Hercules is left behind as I have just said. In fact, Hercules
was so obviously borrowed for his 'box-office draw' as a 'guest star' in a cameo
performance that we can't really take the matter seriously.

On with the story and those Argonauts. I said that Orpheus was included
in the cast by that great film producer Apollonius of Rhodes. But another com-
peting film producer, Pherecydes, insisted that Orpheus was not an Argonaut.
Diodorus Siculus, a great supporter of women's lib, maintained that Atalanta
was an Argonautess. Apollonius says pointedly that super-star Theseus was in
Hades at the time and otherwise engaged (with another contract), but Statius
(who was obviously with the other studio) later made Theseus an Argonaut
anyway. H. W. Parke has pointed out that the Apolline seers were apparently
injected into the Argonaut story as a propaganda effort by the rising power of
the Delphic Oracle which was trying to squeeze out the premier oracle of
Dodona and achieve first place for itself in the eyes of the Greek public.

Parke has shown how the really central oracular elements in the Argo
story were all related to Dodona, not Delphi. Delphi was quite an upstart
in the centuries immediately preceding the classical period, and initially was
not more important than Dodona, though it was to become so and held
precedence by the time of Socrates and the classical Greeks. Parke concludes
that all the Delphic and Apolline elements in the Argo story are late accretions
from the time after Delphi had usurped the primacy of Dodona. They
would not have been in the Argo epic referred to by Homer, who proves the
antiquity of the Argo saga by his mention in the Odyssey (XII, 69-72) of 'the
celebrated Argo' and of Jason and the Clashing Rocks. Significantly, no other

* Circumcision is absolutely fundamental to Dogon culture for religious reasons.

106

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

Argonaut is mentioned by name by Homer. It is obvious, in fact, from what I
said above, that the Argonauts were primarily noted for being fifty in number
and related (a comfortable kind of anonymity - cousins!). Outstanding Hel-
lenic heroes were thrown into their ranks by the caprices of successive epic
poets to provide recognizable colour. With the exception of Jason there is total
disagreement among everyone concerned about just who were the Argonauts.
And according to Robert Graves in The Greek Myths, Jason was originally Her-
cules. And Hercules was originally Briareus. Of course, the answer is that they
were not individuals and were not meant to be.

They were fifty and they were related and usually seated and they sailed
in a magic boat. Just like the Anunnaki, and just like the fifty anonymous
companions of Gilgamesh! And in the Gilgamesh fragments from the early
Sumerian times, the boat mentioned is a 'Magan-boat', or Egyptian boat.
It must be remembered also that Sumer is located between Egypt and Colchis.

We are now beginning to get down to the bare bones of the Argo story. I
don't believe that the earliest levels of this ancient tale have ever previously
been reached.

Not only Herodotus, but Pindar as well, describes the Colchians as dark.
In his IVth Pythian Ode, which is largely about the Argonauts, Pindar says
(212): 'Among the dark-faced Kolchians, in the very presence of Aeetes'.
Pindar therefore confirms Herodotus on this point.

It remains to attempt a dating. If Herodotus is correct and the Golchians
were Egyptian soldiers dating from the reign of Sesostris (Ramses II), then they
would have gone to Colchis at some time during the years 1301-1234 B.C.,
which is estimated by John A. Wilson5 as the period of the reign of Ramses II.
This dating is only of use as an indicator of the general antiquity of the origins
of our material. There does not seem to be any archaeological information of
any kind from the undiscovered site of Aea, the capital city of Colchis, which is
on the coast of the Black Sea (just by a river known anciently as the Phasis),
just across the border of the Soviet Union from Turkey. I would suspect the
site of Aea has never even been sought! It would certainly make an interesting
site for excavation. It would presumably offer an unusual amount of Egyptian-
style material mixed with Armenian-Caucasian styles. It should be extra-
ordinarily interesting from the point of view of ancient art, almost certainly be-
ing quite rich in precious metals and beautiful metal-working, particularly
gold. We shall see later in this book that it was near a famous ancient metallur-
gical centre. And, of course, there should be finds which would confirm Hero-
dotus's account.

Here is a description of the site, for those who wish to seek it: 'They reached
the broad estuary of the Phasis, where the Black Sea ends . . . and then rowed
straight up into the mighty river, which rolled in foam to either bank as it
made way for Argo's prow. On their left hand they had the lofty Caucasus and
the city of Aea, on their right the plain of Ares and the god's sacred grove,
where the snake kept watch and ward over the fleece, spread on the leafy
branches of an oak.' (Another hint of Dodona, with the oak and the grove.
This similarity will be seen to become extremely relevant later on.)

To return to the question of dates (also bearing in mind Homer's early casual
reference to 'the celebrated Argo'), we'll recall my mention of dates when I

THE HOUNDS OF HELL                                         107

showed the identical nature of the Sumerian and Egyptian astronomical sys-
tems in their essential details. I pointed out then that the Babylonian tablets
were dated from the second millennium B.C., giving us an upper limit on time
in the Sumerian region. The Egyptian star clocks to which they bear such total
resemblance calendrically had already altered (such as by the introduction of a
fifteen-day week instead of a ten-day one, indicating the advanced degenera-
tion of the traditions) in Egypt in the first millennium B.C.

Hence we see that the Egyptian star clocks no longer existed in the
necessary form by the first millennium, giving us an upper limit date in Egypt
of the end of the second millennium B.C., identical with the upper limit we have
in Sumer. I am tempted now to steal a phrase of the physicists and remind the
reader that these dates are of an order of magnitude comparable with the date
of Ramses II's reign adopted tentatively for the settlement at Colchis of
Egyptian colonists. Surely these three dates cannot coalesce accidentally round
the same material! We have no choice but to adopt the approximate date of
1200 B.C. as the upper limit for the spread (and subsequent degeneration) of
our Sirius-related material throughout the Mediterranean area, from which-
ever source it originated.

It may perhaps be of some relevance that this coincides roughly with the
end of Minoan domination of the Mediterranean. From the point of view at
least of the spread of the Sirius material, I would connect it with what seems
to me an obvious fact: that when Minoan sea power, based on Crete, collapsed,
the Egyptians and inhabitants of the Near East could and did expand their own
maritime activities to fill the vacuum left by the disintegration of the Minoan
fleets. (An alternative but unlikely suggestion is that fleeing Minoans dispersed
their culture with them as they settled in exile in different areas of the Mediter-
ranean following the collapse of their nation; but I do not believe they alone
were the source of the Sirius material.)

I am inclined to believe the increasingly strong and accumulating evidence
that the Minoan culture was dealt a death blow by eruptions of the volcano
Thera. F. Matz, in 'Minoan Civilization: Maturity and Zenith' in the Cambridge
Ancient History, says: 'The peaceful transfer of power in Crete from the Minoans
to the Mycenaeans is difficult to explain.' But not, surely, if volcanic eruptions
had enfeebled the Minoans. The Minoan cities had no walls. On their island
the Minoans relied, it seems, on their unchallenged sea power to keep enemies
at bay, just as the Spartans in their unwalled city of Sparta in mainland Greece
relied on their unchallenged land power to keep enemies at bay in late classical
times. For the Cretan island could not be reached by enemies on foot, and as
the Minoans had total naval superiority they could not be threatened at home.
The latest conclusions about Thera seem to be that the towns on that small
volcanic island near Crete were first evacuated due to earthquakes some years
before the final volcanic eruption which destroyed Minoan civilization.

Herodotus in Book I of his Histories gives us a good illustration of how hope-
less it is for a land power to challenge a sea power on the sea, when he shows
the landlubber Lydians abandoning their plans to build ships and extend their
conquests to the islands because they are aware they just don't know what
they're doing. If the Minoan fleets had been sunk in great tidal waves following
volcanic eruptions, the Minoans would have had no choice but to come to an

108

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

understanding with the Mycenaeans. Any other possibility would have meant
suicide. Probably they made a graceful and dignified pact or series of pacts
which made the inevitable seem voluntary. And if the Mycenaeans were tradi-
tionally a good bit in awe of the more sophisticated Minoans, so much the better
for the Minoans who 'condescended' to come to terms like gentlemen.

But the 'spheres of influence' of the sea-going Minoans could not be taken
over immediately by the Mycenaeans, who lacked the maritime skill (not to
mention ships) to complement on the waves their success in overrunning most
of the island of Crete, probably leaving certain areas to the native Minoans
according to the pacts I have suggested. It is not that the Mycenaeans would
have lacked the energy or will, but the Minoan fleets would have been destroyed
and even the most willing Minoan sailors could not sail non-existent ships for
the Mycenaean invaders. Furthermore, the work of consolidating power on the
recently taken island would have been a protracted and distracting matter for
the Mycenaeans. So, for all these reasons, the new Cretan rulers could not
attain to the full stature of their predecessors and be in complete command of
the Mediterranean Sea.

The Mycenaeans had been competing with the Minoans (and raiding them,
apparently under Theseus) as best they could for some time before the cata-
clysm. In fact F. H. Stubbings6 informs us that the Minoans made a 'disastrous
Sicilian expedition' against the Mycenaean trading interests in the central
Mediterranean. This is reminiscent, of course, of the famous Athenian expedi-
tion to Sicily which was a total disaster and caused Athens to lose the Pelopon-
nesian War. Sicily was thus responsible for two great historical disasters that
altered the course of events to an unknown extent elsewhere than in Sicily.

So we see the Minoan power may already have been declining. Stubbings
says: 'All that is really certain, however, is that the fall of Crete laid the
way clear for a vastly increased Mycenaean activity.' And, we may be sure,
for a vastly increased Egyptian maritime activity as well. Egypt, which is
known to have traded heavily with Crete under the Minoans, must have found
itself without choice: expanded maritime activity on her own account or a severe
starvation of imported goods. There may even be a possibility that the name
Minyas (and, hence, Minyae for the Argonauts) may have some connection with
Minos (which gave us the word Minoan). After all, the Minoans were in con-
siderable contact with the Egyptians and were the best sailors of their day.

It has been worth while to go into all this about the Minoan collapse at about
the time of the upper limit dates which we have arrived at in other ways. For
with the disappearance of Minoan supremacy at sea, vast numbers of other
people were free to ply the sea lanes and no doubt did so, bringing a prolifera-
tion of variegated contacts between cultures which the uniform Minoan sea
traffic had ironed flat and featureless. Enterprising folk from almost anywhere
- ethnics from mainland Greece, sophisticates from riverine Egypt, and clever
Semites from Lebanon, Canaan, Palestine, all with their eyes on the main
chance, could find something that would float and have a go.

All these folk suddenly let loose on the high seas brought an inevitable
cross-fertilization at the cultural level, even if piracy must have increased alarm-
ingly. There must have been a lot more drowned sailors and shipwrecked mer-
chants, but an amazing amount of syncretism, during which our Sirius material

THE HOUNDS OF HELL

109

must have leaked out into wider currency beyond the confines of Egypt and
Sumer, Two millennia earlier, or even before that, the Egyptian and Sumerian
cultures had shared many secrets: now these secrets were let out of Pandora's
box and entered what was to become the Greek culture through synthesis in the
white heat of warlike Mycenaean exploits at Troy and elsewhere. The Heroic
Age was beginning, arete (the classical Greek ideal of excellence in all things)
was to be forged by blood and iron in the lost Thebaid and the surviving Iliad,
with the subsidiary sources of the great Odyssey and what remains of the Argo
tales. Deeply imbedded like subtle dragon's teeth sunk in tough battle flesh,
the bony outline of our Sirius material was to peer through the membrane of
Greek epic tradition, to spring forth now in our century as the armed men
of controversy. They have re-entered the field, we must face them. Rather than
enter into combat, let us question these strangers about their origins. We are
faced with the living fossils of a world almost entirely beyond our modern
comprehension. These creatures are shaggy with the cobwebs of the centuries
that preceded even classical Greece, and came before even Hesiod and Homer.
These ghosts are antique in a sense which we rarely encounter except inside
the tombs of Egypt or the burials at Ur.

To continue with elucidations of the Argonaut complex, we turn now to that
invaluable compendium of ail that is strange and wonderful about the world of
the Greeks, Robert Graves's superb work The Greek Myths. There we find:7
'Aeaea ("wailing") is a typical death island where the familiar Death-
goddess sings as she spins. The Argonautic legend places it at the head of the
Adriatic Gulf; it may well be Lussin near Pola. Circe means "falcon", and she
had a cemetery in Colchis, planted with willows, sacred to Hecate.5 In the
Argonautica, we recall, Jason offers a sacrifice to the goddess Hecate at Colchis
at the suggestion of Medea. We shall see later that Hecate is a degenerate form
of Sothis, or Sirius. But let us examine the above information from Graves.
First we note that Circe, who figures so prominently in the Argonautica, has
the meaning of 'falcon'. This brings to mind the prominent Egyptian symbolic
'falcon of Horus', which was the symbol of rising from the dead, or resurrection.
The hawk or falcon of Horus presided over the Egyptian necropolis at Memphis,
so it is quite obvious that it could have presided over the Egyptian necropolis
at Colchis.

Naturally, the Greeks would have thought of the falcon in terms of their
death-goddess Hecate.* There was no reason for them to preserve the
masculine gender of a Horus of whom they knew nothing. But the falcon of
Horus could have had a powerful effect on them as a symbol and have been
transferred to a feminine figure of Greek myth. In fact, this cemetery of Circe
in Colchis is almost undoubtedly an Egyptian cemetery surviving from Herodo-
tus's Egyptian Colchians, and presided over by the falcon of Horus which in
Greek was called Circe, and eventually became a female figure. The springing

* Hesiod's account of Hecate shows her to have been the original Triple-goddess, supreme in

Heaven, on earth, and in Tartarus; but the Hellenes emphasized her destructive powers at the

expense of her creative ones . . . Lion, dog, and horse (were) her heads ... the dog being the

Dog-star Sirius': Robert Graves, The Greek Myths, 31.7. Hesiod says (Theogony 416): *In starry

Heaven she has her place, and the immortal gods greatly respect her'.

110

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

up from the earth of the magically sown soldiers in the Argonautica must partially
refer to the Egyptian soldiers buried in 'the cemetery of Circe' who were meant
to rise from the dead under the auspices of the Egyptian god of resurrection,
Horus, whose symbol was the falcon, or 'circe'. (Excavations could unearth
the Colchian necropolis some day.)

Circe lived on the island of Aea, which has the same name as the city which
Jason visited in Colchis and from where Medea came. In Greek mythology,
Circe is the daughter of Helios and Perse and the sister of King Aeetes, the king
of Colchis. She is therefore Medea's aunt (Medea eloped with Jason). As for
the 'island' of Aea, I believe it was a holm, or river-island, in the Phasis River
near the city Aea.

Circe's father Helios is the sun, who rose every morning from his magnificent
palace near Colchis where he slept and stabled his horses overnight. And like-
wise the father of the Egyptian Horus was the sun, and Horus himself represents
the rising sun. The Greek word(kirke latinized as circe) revealingly means

'an unknown bird', if we consult (as we shall do from now on) Liddell and Scott's
definitive Greek lexicon. In the form(kirkos) the meaning is 'a kind of

hawk or falcon', 'a kind of wolf, 'a circle' (which in Latin became circus)
or 'ring', and 'an unknown stone'.(kirkaia) means 'an uncertain plant'.

Of these only the proper noun" (Kirke) has the specific meaning of Circe
the Enchantress, although the same word in general is 'an unknown bird'.
How appropriate a reaction for the Greeks to the falcon of Horus - a bird-
symbol unknown to them. But in trying to be more precise they make
(kirkos) 'a kind of hawk or falcon', as that is obviously what it is from its appear-
ance, though its especial symbolic value makes the Greeks doubt precisely
what the Egyptians intended. It looked like a kind of hawk or falcon but the
Greeks weren't prepared to insist on exactly what species - because it was an
Egyptian, not a Greek, idea.

On a point such as this we must 'take advice' as from a lawyer. It is not
sufficient merely to cite Liddell and Scott's lexicon. For this subject we turn to
D'Arcy Thompson's definitive source-book A Glossary of Greek Birds* Under the
entry there for kirkos we read: 'A poetic and mystical name for a Hawk: the
sacred Hawk of Apollo; in the main an astronomical, perhaps solar, emblem.
... In Homer, the bird of Apollo . . . Od. xv. 525. .. . The bird is not identifiable
as a separate species, and is so recognized by Scaliger and others. Neither the
brief note as to its size in a corrupt passage of the ninth book of the History of
Animals, nor the mystical references to its alleged hostilities and attributes in
Aristotle, Aelian, and Phile, are sufficient to prove that the name indicated at
any time a certain particular species. The word is poetical . . . The chief allu-
sions to are obviously mystical, though the underlying symbolism . . .
is not decipherable.'

Under another entry, for Hierax, Thompson gives some further interesting
information. The word hierax is a generic term for all hawks. It too seems to
partake of overtones of Horus, as Thompson specifically notes when he refers
to the 'Worship of Hawks in Egypt', citing Herodotus and Aelian, and says:
'In the Rig-Veda the sun is frequently compared to a hawk, hovering in the
air. . . . Their heart is eaten, to obtain prophetic powers, Porph. De Abst. ii.
48.9 . . . The Hawk entered in Egypt into innumerable hieroglyphics . . .

THE HOUNDS OF HELL

III

(as) Horus and Hat-Hor, the latter being theof Plutarch. According

to Chaeremon, fr. 8On the sanctity of hawks in Egypt,

and the solar symbolism associated with them there, see also . . .'etc., referring
to Porphyry, Plutarch, Eusebius and Clement of Alexandria. The scholarly
reader who wishes to pursue all this must go to Thompson directly.

Kirkos also means 'an unknown stone'. Here again we come upon the
stone motif which we encounter with Deukalion (the Greek Noah) and else-
where. The stones of Deukalion spring up as men - men born from the earth
just as the dead of the Colchian cemetery are meant to be born again from the
earth.

A further connection of Circe with the Sirius complex lies in the fact10
that the island of Circe was the place where Orion met his death. Orion as a
constellation was identified (as Sah) with Osiris, the husband of Isis, who was
identified, of course, with Sirius.

The stone motif in its recurring forms seems to have had a particular con-
nection with the Minyae, as I discovered from that invaluable duffle-bag of
information, the ancient Greek author Pausanius, whose Guide to Greece is a
real 'experience'. The Minyan city was traditionally that of Orchomenos in
Boeotia, and it will be recalled that all the Argonauts were Minyae and
descended from Minyas, King of Orchomenos.

All my references to Pausanius will be to Peter Levi's excellent translation
published in two volumes by Penguin in 1971 with extensive notes and com-
ments by that learned Jesuit translator, who has travelled over most of the
terrain described by Pausanius and attempts a running commentary on the
present state of the ruins and sights (and sites).

In Book IX, 34, 5, we read: 'Over from Mount Laphystion is Orchomenos,
as famous and glorious as any city in Greece.' Levi's footnotes tell us: 'No one
knows which mountain this was: probably the one above Hagios Georgios
and the modern Laphystion' and: '(Orchomenos is) at the north-west corner
of the old Kopaic Lake.'

At Orchomenos 'there are graves of Minyas and of Hesiod' (38, 3). At
Mount Laphystion near by was (34, 4) 'the sacred enclosure of Laphystian
Zeus . . . The statue is stone. They say Athamas was about to slaughter Phrixos
and Helle here when Zeus sent the children a ram with a golden fleece and they
ran away on the ram.'

Now note what Pausanius says (38, 1) about the Minyae of Orchomenos:
'Orchomenos has a sanctuary of Dionysos, but the most ancient one is conse-
crated to the Graces. They pay particular worship to rocks, saying they fell
out of heaven for Eteokles: finely-made statues were dedicated in my time but
even these were in stone.' Levi adds: 'The ruins of these sanctuaries are on the
site of the old monastery (now itself in ruins).' Now, I believe this singular
observation on the Minyae's preoccupation with stones ties in with all the
recurring stone motifs in our material. And now we shall see a further re-
currence which ties back in another way (38, 4): 'The Orchomenians had a
legend about Aktaion. An apparition with rocks in its hand was devastating
the countryside: when Delphi was consulted the god ordered them to find
anything that was left of Aktaion and cover it with earth, and then make a
bronze image of the ghost and rivet it with iron to a rock. I have seen this

THE HOUNDS OF HELL                                        113

riveted statue; once a year they burn offerings to Aktaion as a divine hero'
[the italics are mine].

The public furore in 1973 over the painting by Titian, The Death of Actaeon,
will have reminded British art lovers of the background to the myth which
the famous painting portrays. Actaeon happened to see the goddess Artemis
(known to the Romans by her Latin name of Diana) of the silver bow bathing
naked. Artemis then hunted him down, with fifty hounds, transformed him into
a stag, and killed him with her bow (not only are hounds connected with the
Dog Star, but the bow is a familiar symbol connected also with Sirius, which
was so often known in ancient times also as the Bow Star).* Not only were the
hounds of Hades who chased Actaeon fifty in number, but Robert Graves tells
us 'Actaeon was, it seems, a sacred king of the pre-Hellenic stag cult, torn to
pieces at the end of his reign of fifty months, namely half a Great Year . . .'11
Note the application of the number 'fifty' here to a period of time. The orbit of
Sirius B around Sirius A is fifty years; the reign of a sacred stag-king was fifty
months. We know how often in ancient traditions the numerical quantity of time
periods remains stable while their quality (as individual durations) varies. The
classic examples are in the Bible, where the seven days of creation refer to seven
aeons, and the 'years' of life of the Hebrew patriarchs such as Methusaleh
are not correctly interpreted as solar years but as lunar months or 'lunar years'
a month long (since by late times the area of the Near East which had by then
produced the people known as Hebrews had succumbed to a lunar calendrical
craze - literally 'moonstruck' - and everything was a lunar rather than a solar
period of time to those people in that area).

Note further the reference to a 'Great Year' of twice fifty months, consisting
of two reigns. This would be one hundred months. And it should not surprise
us to learn now that the name of the Greek goddess Hecate literally means in
Greek 'one hundred'.**

Perhaps something of the true meaning of the myths is now becoming
evident. The ancient peoples were not concealing information from us out of
spite. Their purpose in disguising their secrets was to see that those secrets
could survive. In fact, so successful were the ancient Egyptians in accomplishing
their purpose, that the Greeks often preserve earlier Egyptian secrets in total
ignorance of their true meaning, retaining only through an innate conservatism
certain peculiar archaic details which we now find to be so important.
Not only are the stories mythical and symbolical in that they are not meant
to be taken at face value, but they even involve 'characters' and 'events'
which have a strictly numerical significance. But this should have been quite
obvious to the reader since we began to study the Anunnaki. It is, admittedly,
difficult for those of us who have been brought up in our strictly literal
civilization, where there is no such thing as a hidden meaning and everything

* This scene is portrayed in Plate 17, which shows an ancient Greek vase painting from
approximately 470 B.C. of Artemis and the hounds slaying Actaeon.

** The Dogon tribe often describe the 50-year orbital period of Sirius B by saying: 'The
period of the orbit is counted double, that is, one hundred years, because . . . (of) the principle
of twin-ness' (see Chapter 1). Here we have the same custom in operation among the Greeks, of
'twinning' their sacred durations for 50X2 =100. Hecate ('one hundred') unites them.

114                                         THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

is on the surface, to think in such a way as to understand the ancient myths.
It was, after all, only a century ago that supposedly intelligent people were
maintaining that the Earth was created in 4004 B.C., on the basis of what the
Bible was reputed to have said! And it is only half a century ago that the courts
of Tennessee in the famous Scopes trial decided that the theory of evolution was
not only unholy but illegal and could not be taught in the schools. We mistakenly
assume that because we have superlative technology and science we must
also be extremely civilized and come from a subtle background of sophisticated
thinkers. But this is all a base illusion.

In fact, we are on a low rung of the ladder of evolutionary intelligence, and
in many ways (such as ethics and aspirations to excellence) we have gone back-
ward since those early mutants in our paltry intellectual history on this planet,
Confucius, Socrates, the Buddha, and the others of whom every reader may
substitute his own favourites.

But this book is not meant to be a sermon on the evils of a vacuous civiliza-
tion. We are meant to be examining the names of some of the principal charac-
ters of the Argonautica, and it is best that we pretend to ourselves that we are
rational creatures and supremely moral, and turn back to the subject again.

The name Jason means 'appeaser', which is in accordance with his vacil-
lating character (see Rieu's introduction to his Penguin translation of the
Argonautica for some caustic comments on Jason.)12 'Medea' means 'cunning'.
'Aeetes' means 'mighty' or 'eagle', and he was Medea's father, the King of
Colchis from whom Jason stole the fleece.

Now we have seen that Actaeon was associated with Minyan Orchomenos,
with a rock-throwing ghost (echoes of Deukalion), with fifty hounds of Hades,
and with a reign of fifty months. The connections go even further. From Pau-
sanius (34, 4) we learn that on Mount Laphystion is the place described thus:
'Higher up (from the spot where the ram with the golden fleece leapt into the
air and took off) is Fire-eyed Hercules where the Boeotians say Hercules came
up with the dog of Hades.' Now, this 'dog of Hades' is Cerberus, who originally
had fifty heads! (Later the simplification of three heads, as for Hecate who was
also of Hades, was adopted for Cerberus, when fifty must have seemed to make
no sense and was probably too difficult to paint on vases. But of course three
is significant too. The Egyptians portrayed three goddesses in the Sothis-boat:
Sothis, Anukis, and Satis.)

Graves informs us13 that, 'Cerberus was, at first, fifty-headed, like the spec-
tral pack that destroyed Actaeon (see 22.1); but afterwards three-headed, like
his mistress Hecate (see 134.1).' (The three-headed Hecate is the three Sothis-
goddesses blended in one and is an underworld counterpart, just as with the
Sumerian 'Anunnaki of the underworld'.)

What of the fleece itself? There are obvious connections of the golden fleece
and Colchis with the common golden-yellow dye which comes from saffron
(crocus sativus). The crocus with its saffron is even today confused with 'meadow
saffron' (colchicum) which takes its name, obviously, from Colchis, which was its
chief area of production. The colchicum plant which somewhat resembles the
crocus in its flowering stage was terribly important to the ancient world. It was
the only known medicine against the disease of gout (and indeed still is).
It is known to have been used to treat gout in ancient Egypt and all over the

THE HOUNDS OF HELL                                         115

Ancient Mediterranean. As Colchis was the place to find colchicum that may
explain why the Egyptians first settled there!

It is probable that the crocus and ordinary saffron was present in Colchis
in abundance, along with the false or meadow saffron, colchicum, and that the
the two became as confused with each other in ancient times as they are today.
Indeed, it is only modern botany which proclaims a difference between the two
to the extent that we no longer confuse them officially. As real saffron produced
a much valued dye, it is not surprising that a golden fleece dyed golden yellow
by saffron dye would be said to exist in Colchis! And indeed, Medea's famous
herbal knowledge was well suited to Colchis, which produced the only cure
for one of antiquity's most dreaded diseases, a disease which causes terrific
pain and discomfort and could only be relieved by the magic herb from the
mysterious distant land of Colchis. I.Burkill14 gives interesting information on
the early history of saffron. He says that sun-worshippers speaking an Aryan
language spread to India from Turkey and made the saffron crocus an object
of veneration and found ways of using its colour.15 This information, given by
Tackholm and Drar,16 offers a great deal of support to my contention.

Richard Allen17 discusses Aries (the ram) and says that 'Miss Clerke says
that the (Egyptian stellar ram's) stars were called the Fleece.' He adds that the
god Zeus-Amen (Ammon)-Jupiter 'assumed the Ram's form when all the in-
habitants of Olympus fled into Egypt from the giants led by Typhon'.
And in this discussion of Aries, Allen mentions 'some of its titles at a different
date being applied to Capella of Auriga'. This is the sort of process we shall
encounter again and again - titles and descriptions of stars being applied to
neighbouring or similar stars as the original traditions become confused. It is
particularly evident in the application of the description of 'heavy' or 'weight'
to different stars associated somehow with Sirius, as the original object to which
this description was meant to apply, Sirius B, was not visible and so tradition,
being conservative, kept the description and applied it to other stars related to
Sirius which could actually be seen. As with numerical traditions like that of
'fifty', when the true significance was forgotten, the symbol or concept was
merely given a new, impromptu explanation.

Aries was definitely identified with the golden fleece. Allen gives much in-
lonnation regarding this:

It always was Aries with the Romans; but Ovid called it phrixea ovis; and
Columella pecus athamantidos helles, phrixus, and portitor phrixi; others phrixeum
pecus and phrixi vector, Phrixus being the hero-son of Athamas, who fled
on the back of this Ram with his sister Helle to Colchis. . . . On reaching his
journey's end, Phrixus sacrificed the creature and hung its fleece in the Grove
of Ares, where it was turned to gold and became the object of the
Argonauts' quest. From this came others of Aries' titles: ovis aurea and auratus,
chrysomallusy and the Low Latin Chrysovellus.

As the fleece was a solar symbol, it is just as well that we look at the concept
of Horus once again. Horus in Egyptian is Heru. And from Wallis Budge we
learrn that Heru is 'the ancient name of the Sun-god'.18 The word heru also has
the meaning of' face'.18 But let us consider the following: Heru (Horus) and his
hawk/falcon presided over the Colchian cemetery and gave the name to Circe

116                                              THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

(which means 'hawk/falcon') who was Medea's aunt. The Greek sun-god Helios
was said to stable his horses at Colchis and have a magnificent palace there,
from which he arose every morning. Also Colchis was the place of residence of
the solar golden fleece.

Now, we recall that in Egyptian the letter 'L' and the letter 'R' are entirely
interchangeable and have the same hieroglyph. Consequently, Heru could
just as reliably be Helu. If one takes Helu and puts a Greek ending on it one
gets Helios! And the same word means the sun-god in both the Egyptian religion
(early) and the Greek religion (early). In both lands the name was eventually
superseded, in Greece by Apollo, for instance. So here we have a further con-
nection between the Greek tradition as centring round Colchis and the Egyptian
tradition as settled there, only this time the evidence is linguistic.

It seems that the curious Greek word hero comes also from heru, though
a word similar to hero exists in Sanskrit, the language of ancient India after
1200 B.C. The word in Sanskrit which has the meaning of 'hero' is the related
Vira. It is used in the precise sense of 'hero (as opposed to a god)' in the early
Rig-veda and is thus attested at the time of the first migrations of Aryans into
India. There is no question that the two words are cognates of each other.
However, I propose for them (and we shall see more examples of this later in
the book) a common derivation: from the Egyptian heru.

The word heru is given a meaning by Wallis Budge20 almost identical with
that of hero and vira and is described as follows: 'applied to the king as the repre-
sentative of the sun-god on earth'. This is a precise meaning applying to a
human being on earth who is neither god nor daemon, but hero. Liddell and
Scott make clear that the word was not used solely for those warriors who were
prominent in battle, but was used to describe the minstrel Demodocus, the
herald Mulius, and even (in the Odyssey, 7, 44) 'the unwarlike Phaeacian people
are so called'. In Homer 'the heroes were exalted above the race of common
men', but particularly in Pindar the poet, we find the word used to describe a
race 'between gods and men', in precisely the sense that we should expect the
word heru to survive in another language. This Egyptian application of the
word to their Pharaohs survived almost without change in Greek and Sanskrit
and later in Latin and the later Indo-European languages.

It is interesting to note in the account of the word Helios as given by Liddell
and Scott, Homer used the term in reference to 'the rising and setting, light and
darkness, morning and evening'. In Egypt the precise application of Horus as
sun-god was in his activity as rising and setting. He was the child who was born
afresh each morning (and to the Greeks Helios was born afresh every morning
at Colchis). Homer has thus used the fora-derived Helios in precisely the man-
ner which we might have expected of an Egyptian, rather than a Greek, poet.

In Liddell and Scott we find the listing immediately after Helios of Helio-
Serapis, which is 'an Egyptian divinity'. I leave the reader to draw his own con-
clusions regarding this clear use of the word Helio to preface a description of
Serapis. Serapis was the Greek form of Asar-Hep, Hep being what is known in
Greek as Apis the Bull. Asar is, of course, Osiris. In Egyptian it was quite com-
mon for there to be references to 'Horus-Osiris' combining Heru and Asar.
Here in Greek we find this, if we accept my thesis of the derivation of Helio
from helu or heru.

THE HOUNDS OF HELL

117

The reader is by now presumably immune to shock at the endless 'surprises'
which arise in the course of this enquiry. Hence he will no doubt be prepared to
learn that if we shorten the 'E' (from eta to epsilon) in Greek, we have the
fora-derived word (which has dropped the aspirate, probably in connection
with the shortening of the vowel) erion, which means - 'woollen fleece'!

There is a possibility that Herakles ('the glory of Hera'), the original
captain of the Argo according to Graves, and his protectress the goddess Hera
(wife to Zeus and Queen of the gods) are derived from heru and they are known
to be related to the word Seirios which gave us Sirius and the Sanskrit svar,
suryas etc. In Sanskrit Sura means 'hero', indicating that these words may relate
also. Liddell and Scott believe this complex of words to be separate from the
Helios-complex, but their opinion is only an opinion. Surana means 'fiery',
just as Seirios can in the sense of 'scorching' (due to the supposed 'scorching'
of the Dog Star, etc.)

Back to our fleece. We find that the Greek word for a woollen fleece is re-
lated to the Egyptian word for Horus, the Greek word for sun, etc., etc. So
much for the puzzling nature of that now moot question: Why a fleece?
Back to sacred puns again, which besiege us endlessly.

Let us not forget the Sumerians. Let us look again at that list of the fifty
names of Marduk. One of them is the name Nebiru. It is commonly taken to be
the name of the planet Jupiter, but there is confusion there, and the word
is discussed in Hamlet's Mill and many other places as one of the infuriating
Sumerian words which we would like to understand. Where did it come from?
What does it mean ? Why is it one of the fifty names ?

Immediately after this forty-ninth name, Marduk is called 'Lord of the
Lands' (its Akkadian form, which has no significance for us, is Bel Matati;
I do not know the Sumerian form, which might be of interest to us), Then,
after this supposed fiftieth name comes another name, namely Ea-(Enki).
Then Marduk is described as being of fifty names. It seems not to make perfect
sense, since he has just been given fifty-one names. One way in which to make
it sensible is to treat 'Lord of the Lands' (which is given in English in Speiser
and Heidel, unlike all the other names) as a synonym of Nebiru. If we do this,
then Ea is the fiftieth name and everything is all right.

Now, let us look at the Egyptian language once again. We find that the
word Neb is extremely common and is used in many combinations and means
'Lord'. Without further ado, let me make clear that I believe the Sumerian
Nebiru to be derived from the Egyptian Neb-Heru. If we treat Heru in its older
Egyptian sense as the sun, then the descriptions of Nebiru in the Babylonian
Enuma elish could read as a perfect description of Neb-Heru - 'the Lord the
sun': 'Nebiru shall hold the crossings of heaven and earth. ... He who the
midst of the Sea restlessly crosses,/Let "Crossing" be his name, who controls
its midst,' etc., though overlaid with this, as with the traditional Horus, is
a strictly stellar element which is behind the more obvious solar element.
However, I do not wish unduly to confuse the issue by peeling off too many
layers at once. Suffice it to recall the previously mentioned associations of Horus
with the Sirius system and note that there is a Heru-ami-Sept-t 'Horus of
Sothis' and Heru-Sept, 'Horus the Dog Star' and then to note, again in associa-
tion with Nebiru which is supposed to have been Jupiter! that there is in

118                                         THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

Egyptian a Heru-sba-res 'Horus, star of the south, i.e. Jupiter', and Heru-
up-Shet, 'the planet Jupiter'; also in the Enuma elish Nebiru is clearly described
as 'a star'. Horus also exists as Heru-ami-u which is 'a hawk-headed crocodile
with a tail terminating in a dog's head'. The dog is related to Sirius. Heru-ur-
shefit is a jackal form of Horus, heru is also the name of a sceptre and of a jackal-
headed standard in the other world. A form of Horus using the common word
Neb is Heru-Neb-urr-t, meaning 'Horus as possessor of the supreme crown'.
Another of several is Heru-Neb-pat, meaning 'Horus, lord of men'. Heru-
Neb-taui is 'Horus, Lord of the Two Lands'. Recall our synonym for Nebiru-
'Lord of the Lands'!

We are getting deeper and deeper into the legend of the golden fleece, of
origins of Greek and Middle Eastern ideas in Egypt, along with key words and
names, etc. All these centre round the curious Sirius complex. What more will
we uncover ? Perhaps we need a break from all these Egyptian words. There
are many other aspects of our subject, and it leads us ever closer to the solution
of our mystery - which is the origin of the subject.

Notes

1.   Toward the Image of Tammuz and Other Essays, Harvard, 1970.

2.  Kramer, S. N. History Begins at Sumer, Doubleday Anchor Book, New York, 1959, pp. 91-4.

3.  Antiquity of the Jews, Book I, Chapter 2.

4.  Herodotus, trans. A. de Selincourt, Book 2, 103.

5.   In Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, p. 8.

6.   'The Rise of Mycenaean Civilization', Cambridge Ancient History.

7.   Graves, Robert. The Greek Myths, 2 vols., Penguin Books, London, 1969, 170.5.

8.  Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth. A Glossary of Greek Birds, Oxford, 1896.

9.  Porphyry, On Abstinence from Animal Food, for those who are not familiar with the traditional
abbreviations. Porphyry was an early Neoplatonist, a student of Plotinus, who transcribed
the Enneads. Thomas Taylor translated much of what survives of Porphyry's own writings,
including On Abstinence, in Select Works of Porphyry, London, 1823.

10.  Graves, op. cit., 170.6.

11.   Ibid., 22.1.

12.  Robert Graves takes the view that Jason means 'healer'.

13.  Graves, op. cit., 31.3.

14.  The reference is to I. Burkill (1935) but I have not been able to trace the publication
concerned and have gone to immense pains over it. Burkill was a noted botanist. A botanical
publication of his for 1936 is not the correct reference. See Note 15 for source.

15.  Tackholm and Drar, 'Flora of Egypt', Vol. Ill, Bulletin of the Faculty of Science, No. 30,
Cairo University Faculty of Science, Cairo University Press, 1954.

16.  See Note 15.

17.  Star Names, op. cit. See entry under Aries.

18.   Wallis Budge, Hieroglyphic Vocabulary to the Theban Recension of the Book of the Dead, London,

1911. See entry for Her, p. 273.

19.  Ibid., p. 271.

20.   Ibid., p. 273, entry for Her.

SUMMARY

The Sumerian god An had a daughter, Bau (representing the sound of a dog barking,
as does the ancient Egyptian word for 'dog', auau), who was a dog-headed goddess. The
Egyptian god Anubis (Anpu) was a dog-headed god.

THE HOUNDS OF HELL                                        119

The Sumerian Bau, as a daughter of An, is a sister of the fifty great gods (Anunnaki)
who are also children of An. Since Bau may be a goddess of the Dog Star Sirius, the fact
that she is the sister of 'the fifty' is significant, as Sirius B has an orbital period of fifty years.

The golden fleece was situated at Colchis in the Black Sea, where Jason and his
Argonauts went to seek it. Colchis was an ancient Egyptian colony before 1200 B.C.

Herodotus emphasizes that the Egyptians originated the practice of circumcision,
which survived also among the Colchians, whom he visited (the Hebrews acquired
circumcision from the Egyptians while in bondage). It is noteworthy that the Dogon
ceremony of the Sigui, which is connected with the Dogon Sirius-mysteries, centres
largely round rites of circumcision.

Prominent in the story of the Argo is the female character Circe (whose name means
'falcon' or 'hawk'). Horus, son of Isis and Osiris, was symbolized by a falcon or hawk.
Circe presided over the Colchian cemetery (which was originally Egyptian, Colchis having
been an Egyptian colony). Horus, who presided over the cemetery of Memphis in Egypt,
would have presided also over the one at Colchis while Egyptian influence was still
directly exercised. Circe is obviously a Greek derivation of Horus.

The word kirke (Circe) in Greek, which we customarily write 'Circe' due to our habit
of changing Greek k's into Latin c's, specifically means 'a kind of hawk or falcon' or 'an
unknown bird' - just the sort of confusion we should expect among the Greeks with
regard to a concept derived from Egyptian culture and imperfectly understood.

Actaeon, representing a sacred stag-king, was hunted down by fifty hounds (the dog
motif joined to fifty) and killed with a silver bow (Sirius has also traditionally been
known as 'the Bow Star', and in Egypt the goddess Sirius holds a bow).

The sacred king, such as Actaeon represented, had a 'sacred reign' of fifty months.
It is arguable that 'fifty months' is a shorthand version of 'fifty years', but we now see
undeniable ancient traditions connecting Sirius with fifty intervals of time (whether
months or years) comprising 'a reign'. And of course the orbital period of Sirius B is fifty
years comprising 'an orbit', which in mythological parlance could quite easily be
considered 'a reign'.

As is explained in Chapter Six, the fifty-month period later became applied to the
Olympic Games when they were established. It defined the interval of time separating
them - approximating four solar years. In fact, the Olympic Games were actually
separated by alternating intervals of 49 months, then 50 months, then 49 months, etc.
This suggests even further an attempt more closely to approximate the 49.5 years of
Sirius B's orbit in 'month-code'. For by doubling up in this way, using the nearest two
whole numbers in alternation, the exact correspondence was obtained, for 49 plus 50
gives the same as 49.5 plus 49.5. Robert Graves has offered the only previous theory to
explain the 'fifty months' in ancient Greece, but his lunar theory does not explain the
alternation between 49 and 50, or other mysterious aspects. It is probable that the true
explanation based on the Sirius mystery was later overlaid by a lunar tradition which was
offered as an 'explanation' to non-initiates, despite its obvious flaws.

It was customary in ancient times also to group together two sacred reigns of fifty
months each to form a 'Great Year' of one hundred months. (In practice, as with the
Olympic Games, 99 months were actually used, but in theory one used the round figure
of 100 months conceived of as 'two reigns'.) The name of the Greek goddess Hekate
(Hecate) literally means 'one hundred'. She was involved with the Argo tale and specific-
ally identified by Robert Graves with Isis, and in other ways linked to Sirius as an
'underworld version'.

The fifty hounds of hell who pursued Actaeon have a counterpart in Cerberus, the
hound of hell who had fifty heads in the earlier tradition. These fifty heads were later
discarded in the tradition, like Gilgamesh's original fifty companions, and Cerberus was
said to have three heads. But originally he had fifty, as Hesiod describes him. This is thus

120

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

yet another dog-motif connected with fifty (Sirius being the Dog Star), and linked to
Sirius in various ways, such as through the goddess Hekate as an underworld version of
Sirius. (The fifty Sumerian Anunnaki also had their counterparts in the underworld.
Fifty in the underworld as 'death-counterparts' or shadows to fifty in heaven makes one
hundred - the very meaning of Hekate.)

The only known cure for gout (a serious ancient Egyptian complaint) is a substance
taken from the plant colchicum, named after Colchis where it grew. This may explain a
colony at Colchis. Colchicum is also called 'meadow saffron' and resembles true saffron
(which also grows along the Black Sea coasts), which gives a golden dye, perhaps
explaining the 'golden' fleece. A golden fleece is a solar symbol. Horus was a solar god.
The letters 'L' and 'R' are interchangeable phonetic liquids. The Egyptian form of Horus,
Hern, can become Helu and give us the Greek solar god's name Helios. Helios was
supposed to stable his horses at Colchis. The Greek word for 'woollen fleece' is erion, a
word similar to Heru with a dropped aspirate ('h').

CHAPTER FIVE

The Oracle Centres

A consideration of the ancient oracle centres will now be useful in our quest.
These centres in the Middle East seem at a casual glance to be dotted around
apparently at random. However, there is actually a pattern in their distribution
which we will find bears some relation to our subject, and which indicates a
highly advanced science of geography and related disciplines in the ancient
world. Examination of the oracle centres will be seen to have a connection
with the ship Argo and will help us to fill in some of the missing background to
the entire system of the ancient religious mysteries. The oracle centres were
the main places where religion was practised in the ancient world. It makes
sense that their occurrence would not be the product of pure chance, and
certainly not of convenience. What place could be more out of the way than
Dodona in Greece ? It was geographically outside the sphere of the civilized
world of the Greeks - somewhat more north and more west than any Greek
could call comfortable. Why was such an important and senior place of worship
in the wilds? Indeed, for that matter, why did Noah's ark land on a mountain
nobody ever visits and which is far more remote than even Dodona? The ark
and Argo and their connections with the Sirius mystery will now be seen to
have an intimate connection with the entire geographical structure of the
practice of religion in the ancient Mediterranean world. It is important that
we explore these extraordinary ramifications fully.

Now we are about to consider a most difficult and complex web of ancient
practice which it seems to be possible for us to decipher. Let us approach it in a
simpler way than that by which I was originally led to it. Let us look at the
ship Argo as if it were spread over the surface of the globe by projection. This
may seem a curious idea, but the reader must bear with me. After all, the boat
is celestial, so why not a projection on the earth's surface from above? Most
prominent in the constellation is the star Canopus which was called 'the
Rudder', pedalion, by Aratos, Eudoxus, and Hipparchos (the leading Greek
astronomical figures before Ptolemy), as we are informed by Allen.1

There was a place named Canopus on the northern coast of Egypt, which
was quite a famous city to the Greeks, and Allen describes it thus: 'Ancient
Canopus is now in ruins, but its site is occupied by the village of Al Bekur,
or Aboukir, famous from Lord Nelson's Battle of the Nile, 1 August 1798, and
from Napoleon's victory over the Turks a year afterwards; and it is interesting
to remember that it was here, from the terraced walls of the Serapeum, the
temple of Serapis, that Ptolemy made his observations.' In his book Hellenistic

THE ORACLE CENTRES                                        123

Civilization, W. W. Tarn comments on Canopus after Alexander the Great had
founded Alexandria near it, that from Alexandria 'the gardens of the wealthy
extended to Canopus, Alexandria's playground'. To the Greeks, Canopus was
the most famous Egyptian city on the northern coast before the foundation of
Alexandria. In earlier times the fame of Canopus was held by a city called
Behdet, which was a pre-dynastic capital of Egypt before the unification of
Egypt and the transferring of the capital to Memphis further south. So, just as
Canopus became superseded by Alexandria, Canopus had itself superseded the
extremely ancient Behdet which existed before 3200 B.C. as the most important
city on the Egyptian coast. In our discussion which follows we must realize
that in the times just preceding and during the classical period in Greece the
fame that had once attached to Behdet had shifted to Canopus, along with
many traditions which were in actuality native to Behdet, which was by then a
neglected place which no Greek knew.*

Richard Allen says further of the city of Canopus: 'Our name for it is that
of the chief pilot of the fleet of Menelaos, who, on his return from the destruction
of Troy, 1183 B.C., touched at Egypt, where, twelve miles to the north-eastward
from Alexandria, Canopus died and was honoured, according to Scylax, by a
monument raised by his grateful master, giving his name to the city and to this
splendid star, which at that time rose about 7.5 deg. above that horizon.' Sir Norman
Lockyer in The Dawn of Astronomy describes ancient Egyptian temples oriented
to the rising of the star Canopus.2

Note in the above story of the pilot Canopus that the names of the city and
the star are specifically said to have the same origin and that it is from a famous
pilot of a fleet, the man at the helm who steers the rudder in the lead ship.
Once again, in another way, the star (and the place) are identified with the
rudder, which was the other name for the same star.

Allen brings forward another interesting aspect of the star's name, which
will be something familiar to us:

The foregoing derivation of the word Canopus is an early and popular one;
but another, perhaps as old, and more probable, being on the authority
of Aristides, is from the Coptic, or Egyptian, Kahi Nub, Golden Earth.
Ideler, coinciding in this, claimed these words as also the source of other
titles for Canopus, the Arabic Wazn, Weight, and Hadar, Ground; and of
the occasional later Ponderosus and Terrestris. Although I find no reason
assigned for the appropriateness of these names, it is easy to infer that they
may come from the magnitude of the star and its nearness to the horizon;
this last certainly made it the [Perigeios - 'near the earth'] of

Eratosthenes.

Notice how the irrepressible Al Wazn, 'Weight', and its Latin form
Ponderosus, keep springing up whenever there seems to be a connection with
Sirius.

* Behdet is on the same latitude as Hebron in the present-day Israeli-occupied west bank
of Jordan. In Chapter Four of The White Goddess, Robert Graves tells of'. .. the Philistines, who
captured the shrine of Hebron in southern Judaea from the Edomite clan of Caleb; but the
Calebites ("Dog-men"), allies of the Israelite tribe of Judah, recovered it about two hundred
years later. . .'. 'The Dog-men' are probably connected with Sirius the Dog Star and Hebron
is the eastern counterpart of Behdet.

THE ORACLE CENTRES                                        125

Allen mentions that 'The Hindus called (Canopus) Agastya, one of their
Rishis, or inspired sages, and helmsman of their Argha . . .' which is in striking
agreement with the Mediterranean concepts.

Further in line with our previous discoveries if will be interesting to note
what Allen says of another of the stars of Argo, the star (eta): '(Jensen)
claims it as one of the (Babylonian) temple stars associated with Ea, or Ia
[Ea was his Akkadian name, Enki was his Sumerian name; Eridu was his
geodetic city, which was the southernmost of all the Sumerian cities. A whole
book could easily be written on this subject; a good start for the interested
reader would be Hamlet's Mill and also the relevant section in Expedition
Tortoise - see Bibliography], of Eridhu, the Lord of the Waves, otherwise known
as Oannes, the mysterious human fish and greatest god of the kingdom.'

Here again we have our amphibious creature Oannes, identified now with
the god Enki, who in Sumerian myth did indeed reside at the bottom of the
Abzu, or Abyss, in fresh (not salt) water. It was, in fact, the god Enki who
assisted man before the flood came by warning the proto-Noah of the Sumerian
deluge story to build his ark. He thus fulfilled the function of the special
presiding deity of the Hebrews, the Jehovah of the Old Testament. How many
Jews know that their god was originally amphibious ?

This early Noah or proto-Noah, whom the god Enki warned, was called
either Ziusudra or Utnapishtim, depending on which period of pre-Biblical
literature one consults. In the early deluge stories, the proto-Noah in his ark
sends forth birds to seek dry land just as does Noah in his ark and rather as
Jason sends forth birds to find the way through the clashing rocks. H. W. Parke
in his book The Oracles of Zeus specifically associates the birds sent forth by
Jason with Dodona. Both Dodona and Delphi claimed the 'Greek Noah'
Deukalion as having landed his ark on the mountain tops at their locations.
Noah himself landed his ark on Mount Ararat, which his bird found for him.
We shall see in a little while the importance of these birds and the locations
espied by them. But recall now the connections between Dodona and Mount
Ararat implied by a common tale of their having both been found by a 'Noah'
in an ark who sent forth a bird who found the mountain. It is true that one
tale is purely Greek and the other tale purely Hebrew. Naturally, there cannot
be any real connection between Dodona and Mount Ararat. After all, they are
probably purely arbitrary locations. It is all myth and fable, isn't it? The Jews
and the Greeks were never in contact. There could have been no liaison between
them. It is all separate hermetically sealed cultures with vague fairy-tales and
nonsense. Isn't it? Can anyone challenge such a view? Of course not.

So it is interesting that Dodona and Mount Ararat are on the same parallel
and have the same latitude.

Furthermore, Mount Ararat has a centre associated with it which served
much the same function to the Caucasians as Dodona did to the Greeks. It is
called Metsamor. Here is a description of it by Professor David Lang and Dr
Charles Burney:3

Archaeological research during the past half century has materially altered
our concept of the history of literature, science, and learning in Transcaucasia.
A key site here is the village of Metsamor, a few miles to the west of

126

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

Echmiadzin, and within sight of Mount Ararat and Alagoz. Close to the
village is a massive rocky hummock, perhaps half a mile in circumference,
with outcrops of craggy stone. The hummock is riddled with caves, under-
ground storage vaults, and prehistoric dwellings, and is now seen to have
been a major scientific, astronomical and industrial centre, operating in the
fields of metallurgy, astrology and primitive magic from a period hardly less
\ than five thousand years ago.

The Metsamor 'observatory' is covered with mysterious, cabbalistic
signs. Indeed, hieroglyphic writing in Armenia goes back to very early
times, perhaps to the New Stone Age. All over Armenia, we find pictograms
or petroglyphs, carved or scratched on rocks, caves and cliff faces, and
showing simplified human and animal figures. There is little doubt that
these served as means of communication, as well as of ritual and artistic
self-expression.

They also describe Metsamor's wide-ranging contacts with the outside
world:4

Sumerian achievements as pioneers in copper and bronze metallurgy
must not be underestimated. . . . The early Transcaucasian cultural zone,
though geographically within the Near East, was divided only by the high
but narrow Caucasus from the northern steppes; and, once there, nothing
could prevent the traders reaching the central European copper-working
centres. Thus Georgia, with its neighbouring regions, was perhaps open
as much to influences from Europe as to those from the Near East. Trans-
caucasia may have been not so much an original centre as a region into
which metal-working arrived from two different directions, and where,
though present in earlier periods in a modest way, it took root and from
the late third millennium B.C. began to develop along distinctive lines, no
longer owing its forms to external inspiration. . . . Metsamor gives a hint
that, just as earlier in Europe, once foreign merchants had arrived seeking
sources of metals, bringing their copper and later their bronze products
with them, and explaining, by choice or otherwise, their techniques to the
local population, it was no time before a local industry began to arise. If
present evidence indeed points to Armenia as the oldest centre of metallurgy
in Transcaucasia, it points also to a Near Eastern inspiration.

It is extraordinary that if you place a compass point on Thebes in Egypt
you can draw an arc through both Dodona and Metsamor.

We now return to Allen and his further remarks5 about Oannes: 'Berossos
described Oannes as the teacher of early man in all knowledge; and in mythology
he was even the creator of man ... and some have regarded him as the prototype
of Noah.'

Allen also describes the star Canopus in this way: 'And, as the constellation
(of Argo) was associated on the Nile with the great god Osiris, so its great star
became the Star of Osiris....' He gives a further application of the title 'heavy':
'The Alfonsine Tables had (for Canopus) Suhel Ponderosus ("Among the Persians
Suhail is a synonym for wisdom ..." and there was also, therefore, a "Suhel
Sirius"), that appeared in a contemporary chronicle as Sihil Ponderosa, a

THE ORACLE CENTRES                                         127

translation of Al Suhail al Wazn.' Allen then gives several tales indicating that
this designation was once applied to another star 'formerly located near Orion's
stars' and 'had to flee south', being an apparent admission that Canopus is
being called by another star's title. Canopus is south of Sirius (which is 'near
Orion's stars'), and so obviously the description of the invisible Sirius B
'fled south' to a likely visible star, Canopus.

Now to return to our projection of the Argo on the earth's surface. We put
the stern of the ship and its rudder at the obvious place - Canopus. (But really
slightly altered eastwards to the original city Behdet.)

Now we must consider Dodona. We are told that oak from Dodona was
placed 'in the middle of the keel' of Argo by Athena. It obviously ran the whole
length of the ship. It is also referred to as being in the prow, Allen says of this:

Mythology insisted that (the Argo) was built by Glaucus, or by Argos, for
Jason, leader of the fifty Argonauts, whose number equalled that of the
oars of the ship, aided by Pallas Athene, who herself set in the prow a
piece from the speaking oak of Dodona; the Argo being 'thus endowed
with the power of warning and guiding the chieftains who form its crew'.
She carried the famous expedition from Iolchis in Thessaly to Aea in
Colchis, in search of the golden fleece, and when the voyage was over
Athene placed the boat in the sky.

In measuring with the Argots projection one does so from the site of Behdet,
which is a bit east of Canopus on the northern Mediterranean coast of Egypt,
but it was common classical Greek practice to think of Canopus in place of the
forgotten Behdet, as for instance with 'the Canopic Hercules' who went to
Delphi and is mentioned by Pausanius as predecessor to the Greek Hercules
from Tiryns who was of much later date. (It is important that the original
Hercules was admitted by the Greeks to have been an Egyptian.) In fact, the
Delphic oracle itself compares the Greek Hercules most unfavourably with the
original Egyptian one - and remember it is said that in the earliest versions of
the story it was Hercules, not Jason, who led the Argonauts. Also, it is well
accepted today among scholars that Hercules was in many ways a survival of
Gilgamesh, with particular motifs and deeds being identical in both heroes.

Well, if we project the Argo on the earth with its rudder at Canopus (really
Behdet) we put the other end at Dodona because the oak in the prow came
from there. Canopus-Behdet is named after the rudder, and Dodona produced
the prow. Therefore we are not merely fantasizing when we project the image
of the Argo in such a way that the rudder is at the rudder on earth and the
prow is at the earthly source of the prow.

If we then keep the rudder at the same spot and swing the boat over a
map so that the prow which touched Dodona points towards Metsamor, we
discover that the angle made is exactly a right-angle of 900.

Now we get into geodetics, a fearsome subject. The fact is that geodetics
involves a bit of bother. It concerns latitudes and longitudes, and most people
would run a mile upon hearing those mentioned (sailors and pilots of aircraft
excepted). In fact no one is more likely to flee with terror from the subject
than an archaeologist. There is almost nothing an archaeologist likes less than
being reminded how little he may know about the Earth as a body in space

THE ORACLE CENTRES                                        129

and about astronomy. The average archaeologist is almost bound to be ignorant
of even the most elementary astronomical facts. There are many caustic
comments on this state of affairs to be found in The Dawn of Astronomy, written
by the distinguished Victorian astronomer and friend of Sir Wallis Budge,
Sir Norman Lockyer,6 and more recently some severe remarks have been made
also by Santillana and von Dechend in Hamlet's Mill.

But we must come now to some extremely interesting further discoveries.
Egypt is 7 deg. long - in latitude - from Behdet to the Great Cataract. I have
reasons for believing that the ancient Egyptians thought of distances of 70 as
an octave, by analogy with music. Most readers will know that an octave contains
eight notes on a scale over a space of seven intervals (five tones and two semitones
actually, but let us think only of the seven intervals).

Just as this book was about to go to press, confirmation appeared in the
newspapers that the ancient Mediterranean peoples did indeed know the
principles of our musical octave. In the London Times1 an article appeared
describing the work of Dr Richard L. Crocker, Professor of Music History, and
Dr Anne D. Kilmer, Professor of Assyriology and Dean of Humanities, both at
the University of California, Berkeley. The article quoted Dr Crocker as
saying: 'We always knew there was music in the earlier Assyro-Babylonian
civilization. But until this, we did not know that it had the same heptatonic
diatonic scale that is characteristic of contemporary Western music and Greek
music of the first millennium B.C.' After fifteen years of research, Crocker and
Kilmer have demonstrated that some clay tablets from Ugarit on the coast of
present-day Syria, dating from about 1800 B.C., bore a musical text based on
our familiar octave. Dr Kilmer summed it up by saying: 'It is the oldest "sheet
music" known to exist.' The two professors have even played the tune on a
reconstruction of an ancient lyre in public, after an interval of only 3,700
years.8

I believe that the Egyptians laid out a 'geodetic octave' commencing at
1 deg. north of Behdet (to emphasize its separateness from Egypt) and culminating
at Dodona. For Dodona is precisely 8 deg. north of Behdet in latitude! And the
related oracle centre of Delphi is exactly 7 deg. in latitude north of Behdet! (These
last two facts were discovered by Livio Stecchini, as will be explained somewhat
later.)

I have arrived at this sequence for a geodetic oracle octave (see Fig. 25 below):

8. Dodona

7. Delphi (with its famous omphalos, a stone navel)

6. Delos, the famous shrine of Apollo, once an oracle centre (also with an

omphalos)

5. Kythera (Cythera), a site on the north-east coast (see later); or Thera
4. Omphalos (Thenae) near Knossos on Crete (on the Plain of Omphaleion)
3. Undiscovered site on Southern or South-western coast of Cyprus?

(Paphos?) (Cape Gata?)
2. Lake Triton (or Tritonis) in Libya
1. El Marj (Barce or Barca)

The ones which I have identified are spaced apart by one degree of latitude
from each other in sequence and are integral degrees of latitude from Behdet,

130

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

which we shall see was the geodetic centre of the ancient world (akin to
Greenwich in the modern world) and was also a pre-dynastic capital of Egypt.

What justification have I for speaking of a link between the oracle centres
and the musical octave? I have several reasons, and it would be just as well
for me to give some slight indications here to make the reader who is justifiably
puzzled at this point a little less so.

Graves9 informs us of some interesting facts about Apollo, who was official
patron god of Delphi and Delos (two of the centres on our list): 'In Classical
times, music, poetry, philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and
science all came under Apollo's control. As the enemy of barbarism, he stood
for moderation in all things, and the seven strings of his lute were connected with
the seven vowels of the later Greek alphabet, given mystical significance, and used
for therapeutic music. Finally, because of his identification with the Child
Horus, a solar concept, he was worshipped as the sun, whose Corinthian cult
had been taken over by solar Zeus. . . .' (The italics are mine.) Note also the
reference to Horus, whose falcon would have presided over the Colchian dead
in their hope of resurrection. In fact, one meaning of kirkos (Circe - 'falcon'),
which I did not elaborate on earlier, is 'ring'. I wish to comment in passing
that not only was the ring traditionally a solar symbol (as was the golden
fleece, and as was the falcon), but the Cyclopes who were one-eyed were really
one-ring-eyed. Cyclopes means 'ring-eyed', in fact. Graves says:10 'One-eyed
Polyphemus . . . can be traced back to the Caucasus. . . . Whatever the meaning
of the Caucasian tale may have been, A. B. Cook in his Zeus (PP- 302-23) shows
that the Cyclops's eye was a Greek solar emblem.'

The following remarks by Graves then tend to dissociate Cyclops from
Cyclopes, but perhaps this should not be done, in the light of all these new
insights. After all, the older Cyclopes were three, wild, and ring-eyed, and sons
again of Gaia the Earth goddess just as were the three fifty-headed monsters
(there is to be much discussion of this later). They would, according to my
'system', be solar too, and 'ring', 'falcon', 'earth-born of Gaia' and solar seem
always to go together in the schema. Gaia, indeed, preceded the solar Apollo
as presiding deity at Delphi. Not surprising, as Deukalion's ark landed on
Mount Parnassus above Delphi (according to Delphic propaganda) and his
'mother' was Gaia, whose 'bones' he threw behind him to people the desolated
Earth once again.

It is not only Deukalion's ark that is connected with Delphi. There are
connections also with the Argo, as we learn from Godfrey Higgins:11 'In the
religious ceremonies at Delphi a boat of immense size was carried about in
processions; it was shaped like a lunar crescent, pointed alike at each end: it
was called an Omphalos or Umbilicus, or the ship Argo. Of this ship Argo I
shall have very much to say hereafter. My reader will please to recollect that
the os minxae or(Delphys) is called by the name of the ship Argo.'

Other matters which Higgins connects with Delphi are the sacred syllable
om of the Indo-Europeans which he says 'is not far from the divina vox of the
Greek. Hesychius, also Suidas in voce, interprets the word omph to be Oela
(theia chledon), the sacred voice, the holy sound - and hence arose the
(omphalos), or place of Omphe.' He relates all this with sacred music
and the traditional sacred name of God which consists of the seven vowels

THE ORACLE CENTRES                                         131

spoken in sequence to form one word, which is the 'not-to-be-spoken word1. He
says: 'As a pious Jew will not utter the word Ieue, so a pious Hindu will not
utter the word Om.'

Higgins says 'on phe', is the verb root in Greek of phao 'to speak or pronounce
and phemi, 'to say'. (I might add that, phegos, is the word for oak, as at

Dodona, andphemi, literally means 'oracle'.) Hence Omphe means 'the

speaking of Om.' (At the pheme Dodona the phegos literally practised omphe
because the oak spoke there.)

Delphi was said to be the omphalos, 'navel', of the world. But it was in fact
only one of many.12 The reader will have noticed that there is an Omphalos
near Knossos in Crete which is one of the octave sequence of oracle centres laid
out in geodetic integral degrees of latitude from Behdet, pre-dynastic capital
of Egypt. A photograph of the omphalos stone of Delos may be seen in Plate 12
as well. The seven vowels, the seven strings of Apollo's lyre, the seven notes of
the octave (the eighth being a repetition one octave higher of the first as
most people will know), the eight oracle centres in the 'northern octave' of
oracles, the seven degrees of latitude marking the official length of ancient
Egypt itself, the mystic and unspeakable name of God consisting of the seven
vowels run together in one breath - all these are part of a coherent complex of
elements forming a system.                                                                             

Before going much further, I should justify my tentative selection of a site
on the island of Kythera (Cythera), which is off the southern coast of the Greek
Peloponnese, as possibly being associated with the fifth in my series of geodetically
sited oracle centres. I found the necessary information while reading Professor
Cyrus H. Gordon's remarkable book, The Common Background of Greek and
Hebrew Civilizations.13 At the end of Chapter II, Gordon tells us the following:

Sometimes cultic centres attracted people from remote areas. Probably the
most common cause for such magnetism was an efficacious priesthood, that
earned a reputation for helping people in need of practical advice, psycho-
logical guidance or medical aid. Cythera began to attract foreigners as
early as the Pyramid Age. A stone cup, with the name of a Fifth Dynasty
[the chronology of Richard A. Parker gives the dates 2501-2342 B.C. for
the Fifth Dynasty] solar temple [of Pharaoh Userkaf at Abusir] (sp-rc)
inscribed in Egyptian hieroglyphs, has been found on Cythera. Early in the
second quarter of the second millennium, a Bablyonian inscription of
Naram-Sin, King of Eshnunna, was dedicated on Cythera 'for the life' of
that Mesopotamian monarch. [This is one of the reasons for believing that
both texts were sent to Cythera in antiquity. Modern deception is unlikely
because the Naram-Sin text was found on Cythera in 1849 before the
decipherment of cuneiform.] The interesting thing is that both of these texts
found on Cythera are religious in character. Herodotus (1:105) relates
that the Phoenicians erected a temple on Cythera to the goddess of the
heavens. Finally in classical times, Cythera was a great centre of the cult
of Aphrodite. The ancient temples were built in the vicinity of Palaiopolis
around the middle of the eastern shore. I visited the site in 1958 and found
it extensive and promising for excavation. . . . Egyptians, Babylonians and
Phoenicians came to worship the great goddess there. [At that time the

fa

132

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

THE ORACLE CENTRES

133

great goddess, Gaia, was also in charge of Delphi, before the usurpation by
Apollo.] Ancient cultic installations, carved out of the living rock, can still
be seen on a high place at the north end, near the shore. A well, cleared
some years ago, had, at its bottom, ancient statuary . . . [there are] ancient
stone walls. . . . The whole area is covered with ceramics that show the site
was occupied in Middle Minoan III (c. 1700-1570), Late Minoan I—III
(c. 1570-1100) [Note: 'Late Minoan III (c. 1400-1100) is the Mycenaean
Age'] and subsequently in classical times (5th-4th centuries B.C.).

The problem posed by ancient Cythera has not yet been answered. The
island is rather remote from Egypt and Asia for men to have sailed there,
for religious purposes alone. And yet it is hard to discover any more practical
reason. Cythera is not remarkable for its natural resources. . . . Meanwhile
we must reckon with Cythera as a site where all the evidence so far points
to its importance as a religious centre with international attraction. . . . Such
shrines have remained well known throughout the ages. In classical antiquity,
the oracle at Delphi was sought within a wide radius. Today Lourdes
attracts from every continent people in need of help that they have not
succeeded in finding nearer home.

Cythera thus became a centre for Egyptians and Semites and still other
people, from Abusir along the Nile to Eshnunna beyond the Euphrates.
Such visitors brought their influence to bear upon the Aegean, and on
returning home, carried some Aegean culture with them. . . . It is gratifying
that Cythera is now being excavated by Professor George Huxley for the
University of Pennsylvania Museum.

So much for Cythera; an alternative possible site is on the island of Thera.
Or the two may be linked. Some justification for my guess that site number
three would be in the south of Cyprus comes from the famous references to
'Aphrodite Kytherean, even as far as Cyprus', in the ancient literature. Also,
Herodotus (Book I, 105) refers to the temple of Aphrodite Urania at Ascalon
in Syria and says: ' [it is] the most ancient, I am told, of all the temples of this
goddess. The one in Cyprus the Cyprians themselves admit was derived from
it, and the one in Cythera was built by the Phoenicians, who belong to this
part of Syria.' In the latter (unquoted) part of his last footnote given above,
Gordon mentions that 'Phoenicians' is Herodotean language inclusive of the
Minoans.

In passing, I might mention that a little island opposite Cythera is called
Anti-Cythera and there a famous shipwreck was recovered from which came
the miniature mechanical computer dated from the first century B.C. (concerning
which Professor Derek Price of Yale University has written a good deal,
including a 'cover story' for the Scientific American). This little computer is one
of many survivals of ancient times which demonstrate conclusively that the
conventional attitudes today to ancient technology are inadequate, and seriously
underestimate the early peoples.

Now as for the site of Delos, I will give information here from H. W. Parke's
authoritative book Greek Oracles14 which will indicate its importance as an
oracle centre in my postulated 'northern octave' of geodetic centres:

The other point which Dodona could urge against Delphi in its favour was

that it was the oracle of Zeus himself. Apollo was at most the son of Zeus,
inserted somewhat awkwardly into the Greek pantheon. On the face of it
his prophecies could not be as significant as the utterances of the father of
gods and men. Delphi replied with an elaborate piece of theological
propaganda. While not attempting to detract from the supreme position
of Zeus, it was argued that Apollo was his chosen prophet. This doctrine
appears first in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, but not in the sections connected
with Delphi. It is in the Delian hymn where the infant god bursts from his
swaddling clothes and cries: 'May the harp and the bending bow be my
delight, and I shall prophesy to men the unerring will of Zeus.' In the rest
of the same poem there are other references to Delos as an oracle-centre, a
function which had lapsed in the classical period. But this part of the
Homeric Hymn with its description of the Delian festival evidently dates
back to an early stage of the archaic period - probably about 700 B.C.

The concept of Apollo as the prophet of Zeus may, then, have started
in Delos, but it was certainly taken over and largely developed by Delphi.

Also '. . . Delos, though later mainly famous as (Apollo's) birthplace,
evidently once had been a centre of divination.'15

My contention that the oracle centres of Dodona, Delphi, Delos, Cythera,
Knossos, and Cyprus are linked as a series - apart from the obvious facts that
they are all separated from each other by a degree of latitude and are integral
degrees of latitude from Behdet in Egypt and have demonstrable connections
with Egypt in tradition or archaeology - is further cemented by another
passage in H. W. Parke's book:16

At Delphi, namely the site of the classical shrine of Athena Pronaia on the
east of Castalia ... as excavation has shown, there was not a settlement,
but a cult centre going back to Mycenaean times. ... It is interesting
archaeologically that a number of important finds from the earlier archaic
periods show clear affinities or actual derivation from Crete. For, as we
have mentioned, the Homeric Hymn to Apollo ends by describing how,
'Phoebus Apollo then took it in mind whom he would bring of men as his
worshippers who would serve him in rocky Pytho. Then while pondering
he was aware of a swift ship on the wine-dark sea, and in it were good men
and many - Cretans from Minoan Knossos who offer sacrifices to the lord
Apollo and announce the oracles of Phoebus Apollo of the golden sword
whatever he speaks in prophecy from the laurel-tree ...' Some scholars
have seen in the evident archaeological links between early archaic Delphi
and Crete a basis of fact behind this facade of legend, and it is possible that
the cult of Apollo was introduced by sea from Crete. . . .

In the Homeric Hymn quoted we find it specifically stated that Minoan
Cretans (contemporaneous with ancient Egypt, of course, and who traded
with the Egyptians) from Knossos took Apollo to Delphi, the site of an omphalos.
And these Knossians are stated to respect oracles. And near Knossos is a site
called Omphalos which is one degree of latitude south of the site of Kythera,
which is one degree south of Delos, which is one degree south of Delphi.

Parke gives further information.17 He mentions the connections well

134

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

known to have existed between Delos and Dodona through what are known as
'the Hyperborean gifts', which were sent to Delos by way of Dodona from the
mysterious northern Hyperboreans, whose land has never been located with any
certainty at all, but which is thought by many to have been Britain. In Book II
of Diodorus Siculus one finds a description of the Hyperboreans observing
celestial objects through what sounds to me and some other scholars distinctly
like a telescope. The description should be consulted by the interested reader.

Figure 18. Detail of mural from Pompeii reproduced by W. H. Roscher. The omphalos
is identical to the one at Delos (see Plate 12, top right). Here the friendly omphalos-
serpent is being harassed by a python

Parke tells us: 'In the Cyclades Delos had once had an Apolline oracle
of importance. . . . One can suppose that this institution existed ... at the
end of the eighth century, and may have dwindled away in the seventh
century. ... By the time when Pisistratus and Polycrates in the latter half of
the sixth century revived the sanctity of Delos, the oracle appears to have
already ceased and was not restored.'18

It is a daunting prospect to try to set forth at proper length all the complex
tangle of information concerning the 'northern octave' and its many links with
the Sirius tradition. It is impossible for me to do justice in this book to the
subject of the astronomical knowledge of the ancients.19

From Hamlet's Mill we have a passage which is now relevant. The reader
will have to accept on trust that the seven notes of the octave and the seven
planets of ancient times were thought of in connection with one another. We
cannot here take on the debate concerning early Pythagoreanism versus Neo-
Pythagoreanism and the genesis of different concepts of 'harmony of the spheres'.
Here is the passage: 'And Aristotle says (Rhet. 2.24, 1401a15) that, wishing to
circumscribe a "dog", one was permitted to use "Dog star" (Sirius) or Pan,
because Pindar states him to be the "shape-shifting dog of the Great Goddess
[Gaia]" . . . The amazing significance of Sirius as leader of the planets, as the
eighth planet, so to speak, and of Pan, the dance-master (choreutes) as well as
the real kosmokrator, ruling over the "three worlds", would take a whole volume.'20
Now this reference to Sirius as 'the eighth planet, so to speak' is an extremely
interesting clue. (In fact, there is some evidence to suggest that the ancients
knew of the existence of the eighth planet Uranus because the Egyptians could
just have managed to observe it in the way suggested by Peter Tompkins in
Secrets of the Great Pyramid.21 And I believe both that this was probably the case
and that Uranus was sometimes compared to Sirius B because they were both
'invisible'. Also, Sirius B orbits Sirius A as a planet orbits a sun, as I have
mentioned before, for its orbital period is less than that of our own planets

THE ORACLE CENTRES                                        135

Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. The fact that Sirius B, a star, moves faster than
Uranus, a planet, is an additional reason for the two to be thought of as similar.
Sirius B was additionally compared in some obscure way to the innermost tiny
planet Mercury, the nature of whose orbit was symbolized by the human
intestines - see Figure 13 for this - and Uranus was the 'octave' expression of
Mercury.)

Consider this 'eighth planet' theme in relation to the oracle centres. Dodona
is the eighth oracle centre of the 'northern octave'. In music, the eighth note
closes the octave by repeating the first note an octave higher. The 'eighth
planet' would therefore repeat the first planet which was Hermes (in Latin,
Mercury). Now it was Hermes (Mercury) who supplied the golden ram to
Phrixus so that he could make his getaway to Colchis. And it was the oak of
Dodona which was fitted into the prow of the Argo which returned the golden
fleece. During the interval of the fleece's stay in Colchis the fleece rested 'in the
grove of Ares (Mars)'. The important points to note are that the fleece went to
Colchis under the auspices of the first planet, rested there under the auspices
of (the planet?) Mars, and returned under the auspices of Sirius the 'eighth
planet' with the oak of the eighth oracle centre in the Argo's prow. And we have
already seen how Argo, if swung through a 900 angle, touches its prow first at
Dodona and then points directly at Metsamor near Mount Ararat. But if an
extended Argo has its prow touch Dodona and its rudder at Egyptian Thebes,
the Argo may be swung to Ararat/Metsamor and touches its prow there too.

Parke says: 'On Asia Minor Didyma near Miletus is the only oracle-centre
for whose activity we have some evidence in the sixth century.'22 Miletus
seems to be on the same parallel as Delos, just as Sardis is on the same parallel
as Delphi.23 And we have seen that Mount Ararat (having its associated centre
at Metsamor) is on the same parallel as Dodona. There may be a 'north-
eastern octave' to correspond to the 'northern octave'. But we shall see later that
geodetic points exist over great stretches of territory, marked out from Behdet,
the ancient Greenwich. (For instance, an arc swung through Aea in Colchis
would pass through Mecca as well, if the compass point were on Behdet. A line
from Egyptian Thebes to Dodona intersects the vicinity of Omphalos and
Knossos on Crete. The lines connecting Thebes, Dodona, and Metsamor, form
an equilateral triangle. A line from Behdet to Dodona intersects Thera. Also, a
straight line passes through the three points Behdet, Mecca, Dodona. As for
Mecca, I doubt that many Moslem scholars will be at all surprised to learn of
these aspects of their holy centre. They know very well that the centre has
geodetic aspects and the central shrine of the Kaaba dates from prehistoric
times; they say it was established by the prophet Abraham.)

Associations of Delphi with the Sirius tradition are not limited to the
Canopic Egyptian Hercules's visit, the carrying of an Argo in procession, and
the desire to claim the ark of Deukalion instead of Dodona's claiming it (the
centres then being rivals for power and attention, as I have said).

Other Sirius-tradition elements present in connection with Delphi are
concerned with the Argo and the Minyae. It was an oracle from Delphi which
stated the golden fleece would have to be brought back to Iolchus from Colchis.
It was a series of insistent oracles from Delphi that were ultimately responsible
for our knowing the Sirius tradition from the Dogon today, as we will see near

THE ORACLE CENTRES                                        I37

the end of the book. For Delphi determined the later fate of the Minyae, and
it is their tradition which survives today in the former French Sudan. The
explanation of this will be left to somewhat later.

Now, as to the omphalos stone and also Behdet. For these subjects we must
turn to an amazing book published in 1971 The Secrets of the Great Pyramid by
Peter Tompkins (with a scholarly appendix by Livio Stecchini). Tompkins tells
us:24

The prime meridian of Egypt was made to split the country longitudinally
precisely in half, running from Behdet on the Mediterranean, right through
an island in the Nile just northeast of the Great Pyramid, all the way to
where it crossed the Nile again at the Second Cataract. . . . Cities and
temples, says Stecchini, were deliberately built at distances in round figures
and simple fractions from the tropic or the prime meridian. The predynastic
capital of Egypt was set near the mouth of the Nile at Behdet, right on the
prime meridian, at 31 deg. 30'. . . . Memphis, the first capital of united Egypt,
was again laid out on the prime meridian and at 29deg. 51', precisely 6 deg.
north of the tropic. ... As each of these geodetic centres was a political as
well as a geographical 'navel' of the world, an omphalos, or stone navel,
was placed there to represent the northern hemisphere from equator to
pole, marked out with meridians and parallels, showing the direction and
distance of other such navels. In Thebes the stone omphalos was placed in
the main room of the temple of Amon, where the meridian and parallel
actually cross. . . . For the ancient Egyptians to have laid out an absolutely
straight meridian of 300 of latitude from the Mediterranean to the equator,
over 2,000 miles, and drawn two more, equidistant, east and west, as
boundaries of the country [see illustrations in the book], must have required
an enormous amount of personnel and careful astronomical sightings. Even
more sophisticated was their method of establishing longitude, as reconstructed
by Stecchini.

With the aid of an elementary system of telegraphy, consisting of a
series of beacons, the Egyptians, says Stecchini, were able to note what
star was at its zenith at a certain moment, and flash the data, via a string
of flares, to other observers, so many degrees to east and west. . . . Because
of the advanced geodetic and geographic science of the Egyptians, Egypt
became the geodetic centre of the known world. Other countries located
their shrines and capital cities in terms of the Egyptian meridian 'zero',
including such capitals as Nimrod, Sardis, Susa, Persepolis, and, apparently,
even the ancient Chinese capital of An-Yang.

All of these localities, says Stecchini, were set and oriented on the basis
of the most exact sightings. The same applies to the centres of worship of
the Jews, the Greeks, and the Arabs.

According to Hebrew historians the original Jewish centre of worship
was not Jerusalem, but Mount Gerizim, a strictly geodetic point 4 deg. east
of the main axis of Egypt. It was only moved to Jerusalem after 980 B.C.

The two great oracular centres of Greece - Delphi and Dodona - were also
geodetic markers according to Stecchini. Delphi is 7 deg. and Dodona 8 deg. north
of Behdet, the northernmost part of Egypt, on the prime meridian of Egypt.

I38                                         THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

This is obviously where I got the original idea for my 'northern octave',
from this brilliant observation of Stecchini's.

Readers who have pondered the strange story of Pharaoh Tutankhamen -
whose previous name had been Tutankhaten - and his father-in-law, Akhenaten

Figure 20. This representation of the sacred basket found at Khorsabad is important
evidence connecting Oannes with the omphalos stone tradition. The basket, which was
invariably carried by Oannes, is seen here with the two doves with heads turned away -
motif of the omphalos. The basket-work is also seen to resemble the mesh which usually
covers the omphalos

THE ORACLE CENTRES

139

and mother-in-law Nefertiti - might do well to note that a geodetic-religious
dispute lay behind Akhenaten's desire to build a new geodetic capital city,
which he did, but outraged the priests in the process. Why were the boundary
stones of this city later ferociously mutilated ? Because the Pharaoh had tried
to establish a variation on the geodetic system of Egypt (for some very sound
reasons, of course), and those marker stones represented it quite literally!

In Plate 12 the reader may see for himself the surviving omphalos stones
of Delphi and of Delos86 - both of which are spread with 'nets' representing
a latitudinal and longitudinal geodetic mesh.26 It is this mesh which is prob-
ably carried at all times by Oannes (see Plates 6, 7, 8 and 9) as a 'basket'. For
the 'warp and woof of the sacred basket of Oannes/Dagon - surviving as
the lyknos basket of Greek Demeter (who succeeded the Philistine fish-tailed
Dagon as agricultural deity, keeping Dagon's 'basket') - represent perfectly
the warp and woof of latitude and longitude. The Dogon have traditions of the
religious and mythological importance of 'warp and woof in weaving, and of
sacred baskets 'which are not baskets', all of which may be found described in
many places in Le Renard Pale.

In Plate 12 the reader may see the omphalos stone found by Reisner in the
great temple of Amon at Thebes in Egypt. This stone was placed in the main
room of the temple where the meridian and parallel actually cross.2' In Figure
23 is a reproduction of a figure from an Egyptian papyrus of omphalos stones
with two doves perched on top. These two doves are the standard glyph mean-
ing 'to lay out parallels and meridians'.28 They are the 'two doves' who flew to
Dodona from Thebes according to the account of Herodotus.2' Of course, the
two doves are in fact carrier-pigeons. To keep in touch over such enormous
distances, and to maintain prompt communication between oracle-centres
which was essential to the successful operation of a coherent 'world-wide'
religious network spread over thousand of miles, the only available means were
carrier-pigeons. I am informed that carrier-pigeons could fly from Thebes to
Dodona in about a day. To travel such a distance oneself by sea and land
would take months. Daily communication between the Egyptian religious
centre of Thebes and all its oracle 'colonies' would have been transacted by
the very carrier-pigeons whom we see plainly depicted on omphalos stones by
both Greek (see Plate 12) and Egyptian (see additionally Figure 24) representa-
tions and documented clearly by Herodotus. Also, I should imagine such
instantaneous 'news coverage' would surreptitiously find its way into the
oracular pronouncements at the various centres and exercise a considerable
political influence. For after all, there was hardly a king or potentate anywhere
in the ancient world who would disregard an oracular order 'from the gods'.
Probably the political forces were totally ignorant of the 'hot news line' ticking
away secretly in the local oracle centre's temple complex.

I realize that acknowledgement of all these facts is bound to evoke howls
and cries of anguish from any of those archaeologists to whom a drastic revision
of their ideas is more painful than would be an amputation of all their limbs
without an anaesthetic. Such are the hazards which go with the addictive and
opiate pleasures of submersion in a body of orthodox theory.

As the philosopher David Hume pointed out concerning the revolutionary
discovery of the circulation of the blood by William Harvey: 'It is remarked

140

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

that no physician in Europe who had reached forty years of age ever, to the
end of his life, adopted Harvey's doctrine of the circulation of the blood; and
that his practice in London diminished extremely from the reproach drawn
upon him by that great and signal discovery. So slow is the progress of truth
in every science, even when not opposed by factions or superstitious prejudices !'30

It should be strongly emphasized that Dodona and Metsamor/Ararat are
equidistant from Egyptian Thebes. The Greek ark landed at Dodona and the
Hebrew ark landed at Ararat. The process of 'landing an ark', therefore, consists
of starting at Thebes and going north to either of the two places which are
8 degrees of latitude northwards and which are joined to each other by a
distance equal to their distances from Thebes. That may sound complicated.
The fact is that an equilateral triangle is formed by the lines joining Thebes
with Dodona and Ararat. These facts cannot possibly be an accident. There
cannot be supposedly separate Greek and Hebrew traditions giving the landing
points of the ark in their respective regions of the world, which then both turn
out by chance to be equidistant from Thebes and the same distance from each
other, as well as on the same latitude. Since Mount Tomaros at Dodona and
Mount Ararat are both 'landing sites' for an ark, this must mean that the tip
of the prow of the ark literally does touch either of them when projected on the
globe from Thebes. This may be seen clearly drawn by a cartographer in
Figure 19.

Also founded from Thebes by flying doves, according to Herodotus,31 was
the Oracle of Ammon in Libya, known to be at the Oasis of Siwa. In Figure 15
we may even see a comparison of the line patterns made by joining Thebes,
Dodona, and Siwa with each other, with the line patterns formed by joining
certain stars in the constellation of Argo together. The pattern is seen to be
identical. The site of Siwa may have been chosen simply to display this. In
both instances we have the helm of the Argo as the starting point: in the
celestial pattern we start from the star Canopus, identified with the Argo's
helm; and in the geodetic pattern we start with Thebes, which is the site for
the global Argo's helm when projected either to Dodona or Ararat. But there is
another means of projecting the Argo, using Behdet, to convey other meanings
- bearing in mind always the interconnecting relationships of the sites, with
Behdet equidistant from both Siwa and Thebes, and also on the northernmost
point of Egypt and (see Figure 16) on the prime meridian dividing Egypt as
demonstrated by Livio Stecchini.32

When the helm of the Argo is placed at Behdet (near the geographical
Canopus) rather than at Thebes, with the prow touching Mount Ararat, if we
swing the prow across to Dodona through an arc of exactly 900 (a right angle),
we find that the prow is then too long and must be shortened. In fact, for this
extraordinary point, documentary evidence actually exists in a Babylonian text.
In Chapter Three we cited the passage in another context, and I will here
return to it. It is from the brief Sumerian epic poem 'Gilgamesh and Agga',
of extreme antiquity, the surviving tablets preserving it dating from the first
half of the second millennium b.c. This Sumerian poem contains, within the
framework of what seems to be a local political diatribe, a certain bizarre core
of material which no scholar has ever satisfactorily interpreted.83 (The political
aspect of the poem has, in my opinion, been overemphasized due to Jacobsen

THE ORACLE CENTRES                                        141

and Kramer's understandable excitement at finding in the poem actual
evidence of the existence 4,000 years ago of a bicameral parliament, which
Kramer wrote up as one of the world's 'firsts' in his excellent book, History
Begins at Sumer.34)

Figure 21. The design carved on to the Babylonian omphalos. Rawlinson suggested that
the design was of a zodiac. He thought it obvious that the figures were of constellations.
I ( would seem definitely to be a star-map, but it is not necessarily true that the inten-
tion is to represent the sky accurately. Attempts to interpret such complex maps (the
Egyptian zodiac of Denderah being a notorious example) usually fall short, so I will
not here tempt the fates

The poem mentions (line 104) a 'fleeing bird' which I believe may be a
reference to the carrier-pigeon network which we have just discussed. But the
most important elements in the poem seem to me to be two apparently
contradictory statements:

(1) 'The prow of the magurru-boat. was not cut down' (line 80)
(a) 'The prow of the magurru-boat was cut down.' (line 98)
In Chapter Three I discussed why the magurru-boat and the magan-boat
of another poem were in fact that boat which was later known as the Argo.

142

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

THE ORACLE CENTRES

143

I believe that statement (1) refers to the Argo as projected from Behdet to
Ararat, and that statement (2) refers to the projection of the Argo from Behdet
to Dodona. The latter requires the cutting down or shortening of the prow
lest the Argo extend beyond Dodona.

As long as the prow was not cut down in 'Gilgamesh and Agga', we find
that 'The multitude did not cover itself with dust' in mourning. For the
projection was still extended over the north-west of Mesopotamia, the Sumerian
homeland being at least in the general vicinity. The Behdet-Ararat line actually
intersects the famous oracle centre of Hierapolis35 which I propose as the fifth
eastern oracle centre at 36° 30'.

Figure 22. A Babylonian omphalos stone (from Rawlinson). A flattened view of its
entire conical design is seen in the accompanying illustration

The poem says also, as long as the prow is not cut down, that 'The people
of all the foreign lands were not overwhelmed'. In other words, the projection
did not fall over foreigners such as those living in Greece. It did not literally
'overwhelm' people of foreign lands, meaning overshadow or pass over them.

However, when the prow was shortened, the projection of Argo left
Mesopotamia altogether, and then 'The multitude covered itself with dust'
and the people of foreign lands were overwhelmed. It is at this point that
Gilgamesh says to Agga, 'O Agga, the fleeing bird thou hast filled with grain'
(in other words, fed the carrier-pigeon in preparation for his flight to another
and different oracle centre - namely, Dodona rather than Metsamor). The
entire poem is based round a repeated refrain which Kramer calls 'a riddle',36
and which concerns the digging and completing of wells, of 'the small bowls
of the land', and wishes 'to complete the fastening ropes'. At this point only a
Sumerian scholar can tell us whether there are any other shades of meaning or
alternative readings which might make the passage clearer, following the clue
that 'the fastening ropes' may refer to the rope-like mesh which we see, for
instance, on the omphali of Delphi and Delos. Can 'the small bowls of the
land' be either geodetic points or their markers, the omphalos stones themselves,
which are like small bowls ? Could 'small bowls' be an accepted expression for
omphali in Sumerian parlance ? Answers to these questions are entirely beyond
the competence of any but a dozen or so scholars. Even experts in the Akkadian
language cannot help us here, with non-Semitic Sumerian. And even answers
from one of the experts might be wrong through human error. Sighing,
therefore, at the difficulty of our subject-matter, let us look again at Egypt.

Stecchini says:37 'Because Egyptologists have ignored the issue of geodetic
points and of the linear units, the figure of the revolutionary Pharaoh Akhenaten
has turned out to be the most mysterious and controversial in the long history
of the Egyptian monarchy.' He then makes some extremely critical remarks
about Cyril Aldred and others and continues:

Because they have resisted accepting the solidly documented facts, established
scholars have devoted their energies to debating theories such as that
Akhenaten was impotent, was a practising homosexual, or a woman
masquerading as a man; there are historians who profess to be informed
about the intimate relations between him and his wife, the beautiful
Nefertiti. Since the picture of Akhenaten has remained indefinite and
blurred, scholars have used it to project their own emotions. Those who
do not like Akhenaten present him as a psychopath and dispute about the
clinical definition of his illness. ... If instead of trying to imagine what
were the hieroglyphic notes of the psychoanalyst of the royal family, we
consider the documented facts, the most important action in the revolutionary
reign of Akhenaten proves to be the establishment of a new capital for
Egypt, the city of Akhet-Aten, 'Resting-point of Aten'. The miles-long
remains of the buildings of this city have heen found and excavated in the
locality known today as Tell el-Amarna. During the reign of Akhenaten a
substantial percentage of the national resources was dedicated to the
construction of this city.

Scholars of the last century, who had not yet adopted the psychologizing

144

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

fashion, at least recognized the political meaning of the shift in the location
of the capital of Egypt. Akhenaten intended to cut at the root of the power
of the priests of the Temple of Amon in Thebes, who through their control
of the national oracle, identified with the god of this temple, had usurped
the royal functions. But what these scholars did not know is that the Temple
of Amon was the geodetic centre of Egypt, the 'navel' of Egypt, being
located where the eastern axis (32 deg. 38' east) crosses the Nile, at the parallel
which is at 2/7 of the distance from the equator to the pole (25 deg. 42' 51"
north), and that the god Amon was identified with the hemispheric stone
which marked this point.

The new city which was intended to replace Thebes as the capital and
geodetic centre of Egypt was planted in a position which seems undesirable
in terms of what we would consider the function of a capital city. Some
scholars have interpreted this fact as further evidence of the mental derange-
ment of its founder. . . . The new capital for the god Aten, who was raised
to the status of the one true god, was set at latitude 27 deg. 45' north, at the
middle point between the northernmost point Behdet and the southern
limit of Egypt at latitude 24 deg. 00' north. . . . Akhenaten wanted to prove
that Thebes could not properly claim to be the geodetic centre of Egypt
and that he had chosen the geodetic centre conforming to an absolutely
rigorous interpretation of maet, the cosmic order of which the dimensions of
Egypt were an embodiment. In order to follow absolutely exact standards
of measurement, he reverted to the pre-dynastic geodetic system which
counted in geographic cubits starting from Behdet. ... In terms of the
system based on the pre-dynastic capital of Behdet, there could be no
question that Akhet-Aten is the 'true and just' navel of Egypt.

This conclusion implies that one should re-evaluate the entire historical
role of Akhenaten, taking as the starting-point what he himself considered
the initial step in his program to establish true and just conformity with
maet. There is a possibility that his revolutionary reforms, which extended
from religion to art and family relations, were understood as a general
return to pre-dynastic ideas and practices.

Note the fact that Thebes had established itself as the 'navel' of Egypt but
not on the basis of the 'Behdet system' which Akhenaten apparently tried to
revive. It shows how ancient the 'northern octave' must be if it was based on
the 'Behdet system' whereas Thebes was not. The clear involvement of
Thebes in the 'northern octave' system is not exclusive but is complementary
to that of Behdet. In Herodotus, Book Two (54) we find this significant tale:

At Dodona . . . the priestesses who deliver the oracles have a ... story:
two black doves, they say, flew away from Thebes in Egypt, and one of
them alighted at Dodona, the other in Libya. The former, perched on an
oak, and speaking with a human voice, told them that there, on that very
spot, there should be an oracle of Zeus. Those who heard her understood
the words to be a command from heaven, and at once obeyed. Similarly
the dove which flew to Libya told the Libyans to found the oracle of Amon
- which is also an oracle of Zeus. The people who gave me this information
were the three priestesses at Dodona - Promeneia the eldest, Timarete the

THE ORACLE CENTRES

145

next, and Nicandra the youngest - and their account is confirmed by the
other Dodonaeans who have any connection with the temple.

It is really interesting to see how chummy Herodotus was with the priestesses
of Dodona, for Plutarch centuries later was to be similarly chummy with the
priestess Clea of Delphi, as we have seen already. Obviously these priestesses
were really good informants for aspiring historians. Just how vividly accurate
the Dodonaean story really is, will in a moment become even more clear.
But as for the question of Thebes versus Behdet, tied in as it is with the
Akhenaten question, I beg to bow out of that controversy. Put me down as
having 'no opinion'.

We must note Stecchini's remarks about Delphi as follows :38

The god of Delphi, Apollo, whose name means 'the stone', was identified
with an object, the omphalos, 'navel', which has been found. It consisted
of an ovoidal stone. . . . The omphalos of Delphi was similar to the object
which represented the god Amon in Thebes, the 'navel' of Egypt. In 1966 I
presented to the annual meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America
a paper in which I maintained that historical accounts, myths, and legends,
and some monuments of Delphi, indicate that the oracle was established
there by the Pharaohs of the Ethiopian Dynasty. This is the reason why the
Greeks portrayed Delphos, the eponymous hero of Delphi, as a Negro.

Stecchini also explains his theory that the oracles originally functioned
through the operations of computing devices:

An object which resembles a roulette wheel, and actually is its historical
antecedent, was centred on top of the omphalos. The spinning of a ball
gave the answers; each of the 36 spokes of the wheel corresponded to a
letter symbol.

In studying ancient computing devices, I have discovered that they
were used also to obtain oracular answers. This is the origin of many of
the oracular instruments we still use today, such as cards and ouija boards.
. . . The roulette wheel of Delphi originally was a special kind of abacus for
calculating in terms of angles.

The following information from Stecchini is also both surprising and
informative with regard to the story of the Argo, Colchis, etc. :39

Very revealing is that a base line was marked along parallel 45 deg. 12' north
on the north side of the Black Sea. This base line started from the mouth
of the Danube, cut across the Crimea, and ended at the foot of the Caucasus.
Beginning from this base, Russia was surveyed for a length of 10 degrees,
along with the three meridians which formed the three axes of Egypt, up
to latitude 550 12' north. The river Dnieper was understood to be a
symmetric counterpart of the Nile, running between the same meridians.
Key positions along the course of the Dnieper were identified with correspond-
ing key positions along the course of the Nile, up to the point of transferring
Egyptian place names to Russia. The information about the existence of this
geodetic system is provided by (he description of a map of Russia which is
based on it. The description of the map indicates that it was used at the

146                                         THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

end of the sixth century B.C., but the map may be older; in any case there
are other sources of information about the base line which indicate that it
was marked in very early times.

In Tompkins and Stecchini's marvellous book40 there are some first-rate
photographs and drawings of stone omphalos navels which are extremely
helpful in trying to understand all these matters. It makes all the difference to
see the fantastic nature of these objects, representative as they are of a highly
developed ancient science which until recently was completely unknown.
These are reproduced here in Figures 23 and 24 and Plate 12.

2. The four Dogon priests who revealed
the Sirius traditions to anthropologists

Manda D'Orosongo

Innekouzou

Notes to the Plates

Plate 1: The scientific achievement represented by this extraordinary photograph is
considerable. Until 1970, no photographic record of the small white dwarf star Sirius B
existed, despite attempts over several decades to obtain one. With much ingenuity,
Dr Irving W. Lindenblad of the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.G., finally
devised a technique which made this photograph possible. Lindenblad (1970; see
Bibliography) says: '. . .simultaneous observation of Sirius A and B by conventional
photography has always presented a problem due to the small separation and large
magnitude difference between the components, and because of various emulsion
effects.' Since Sirius A is enormously brighter than Sirius B, it is easily understood
that it washes out the smaller star which orbits it. How, then, to photograph the
smaller star at all ?

Dr Paul Murdin of the Royal Greenwich Observatory has provided some explanatory
notes on Lindenblad's photograph and given his permission for me to quote them here:
'The six spikes on Sirius A are caused by the hexagon used on the front of the telescope.
The point of making the photo in this way is that Sirius A is about 100 times as bright
as Sirius B so that its light tends to spread out over Sirius B rendering it invisible. By
using a hexagonal lens (actually a 26-inch circular lens with a hexagonal mask) in his
telescope, Lindenblad was able to compress the star image in certain directions; he
chose the orientation of the hexagon so that Sirius B's image fell in one of the compressed
zones and was thus able to be seen . . . The wire grating referred to by Lindenblad
makes the small images of Sirius A on either side of the bright one (there are small
images of B too, but they are too small to be visible). The point of this is that the bright
image of Sirius A (the "zero order" image) is so big that Lindenblad couldn't measure
the position of Sirius B with respect to A. He made first and second order images,
measured B with respect to them and was able to calculate where B was with respect to
the zero order image of A.'

These calculations enabled Lindenblad to angle his hexagonal aperture so that
Sirius B would 'hit' a depressed area of Sirius's light - a dip where the light was teased
inwards, and Sirius B could peek through. But it could only peek through if Lindenblad
had first found it! The reader can by this point appreciate how clever Lindenblad had
to be in order to achieve any results at all. However, these were not all of his problems.
There was a serious emulsion contraction effect for the photograph, with such close
images. Lindenblad (1970) says: 'The important correction to the separation of the
components of Sirius due to emulsion contraction, or the Ross (1924) effect, depended,
in van Albada's method, upon measurements of second-order [images] . . . However,
this procedure could not be employed in the present work because the dispersion affecting
the second-order images generally rendered them unmeasurable. Consequently, another
technique for determining the emulsion contraction was devised.'

This is a perfect example of technological feats taking place constantly behind the
scenes in order to produce results which the public then take for granted, with no
appreciation of the difficulties involved. This photograph could have been reproduced
with no comment or explanation, but the story behind it is part of the saga of the attempt
to unravel the mysteries of Sirius. So loth has Sirius been to give up her secrets that
she has denied us even this photograph until 1970. All the more reason to wonder at
the Dogon, who, oblivious of our scientific labours, have always drawn pictures of
Sirius in the sand, with its companion - nothing to it!

Plate 12: Top left: The beautiful omphalos stone found at Delphi in Greece, covered
in the mesh thought to symbolize the latitudinal and longitudinal grid on the Earth.
(For an exhaustive treatment of that theory, see Secrets of the Great Pyramid by Tompkins
and Stecchini, particularly Appendix by Stecchini.)

Top right: The superb omphalos stone discovered at Delos, which incorporates the
Delian palm design. (Reproduced in W. H. Roscher, Neue Omphalosstudien, Leipzig, 1915.)

Middle left: Relief discovered at Miletus in Asia Minor. The figure of Apollo is
resting on an omphalos stone (and an actual omphalos stone has also been discovered
at Miletus) covered in mesh, while a second, smaller omphalos stone with a serpent is
seen in foreground. The palm is prominent here again. Miletus is on the same parallel
as Delos, and the palm is the 'tree-code' for that latitude in the oracle octaves schema.
Delos is the western centre and Miletus is the eastern centre at 37°3o'. The nearby
site of Branchidae (also known as Didyma) to the south seems to have adopted the oracular
functions presumably associated with Miletus itself originally. This relief appears as
Figure 101 (the last in the volume), page 411, of Das Delphinion in Milet by Georg
Kawerau and Albert Rehm, Berlin, 1914. Roscher also reproduced it. Kawerau and
Rehm say with relation to it (page 410): 'We have already noted here in later periods
the distinctive likeness of Pythian Apollo which is universally known, and there is
nothing extraordinary in finding this cult image of the Delphinion, the omphalos-and-
serpent. . . .'

Middle right: Two Babylonian altars to the god Anu which bear what appear to
be omphali.

Bottom left: An Egyptian omphalos stone found in the temple of Amon at Napata
in Nubia. (See Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. III, Part IV, 1916, page 255.) This
drawing is reproduced by W. H. Roscher in Der Omphalosgedanke, Leipzig, 1918, as
Figure 6. Roscher says of the stone: 'On the 21st of April, 1917, I received a letter from
Professor Gunther Roeder, now Director of the Pelizaeus Museum in Hildesheim saying
that Reisner (Harvard University) had, in excavations for the Boston Museum at
Gebel Barka (Napata) in the Sudan, found a stone in a temple of the Nubian-Merotic
kings which was the omphalos of the Amon-oracle of Napata. . . .'

Bottom right: Another Egyptian omphalos marker reproduced from Tompkins and
Stecchini (see Bibliography).

Plate 14: Top left: Votive relief of fifth century b.c. from Sparta; Apollo and Artemis,
between them an omphalos flanked by two doves with their heads turned away in the
customary manner for these scenes. (From Plate VII, No. 4, of W. H. Roscher, Omphalos,
Leipzig, 1913.)

Centre top: Votive relief from Aigina, showing omphalos with two doves, their heads
turned away. (From Plate VIII, No. 3, of W. H. Roscher, Omphalos, Leipzig, 1913.)

Top right coin: Coin from Delphi showing Apollo sitting on the omphalos stone
and leaning on his lyre. He holds a laurel branch, which is the 'tree-code' for Delphi.
Note the clear differentiation of trees in this compared with the earlier Delos and Miletus
examples of Plate 12; at Delphi the laurel is appropriately shown, whereas Delos and
Miletus display the palm. This coin is from Imhoof-Blumer's A Numismatic Commentary
on Pausanius.

Two bottom left-hand coins: Two further examples of omphali on ancient coins, with
serpents and geodetic mesh visible; both in British Museum. One is from Delphi and
the other from Pergamum.

Two bottom right-hand coins: Two coins from Delphi showing the entrance to the
Temple of Apollo in ancient times. The letter 'E' hangs suspended in the entrance way;
It is the second vowel, and Delphi is the second oracle centre in descending order (the
(the ancient octave was taken as descending rather than as ascending - the ignorance of
which fact has led many modern experts astray when trying to unravel the complex-

ities of Pythagorean harmonic theory). These two coins may be found reproduced also
in Imhoof-Blumer (above). The second of these coins is to be found in the Copen-
hagen Museum, while the first was in Dr Imhoof-Blumer's private collection in the last
century, and its fate today is unknown to this author.

Plate 15: Painting from ancient vase in the Etruscan Museum, Rome. Jason apparently
being vomited forth by the serpent/dragon, rests on the serpent's teeth. 'Serpent's
tooth' is euphemism for Sirius (see Chapter Seven). Looking on is a female figure in
serpent-headed robes, holding an oracular dove; she may be Medea or a goddess.
In the background the golden fleece is seen suspended in the grove guarded by the
serpent. Note that the breastplate of the female figure, on which is a fanged Gorgon's
face, is composed of scales identical to those of the serpent/dragon. On her helmet is
the Greek sphinx (a mythological being associated with Greek Thebes). Though the
elements can here be identified in this way, the story implied by them cannot so easily
be unravelled. The author has not been able to learn the mythological incidents referred
to in this curious vase.

Plate 16: The ram is in the crucible, its fleece presumably being transmuted into gold
in what we would call an alchemical sense. Was there such a thing as alchemy at this
time in history ? Alchemy is generally thought of as a mediaeval discipline. But perhaps
the attempt to transmute base materials into gold is an ageless concept, and in antiquity
it could have been less concerned with chemistry and more with symbolism, as I suspect is
the intention here. (No mediaeval alchemist ever put a ram in the dish for this purpose!)

Plate ly: Above: The goddess Artemis sets the hounds of hell upon Actaeon and slays
him. She holds the bow of Sirius the Bow Star. The hounds are the hounds of Sirius
the Dog Star. She is herself, in this guise, a Greek version of Sirius the goddess. But the
tradition has become confused and fragmented by the Greeks, broken down into elements
which are used to construct other myths. Artemis is not generally a representation of
Sirius, but of the moon. The bow and the dogs are here merely left-over trappings from
an earlier forgotten symbolic system. (From a red-figured vase in the Berlin Museum
c. 470 B.C.)

Below: The infant god Apollo, four days after his birth, shoots an arrow at the serpent
Python from his mother's arms. However, this scene is not Delphi but Delos, for the
palm trees are the 'tree-code' of Delos. This Attic vase painting provides important
confirmation that the story, which was supposed to have occurred at Delphi, was also
linked with Delos. If Python was not only at Delphi but at Delos as well, then Python
is a concept rather than a creature. This is all further evidence for the geodetic oracle-
octave which includes both Delphi and Delos, which are one degree of latitude apart.
Delos had ceased to have any function as an oracle centre by about 600 B.C., which
helps one appreciate the antiquity of the system, since Delos had no oracular functions
at all by the time of classical Greece, when Socrates was gadding about the agora in
Athens.

Plate 18: Below: This is one of the most interesting cylinder seals to survive from the
Babylonian culture. It is reproduced in Henri Frankfort, Cylinder Seals, Plate XX; and
in Sumerian Mythology, Plate XII, by Samuel Noah Kramer, where Kramer says of it:
'. . . two gods are guiding a plow, which is perhaps drawn by a lion and a wormlike
dragon.' Frankfort says of it: 'Two gods plowing; one holding a plow, the other driving
span (consisting of snakelike dragon and lion) with left hand, which either holds or is
shaped like a scorpion; bird, eight-pointed star, and crescent in field.' It is Plate 62 in
Frankfort's later book Stratified Cylinder Seals. It is Akkadian style, Late Agade period
in date.

This cylinder seal is such an important item of evidence that it requires extended
comment. The lion is the earth-lion well known as the earth goddess's symbol from the
ancient Near East. (See, for instance, The Syrian Goddess by Strong and Garstang.) But
note that directly beneath the symbol of a star, ploughing is taking place, and leading right
down to the plough blade is the strange form of a serpentlike dragon. It looks almost
as if the mouth of the serpent/dragon is being ploughed into the ground. And this, I
suspect, is exactly what is intended. For what seems to be represented is the act of
ploughing and sowing the serpent's teeth, which we know to be a hieroglyphic pun in
Egyptian for 'the goddess Sirius'; we also know that the growing up from the ground
of the 'serpent's teeth' is another pun for the rising over the horizon of the star for which
'serpent's tooth' is the other meaning, i.e., Sirius. Its once-yearly rising was the basis
of the Egyptian calendar.

If we assume this to be the case, the figure whose hand has become a scorpion can be
explained. Obviously, the constellation Scorpio is intended, which is approximately a
third of the sky 'round' from Sirius. From the ancient Greek astronomical writer
Aratus, we know that when Scorpio rises, it chases Sirius and Orion away below the
horizon. He describes it as follows (Phaenomena 634-80):

'The winding River (the constellation Eridanus near Orion) will straightaway sink
in fair flowing ocean at the coming of Scorpio, whose rising puts to flight even the
mighty Orion . . . Wherefore, too, men say that at the rising of the Scorpion in the East
Orion flees at the Western verge . . . what time all the rays of the mighty Dog (Sirius is
in this constellation) are sinking and all of Orion setting, yea, all the Hare (the constel-
lations Lepus), which the Dog pursues in an unending race.'

The disappearance below the western horizon, then, of the 'serpent's tooth' (Sirius)
which is going into the ground (to 'grow up' from it again in 70 days' time at its heliacal
rising) seems to be indicated here, for the figure representing the sky has had his left
hand (the east) become Scorpio, while his right hand (the west) is swallowing the
'serpent's tooth'. Over this proceeding of the setting of Sirius presides, as would be
expected, the earth-lion itself, which pulls the plough that makes the furrows (three of
which are visible) into which will be swallowed that fast-disappearing star just above
the plough-blade. The crescent may be taken as an indication of the waning of the light
of the star, almost to vanishing point - not surprising, as the moon is a 'front man' for
Sirius in many myths. (Kramer thought, because of the ploughing, that this scene
involved 'gods of vegetation'.)

Plate ig: An extremely important representation in the Louvre. Cadmus of
Thebes (Greek Thebes, that is) is seen slaying the serpent/dragon. Its teeth are almost
more prominent than it is. Cadmus seems to represent the constellation Orion, for
beneath his feet figures prominently a hare which appears to be meant as the constellation
Lepus. As if to emphasize the stellar symbolism, on either side of Lepus are what appear
to be stars. The serpent itself, to the left and slightly lower than Cadmus, would therefore
correspond with the position in the sky of Sirius. (The reader should be advised that in
Figure 12 of this book is a star map of this area of the sky which will help him visualize
the constellations, though the conventional figures of a man, a hare, etc., are not drawn
In.) Since we know that Cadmus and Jason were the two heroes who sowed the serpent's
teeth, and this serpent has prominent rows of teeth (notably not fangs, the emphasis
instead being upon the rows), and the serpent is placed in the position of the star Sirius
in this pictorial star-map, we have evidence (if we accept the star-map interpretation)
that the Greeks must have been conscious of the Egyptian pun whereby 'serpent's
tooth' in hieroglyphics is a synonym for 'the Goddess Sirius'. The doves and the shrine
with serpents arc both elements of the oracle centres associated with the Sirius tradition
in Greece.

Plate 20: The great hawk of Horus which stands before the temple of Edfu in Egypt.
Similar statues would have stood at the Egyptian cemetery of Colchis and given rise
to the Greek traditions of Circe ('hawk') through the spread of legends about the
Argonauts and their search for the Golden Fleece at Colchis, which Herodotus tells us
was an Egyptian colony.

Plate 21: The identification is found in the classical Encyclopaedia of Pauly-Wissowa
under 'Proclus'. The bust is in the Athens Museum, and may be found reproduced
(though unidentified) in Gerhart Rodenwaldt Griechische Portrats. Rodenwaldt also
reproduces photographs of front and side view of a bust later identified as being that
of the earlier neo-platonist philosopher Iamblichus.

148                                         THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

It is also interesting to note, by way of relation with the ark of Noah, the
ark of Ziusudra (or Utnapishtim), the ark of Deukalion, and the Argo - all of
whom sent forth birds over the water (like those birds from Thebes as well) -
that the standard Egyptian hieroglyph for the act of laying out of parallels and
meridians is, as we have seen, two pigeons facing each other. Stecchini says: 'In
the religion of the Old Kingdom (of Egypt), Sokar is an important god of
orientation and of cemeteries. The god and the geodetic point were represented
by the stone object which the Greeks called omphalos, 'navel'; it is a hemisphere
(the northern hemisphere) resting on a cylinder (the foundations of the cosmos).
Usually on top of Sokar, as on top of any omphalos, there are portrayed two
birds facing each other; in ancient iconography these two birds, usually doves,
are a standard symbol for the stretching of meridians and parallels.'

Hence we see even further Egyptian connections with the Greek and Near
Eastern tales in which the birds are let fly and the ship finds the oracle centre's
mountain.

Associated with oracle centres was probably also a 'tree-code'. Dodona
had its oak. Delphi was associated with laurel. And we learn from the Elegies
of the sixth century b.g. poet Theognis (5-8) and from the Homeric Hymns
that the oracle centre of Apollo at Delos was specifically associated with the
palm tree. Any site in the Lebanon, of course, such as Mt. Lebanon and its
possibly related centre of Sidon, would be associated with the famous cedars,
known to us also from the Epic of Gilgamesh as intimately connected with
Gilgamesh's exploits at 'Cedar Mountain' in the Lebanon. In putting together
a schema of trees we are faced with considerable problems, but this is at least a
beginning. A great deal of information on 'tree alphabets' is to be found in
Robert Graves's books The Greek Myths*1 and even more so in his The White
Goddess.42 The willow was associated with the Colchian cemetery and with the
island of Aeaea of Circe, but particularly it is connected with the island of
Crete in tradition. But this subject will have to be tackled at some other time,
lest I blow this book up into a puffball of miscellaneous odds and ends. We
do know from Robert Graves that the oracle centre of Hebron - which is on
the same latitude as Behdet and seems to be its eastern counterpart, was
connected with the tree sant, or wild acacia, 'the sort with golden flowers and
sharp thorns. ... It is ... the oracular Burning Bush in which Jehovah appeared
to Moses.' Graves adds: 'The acacia is still a sacred tree in Arabia Deserta and
anyone who even breaks off a twig is expected to die within the year.'43

Its symbolism for the Sirius Mystery is an act of pure genius, and is graphi-
cally elucidated by Theophrastus:44 'There are two kinds, the white and the
black; the white is weak and easily decays, the black is stronger and less liable
to decay . . .' A perfect symbol of the two stars, the 'black' Sirius B being
'strong' for its size compared with the white Sirius A. Also of the willow (fourth
centres), Theophrastus tells us:45 'There is that which is called the black
willow . . . and that which is called the white . . . The black kind has boughs
which are fairer and more serviceable . . . There is a (dwarf) form . . .'

150

Notes

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

1.  Star Names, op. cit., p. 67.

2.  Lockyer, Sir Norman. The Dawn of Astronomy, London, 1894. (Reprinted in the 1960s by
M.I.T. Press in U.S.A., introduction by Prof, de Santillana.)

3.   The Peoples of the Hills, Ancient Ararat and Caucasus, London, 1971, p. 226.

4.  Op. cit., p. 73.

5.  Allen, Star Names, op. cit., p. 73.

6.  See Note 2.

7.   7 March 1974.

8.  A week later, on 14 March, a letter appeared in The Times from Brian Galpin claiming
that his father, Canon F. W. Galpin, had previously established the certain antiquity of the
heptatonic diatonic scale in his book Music of the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians,
Cambridge University Press, 1937. A month after this, on 15 April 1974, a letter appeared
in The Times from Dr Crocker and Dr Kilmer themselves, in California, which was long and
not particularly clear. It seemed to be trying to acknowledge Professor Gurney of Oxford
for some assistance and condemning Canon Galpin for reaching his conclusions on a different
basis from themselves. Crocker and Kilmer obviously aimed at clearing up some mis-
understandings, but only succeeded in muddying the waters (at least the letter befuddled me).

9.   The Greek Myths, 21, 10.

10.   Ibid., 170.3.

11.  Higgins, Godfrey. The Anacalypsis, New York, 1927, Vol. I, Book III, Chapter 2, Section 4.

12.  According to the Dogon: 'Sirius is the navel of the world.' See Le Renard Pale, pp. 324-5.

13.  Op. cit.

14.  Parke, H. W. Greek Oracles, Hutchinson (paperback), London, 1967, p. 38.

15.  Ibid., p. 32.

16.  Ibid., pp. 33-4.

17.  Ibid., pp. 94-5.

18.  Ibid., p. 94.

19.   I refer the reader who suffers from a desperate urge to purge his ignorance to that magnifi-
cent work by Sir Norman Lockyer, The Dawn of Astronomy. His book should be required
reading in all schools, even though it becomes quite technical in places (which the non-
technical reader is well advised to skim over quickly). This book was published in 1894 in
London by Cassell, but at the instigation of Professor Santillana, has been brought out
again by M.I.T. Press in America in the 1960s (see Note 2).

Of course another excellent, perhaps essential, book on the subject is Santillana and von
Dechend's Hamlet's Mill (see ch. 3, n. 11). Though it is a long book, the authors admit it
amounts only to a preliminary essay, and it is a good deal more confusing to read than it
should be. In fact, the authors have frankly let their material overwhelm them; but they
were coping with material on a far grander scale than Lockyer, and it was like trying to hold
back a tidal wave. They have opened up an entirely new field for modern scholars and they
may wear the badge of the pioneer and perhaps the pioneer's smile as well.

20.  Hamlet's Mill, op. cit., p. 286.

21.  Tompkins, Peter. Secrets of the Great Pyramid, Harper and Row, New York, London, 1971.
Appendix by Livio Stecchini,

22.  Parke, op. cit., p. 95.

23.  Livio Stecchini mentions a number of Greek accounts which associate Delphi with
Sardis, the capital of the kingdom of Lydia in Asia Minor, which is on the same parallel
(38 deg. 28' north)', p. 349 (Stecchini's Appendix) in Tompkins, op. cit. I believe that the
mountain associated with this geodetic centre is Mount Sipylus, north-east of Smyrna (now
Izmir). See Pausanius III, xxii.4 and p. 13 of Garstang, John, The Syrian Goddess, London,
1913. Mt. Sipylus boasts an extremely ancient gigantic carving from the living rock of the
Great Goddess whose main centre came to be Hierapolis, another oracle centre in the series.
The Great Goddess as Gaia (to the Greeks) was the original patroness of Delphi before the
usurpation by Apollo. ('. . . the earth-goddess was the original female deity ... in Late
Mycenaean times . . . there may have been an oracle as part of the cult. . . . the arrival of
Apollo as a god of divination was originally a hostile intrusion . . ,' p. 36, Parke, op. cit.)
I believe that Malatia (Malatya), further inland than Sardis on the same parallel, may be

THE ORACLE CENTRES                                            151

connected somehow with Delphi and Sardis as well (obviously more with Sardis than
Delphi). For this, see Garstang, pp. 14-15.

24.  See Notes 20 and 22.

25.  See also Appendix IV.

26.  It is such a mesh to which the Dogon presumably refer when they speak of 'the basket
which is not a basket'. See A Sudanese Sirius System by Griaule and Dieterlen in this book.

27.  Tompkins, op. cit., p. 182.

28.  Ibid., p. 298.

29.  Herodotus. The Histories, Penguin paperback, London, 1971, p. 124. (Textual reference:
Book II, 54-9.)

30.  Hume, David. The History of England, Porter and Coates, Philadelphia, undated (nineteenth
century), 5 vols. p. 57, Vol. V (end of Chapter 62). See also John Aubrey, Brief Lives, entry
for William Harvey; Hume got much of this from Aubrey (Hume is not always to be
trusted; he does misrepresent General Monk's motives shamelessly despite Aubrey's explicit
account. Perhaps the reader uninterested in seventeenth-century English history will forgive
this aside.)

31.  See Note 28. The famous oracle of Ammon in Libya, visited by Alexander the Great
following his conquest of Egypt (if a fruit falling on one's head is a conquest), was at the
Oasis of Siwa, where some ruins are still preserved. Also sec maps in this book,

32.  Tompkins, op. cit., p. 181.

33.  Pritchard, op. cit., p. 44 ff. (Scholarly references, including Jacobsen, on p. 45,)

34.  Kramer, S. N. History Begins at Sumer (originally entitled From the Tablets of Sumer, 1956,
before revision), Doubleday Anchor Book (paperback), New York, 1959.

35.  Garstang, op. cit. (see Note 22). Garstang's book contains a translation of Lucian's De Dea
Syria concerning the Great Goddess at Hierapolis.

36.  See Note 32.

37.  Tompkins, op. cit., p. 336.

38.  Ibid., p. 349.

39.  Ibid., p. 346.

40.  See Note 20.

41.  Op. cit.

42.  Graves, Robert. The White Goddess, A Historical Grammar of Poetic Myth, Vintage paperback,
New York, undated (originally copyright 1948 by Graves).

43.  Ibid. See pages listed under acacia in index. (I leave this to the reader because my edition
of this book is undated and will probably not match the reader's in pagination.)

44.  Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants, Book IV, ii, 8., trans, by A. F. Hort, Loeb Classical
Library, William Heinemann Ltd., London, and Harvard University Press, U.S.A., 2 vols.
(This ref. vol. I, p. 299). Theophrastus was the 'father of botany', and succeeded his friend
Aristotle as Head of the Peripatetic School at the Lyceum in Athens. He lived 370-c. 285
B.C., and at the peak of his teaching career actually had 2000 students.

45.  Ibid., Book III, xiii, 7. (Vol. I, p. 249).

SUMMARY

The other Arabian star named 'Weight' was in the constellation Argo. But we see the
Argo was associated with Sirius, as well as was the first star named 'Weight' which was
in the Great Dog constellation and a visible companion of Sirius.

If an Argo is projected on the globe with its rudder near the ancient Egyptian city
Canopus on the coast of the Mediterranean (the star Canopus forms the rudder of the
Argo in the sky) and with its prow at Dodona (from where the oak came which was
placed in the Argo's prow), if we hold the stern firmly on Canopus but swing the ship
eastwards at the top, so that the prow points towards Mount Ararat, where Noah's ark
was supposed to have landed, we find that the arc thus described is a right-angle of 900.

Instead of Canopus we must really use the neighbouring site of the now entirely

152                                          THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

vanished city of Behdet, which was the capital of pre-dynastic Egypt prior to the
foundation of Memphis.

Dodona is exactly 8° of latitude north of Behdet. Delphi is exactly 7 deg. north of Behdet.
Delos (another important early oracle centre, vanished by classical Greek times) is
exactly 6 deg. north of Behdet. Behdet was the Greenwich of the ancient world prior to
3200 b.c. and was used as a geodetic headquarters.

Associated with near-by Mount Ararat as a mystery-centre was the now little-known
site of Metsamor. Mt Ararat is 8 deg. north of Behdet and on the same parallel as Dodona.

A site on Kythera is known to have connections with early dynastic Egypt as a reli-
gious centre and is about 5 deg. north of Behdet. The island of Thera may, however, have
been an oracle centre. It was destroyed by a famous volcanic eruption in Minoan times.

All these sites were revealed as a pattern now termed a 'geodetic octave' by the
projection on the globe of the Argo, which is connected with Sirius. Sirius was not only
the element of the most sacred traditions of the Dogon and the ancient Egyptians, but
apparently of the entire civilized and cosmopolitan Mediterranean world prior at least
to 3000 b.c. and probably well before 3200 b.c.

The amphibious creature Oannes, who brought civilization to the Sumerians, is
sometimes equated with the god Enki (Ea) who ruled the star Canopus of the Argo.
Enki is a god who sleeps at the bottom of a watery abyss, reminiscent of Oannes who
retired to the sea at night. Enki is also the god responsible for the ark in those early tales
of the Sumerians and Babylonians from which the Biblical ark and deluge story was
derived.

The 'Greek ark' was claimed to have landed at both Dodona and Delphi. An 'ark'
was carried in procession at Delphi.

At Delphi and at Delos are surviving omphalos ('navel') stones. Omphalos near
Knossos in Crete is 4 deg. north of Behdet. We know from the Homeric Hymn to Apollo that
Minoans (before 1200 b.c.) 'from Knossos took Apollo to Delphi'.

The Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten's reform was really at least partially a geodetic one,
explaining the move of his capital city. He may have wished to return to the 'pure'
system of pre-dynastic times.

Herodotus tells us that Dodona (according to its priestesses, whom he knew) was
founded from Egypt - specifically Egyptian Thebes. Thebes is equidistant from both
Dodona, where the Greek ark landed, and Mount Ararat, where the Hebrew ark landed.
The three points, when joined, form an equilateral triangle on the globe. Also according
to Herodotus, the Oasis of Siwa, with its oracle of Ammon, was founded from Thebes.
This oasis centre and Thebes are both equidistant from Behdet. Geodetic surveys of
immense accuracy were thus practised in ancient Egypt with a knowledge of the Earth
as a spherical body in space and projections upon it envisaged as part of the institutions
embodying Sirius lore for posterity.

CHAPTER SIX

Origins of the Dogon

We shall now return to Hercules and the number fifty. A connection between
them arises in Pausanius, Book IX (27, 5), when Pausanius is discussing a city
in Boeotia, which is the region where Orchomenos is. The city is called Thespiai
'below Mount Helikon', as he says. He continues:

They have a sanctuary of Herakles [Hercules] where a virgin priestess serves
until she dies. They say this is because Herakles slept with all the fifty
daughters of Thestios in the same night, except for one. She alone refused
to mate with him. Thinking she was insulting him he sentenced her to be his
virgin priestess all her life. I have also heard another legend about it: that
Herakles went through all Thestios's virgin daughters on the same night
and they all bore him male children, but the youngest and the eldest bore
him twins. But I am quite unable to believe that other story, that Herakles
could behave so arrogantly to the daughter of a friend. Besides, even when
he was on earth he used to punish arrogant outrages, particularly if they
were against religion: so? he would hardly have founded his own temple and
set it up with a priestess like a god. But in fact this sanctuary seemed to me
older than the days of Herakles son of Amphitryon, and to belong to the
Idaian Daktylos called Herakles, whose sanctuaries I also discovered at
Erythrai in Ionia and at Tyre. Actually even the Boiotians knew the name,
since they say themselves that the sanctuary of Mykalessian Demeter has
Idaian Herakles as patron.

Levi adds in a footnote that the sanctuary at Tyre is mentioned by Hero-
dotus (2, 45), and gives other references as well.1

To return to the amorous labour of Hercules: I hope it will be noted that
Pausanius had here elucidated a Middle-Eastern connection for this tale with
the important city of Tyre, the site of which is off the coast of present-day
Lebanon. Here, at least, we have a bit of evidence from ancient times bearing
direct witness to the connections between these endless curious traditions in
Greece about the fifty and their Middle-Eastern counterparts, or at least
Middle-Eastern locale.

It would now be worth while for us to see what Robert Graves has to say
about this tale. Graves calls Thestios by the name of Thespius and spends some
time pondering the meaning.2 He says it means 'divinely sounding', but wishes
he could find another meaning. I am inclined to be happy with 'divinely sound-
ing' because of what I believe to be the heavy emphasis on music, sound and

154

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

harmony among the ancients. The Greeks were reputed, for instance, to have
considered music the highest art; and the Pythagoreans made harmony and
number into an actual religion. We have already come across the use of the
octave as a relevant theme in our considerations and we have seen the possible
connection of omphalos and om - the latter being the Indo-Aryan sacred syllable
chanted for its 'divinely sounding' qualities and surviving in Christianity and
Islam as 'Amen'. Since if we were to look for a Greek word to describe the sacred
syllable om we could choose the appropriate name meaning 'divinely sounding',
it seems that this meaning is by no means unsatisfactory.
Graves tells us the following:3

King Thespius had fifty daughters by his wife Megamede [mega-medea?]
daughter of Arneus, as gay as any in Thespiae. Fearing that they might
make unsuitable matches, he determined that every one of them should
have a child by Heracles [Hercules], who was now engaged all day in hunt-
ing the lion; for Heracles lodged at Thespiae for fifty nights running.
[Notice fifty applied here as a succession of days: days, months, years. They
can become blurred as long as fifty remains.] 'You may have my eldest
daughter Procris as your bedfellow,' Thespius told him hospitably. But each
night another of his daughters visited Heracles, until he had lain with every
one. Some say, however, that he enjoyed them all in a single night.

It is interesting to note that the name Procris of the eldest daughter means
'chosen first'. Prokrossoi, which is a closely related form of the same stem means,
'ranged at regular intervals like steps'. Now, what could be a more obvious
name for the eldest daughter than one with such overtones and signification
if it were clearly intended, as it obviously was, to emphasize that the daughters
were not meant to be thought of as individuals but as successive expressions of
fifty successive periods of time - in this case, twenty-four-hour periods, or days ?
But the intention obviously was to highlight the sequence of fifty time periods,
personified as 'daughters' enjoyed by our ubiquitous Hercules who is connected
in so many ways with the Sirius complex.

Graves adds:4 'Thespius's fifty daughters - like the fifty Danaids, Pallantids,
and Nereids, or the fifty maidens with whom the Celtic god Bran (Phoroneus)
lay in a single night - must have been a college of priestesses serving the Moon-
goddess, to whom the lion-pelted sacred king had access once a year during
their erotic orgies around the stone phallus called Eros ('erotic desire'). Their
number corresponded with the lunations which fell between one Olympic
Festival and the next.'

Here is Graves's irrepressible moon-goddess and here are her lunations!
She carries them about with her wherever she goes. But unfortunately, Graves's
brave attempt to find a lunar rationale for the fifty is not sufficient. The Olympic
Games were, as they are now, held every four years, and the Olympiads or
four-year periods were understood to have commenced in 776 B.C., which is
an extremely recent date compared with the extreme antiquity of 'the fifty' in
all its myriad occurrences. For instance, there were no Olympiads in Homer's
day when 'the tale of the Argo was on everybody's lips', and the fifty Minyae
were on their way into literary immortality in what was to become the
Western world. Much more likely that a period of fifty lunations was modelled

ORIGINS OF THE DOGON                                      155

after a long-established tradition - the esoteric fifty-year period. Thus the fifty-
month and fifty-day sequences were probably derived in emulation.

I assume that the cycle of fifty lunations which Graves mentions here is
identical to his fifty-month period of the reign of a sacred king, which is sup-
posed to be 'half of a Great Year of a hundred months'. Can it be that fifty,
as half of one hundred, is meant to represent by its reduplication the two-to-one
ratio as a means of signifying the concept of the musical octave with its two-
to-one ratio?*

And can this be why the Argo is supposed to be 'whole in the sky' (Aratos)
and yet the constellation also supposed to represent only the latter half of a
ship ? Can this apparent double-talk be yet another way of signifying the two-to-
one ratio ?

It also seems significant that each fifty-month period is carefully specified
to constitute 'one reign', even though it is only half of 'the Great Year'. Can
'one reign' be analogous to 'one orbit' and the 'Great Year' of two orbits be
contrived to communicate the two-to-one harmonic ratio of the octave ?

Another occurrence of fifty and a hundred together is with the three mon-
sters born to Uranus the sky and Gaia the earth. Their names were Gottus,
Briareus, and Gyges. ' "From their shoulders sprang a hundred invincible arms
and above these powerful limbs rose fifty heads attached to their backs." For
this reason they were called the Hecatoncheires or the Centimanes,' as we are
reliably told.5

These monsters resemble the monster Cerberus, the hound of Hades who
originally had fifty heads, but later became simplified and had only three heads
- presumably for the same reason that these monsters are three in number, and
also the reason that Hecate (whose pet Cerberus was, and who was a form of
Isis-Sirius and whose name literally means 'one hundred') had three heads or
forms, and that the boat of Sirius in ancient Egypt had three goddesses together
in it. In other words, probably the same reason that the Dogon insist that there
are three stars in the Sirius system. (Despite the fact that the astronomical evi-
dence has recently gone against the existence of a third star, the case is by no
means closed. If there is a third star, it does not produce the perturbation which
had been claimed for it before the seven years' observations recently concluded
by astronomer Irving Lindenblad.6)

We will recall that originally Hercules is supposed to have led the expedition
of the Argo. In the version of Apollonius Rhodios he accompanies the expedition.
Well, in Graves we may read of another traditional exploit of Hercules in the
Black Sea.7 He went 'in search of Hippolyte's girdle in the Black Sea' and 'the
girdle belonged to a daughter of Briareus ("strong"), one of the Hundred-
handed Ones . . . ,' who was of course a fifty-headed one as well. And note his
name: Strong! The word (briaros) means 'strong', and another form is
(briarotes) which means 'strength, might', and a related form
(brithos) means 'weight', and (brithosyne) means 'weight, heaviness'.
Where have we encountered this idea before?

We should note that Hippolyte means simply 'letting horses loose'. And it

* The frequency of a note is doubled when it is raised an octave — hence a ratio of 2 to I.
This may be demonstrated visually on a single string and does not require the modern measure-
ments of frequency.

156                                          THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

was from Colchis that the horses of the sun were let loose every morning, for it
was there that they were stabled, according to Greek tradition. There is also a
really peculiar use of the word hippopede, which has the normal mundane mean-
ing of 'a horse fetter', in a cosmic sense. It appears from Liddell and Scott that
this word was used by the astronomer Eudoxus (the one who went to Egypt and
who was mentioned earlier) as the word for the curve described by a planet.
We know this from Simplicius on Aristotle's De Caelo and Proclus on Euclid.*
Two sources are better than one. There is probably more to this than we can
ever discover, for the necessary texts are lost.

If we examine the name Gyges, who was one of the other three monsters
which included Briareus, we find its meaning has the same origins as
gygantelos, which in English became 'gigantic', but the meaning of this word
was not by any means simply 'giant'. Graves gives Gyges the meaning of 'earth-
born', another concept we have come to expect in connection with our Sirius-
complex of myths. Just as the stones Deukalion and his wife Pyrrha threw over
their shoulders had been torn from their mother earth, Gaia, and were her bones
turning into men to repopulate the earth after the flood and the voyage of the
Greek ark, and just as Jason and also Cadmus sowed the teeth and they sprang
up as 'earth-born men', so we find that Gyges is also 'earth-born'.

And just as Gilgamesh sought strength from the earth when 'his teeth shook'
in the earth, so we discover that gygas means 'mighty' or 'strong', and is also
used in Hesiod to refer to 'the sons of Gaia (Earth)', which is as specific
as we could wish, for it gives an undeniable and conscious connection between
'the children of Gaia' of Deukalion, 'the offspring of Gaia' of the Colchian teeth,
and 'the sons of Gaia' who were a race of giants, and Gyges, whose mother was
Gaia.

And we are not to forget that Gyges, like Briareus, can mean 'strength'
and 'might', though with the particular shade of meaning added that it is
strength and might drawn from the earth, which could be one way of describing
a super-dense body of degenerate matter. After all, super-dense matter is 'strong
earth'. We must also remember that Gyges has fifty heads.

As for the name Cottus, the third of the three monsters, Graves tells us that
it is not Greek. Graves says (3, 1): 'Cottus was the eponymous [name-giving]
ancestor of the Cottians who worshipped the orgiastic Cotytto, and spread her
worship from Thrace throughout North-western Europe. These tribes are
described as "hundred-handed", perhaps because their priestesses were or-
ganized in colleges of fifty, like the Danaids and Nereids; perhaps because
the men were organized in war-bands of one hundred, like the early Romans.'

The Cottians might possibly derive their name from an Egyptian word.

Perhaps it waswhich means 'oarsmen' and has been applied to

'divine oarsmen'. With a different determinative and when not applied to a
man, the word means 'orbit', 'revolution', 'to go around'. And the word in
Egyptian was also applied to a group of specific people in a specific region. The
Qetu were the natives of Qeti, which Wallis Budge says was 'The Circle', that is,

*Simplicius and Proclus arc despised by the orthodox mentalities because they were
neoplatonists. See Appendix One.8

ORIGINS OF THE DOGON

157

'the North Syrian coast about the Gulf of Issus and the deserts between the
Euphrates and the Mediterranean'.

There was also an Egyptian precedent for applying the same name to a
god. Qeti is 'a god of the abyss', and a reduplicated version of the name which
repeats the 'T' as Cotytto does is Qetqet, who is significantly one of the thirty-
six decans. In addition, Qetshu. refers specifically to 'the ''nude" or Syrian
goddess',* which seems clearly to be an orgiastic element, for Graves says that
Cotytto was an orgiastic goddess. It seems fairly clear, then, that Cottus is
of Egyptian origin and originally applies to the orbit of Sirius B, and in the
Egyptian era the particular term came to be associated with a people of Syria
who moved to Thrace, and even in Egyptian times the name had all its applica-
tions to a foreign people, a foreign orgiastic goddess, and Sirius-related concepts
including both oarsmen and an orbit, two ideas which I have frequently con-
nected before. Here in Egyptian we find an orbit called by a name which
applies equally well to divine oarsmen. And the word survives in the fifty-
headed Cottus! Fifty oarsmen, fifty years in the orbit, fifty heads to the Sirius-
monster. How simple, how elegant.

I am indebted to my friend Michael Scott, who once rowed at Oxford,
for the fine suggestion that there could hardly be a better analogy of any symbol
with its intended meaning of 'a specific interval both of space and time' than the
oar-stroke. Rowing is a precisely paced discipline when practised in earnest,
as it would certainly have been in ancient times when it was one of the two
principal means of navigation at sea, and the only reliable one if the winds
failed, as they so often did. It also represents a self-reliance which illustrates
the self-impelled motion of a body in space which is orbiting (or what seems to
be self-impelled).

I should point out here that the earliest name for the figure known to us as
Hercules was, according to Robert Graves in The Greek Myths (132. h.), none
other than Briareus. And we also have learned that the earliest form of Jason
was Hercules (whose earliest form was Briareus). We thus find that Briareus,
with his fifty heads, was the earliest captain of the fifty-oared Argo. Briareus,
whose name means 'weight'. And whose brother's name means both 'oarsman'
and 'orbit'.

Apart from the three monsters each with fifty heads, Gaia also gave
birth to Garamas, who was not only earth-born, but who 'rose from the plain'
like the earth-born men of Colchis. Graves says:9 'The Libyans, however,
claim that Garamas was born before the Hundred-handed Ones and that,
when he rose from the plain, he offered Mother Earth (Gaia) a sacrifice of the
sweet acorn.' The acorn of the oak - the oaks being representative of Dodona,
of the piece of the Argo's prow, and of the Colchian grove!

It is in the footnote of Graves10 that we learn something of really immense
significance to us: 'Garamas is the eponymous ancestor of the Libyan Gara-
mantians who occupied the Oasis of Djado [sic], south of the Fezzan, and were
conquered by the Roman General Balbus in 19 b.c. They are said to have been

* The great goddess of Hierapolis (one of the oracle centres) must be intended by this 'Syrian
goddess'. See note 34 to Chapter 5, reference to Lucian's De Dea Syria, and Garstang; also
see Bibliography.

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

of Cushite-Berber stock, and in the second century a.d. were subdued by the
matrilineal Lemta Berbers. Later they fused with the Negro aboriginals on the
south bank of the Upper Niger, and adopted their language. They survive
today in a single village under the name of Koromantse.'

I need hardly point out to the alert reader that the southern bank of the
Upper Niger is the home of the Dogon! What should be investigated on the
spot is the relations which subsist between this sad shaggy remnant of the Gara-
mantians and the surrounding Dogon and other tribes. Also, the villagers of
Koromantse might be discovered to possess the Sirius lore themselves.

On the most detailed French map of this area there is a village called
Korienze only sixty miles from Bandiagara and in the heart of Dogon country.
It is on the south bank of the Upper Niger and is presumably the place Graves
means.

In line with this important discovery I should point out that Herodotus
says in Book Two (103 and 106): 'It is undoubtedly a fact that the Colchians
are of Egyptian descent . . . the Colchians, the Egyptians, and the Ethiopians
are the only races which from ancient times have practised circumcision. The
Phoenicians and the Syrians of Palestine themselves admit that they adopted
the practice from Egypt, and the Syrians who live near the rivers Thermodon
and Parthenius, as well as their neighbours the Macronians, say that they learnt
it only a short time ago from the Golchians. No other nations use circumcision,
and all these are without doubt following the Egyptian lead.'

Circumcision is fundamental to Dogon culture and forms the central part
of the ritual of the Sigui which the Dogon hold every sixty years - and though I
have pointed all this out earlier, it does no harm to repeat it.

We shall recall if we read the Argonautica that the Argonauts were blown
off course to Libya, where they were stranded for some time. In his book
Herodotean Inquiries?11 Seth Benardete speaks of the Garamantes to whom he
gives an alternative name, the Gamphasantes. They are described in Herodotus,
Book Four (after 178) as inhabitants of 'Further inland to the southward, in the
part of Libya where wild beasts are found'. At 179 Herodotus connects Jason
and the Argonauts' visit to Libya with the eventual foundation in Libya 'of
a hundred Grecian cities'. Benardete's comments in his book connect the Argo's
visit to Libya and the Libyan city of Cyrene:

Herodotus first indicates how closely Libya, Egypt, Scythia, and Greece
are joined. The ancestors of Cyrene's founders were descendants of Jason's
companions, who sailed to Colchis, originally an Egyptian colony on the
eastern shore of the Black Sea; and the third generation from these
Argonauts were expelled from Lemmos by the very same Pelasgians who
later abducted Athenian women from Brauron, where a cult of Artemis-
Iphigeneia was practised, just as among the Taurians in the Crimea;
and Jason is said to have been carried off course to Libya. Cyrene is the
melting-pot of Egyptian, Libyan, and Scythian things. Its founding sug-
gests the Scythian account of their origins. They said that golden objects
fell from heaven, which flashed fire when the two older brothers of Kolaxais
approached them, but Kolaxais himself was able to take them home. To
these celestial [sic: poiemata] there here correspond the oracular

ORIGINS OF THE DOGON

159

verses of Delphi which, in both the Theban and Cyrenaic versions, prompted
the sending of a colony to Libya.

Robert Graves got his information12 on the Garamantians going to the Up-
per Niger by way of Libya from a series of books by Eva Meyrowitz, an anthro-
pologist who spent many years studying the Akan tribe of Ghana, directly
south of the Dogon.13 Graves paraphrases her books: 'The Akan people result
from an ancient southward emigration of Libyo-Berbers - cousins to the pre-
Hellenic population of Greece - from the Sahara desert oases (see 3, 3) and their
intermarriage at Timbuctoo with Niger River Negroes.' Timbuctoo - or Tim-
buktu - is the nearest big city to the Dogon. Graves continues: 'In the eleventh
century a.d. they moved still further south to what is now Ghana.' I might point
out that the path of migration from Timbuctoo to Ghana goes straight through
the country of the Dogon, whose territory is directly south of Timbuctoo. So it is
quite clear by now that peoples intimately connected with the Sirius tradition
came from Greece to Libya and thence south to the Libyan oases of the
Sahara, thence further south-west past the Sahara to Timbuctoo and the region
of the Dogon where they mingled with Negroes of the Dogon region and took
their local language for themselves, eventually becoming indistinguishable from
the local African population in appearance and speech, but retaining their old
traditions as their most secret doctrines. The migration route is shown in Figure
27.14

There is something incredible in the survival of the Argonauts in the obscure
reaches of the French Sudan! In fact, these people, which I assume must
include the Dogon as well as their immediate southern neighbours (and the
Dogon sell onions to Ghana as part of their livelihood), seem to be direct
descendants of Lemnian Greeks who claimed to be the grandsons of the actual
Argonauts! It almost seems too amazing to be true, that we should have begun
this book by considering a strange African tribe, then considered similar Sirius
traditions in the Mediterranean stemming from ancient Egypt, and then be led
back again to the African tribe whom we discover to be directly descended
from the Mediterranean peoples privy to the Sirius complex!

Later, I shall mention a bit more about the Pelasgians, who lived in Arcadia
and, so Herodotus informs us, were not conquered by the Dorian invaders of
Greece in pre-classical times. They have been among the main continuers of
the Sirius tradition as, apparently, have the people they displaced by force.
But I mention them now to give more relevant information for this Libyan
connection. Graves says:15 'According to the Pelasgians, the goddess Athene
was born beside Lake Tritonis in Libya', and: 'Plato identified Athene, patro-
ness of Athens, with the Libyan goddess Neith . . . Neith had a temple at Sais
(in Egypt), where Solon was treated well merely because he was an Athenian
. . . Herodotus writes (IV, 189): "Athene's garments and aegis were borrowed
by the Greeks from the Libyan women ..."... Ethiopian girls still wear this
costume . . . Herodotus adds here that the loud cries of triumph, olulu, ololu,
uttered in honour of Athene above (Iliad, vi. 297-301) were of Libyan origin.
Tritone means "the third queen".' Again the reference to the three goddesses.
And recall that in Libya was the shrine of Ammon equivalent to the Dodona
oracle of Zeus, where the other of the two birds flew from Egyptian Thebes.

162

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

And Athene, the daughter of Zeus, is equivalently the daughter of Ammon,
who is identified with Zeus.

Athene was also known as Pallas Athene, for reasons given in Graves.
He adds that 'the third Pallas' was father of 'the fifty Pallantids, Theseus's
enemies (see 97.g and 99.a), who seem to have been originally fighting priestesses
of Athene'. Once again the fifty.

Graves gives some interesting information:16 Tottery finds suggest a Libyan
immigration into Crete as early as 4000 B.C.; and a large number of goddess-
worshipping Libyan refugees from the Western Delta seem to have arrived
there when Upper and Lower Egypt were forcibly united under the First
Dynasty about the year 3000 B.C. The First Minoan Age began soon afterwards,
and Cretan culture spread to Thrace and Early Helladic Greece.'

While again on the subject of the fifty, I want to note more information
concerning Cerberus, the fifty-headed hound of Hades. Graves says:17 'Echidne
bore a dreadful brood to Typhon: namely, Cerberus . . .', etc. Recall that
Typhon was identified with Python18 in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo and else-
where ; Python was the particular monster, slain by Apollo according to legend,
whose rotting corpse lay directly under the oracle of Delphi.

Graves continues:19 'Cerberus, associated by the Dorians with the dog-
headed Egyptian god Anubis who conducted souls to the Underworld, seems
to have originally been the Death-goddess Hecate, or Hecabe; she was por-
trayed as a bitch because dogs eat corpse flesh and howl at the moon. . . .
Orthrus, who fathered [various creatures] on Echidne was Sirius, the Dog-star,
which inaugurated the Athenian New Year. He had two heads, like Janus,
because the reformed year at Athens had two seasons, not three.' The three
heads of Hecate, of Cerberus in his simplified form, etc., possibly all represent
the old, original year which had three seasons and originated in Egypt with the
three seasons of their (1) inundation, (2) sowing, (3) harvesting, which were
traditional there. But it seems unlikely. For why would the three goddesses
sail in their Sirius boat in Egyptian representations which have absolutely
nothing to do with a calendar? In short, the three goddesses and the three-
headedness always to do with Sirius are not calendrical at all. But by the
extremely late times of Athens, calendrical explanations may have become
fashionable for what could not otherwise be explained.

In the above passages I hope the reader will note the specific information
that connects Anubis (which much earlier I identified on altogether separate
grounds with the orbit of Sirius B) with the Greek version of Anubis, Cerberus,
with his fifty heads. In the Egyptian tradition I hadn't found any specific con-
nection between Anubis and fifty. It is true that we have found the Egyptian
word qe(i means both 'oarsman' and 'orbit', and as there were always fifty
oarsmen in the Sirius-related boats, both in Greek and Sumerian saga, we were
on our way to an identification on solid grounds. But here at last a specific
connection has come to light, and would seem to be a splendid confirmation of
my identification! And furthermore, we see that the dog Orthrus who was the
brother of Cerberus, was specifically identified with Sirius. We thus have
found in the Mediterranean world all the elements of the description of the
Sirius system which were possessed by the Dogon. And we have also traced the
Mediterranean Sirius lore to the Dogon by way of Libya, then the Saharan

ORIGINS OF THE DOGON                                       163

oases, then Timbuktu, and finally the south bank of the Upper Niger and the
Dogon region. Thus, through thousands of miles and thousands of years, we
have discovered the source of that strange tradition still intact among a tribe
deep in 'darkest Africa'. But there is more to be learnt. We must examine the
Mediterranean tradition more closely, and particularly its oldest Egyptian
origins in the shadowy pre-dynastic world of Behdet (which seems not to have
been excavated and has presumably been lost in the mud of the Nile delta).

The father of Orthrus the Sirius-dog and his brother Cerberus the fifty-
headed dog was the monster Typhon whom we mentioned a moment ago. And
it is worth while for us to see what Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon has to say
about the meaning of the name Typhon and also related forms of this word.

One meaning of(Typhon), curiously enough, is 'a kind of comet' -

in other words, a moving star! Another form is either Typhoeus or Typhos and
specifically refers to the youngest son of Gaia, who was mother also of the three
fifty-headed monsters and of Garamas. Typhos means 'smoke, vapour', and
also 'conceit, vanity (because it clouds or darkens a man's intellect)'.
Typhlos means 'blind' and specifically 'in the sense of misty, darkened'. The
verb Typhloo means 'to blind, make blind' or 'to blind, baffle'. It also means
'to wrap in smoke'.

Since Typhon is specifically said to be the father of Sirius (Orthrus)
and one of its unexplained definitions is a description of a moving star, and its
son has fifty heads, I take all the references to obscurity and invisibility to
mean that Typhon represents Sirius B which is the dark companion of Sirius
and is invisible to us. In other words, we are typhlos (blind) to Typhon because
it seems as if it were obscured or typhloo'd by typhos (vapour, smoke), and we are
baffled, blind (typhlos) in the sense of the subject being darkened (typhloo).

A possible origin of the word Typhon may be the Egyptian word tephit
or teph-t, both of which have the meaning of 'cave, cavern, hole in the ground'.
This Egyptian word describes perfectly the chasm at Delphi in which Python
was supposed to lie rotting, his corpse giving off the fumes out of the earth.
And, as we have seen, Python was equated with Typhon in early times.

If we take the Egyptian word Up we discover that it means 'mouth' and in
the form tep ra it means 'mouth of the god' literally, but in fact the real meaning
of this is 'divine oracle'. Tep is an unaspirated teph. Hence the Up of Delphi has a
tephit, or cavernous abyss beneath it. Later I shall consider the Egyptian word
Up in its further ramifications. But for the moment it is sufficient to see that
Typhon almost certainly originates from the Egyptian word describing a
cavern or hole in the earth, as the Egyptians founded the tep or oracle at Delphi
and naturally used their own word to describe the cavern. As Delphi passed
into Greek culture and the Egyptians became forgotten in all but vague legends
such as the famous visit of the Canopic Herakles to Delphi, etc., the original
word to describe Delphi's cavern would have been retained through the
natural conservative inclinations of religious organizations who retain antique
words and language for notoriously long periods of time, forgetting their ori-
gins. Hence a Greek who had no knowledge of Egyptian culture or that it had
ever penetrated to his homeland in earlier days would nevertheless call the
cavern at Delphi which produced the sulphurous fumes the den of Typhon
after its original Egyptian designation of tephit. It has been noted by people

164

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

other than myself and with greater knowledge that the Sumerian word for
cavern, abzu, survived in Greek as abyssos, leading to our English 'abyss'.

The fumes arising from the Delphic cavern obviously gave rise to the usage
of forms of the word for 'obscuring with smoke, dark', etc. And the fact that the
personified Typhon became closely associated with Sirius was obviously
due to the fact that this word which had entered Greek usage and been extended
to considerations of 'darkness, obscurity', was useful in the traditional Sirius
lore as adopted in Greece. The other meanings for the word then developed
from there, except for the obvious popular usages, such as applying the word to
a description of 'vanity' because vanity clouds a man's intellect - a really superb
extension of the meaning for use in poetic and common expression.

It is probably considerations such as the Typhonic in the sense of Sirius
B's association with darkness and obscurity, and hence with cavernous
blackness, that some of the Sirius-related divinities were reputed to live in
the dark underworld in later times. The prototype of these is quite specifically
Anubis, the embalmer of mummies. Anubis was not originally meant to be a
death god per se and his association with mummies and the underworld has been
previously explained. Egyptian mummies were, as I have said, embalmed over
a period of seventy days, to correspond with the number of days each year when
the star Sirius was 'in the Duat, or Underworld', and was not visible in the
night sky. Hence the seventy-day 'death' of Sirius each year was the funda-
mental and earliest underworld aspect of the Sirius lore. Of course, Anubis,
as the expression of the orbit of Sirius B, was invisible all the time, and not only
for seventy days a year. Hence the permanent Typhonic darkness could be
even further extended in later lore and a heightened sense of the importance of
the underworld aspects could arise. This concept of invisibility and darkness
must have become more and more important as time went on and the grasp
of the nature of the mysteries became weakened by successive generations of
initiates who were further and further from the original sources of information,
though the Dogon even down to our time have maintained the information in a
remarkably pure state. So there developed the underworld nature of the fifty-
headed Cerberus-Anubis in Greek times. With the earlier Egyptians, as always
with them, the underworld concept had been on more than one level. To the
public the underworld aspect seemed to be entirely explicable by the disappear-
ance of Sirius for seventy days - a fact which anyone could notice - and its
reappearance following that period at dawn on the occasion of the star's heliacal
rising. But the priests knew that the dark companion of Sirius was never visible.
It would be worth while now to look a little more closely at the dog Orthrus,
who was Sirius. Orthrus is the dog of the herdsman Eurytion. Graves interest-
ingly compares this Eurytion with the Sumerian Enkidu, the companion of
Gilgamesh who was hairy and wild and came from the steppes and was
imbued with incredible strength:20 'Eurytion is the "interloper", a stock charac-
ter ... The earliest mythical example of the interloper is the same Enkidu:
he interrupted Gilgamesh's sacred marriage with the Goddess of Erech [Uruk],
and challenged him to battle.' It is particularly interesting to find the Greek
companion of Sirius compared by Graves to the Sumerian Enkidu, whom
I also have identified with the companion of Sirius. For 'companion of Sirius'
is precisely what Eurytion is; if Orthrus is Sirius and Eurytion the herdsman

ORIGINS OF THE DOGON

165

accompanies him, then Eurytion is the 'companion of Sirius'. And Enkidu
is the strong hairy wild man who endured a trial of strength against Gilgamesh
and became his companion after their wrestling match. Both Eurytion and
Enkidu are hairy and rustic characters, and they seem to be related also to the
god Pan, whose hairy and rustic nature classes him with them.

The motif of 'interloper' and 'interrupting' and of challenging to a test of
strength has to do with the fact that the bright star Sirius is challenged
by its strong companion star. Graves adds: 'Another interloper is Agenor'
and Agenor means 'very manly'. He interrupted the wedding of Perseus with
Andromeda. Perseus was the son of Danae, great-granddaughter of Danaos,
who had fifty daughters. As we learn in Graves,21 Danae herself had connections
with an ark. Her father 'locked her and the infant Perseus in a wooden ark,
which he cast into the sea'. Later companions of Perseus in his exploits were
'a party of Cyclopes'.22 This is yet another familiar ingredient.

Perseus fell in love with Andromeda, the daughter of Cassiopeia. Graves
says:23 'Cassiopeia had boasted that both she and her daughter were more beauti-
ful than the Nereids, who complained of this insult', etc. And, of course, the
number of the Nereids, it should surprise no one, was fifty. Of them, Graves
says:24 'The fifty Nereids seem to have been a college of Moon-priestesses'.
Graves explains the recurring fifty in relation to moon lore. It is a brave but
unconvincing solution, but how many scholars have even tried to find a
solution ?

It is interesting in the light of our knowledge of Danaus having fifty daugh-
ters to read the opening of Pindar's tenth Nemean Ode25 which is written
largely about the city of Argos (a name related to Argo just as was the name
Argus of the Argo's builder and as was the word 'ark'):

The city of Danaos

And his fifty daughters on shining thrones,

Sing of it, Graces,

Of Argos, home of Hera, fit for the gods.

Perseus and Danae also have a connection with Argos. And as for the
Graces here mentioned, their worship was first instituted at Orchomenos. The
Graces are often associated with Hermes and called 'the Graces of Hermes'
and this occurs especially in a work such as The Lives of the Philosophers**
by the historian Eunapius, whose Universal History was unfortunately lost.
In the work just referred to, Eunapius tells us something extremely interesting
about the area of Behdet and Canopus in Egypt. In speaking of Antoninus, the
son of the remarkable and brilliant woman Sosipatra, Eunapius tells us: 'He
crossed to Alexandria, and then so greatly admired and preferred the mouth of
the Nile at Canobus, that he wholly dedicated and applied himself to the
worship of the gods there, and to their secret rites.'27 And also: 'Antoninus was
worthy of his parents, for he settled at the Canobic mouth of the Nile and de-
voted himself wholly to the religious rites of that place'28 This is interesting,
that there were rites peculiar to Canopus to which one could exclusively devote
oneself. A little later,29 Eunapius mentions that the Christians destroyed the
temples in the vicinity and demolished the Serapeurn at Alexandria, and set-

166

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

tied their black-robed monks on the spot of Canopus in order to supplant pagan-
ism there. Hence, we see that that particular place had a unique importance.
Surely it should be excavated. The pagan mysteries of the place, eventually
destroyed by the Christians, probably continued the Behdet tradition and were
related to our Sirius question.

But back now to the quotations from Pindar given above. What is so
especially significant about this passage of Pindar's is the expression 'and his
fifty daughters on shining thrones'. It will be remembered that the throne

is the hieroglyph for Ast or Isis identified with Sirius, that the fifty
Anunnaki of Sumer were on thrones, etc. All through the earlier traditions
there has been a great deal of emphasis on the throne in connection with the
Sirius material, and here in the late Pindar we find the same. By describing him
as 'late' I do so on our Sirius time-scale, for of course he was at the very earliest
portion of the Greek classical age.

There are further connections between the Sirius system and Argos and
Danaos. Connections with the Minyan Libyans are many. The father of Danaos
was himself 'the son of Libya by Poseidon'.30 Danaos was also 'sent to rule
Libya5.31 However, the connection with Egypt is also strong. Danaos's twin
brother was called Aegyptos, of whom we read:32 'Aegyptus was given Arabia
as his kingdom; but also subdued the country of the Melampodes [the 'black-
footed people' - the Egyptians], and named it Egypt after himself. Fifty sons
were born to him of various mothers: Libyans, Arabians, Phoenicians, and the
like.' So we see Danaos's twin brother had fifty sons. And Danaos had fifty
daughters. This demolishes Graves's argument that they must refer to a college
of fifty moon-priestesses, and emphasizes the connection with the fifty male
companions of Gilgamesh, fifty male Argonauts, fifty male Anunnaki, etc.
Notice the two related but also quite definitely separate groups of fifty here.
Together they add up to a hundred - a hecate - and have the same grandparents,
but they are basically two separate fifties. Not only do they have separate parents
and especially separate fathers, but they are separately distinguished by sex.

Danaos learns that his brother wishes to marry his fifty sons to Danaos's
fifty daughters with the aim of their killing the fifty daughters after marrying
them. So Danaos and his daughters all take flight to Rhodes* and then to Greece
where they land and Danaos announces that he is divinely chosen to become the
King of Argos. Note that he chooses Argos. This and his connection with fifty
are especially important later when I give the derivation of the words Argo,
Argos, etc. And it is particularly interesting that when Danaos flees his brother
he does so in a ship which he built with Athena's assistance - exactly the case
with the Argonauts, who built the Argo with Athena's assistance.

The way in which Danaos became King of Argos was that a wolf came down
from the hills and killed the lead bull and the Argives accepted the omen.
'Danaus, convinced that the wolf had been Apollo in disguise, dedicated the
famous shrine to wolfish Apollo at Argos, and became so powerful a ruler that
all the Pelasgians of Greece called themselves Danaans. He also built the citadel

* This may be an indication that Rhodes, at latitude 36 deg. 30', does indeed belong in the
sequence of oracle centres as was only tentatively suggested in the chart at the end of Chapter
Five.

ORIGINS OF THE DOGON                                       167

of Argos, and his daughters brought the Mysteries of Demeter, called Thesmo-
phoria, from Egypt and taught these to the Pelasgian women. But, since
the Dorian invasion, the Thesmophoria are no longer performed in the
Peloponnese, except by the Arcadians.'33

It is well known that the Pelasgians survived in Greece only in remote
Arcadia after the Dorian invasion. This is why some of the older traditions
continued in that strange region after they had ceased to exist elsewhere in
Greece. Arcadia was in a sense the Wales of Greece. The Pelasgians considered
themselves 'earth-born', as I shall discuss in a moment. Note that there is a
specific reference to Egyptian mysteries being transplanted in Greece among
the Pelasgians. When Danaos fled from Egypt to Argos, he is specifically said to
have brought Egyptian mysteries, the Thesmophoria. Presumably the Sirius-
complex was thus transplanted. (One should read Herodotus II, 165-70.)
The element of the wolf, sometimes substituted for the dog in the Sirius tradi-
tion of the Dog Star, is important. It is an obvious European substitute for the
non-existent jackal of Anubis. With no jackal in Europe, the wolf was the candi-
date. Wolfish Apollo is jackalish. It was from this changing of the jackal into
the wolf through adaptation to the European clime that those peculiar wolf
traditions arose in wild Arcadia which developed in pre-classical times into
the werewolf concepts. Human blood-sucking vampires, the use of garlic for
protection against them, and lycanthropy of werewolves all luxuriated in
the wilds of Arcady among the Pelasgian survivors in pre-classical Greece after
the Dorian invasion. The phenomenon is rather like the plethora of fairy-tales
and 'Celtic twilight' to be found in Ireland, with the multitude of fantastic stories and creatures. What is a werewolf? It is a man's body with a wolf's
head. That is exactly what Anubis became when transferred to Greece; instead
of a man's body with a jackal's head, he was a man with a wolf's head because
there was no jackal in Greece. And the temples of Wolfish (or Lycian) Apollo,
were not altogether rare in Greece. Aristotle's famous school at Athens, the
Lyceum, was in the grounds of the Lycian Apollo's temple just outside the
Athens Gate of Diochares. The name 'Lyceum' comes from the Lycian Apollo,
which is the Wolfish Apollo.

It is extremely interesting, incidentally, to read in Pausanius (Book II, 38,
4) that near Argos 'are the Landings, where they say Danaos and his sons
first landed in the Argolid'. Here we read that Danaos had sons, not daughters.
This is a strong indication that what was really meant to be significant about
Danaos's progeny was not their sex but their number of fifty. And from Pindar
we see that they were on fifty thrones. The fact that Aegyptus of Egypt had
fifty sons as well and that Danaos's daughters (or sons) taught the Egyptian
mysteries to the Greeks all indicates that what transpired was a transplanting
from Egypt to Greece of the all-important tradition to be common to both
countries from then on - the fifty as linked with the Dog Star Sirius and as celes-
tial thrones. In other words, the mystery of the orbit of Sirius B around Sirius
A in its fifty celestial steps.

According to Graves,34 the serpent's teeth sown by Jason were 'a few left
over from Cadmus's sowing at Thebes'. Graves says of the latter:35 'A small
tribe, speaking a Semitic language, seems to have moved up from the Syrian
plains to Cadmeia in Caria. Cadmus is a Semitic word meaning "eastern" -

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

168

whence they crossed over to Boeotia towards the end of the second millennium,
seized Thebes, and became masters of the country. The myth of the Sown
Men . . .' But before continuing his explanation I shall quote his description
of the events. In Plate 15 is an ancient Greek vase painting of Cadmus standing
above a hare, just as Orion 'stands' on Lepus, the Hare, in the night sky.
Graves tells us:36

Cadmus sailed with Telephassa to Rhodes [where Danaos also stopped in
his flight to Argos], where he dedicated a brazen cauldron to Athene of
Lindus, and built Poseidon's temple, leaving a hereditary priesthood behind
to care for it. [Like Danaos, Cadmus instituted religious rites where he
went.] They next touched at Thera [the place from which the Minyae
later left their settlements there to go to Libya], and built a similar temple,
finally reaching the land of the Thracian Edonians, who received them
hospitably. Here Telephassa [who was Cadmus's mother and whose name
means Tar shiner'; her husband and Cadmus's father was 'Agenor, Libya's
son by Poseidon and twin to Belus (who) left Egypt to settle in the Land of
Canaan, where he married Telephassa, otherwise called Argiope ("bright-
face"), who bore him Cadmus', etc. And notice the name Argiope, related
as it is to what we will discuss in a moment as the Argo-complex of words
and the related meaning of argent, silver, taken here as the shade of meaning
from this large Argo-complex.] died suddenly and, after her funeral, Cadmus
and his companions proceeded on foot to the Delphic Oracle. When he
asked where Europe (his lost sister) might be found, the Pythoness (of
Delphi) advised him to give up his search and, instead, follow a cow and
build a city wherever she should sink down for weariness. ... at last (the
cow) sank down where the city of Thebes now stands, and here (Cadmus)
erected an image of Athene, calling it by her Phoenician name of
Onga. Cadmus, warning his companions that the cow must be sacrificed
to Athene without delay, sent them to fetch lustral water from the Spring
of Ares [Mars], now called the Castalian Spring, but did not know that it
was guarded by a great serpent. This serpent killed most of Cadmus's men,
and he took vengeance by crushing its head with a rock. No sooner had
he offered to Athene the sacrifice than she appeared, praising him for what
he had done, and ordering him to sow the serpent's teeth in the soil. When
he obeyed her, armed Sparti, or Sown Men, at once sprang up, clashing
their weapons together. Cadmus tossed a stone among them [just as Jason
later did] and they began to brawl, each accusing the other of having thrown
it, and fought so fiercely that, at last, only five survived; Echion, Udaeus,
Chthonius, Hyperenor, and Pelorus, who unanimously offered Cadmus
their services. But Ares demanded vengeance for the death of the serpent,
and Cadmus was sentenced by a divine court to become his bondsman
for a Great Year.

Note here that the serpent's teeth motif is again linked with the concept of
fifty. For the Great Year is a hundred months long and consists of two separate
cycles of fifty months, as I have mentioned before. It is just as well for us that
Hyginus and Apollodorus have preserved this interesting bit of information
which Graves has passed on from them. The 'Spring of Ares' resembles 'the

ORIGINS OF THE DOGON                                      169

grove of Ares' where the golden fleece was hung, and both were guarded by
serpents. And in both the story of the Argo and this story the hero throws a
stone in the midst of the sown men - the stone motif again, a thrown stone
being central to the Deukalion story and to the Orchomenos ghost, etc.
And it was a stone with which Cadmus crushed the serpent's head as well.

The cow in the Cadmus story is also reminiscent of the Egyptian sacred
cow Hathor, who was identified with Isis. Hathor is the form we use for the
original Egyptian He-t-Her, which means 'the House of Horus'. (Horus is, of
course, our form for the Egyptian Heru, or Her.)

It is interesting that the cow Hathor - 'House of Horus' - is identified with
Isis, who, as Sothis, is the star Sirius and who is also the Mother of Horus.
Hathor seems to be meant to represent the actual Sirius system, the 'house' or
area in the celestial regions. And significantly the sister of Isis, Nephthys, whom

I  have earlier identified with Sirius B, the dark star of the system, is our form
for the original Egyptian Neb-t-He-t, which means 'Lady of the House'.
The reader will recall a previous discussion of the word Neb meaning 'Lord'.
Neb-t is merely the female form of the word, and means 'Lady'. And presumably
the house of which Nephthys is the Lady is the House of Horus. In other words,
the lady is just as much a resident of the area of Sirius as is Sirius herself. Just
because she is the dark sister does not mean that she is not quite as much at
home in the House of Horus as Isis.

So much for the cow who led Cadmus to the serpent's teeth. It will all make
even more sense as we go along. Wait till we find out what 'serpent's teeth'
really means.

Now to resume Graves's commentary on all these Cadmean adventures at
Thebes :37 'The myth of the Sown Men and Cadmus's bondage to Ares suggests
that the invading Cadmeans secured their hold on Boeotia by successfully
intervening in a civil war among the Pelasgian tribes who claimed to be autoch-
thonous ['sprung from the earth']; and that they accepted the local rule of
an eight-year [one hundred months according to Graves's lunar theories, but
it really comes to only ninety-six] reign for the sacred king. Cadmus killed the
serpent in the same sense as Apollo killed the Python at Delphi (see 21.12).
The names of the Sown Men - Echion ("viper"); Udaeus ("of the earth")'. ..

At this point I shall interrupt him once again.38 Let us look at this strange
name Udaeus. We should note that the similar word, (odax) means 'by
biting with the teeth' and comes from the verb rootand its infinitive

dakein which means 'to bite - of dogs'! Perhaps this is a clue as to the importance
of teeth, since in Greek there was this word 'to bite' which specifically referred
to the biting of dogs and it may be that this aspect of dogs was incorporated at a
pre-Hellenic early date into the lore of the Dog Star by one of those many puns
which proliferated in all the high civilizations of the Mediterranean. We must,
in order to understand the ancient inclinations to punning, rid ourselves of our

modern prejudice against puns as a form of humour. Puns in the ancient world
had no direct humorous intent. In a milieu where codes and allegories were
sorely needed, puns provided the 'handles' to new ways of cloaking truths by
use of synonyms. If it was a game, it was a sacred game, a ludens. For Thebes
was the site of the Castalian Spring, as just mentioned a moment ago, and was
intimately part of the milieu of the ludi of the ancient world.

ORIGINS OF THE DOGON                                      171

Also, where circe meant 'rings', so does daktylios - which specifically means
'anything ring-shaped'. Thus we see another meaning in common in our
complex of interweaving terms connected with Sirius traditions. A possible
further example of this is4 in the hieroglyphics of Egypt. Wallis Budge informs
us in Egyptian Language, in his list of hieroglyphs,39 that the sign for 'thorn'
(which is the tooth of a plant) is almost identical with the sign for Sothis-
Sirius. The same sign tilted 450 represents ateb, the land on one side of the
Nile, and if placed one on top of another, forming a pair, means 'all Egypt'.
The very same sign is incorporated in the sign for art meaning 'jawbone with
teeth'. Remember Gilgamesh with his jaw to the earth 'and his teeth shook'.
Certainly this all seems to mean something. In fact, the same single sign
which means 'the land on one side of the Nile5 and looks like a tilted tooth,
also has the general meaning of 'earth', which latter concept is so important
in all the later Greek Sirius-traditions. It may well be that all these puns on the
determinative hieroglyphic sign for Sirius came, in the usual way with
the pun-loving Egyptian priests, to form a complicated body of Sirius doctrine
involving teeth, Earth-born, ring-shaped, falcon or hawk (Circe), etc., etc.
It should therefore not surprise us in the least to learn that the ancient Egyptian
word for 'tooth', abeh has exactly the same hieroglyph as the word for Earth.
Hence the origin, almost without question, of the connection between teeth
and the Earth! For in ancient Egypt they were written by the identical sign,
which were tilted forms of the same sign used to represent Sirius!

Notes

1.  Peter Levi's translation of Pausanius, op. cit.

2.  Graves, The Greek Myths, op. cit., 120.1.

3.   Ibid.

4.  Ibid., 120.1.

5.  Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, Paul Hamlyn, London, 1965, pp. 90-1.

6.  Lindenblad, op. cit. (see Notes to Chapter One). See also further discussion in Chapter Eight.

7.  Greek Myths, 131.g. and 131.2.

8.  Proclus on Euclid's Elements, op. cit.: two translations, one by Thomas Taylor (1792) and
one by Glenn Morrow (1960s). A translation by Thomas Taylor of much of Simplicius's
commentary on Aristotle's De Caelo (On the Heavens) may be found in The Works of Aristotle,
London, 1806-12, 9 vols., all trans, by Thomas Taylor and 'printed for the translator'.
However, only fifty copies were printed and not a single volume of this work is to be found
either in the British Museum Library or in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. The publication
was financed originally by William and George Meredith, patrons of learning at the
beginning of the nineteenth century. Patrons of this kind of learning seem thin on the ground
these days, since the Bollingen Foundation in New York has ceased its benefactions; Geoffrey
Watkins, the London publisher and bookseller who would occasionally reprint Thomas
Taylor's work in small editions, has now retired and his successors have abandoned his
policies to concentrate on ecology. The above 9 vol. work contains the only English transla-
tions ever done of the majority of the Neoplatonic commentaries on Aristotle. And yet, not
only are these translations unavailable in print, but they are even not available for con-
sultation in the world's most respected libraries, so that one may not even see them. (These
libraries really should make some effort to obtain photostats or microfilms of the books.)
A friend of mine owns a few volumes of this set and an acquaintance had a chance to buy
some of the volumes at a Sotheby's auction but said they reached a terrible price which he
thought beyond his range.

9.   Greek Myths, 3.C.

172                                               THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

10.   Ibid., 3.3.

11.  Benardete, Seth. Herodotean Inquiries, The Hague, 1969, p. 126.

12.   See the end of his Introduction to Greek Myths, op. cit.

13.  The four books by Eva Meyrowitz are now out of print. In the fourth book of the series
(see Note 14) the author describes the series: 'This is the fourth volume of the series of
which the first, The Sacred State of the Akan [195,1], gives a picture of the old Akan civilization.
The second, Akan Traditions of Origin [1952], deals with the early history of the people who
now call themselves Akan. The third, The Akan of Ghana, their Ancient Beliefs [1958, originally
entitled The Akan Cosmological Drama], showed the development of their religion. The fourth,
here presented, attempts to show that Akan religion, which includes the cult of the divine
king and the main features of their social organization, is largely derived from Ancient
Egypt.' Eva Meyrowitz is an anthropologist from Cape Town who worked in the Gold Coast
(now Ghana) from 1936-45 studying the peoples of that country. The third volume men-
tioned above (1958) contains a final chapter which is entitled 'Analogies to Akan Beliefs and
Customs in Libyan North Africa'. As for the Akan peoples, they speak languages of the
Twi branch of the Kwa sub-family of the Western Sudanic linguistic stock and inhabit the
eastern part of Ivory Coast, the southern half of Ghana, and parts of Togo. The majority
are in Ghana, where they settled in successive waves between the 11 th and 18th centuries.
All of Meyrowitz's books above, and the fourth mentioned in Note 14, were published by
Faber in London.

14.   The Divine Kingship in Ghana and Ancient Egypt (originally entitled The Akan of Ghana, the
Akan Divine Kingship and Its Prototype in Ancient Egypt), Faber, London, 1960. Went out of
print in February 1963. The map is adapted from one in this book.

15.  Greek Myths, op. cit., 8.

16.   Ibid., 8.2.

17.   Ibid., 34.

18.   Ibid., 21.2.

19.   Ibid., 34.1. and 34.3.

20.   Ibid., 143.5.

21.   Ibid., 73.C.

22.   Ibid., 73.p.

23.   Ibid., 73.J.

24.   Ibid., 33.3.

25.   The Odes of Pindar, trans, by G. M. Bowra, Penguin paperback, 1969, p. 176.

26.   Eunapius, Lives of the Philosophers and Sophists, trans, by W. C. Wright, in Vol. No. 134 of
Loeb Library Series (Philostratus and Eunapius), Heinemann, London; Harvard University
Press, U.S.A., 1961.

27.   Ibid., p. 419 (text, 471).

28.   Ibid., p. 417 (text, 470).

29.   Ibid., pp. 421-5 (text 472): 'Next, into the sacred places they imported monks, as they
called them, who were men in appearance but led the lives of swine, and openly did and
allowed countless unspeakable crimes. But this they accounted piety, to show contempt for
things divine. For in those days every man who wore a black robe and consented to behave
in unseemly fashion in public possessed the power of a tyrant, to such a pitch of virtue had
the human race advanced! All this however I have described in my Universal History.
They settled these monks at Canobus also, and thus fettered the human race to the worship
of slaves . . .' Among the unspeakable crimes being referred to was the destruction by Bishop
Theodosius of the Great Library of Alexandria because it contained 'heathen literature'.
Hence, the loss of the hundreds of thousands of books from the ancient world, which everyone
laments so often, took place at the hands of a fanatical Christian bishop attempting to wipe
out all trace of history before Christ, and not as the result of an accidental fire from the time
of Mark Anthony, as the story is usually told.

30.  Graves, Greek Myths, op. cit., 6o.a.

31.   Ibid., 6o.b.

32.   Ibid., 6o.b.

33.   Ibid., 6o.f.

34.   Ibid., 152.C

35.   Ibid., 58.5.

ORIGINS OF THE DOGON                                           173

36.   Ibid., 58.e-g.

37.   Ibid., 58.e-g.

38.   I will complete the quotation from Graves here: '. . . Chthonius (''of the soil"); Hyperenor
("man who comes up") and Pelorus ("serpent") - are characteristic of oracular heroes.
But "Pelorus" suggests that all Pelasgians, not merely the Thebans, claimed to be born
in this way; their common feast is the Peloria (see 1.2.)'. The remaining three names are
thus seen to be quite as one would expect.

39.  Wallis Budge, E. A. Egyptian Language, Routledge, Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1951, pp. 43-94.

SUMMARY

In Greek mythology there were fifty daughters of King Thestios (or Thespius) with whom
Hercules (in Greek, Herakles), who is said to have been the predecessor of Jason as leader
of the Argo and who is demonstrably derived in part from Gilgamesh, had sexual inter-
course on fifty successive nights. Again, the number fifty is seen as related to intervals of
time - in this instance days instead of months - and again in connection with the
complex of myths concerning Sirius.

The monsters Cottus, Briareus, and Gyges of Greek mythology each had fifty heads.
Briareus was the original name of the figure later called Hercules, and as Hercules was
the original Jason, it is seen that the original commander of the fifty-oared Argo was a
fifty-headed gentleman. The name Briareus is derived from words meaning 'strength'
and 'weight'. Gyges also means 'strength'. As for the name Cottus, Robert Graves says
that it is not Greek. In fact, it seems to be derived ultimately from Egyptian qeti meaning
'oarsmen' (not surprising, since Briareus was the Original commander of the fifty oars-
men), and also 'orbit'. The fact that in Egyptian the words for 'oarsman' and 'orbit' are
the same may explain why fifty oarsmen are symbolic of a fifty-year orbit. Oar-strokes
are ideal constant intervals of time combined with constant intervals of space (distance
traversed) and thus perfect symbols of intervals of an orbit. In Greek the Egyptian word
meaning both 'orbit' and 'oarsmen' seems to survive as the name of a fifty-headed mon-
ster. The conclusion: an orbit of fifty intervals (years) concerned somehow with Sirius
and with something called 'Weight' (already known to be assigned by the Arabs to a
visible companion of Sirius) - obviously, the fifty-year orbit of Sirius B is being referred
to.

Garamas, a brother of the three above-named monsters, is a name also adopted by
the Garamantian people. These Garamantians were Libyan residents who migrated
from there by way of Algeria to the banks of the Niger River in Mali where they inter-
married with local Negroes.

The Argo was reported to have stopped in Libya for some time, which resulted in the
foundation in Libya of 'a hundred Grecian cities'. The Libyans from whom the Gara-

mantians came are reputed to be 'descended from the Argonauts' through migrant
Lemnian Greeks who settled in Libya. These same Garamantians over hundreds -
Indeed, thousands - of years in their migration to Mali obviously brought to that region
as the most secret and holy of all their sacred traditions the sacred Sirius tradition now
propounded by the Dogon, who are presumably their descendants. (The Dogon them-
lelvcs insist that they were definitely not originally native to their present homeland in
Mali.)

The Libyan version of the Greek goddess Athena had 'fifty Pallantids' as priestesses,
with evident association at an early time with the Garamantians.

The dog Orthrus, brother of the god Cerberus who had fifty heads, was specifically
identified by the Greeks with the star Sirius. Robert Graves equates Anubis, Cerberus,
and Hecate with each other. This brings together Anubis-the-orbit with Cerberus the

174

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

fifty-headed dog, and Hecate meaning 'one hundred', as well as Orthrus who is Sirius
the Dog Star.

The father of Orthrus was Typhon, one meaning of which is a kind of comet or a
'moving star'. Another meaning is 'blind' or 'darkened'; that is, we see it could refer to
a moving but invisible star. And his son Orthrus is clearly identified with Sirius, and had
a brother with fifty heads.

Orthrus (Sirius) was the dog of the herdsman Eurytion whom Robert Graves
compares with Enkidu, the companion of Gilgamesh. It is possible the name Orthrus
may be derived from the Egyptian urt meaning 'the setting of a star'. We see this same
word used in reference in Chapter Seven to the Sirius complex.

The Argo carried the fifty daughters of Danaos, who was 'sent to rule Libya' and had
a twin brother Aegyptos, king of Egypt (which got its name from him), who had fifty
sons. Sometimes Danaos is said to have fifty sons instead of fifty daughters. It was
obviously their number which mattered, not their sex.

'The old man of the sea', named Nereus to the Greeks, had fifty daughters called the
Nereids (who are enumerated by Hesiod in his Theogony, 241). An 'old man of the sea' is
reminiscent of Oannes and Enki - of amphibious wise men generally.

The Greek poet Pindar (fifth century B.C.) describes the fifty Danaids as 'on shining
thrones', reminiscent of the fifty Anunnaki on their shining thrones, of Isis on her
shining throne. (The throne is the hieroglyph of Isis who is identified with Sirius.) Danaos
is also associated with the wolf- or dog-motif, and that motif refers to the Dog Star,
Sirius.

CHAPTER SEVEN

The Rising of 'Serpent's Tooth'

It would now do to elaborate further on the points so recently made. It should
be noted that in Egyptian the hieroglyph tchet of a serpent means both 'serpent*
and 'bods'. The cobra hieroglyph ara means both 'serpent' and 'goddess'.
Elsewhere we encounter ara frequently having the common general meaning
of 'goddess'. The frequent incorporation of the serpent into late Sirius-lore
among the Greeks probably stems from a pun or corruption of the Egyptian
determinative form for 'goddess' in reference to the goddess Sothis-Isis (Sirius).
In fact, if an Egyptian were to write 'the Goddess Sirius' in hieroglyphs, the
result would be:

which can also (by pun) be read quite literally as: 'serpent's tooth'! In addition
to this Egyptian pun, there is a Greek pun connected with the story of Jason
sowing the teeth. In Greek the word which describes the growing of a tooth
from the gum is anatole; a variant is anatello. These words would describe the
growing from the ground of the teeth, and 'to make to rise up' or 'to give birth
to' is their basic meaning. However, these words are also used to describe the
risings of stars and constellations. Hence, if one wanted to say that the star
Sirius was rising at the horizon, one could pun and say: 'The tooth is growing
up from the ground as from a gum, that is, the ground is giving birth to a tooth.*
Hence all the many 'earth-born' creatures linked to the stars, and especially
Sirius. As a matter of fact, in translating the now lost early Argo tales from
Greek into English it is problematical whether instead of saying 'the teeth in
the ground gave birth to . . .', etc., one should really have considered the
equally literal translation 'Sirius, namely "the tooth", rose over the horizon.'
In short, when does a pun cease to be a pun and merely consist of a mistranslation
based on ignorance of the true subject-matter?

It may be that some of the puns taken over from Egyptian into Greek might
have involved the same misunderstandings that ours could do with regard to
translating the Greek into English. There may thus be a double layer of obfusca-
tion between English readers and the true subject-matter. Those experts in
Greek mythology who may feel safe in discussing 'earth-born' mythological
creatures as being sprung from the earth in a direct sense, mud and grime no
doubt still caking their hides as they pop up into the air, may be better advised
to take into consideration that these creatures were not meant really to be
described as coming out of holes in the ground so much as rising over the

176                                         THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

horizon, due to the fact that they are stars and constellations. And if they are
such cosmic figures their peculiar shapes and characteristics become immedi-
ately less bizarre and, instead, more meaningful.

We know that Colchis was the place where Helios stabled his horses and
rose each morning, according to Greek mythological tradition. Since Colchis
was thus the archetypal eastern rising point to the Greeks, being at the far
eastern end of the Black Sea and being 'as far east as you can get' to a Greek,
it actually represented 'the East'. Thus it makes sense that Jason should have
sowed the serpent's teeth there. For the growing of the teeth from the ground
at that precise point was symbolic language for: 'The star (goddess) Sirius,
known in code as "serpent's tooth", is rising heliacally on the eastern horizon
which is symbolically represented by Colchis.' And since the sun follows
immediately upon the star at its heliacal rising, all the more reason that 'Serpent's
Tooth' should spring up at the place where the Sun, Helios, spends the night
and then rises.

The reason why the only other example of serpent's teeth being sown took
place at Greek Thebes, when Cadmus sowed them there, is that Egyptian
Thebes and Aea at Colchis are equidistant from Greek Thebes (see Figure 14).
Hence, a probable reason for the name of Thebes being used in Greece. Greek
Thebes is in a sense a 'code' for Colchis, since an action performed there may
be understood as taking place within the symbolic framework of the Thebes -
Colchis-Thebes triangle (Figure 14).To go to Thebes in Greece was symbolically
to step on to the Colchis axis. To sow the teeth at Greek Thebes was to perform
the Colchian action on Greek soil because of the knowledge of their geodetic
interrelation. This kind of thinking is based on a theory of correspondences
such as the Dogon exhibit in all their most minute daily acts.1 In my opinion, a
mind is healthy which can perform symbolic acts within mental frameworks
which are not immediately obvious. A mind is diseased when it no longer
comprehends this kind of linkage and refuses to acknowledge any basis for
such symbolic thinking. The twentieth century specializes in producing diseased
minds of the type I refer to - minds which uniquely combine ignorance with
arrogance. The twentieth century's hard core hyper-rationalist would deride a
theory of correspondences in daily life and ritual as 'primitive superstition'.
However, the rationalist's comment is not one upon symbolic thinking but
merely one upon himself, acting as a label to define him as one of the walking
dead.

Greek Thebes Phthiotides - quite distinct from the main Greek Thebes -
almost adjoins Iolchus in Thessaly, a few miles away, from which port Jason and
the Argo sailed to Colchis. The voyage of the Argo may be seen as a symbolic
journey. For to travel from Greek Thebes - either the proper one or a nominal
substitute - to Colchis was equivalent to travelling from Greek Thebes to
Egyptian Thebes: the distance was the same. Greek Thebes, where 'serpent's
teeth' were sown, is equidistant from Colchis, where 'serpent's teeth' were
sown, and Egyptian Thebes, where 'Serpent's Tooth' was worshipped. And a
ship travelling on one of the lines in effect travels on both. The voyage of the
Argo, a later form of the magan-boat, or 'Egypt-boat', was both to Colchis and
to the equidistant Egyptian centre of Thebes, where the prime omphalos was
placed in the temple of Ammon.

THE RISING OF 'SERPENT'S TOOTH'                           177

The name of Danaos who fled Egypt with his fifty daughters (or sons) and
went to Argos seems to be derived from(Danae) which is 'the mythological

name for Dry Earth', according to Liddell and Scott, 'whose union with the
fructifying air is expressed in the fable of Zeus and Danae'. And Danae, as we
have seen, is associated with the Sirius complex and was also set adrift in an
ark. It may or may not be relevant that the Egyptian hieroglyph for wind or
air, with which Danae is supposed to have united, is a boat's sail.

The word 'ark' itself is an interesting one worth investigating. We already
know that the related word Argo was the ship of fifty oars which we believe
symbolized Sirius B in its fifty-year orbit. Could this word 'ark5 also have a
tie-in with the other characteristic of Sirius B, namely its strength ? In this we
are not disappointed. The Greek verb(arkeo) has the meaning, according

to Liddell and Scott's lexicon, of 'to bestrong enough'!

The word Argus has even applied to a dog. It was the name of the old
hunting hound of Odysseus (Ulysses) who recognized his master Odysseus
when he finally returned from his voyages, and died as it greeted him. No one
else had recognized Odysseus after twenty years' absence except for the faithful
old dog, who upon greeting his long lost master, expired on the spot.

Argus has also been used by the Greeks as their name for the hundred-eyed
monster set by Hera to watch over Io. And it was Io the cow who led Cadmus
from Delphi to Thebes where he sowed the serpent's teeth.

If the words ark, Argo, Argus, etc., could be construed as having an actual
linguistic derivation from the ancient Egyptian (which would have had to
precede by some time the Aryan invasion of India circa 1500 B.C., as the word
exists in Sanskrit, as we shall see shortly), then it might ultimately be from
arq and arqi which are

These related words have various curious meanings in Egyptian and can be
written many ways other than the simplest given above. Arq means 'to complete,
to finish', in the sense of a cycle. It also means 'the last' or 'the end of anything'.
For instance, arq renpet means 'the festival of the last day of the year'. Arqit
means 'the conclusion of a matter'. All these meanings are reminiscent of the
meaning of 'Argus' in Homer - to represent the dog who witnesses Odysseus's
return and immediately dies, having seen his master's face once again after so
many years. The great cycle was completed - Odysseus was home. Aria
immediately Argus dies. Here in the earliest Greek literature we see 'Argus'
used as a synonym for the Egyptian arq.

The Egyptian arqi is even more significant. Note the final determinative
(picture not used as a letter) is a sign which is a circle with a dot in the
middle. The meaning of this word is 'the end of a period, the last day of the
month'. This term, then, has calendrical usage. It can be applied as well to
any culmination of a period. Hera's monster Argus has a hundred eyes, and
there are a hundred months (comprising two sets of fifty) to a Great Year.
Here 'Argus' is a poetic synonym in early Greek tradition for arqi, 'the end of a
period' - its culmination, its total when completed

Our suspicion that there is a distinct reference to an orbital period of

THE RISING OF 'SERPENT'S TOOTH'                           179

Sirius B is hinted at by the additional meaning of arq - 'girdle', representing
as it does something around a centre. Arq has the further verbal meaning of 'to
bind around', implying specifically a revolution. The Latin arcere means 'to
enclose' and our present-day word 'arc' carries on the circular motion idea.

Not surprisingly, an arqu is 'an educated man, a wise man, an expert, an
adept'. It is not difficult to realize that anyone privy to the mysteries of arq
would have to be an adept, an initiate and wise man. Hence this meaning for
someone who knows about arq, an arqu.

In Wallis Budge we find2 a description (taken from Mau) of an Egyptian-
influenced Italian temple of the first century B.C. which contained 'seven large
paintings representing Egyptian landscapes, and Io watched by Argus, and Io
received by Isis in Egypt. [A drawing of the painting of Io watched by Argus is
reproduced in Figure 29. It is in Roman style, of course, and artistically quite
mediocre.] In this room the Mysteries of Isis were probably acted. - 'So we have
specific archaeological evidence that Argus of the hundred eyes was pictured
on the wall of the inner sanctum of an Isis temple, and Isis was, as we know,
identified with Sirius. Also pictured there was Io, whom I earlier compared to
the Egyptian Hathor who was identified with the Sirius system, and it was of
course this same Io who led Cadmus to the Greek Thebes (there being an
Egyptian Thebes as well, as the reader well recalls).

What were these mysteries of Isis ? Well, they seem to have been related to
the Thesmophoria Mysteries which the daughters of Danaos were said to have
brought from Egypt to Argos. For in Liddell and Scott we find that the name
Thesmophoros ('law giving') was a name given to Isis. The name was most
commonly applied to Demeter, a Greek goddess, but was also the name of
Isis in Greece. In short, Isis was represented as Demeter in connection with
these mysteries, but in the Italian temple referred to above was obviously
represented as herself. The 'fifty' and 'hundred', connected as we have seen
with Danaos, are found again here in the ruins of this Italian temple, where
hundred-eyed Argus is portrayed in the inner sanctum of the Isis temple. The
name Thesmophoros should not distract us too much. It comes from Thesis,
with a meaning including our thesis of today - and thesmos means 'that which
is laid down or established, or instituted'. And thesmodeo is a verb meaning 'to
deliver oracular precepts', once again a meaning which should not surprise us.*

In Wallis Budge we read3 from an Egyptian text of 'the star Septet (Sothis,
the Dog Star), whose seats are pure', which is a specific reference to there being
seats around Sirius - and, of course, there are fifty seats as we know, which led
to the fifty thrones of the Anunnaki, the fifty oarsmen of the Argo, etc.

In Wallis Budge we also read4 excerpts of Egyptian texts speaking of holy
emanations proceeding from Sirius and Orion which 'vivify gods, men, cattle,
and creeping things . . . both gods and men', and are a pouring out of the seed
of the soul. Of course, the Dogon maintain the same thing in almost precisely
the same terms. To them the seed which energizes the world pours forth from
the Sirius system.

In Wallis Budge we find also a particularly interesting bit of further

* Plutarch in 'Isis and Osiris' (378 D) informs us: 'Among the Greeks also many things are
done which are similar to the Egyptian ceremonies in the shrines of Isis, and they do them at
about the same time. At Athens the women fast at the Thesmophoria sitting upon the ground.'5

180

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

information.6 There we learn that the deceased spirit of a man 'goes to Nephthys'
and the celestial boat. We have much earlier identified the dark Nephthys with
Sirius B. It is therefore interesting to learn that as soon as the deceased visits
Nephthys and his 'double' (ka) is recorded in heaven, he immediately 'revolves
like the sun' - which I think is a pretty specific astronomical description. As he
revolves he 'leads on the Tuat (underworld or heaven)', which is a curious turn
of phrase implying a round dance or at least motion which is purposeful,
'and is pure of life in the horizon like Sahu (Orion) and Sept (Sirius, the
Dog-star)'. I hope it will be noticed that the phrase here reads 'in the horizon' -
and much earlier I said I believed the term 'the horizon' applied specifically
to the orbit of Sirius B. Here we have the deceased revolving like a sun in a
purposeful way in 'the horizon'. I don't think the Egyptians could possibly
have been more specific and clear than this. Wallis Budge comments: 'The
mention of Orion and Sothis is interesting, for it shows that at one time the
Egyptians believed that these stars were the homes of departed souls.'

Having learned this (a belief held as well by the Dogon, as we know), let
us return to our word arq which I believe to be the origin of ark and Argo and
Argus in Greek, all of which I claim are related to Sirius. Perhaps the reader
will not be too amazed if by now I inform him that arq heh is a 'necropolis'
and arq-hehtt is 'the Other World' - which we have just this moment learned
was located by the early Egyptians at the star Sirius! (Also remember that the
guardian of the necropolis in Greek was a circe in the Argo story.)

Arq has the further meaning of 'a measure', possibly because spirits are
normally measured in Arq-hehtt.

And for final touches of mystery, I will add that arq can mean 'to wriggle
(of a serpent)' - from 'binding around' - and arq ur is the word for that mystery
of mysteries, the Sphinx!

The same word means also 'silver', and Wallis Budge claims that the Greek
(argyros) is derived from it, which gave us our heraldic term argent and
the country's name Argentina. Since this term in Greek is derived from arq ur
(ur means 'chief or 'Great'), in the opinion of an eminent expert, I believe
there is no objection then to my suggestion that the other Greek words came
from arq and its forms.* But, as I said, this derivation is one which entered
Indo-European from Egypt before the Aryan invasion of India, for in Sanskrit
arksha means 'stellar, belonging to or regulated by the stars or constellations',
and arksha-varsha is 'a stellar year or revolution of a constellation'. This is very
similar to the meaning in Egyptian of 'the end of a period', and a calendrical
application to the end of a month. In Sanskrit again arka means 'belonging or
relating to the sun'. Arkam means 'as far as the sun, even to the sun inclusively'.
Arki has become a name for Saturn, thought at that time to be the most distant
planet. Arc means 'to shine, be brilliant', and can mean 'to cause to shine'.
Arkin means 'radiant with light'. Arka means 'a ray' and is also a religious
ceremony. An arka-kara is a 'sunbeam'. Arkaja means 'sun-born, coming from
the sun', and it and arkanandana can be applied to the planet Saturn. Arkaparna

♦ In discussion with Professor O. R. Gurney of Oxford, who was sceptical of Egyptian origins
of Indo-European words, I found that he considered Wallis Budge's suggestion possible on two
bases: (i) The word is a technical one, (2) my explanation of the Colchian connection as
providing a geographical forum for such linguistic influence.

THE RISING OF 'SERPENT'S TOOTH'                               l8l

is the name of a snake demon. Arka-putra is also Saturn. Forms of the word
relate also to various specific astronomical events and the Arka ceremony and
the arka plant which has 'a grain of fruit' of some importance, reminding one
of all the grains of the Dogon (which one learns about by reading more about
the Dogon than I have given in this book), particularly the grain Digitaria
which gave its name to Sirius B among the Dogon - in their own language, of
course!

Area means 'worship, adoration'. Arjuna, besides being the famous Hindu
mythical personage, means 'white, clear' and 'made of silver' - this latter being
clearly a form of arq ur, the Egyptian variant form of arq meaning 'silver',
which I mentioned a moment ago and which, according to Wallis Budge, has
the cognate in Greek which was just mentioned, argyros meaning 'silver'.

And as Argo is a constellation in the sky, it should not be a surprise to us
to find that in India the Sanskrit Arjuna refers to a specific Vedic constellation.
The actual name of the constellation is Phalguni. Phala means 'grain' or 'seed'.
The Phal-grantha is a work describing the effects of celestial phenomena on
the destiny of men.

There is also a connection of the Sanskrit with an expression involving a
thigh; in Greek, Arktos became a name for our constellation Ursa Major,
which was known to the Egyptians as 'the thigh'.

If the reader can bear some other words, I propose to consider a few which
are important in other ways. I beg to refer again to the work of Wallis Budge,
which is becoming rather familiar to us now,7 since I have cited it so frequently
in recent pages. The reader must realize that we are nearing the end of the
matter and summon his last reserves of patience for the final trudge across
hieroglyphic soil, craggy though it may be.

In Wallis Budge, then,8 we find a passage from one of the Pyramid Texts
where Osiris is described in his role of husband of Sothis (Sirius) and implored:
'Be not wroth in thy name of Tchenteru'. This plaintive plea must be examined.
What on earth is so terrible about this 'Tchenteru' ? Well, to begin an explanation,
the word tchentch means 'wrath, anger'. So that is obviously the meaning of
the word. But we have to continue to pursue this.

Shortly afterwards in the same Pyramid Text we read of the birth of Horus,
the son of Osiris, by Sothis: 'Horus-Sept [Horus-Sirius] cometh forth from thee
in the form of "Horus, dweller in Sept [Sirius]". Thou makest him to have a
spirit in his name of "Spirit, dweller in Tchenteru".'                     

Well! Here we have an interesting new light on this Tchenteru which seemed
so important for no reason which was immediately apparent. It is something
to do with Sirius. What, then? Obviously the close association of the place
Tchenteru and the Sirius system led me to investigate the word and its related
forms.

I found that tchentha means 'throne'. I found that tchenh-t means 'beam
(of a ship)' - second significant meaning. And I discovered a third. Namely,
that tchens means 'weight, heavy'! This was just too much to be coincidence.
We first have the Sirius system described as being the place Tchenteru and
then discover that that word in related forms means three strictly Sirius-
related things: 'throne', 'beam of a ship', and 'weight, heavy'. Tchenteru is
'the place of weight or heaviness' and is identified by the Egyptians with the

182

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

Sirius system! I also discovered that Tchenti is a two-headed god (later this
name became one of the seventy-five names of Ra and lost its original import-
ance). Now, a two-headed god with each head representing one orbit and
having fifty eyes, gives us a hundred-eyed god, and the hundred-eyed monster
of the Greeks was Argus.

Wallis Budge says another form of tchens, 'weight', is tens, which also means
'weight, heavy'. And the very next word in the giant dictionary is teng which
means 'dwarf! We thus see an apparent variation of the same word meaning
'heavy' and 'dwarf', and this word is specifically applied to the Sirius system.

But just in case there are any sceptics left (and there always are), a look at
the Egyptian word shenit will be helpful. This word means 'the divine court of
Osiris'. The same word shenit means 'circle, circuit', and shent means 'a circuiting,
a going round, revolution'. Shenu means 'circuit, circle, periphery, circumference,
orbit, revolution', and there is a specificexpression written:

which Wallis Budge gives, and which means 'the two circuits' - and twice
fifty is a hundred, giving us the Great Year. Shen ur means 'the Great Circle'
or 'the circuit of the Great Circle' or 'the islands of Shen-ur', which last is
interesting in that it indicates that this place of the Great Circle is not only 'the
divine court of Osiris', who is the husband of Sothis (Sirius), but is also a place
with islands (stars or planets) where one can presumably live. It does seem that
the Egyptians had quite as clear a conception of the Sirius system as the Dogon

have.

The verb shenu means 'to go round, to encircle', but the verb shen means
'to hover over', and presumably the great orbit is above us in the sky, hovering
over us in space.

The Egyptian word khemut means 'hot parching winds, the khamasin, or
khamsin, i.e. winds of the "fifty" hot days'. This is rather interesting.* In late
times 'the dog days' about the time of the rising of Sirius and called 'dog days'
from 'the Dog Star' were supposed to be hot and scorching. There are many
references to this in writers like Pliny and Virgil. Here is an earlier tradition
of hot days incorporating the Sirian number fifty. This same word khemut has
familiar meanings in its related forms. Khemiu-urtu means 'the stars that rest
not'. Khemiu-hepu means 'a class of stars'. Khemiu-hemu also means 'a class of
stars'. In short, khemiu means 'stars'. So khem (though apparently not used on
its own in surviving texts) really means 'star', as well as referring to fifty days.
Khem also has the meanings 'shrine, holy of holies, sanctuary', and 'little,
small', also 'he whose name is unknown, i.e. God', also 'god of procreation and
generative power', also 'to be hot', and 'unknown'. All these meanings are
relevant to the Sirius mysteries. The Sirius system was held to be the source of
generative and procreative power as we have already seen, Sirius B was of
course 'unknown', and was 'little, small', and was a star that rests not (that is,
it is always orbiting, which is not at all usual for a star). And what is a star
that rests not unless it be Sirius B ? For only the planets, which were well known
and differentiated by the ancient Egyptians, 'rested not' with the remarkable

Arabic khamsin, 'fifty' and Hebrew khamshin, 'fifty', arc obviously derived from this Egyptian

THE RISING OF 'SERPENT'S TOOTH'

183

exception of Sirius B. Comets and meteors apart, and they too were well classed
to themselves.

There is a Hymn to Osiris preserved on a stele in the Bibliotheque Nationale,
Paris, which dates from the XVIIIth Dynasty around 1500 B.C., and which we
find in Wallis Budge. We find khem used in this interesting hymn in the following

passage:9

This passage is extremely interesting because of the recurrent theme of
'thrones' (which word as a proper noun in the singular is the name of Isis)
as applied to the celestial region of Osiris - which, as we know, is the Sirius
system. Of course, in the superficial view this passage may seem merely to
describe some vague kind of reference to a great god who is in the sky somewhere
or other, and has a heavenly throne and has a lot of stars twinkling here and
there around him for added glamour. But a close inspection of the way things
are said here won't let that kind of interpretation stand up. Apart from the
fact that the Egyptians were incredibly precise in what they said: what is said
in the texts is what is said in the texts. One cannot just gloss over inconvenient
precise statements which seem unintelligible and tempt one to brush them aside
in order to 'get on with it'. In the above passage describing the khem or stars,
we find them associated with - indeed identified with - thrones, which are
quite separate from the throne of Osiris himself. Now, this is precisely equivalent
to the description of the throne of Anu and the thrones of the Anunnaki which
surround it, as we meet in Sumer. And here too the context is both celestial
and related to Sirius. And here too the thrones are 'stars which never rest' -
which could be a description of the movement of Sirius B, with the familiar
meaning of each year's 'step' in the orbit equated with a 'throne'. All that is
lacking here is their number of fifty.                                       

The same word, khemut, however, refers to fifty days; and to Sirius! We
therefore have the one remaining ingredient!

There is another Egyptian word which can shed some light on our subject.
A possible explanation of serpent's teeth and their springing up as soldiers
may result from a pun on the Egyptian word menu This word means both
'soldier' and 'to plough, to till the earth, to cultivate'. A combination of the
two meanings yields the strange idea of soldiers resulting from ploughing. And
in the Jason story, Jason has to yoke the bulls and plough the field - only after
which can he sow the serpent's teeth. Anyone who has read the Argonautica
will know this. Jason didn't just walk into some field, throw some serpent's
teeth about like birdseed, stand hack and presto! He had to plough the field.
He had to practise meni in order to produce meni.

184                                          THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

Now we must turn our attention to the mysterious Egyptian word tcham.
A general meaning of tcham is 'sceptre', possibly because the meaning of tcham
en Anpu is the name of 'the magical sceptre of Anpu (Anubis)'.

Tchamti are 'bowmen' and Sirius is the Bow Star, as we know. Now, the
really intriguing meaning of tcham is 'a kind of precious metal'. There are
various expressions in the literature such as 'the finest tcham', 'real Cham and
'Cham from the hill-top'. The impression one gets is that this Cham is a pretty
special commodity. Presumably Anubis's sceptre, which is the Cham sceptre, is
made of this Cham material. A sceptre is an object which exercises rule and
force. The fact that there is 'Cham from the hill-top' could either have a mundane
meaning to the effect that the stuff is a metal mined in the hills or more likely
is connected with Anubis, not only through his sceptre, but through the hilltop
as the residence of the god in the ziggurat sense such as one finds in Sumer.
For Anubis was known as 'Anubis of the hill'.

In Wallis Budge we find more information from Pyramid Texts about
Cham.10 The references are entirely stellar. There is a description of the deceased
Pharaoh, in this case Pepi I. Pepi's father is Tern 'the great god of An
(Heliopolis) and the first living Man-god; the creator of heaven and earth'.
In Sumer too the great god of An was the creator of heaven and earth, but
there was not, as far as we know, a city named after him as was the Egyptian
city of An which came to be known to the Greeks as Heliopolis.

Of Pepi we read in the text that 'the appearance of this god in heaven,
which is like unto the appearance of Tern in heaven'. This is all gross flattery -
typical for the texts mourning the dead Pharaohs. Every Pharaoh looks like
the great god of An and every other great god and does every conceivable
celestial thing. The Pharaoh is dead, long live the Pharaoh!

Now various gods, including the Governor of the Land of the Bow and
Sept (Sirius) 'under his trees', carry a ladder for Pepi. Pepi then 'appeareth
on the two thighs of Isis, Pepi reposeth on the two thighs of Nephthys'. Tern
puts Pepi at the head of all the gods, and 'Pepi setteth out in his boat', with
Horus. He then stands 'among the imperishable stars, which stand up on
their Cham sceptres, and support themselves on their staves'. This seems to
make clear that the metal Cham is also a specifically stellar material which
supports the stars!*

Then we read:11 'This Pepi liveth life more than your sceptres au.' The
word au au means 'dog, jackal', and I suspect a connection with 'dog star' and
Anubis who is jackal/dog. Also the au-t en athen is the au-t of the sun, or 'the
course of the sun'. But, to resume:

O ye gods of the Sky, ye imperishable ones, who sail over the Land of
Tehenu [the Tehentiu are 'the sparkling gods, the stellar luminaries' from
tehen which means 'to sparkle, to scintillate'] in your boats, and direct them
with your sceptres, this Pepi directeth his boat with you by means of the
uas sceptre [Uasar is a variant form of Asar, the name of Osiris, and uas-t
is 'a kind of animal, dog (?)'12] and the Cham sceptre, and he is fourth
with you. [indicating that he joins a group of three stars!] O ye gods of

The Greeks had a tradition of 'the strongest metal' and called it adamant. Kronos used it
to castrate Ouranos (Uranus); mythically it was the strongest metal.

THE RISING OF 'SERPENT'S TOOTH'

185

heaven, ye imperishable ones, who sail over the Land of Tahennu, who
transport yourselves by means of your sceptres, this Pepi transporteth
himself with you by means of the uas and Cham, and he is the fourth with
you. . . . This Pepi is the anes matter which cometh forth from Nephthys... .
Pepi is a star . . . Pepi is Sept, under his sebt trees . . . The star Septet
(Sothis) graspeth the hand of Pepi. Pepi plougheth the earth . . . Osiris
[Pepi is addressed by the name], thou art the double of all the gods.
[Uas is also the Egyptian name of Thebes.]

Here we see the dead Pharaoh Pepi's celestial after-death experiences
described. He goes to the stellar regions and joins three stars, becoming 'the
fourth'. He uses three sceptres for power, the au (similar to a word for dog/
jackal), the was (also the name of Thebes, similar to another word for dog,
and related to a variant form of the name of Osiris), and the Cham (a mysterious
metal and the sceptre of the dog/jackal-headed god Anubis). The star Sirius
is specifically described as taking his hand. Pepi himself is transformed into a
star, as clearly stated: 'Pepi is a star.' He becomes a star and his hand is taken
by the star Sirius, which can only mean that he becomes a star in the Sirius
system, and he 'becomes fourth with them'. He then is identified in turn with
the three other stars of the Sirius system, which are Isis-Sothis, Nephthys, and
Osiris. The first emits "anes matter', the second is the female Nephthys, which
may be identical with the ('female Sorgho' or Sirius C of the Dogon (though
sometimes Nephthys refers to Sirius B in other contexts), and the third is
called 'the double of all the gods' - being the circling companion and the
archetypal 'double' of many figures from Isis to Gilgamesh. This is quite
obviously Sirius B.

And there is Cham, the mysterious, potent stellar 'metal' which is said to
be the power of Anubis, whom we have earlier identified as the personification
of the orbit of Sirius B. And Cham is quite similar to the word we dealt with
earlier, tchens, meaning 'weight', and its related forms tens 'heavy, weight',
tensmen 'to be heavy' and the similar word teng 'dwarf. If we spoke of something
described only by a series of these apparently related words, namely: tchens
fens teng Cham, the meaning would be, quite literally, allowing for the absence
of proper grammar, 'the weight (of) heavy dwarf star-metal', remembering
that Cham is also specifically identified as the power of the god Anubis whom
we have identified previously as the orbit of Sirius B, the dwarf star composed
of super-heavy 'star metal'.                                                       

Concerning this star-metal it is as well to take notice that in 'Isis and Osiris'
(376 B), Plutarch says of the Egyptians:13 'Moreover, they call the lodestone
the bone of Horus, and iron the bone of Typhon, as Manetho records' (Manetho
fragment 77.) Recall that 'the bones of Earth' in ancient tradition are stones.
It is interesting that a heavy metal is 'the bone' of Typhon which we have
earlier determined as a description of Sirius B. And magnetized iron or lode-
stone is 'the bone' of Horus, the son of Isis and Osiris. This is exactly the
sort of tradition one would expect.

We must recall that Anubis is our form of writing the actual Egyptian word
Anp or Anpu. The verb anp means 'to wrap around', obviously connected with
Anubis's role as sacred embalmer. It is significant that Anp heni is 'a jackal-

186

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

headed god who guarded the river of fire, a form of Anubis'. We have already
postulated that 'the river of fire' may be a way of describing the orbit of the
star Sirius B, so it is quite interesting to see that Anubis, whom we have already
identified as representing the orbit, is specifically said to be the guardian of
the same river of fire. And 'wrap around' could have an orbital meaning as
well as its obvious meaning of 'swathe'.

We recall that a special description of tcham given in Wallis Budge's
Dictionary14 was 'tcham from the hill-top'. Also we have just equated tcham
with Anubis. So it should not surprise us that a title of Anubis is Tepi tu-f
'he who is on his hill'. As I mentioned a moment ago, this seems to be a
ziggurat-concept such as one finds in Mesopotamia. The tepi complex of words
is quite interesting and bears examination.

Tepi means 'the foremost point of the bows of the ship, the hindmost part
of the stern' - extremely specific and exactly fitting my specification of what
was important about the ship Argo. Tepi also means 'the first day of a period
of time', and I maintained earlier that the tip of the prow and the tip of the
stern of Argo (with fifty oar-places between them) was a symbol of the orbit of
Sirius B. Also we will recall that arqi means 'the last day of a period of time'.
So any period of time has a first day called tepi and a last day called arqi in
Egyptian. And tepi describes the Argo just as arq is the origin of the very word
Argo. And Tepi is part of a crucial descriptive title of Anubis whom I have
equated with the Argo. There is even a further connection between tepi and
the Sirius-complex. The word tep ra means 'the base of a triangle' and the words
septa and septch both mean 'triangle' - Septit is Sirius and the triangle is its
hieroglyph.

The basic meaning of tep is 'mouth' (hence the meaning tep ra sebek
' "crocodile's mouth" - a disease of the eye') and even more fundamentally
'beginning or commencement of anything'. It is interesting for the study of
concepts of geometry to note that the Egyptians thought of the base of a
triangle as its 'mouth' or beginning.

Now, the link-up which takes place between arqi and tepi - that is, the end
of a cycle and the beginning of the next - could lead to some confusion without
much trouble. If the last day of the old cycle is the arqi and the first day of the
new cycle is the tepi, it would be easy to begin to think of the arqi as the beginning
- after all, it and the tepi are adjoining each other and amount to practically
the same thing. In a sense one could say that the true end of a cycle is the
beginning of the next. For us, New Year's Day is represented by a combination
of an old man with a sickle or scythe walking away and a baby, representing
the New Year. The two figures are together. Similarly, the arqi and the tepi
are inescapable companions. As time passed and traditions decayed a bit, it
must have been an easy thing to think of arqi as the actual beginning of a new
cycle, since it was the end of the old. And it is this which I presume happened
in Greek, for the verb arkomai means 'one must begin' or 'one must
make a beginning'. And it is related to arche, which means 'beginning, starting-
point', etc., and which survives in our architecture and archetype. So here is further
evidence that the 'ark' words in the Indo-European languages derived from
the Egyptian arq words.

Another link of the 'ark' words complex with the Argonaut story is found

THE RISING OF 'SERPENT'S TOOTH'

187

in a strange place. One of the most peculiar of all treatises to survive from
ancient times is the curious Of the Names of Rivers and Mountains and of such
Things as are to be found therein.15 This treatise survived in the corpus of Plutarch's
writings but is obviously not by him. In fact ,the treatise strikes me as basically a
wild satire on a type of writing which was then common. One of the rivers
discussed in this treatise is the Phasis, up which Jason sailed to Aea in Colchis.
Of this river we read: 'It was formerly called Arcturus . . .'. Without elaborating
on this point, I merely wish to note that the very river at Colchis once may have
had a name which may be related to the 'ark' word complex. Arcturus supposedly
means 'bear-ward', referring to the ward of the bear known to us as Ursa
Major, the Big Dipper. Arcturus in Bootes is conceived of as its companion
according to Allen, who says it had connections with Osiris and possibly
Horus. This is probably another of the many confusions arising from 'companions'
who are compared to each other. But as I said, I do not wish to be led astray
by elaborating on the question of the name Arcturus and all that that would
involve. I merely note the fact that the Phasis was once the Arcturus and leave
it at that.

The name Phasis had connections with birds, such as with an expression
'the Phasian bird'. Recall the kirke or Circe connections with Colchis. It is
interesting then to note that the phassa in Greek is 'the ringdove'. Forms of this
word refer to doves and doves, are, as we have seen previously, intimately
associated with omphalos-oracle centres marked out from Behdet. And we
know that Aea in Colchis, which is on the River Phasis and has such associations
with the Argo and the oracles, is related to doves in this way and also because
of the doves let fly from the arks and Argo. So the fact that Phasis and phassa
are connected is no surprise. This river, whether named Phasis or Arcturus,
seems to be aptly designated. It is also to be noted that in Greek a phasso-phonos
or 'dove-killer' is the name of a kind of hawk. And kirke is likewise!

Before leaving Plutarch behind, we might note also that in 'Isis and Osiris',
he tells us that a name for Osiris was Omphis. An interesting tie-in with the
oracles, attested by Plutarch as current in Egypt in his day.

To return to tepi, we note that tep ra means not only 'the base of a triangle'
but 'divine oracle', which is also quite relevant. I have postulated that the
oracles are connected with the Argo as representative of the orbit of Sirius B,
the beginning of which I designate by tepi, and we discover that the name in
Egyptian for 'oracle' is tep ra.                                     

Tepi a became the word for 'ancestors', due to the connection of tepi with
the beginnings of things. And the tepi-aui-qerr-en-pet were 'the ancestor-gods of
the circle of the sky', which is again significant. Visitors, perhaps?

Gods of the circle in the sky seem to be referred to by Plutarch's account of
the Persian religion in 'Isis and Osiris' (370 A-B). As many people know, the
Persian religion prior to Islam was Zoroastrianism, which survives today as
the religion of the Parsees of Bombay in India, to which city they fled from
their Persian homeland when it was being conquered by the Moslem invaders.
The Persians are not Semitic Arabs but are Indo-European, with a language
and original religion closely related to the Aryan Indians and to Sanskrit. In
fact, the earliest form of Sanskrit, which is called Vedic, is very little different
from the earliest form of Persian, which is called Avestan.

188                                         THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

Zoroaster (also known as Zarathusthra) is known to have postulated two
basic divine principles: Ahura Mazda the principle of light and goodness, and
Ahriman the principle of evil and darkness. These two principles are also
known by the names of Oromazes and Areimanius, which are the names used
for them in Plutarch's treatise. If we recall Plutarch's description, cited by us
earlier, that Anubis was the circle dividing the light from the dark in Egyptian
religion, it will be interesting to note that in 369 E-F he equates with this
concept, by describing it in similar terms, the Persian god Mithras who mediates
between the darkness and the light. Then in 370 we find this remarkable passage:
'(The Persians) also tell many fabulous stories about their gods, such, for
example, as the following: Oromazes, born from the purest light, and Arei-
manius, born from the darkness, are constantly at war with each other; and
Oromazes created six gods, the first of Good Thought, the second of Truth,
the third of Order, and, of the rest, one of Wisdom, one of Wealth, and one the
Artificer of Pleasure in what is Honourable. But Areimanius created rivals, as
it were, equal to these in number.' These twelve gods would seem to be zodiacal.
But it is the following passage, immediately after this, which becomes really
interesting: 'Then Oromazes enlarged himself to thrice his former size, and
removed himself as far distant from the Sun as the Sun is distant from the
Earth, and adorned the heavens with stars. One star he set there before all
others as a guardian and watchman, the Dog-star. Twenty-four other gods he
created and placed in an egg. But those created by Areimanius, who were
equal in number to the others, pierced through the egg and made their way
inside; hence evils are now combined with good.' A footnote to the Loeb
edition adds: 'It is plain that the two sets of gods became intermingled, but
whether the bad gods got in or the good gods got out is not clear from the text.'

This passage is really deserving of some attention. We find a quite specific
description of all this taking place in a region meant to be distinct from our
solar system. The Persians seem to have quite clearly understood the fixed
stars to have been beyond the system of the sun. This, at least, is what they seem
to be trying to convey - a distinction of locale. In any case, the 'light' god
Oromazes and the 'dark' god Areimanius each create twenty-five gods, which
gives fifty. And they are placed in an egg, which is an elliptical shape just as
in an orbit. One of the twenty-five gods created by Oromazes is by a slight
garbling said to be Sirius, but in any case, there were created by Oromazes the
Dog Star Sirius plus twenty-four other gods which makes twenty-five and a
corresponding twenty-five created by Areimanius - and they mingle in the
shape of an egg. What does that sound like ? And Sirius is specifically stated to
be the chief one. And as Areimanius was the 'dark' god and his creations
were 'dark', then his creation in opposition to Sirius would be a 'dark' Sirius,
wouldn't it? And as for the fifty gods arrayed round Sirius (speaking strictly
from this text one would have to say the forty-nine gods arrayed around Sirius,
but I speak of garbling of the tradition because, from what we already know
from other such descriptions from elsewhere, Sirius should really be the fifty-
first element) they obviously represent the fifty years of the orbit of Sirius B
in an egg shape around the Dog Star as its 'guardian and watchman'.

There are further examples of a wavering between forty-nine and fifty in
the ancient traditions. Graves has these interesting remarks:16 'Chief priestesses

THE RISING OF 'SERPENT'S TOOTH'

189

were chosen by a foot race (the origin of the Olympic Games), run at the end
of the fifty months, or of forty-nine in alternate years.' Apart from the fact that
Graves here speaks of 'the fifty months' as antecedent to the Olympiads, a point
which we discussed much earlier, we see the alternative use of forty-nine and
fifty as a quantitative time measurement. This is rather like the shilly-shallying
between forty-nine and fifty in the above Persian description. There is also
this example from the Bible, in Leviticus 25, 8-13:

You shall count seven sabbaths of years, that is seven times seven years,
forty-nine years, and in the seventh month on the tenth day of the month,
on the Day of Atonement, you shall send the ram's horn round. You shall
send it through all your land to sound a blast, and so you shall hallow the
fiftieth year and proclaim liberation in the land for all its inhabitants.
You shall make this your year of jubilee. Every man of you shall return to
his patrimony, every man to his family. The fiftieth year shall be your
Jubilee. You shall not sow, and you shall not harvest the self-sown crop,
nor shall you gather in the grapes from the unpruned vines, because it is a
jubilee, to be kept holy by you. You shall eat the produce direct from the
land.

The above words and many which follow them, but which I will not quote
(as anyone can refer to the Bible for the full account), were spoken by God to
Moses on Mount Sinai, and are Jehovah's directions as to what the Israelites
must do. It is even more significant that Jehovah is made to say much later in
the same speech, all of which has been devoted to his talk of his fifty-year
jubilee and what must be done about it by the Israelites: '. . . for it is to me
that the Israelites are slaves, my slaves whom I brought out of Egypt. I am
the Lord your God.' Remember that Egypt as the source of the Sirius tradition
had had 'brought out' of it the Sirius mysteries and traditions by Danaos to
Argos, etc. It seems the Israelites too are part of this, though there will probably
not be a single rabbi unshaken by such a suggestion.

What, then, of the forty-nine versus the fifty? Perhaps for explanation we
should return to Robert Aitken's book The Binary Stars.17 In discussing the
length of time of the orbit of Sirius B around Sirius A he says: 'Thus, Volet's
orbit, computed in 1931, which differs very little from my own, published
in 1918, has the revolution period 49.94, whereas Auwers gave 49.42 years' -
the point being that the orbit of Sirius B takes between forty-nine and fifty
years and is somewhat less than fifty.

The Aitken book also firmly informs us that the orbit is an ellipse, as are
the orbits of all heavenly bodies. But of course, when speaking generally of the
orbit of Sirius B one does not say 'the ellipse', one says 'the circle'. We say in
common parlance: 'The planets circle round the sun,' even though we know
their orbits are elliptical. And most mentions of the orbit of Sirius B in our
sources are to 'the circle'. But, naturally, the Dogon draw a specific ellipse
in the sand to represent the orbit of Digitaria (Sirius B). Figure 6 clearly
compares the Dogon tribal diagram of the orbit of Sirius B around Sirius A
with a modern astronomical diagram of the same.

We have already seen near the beginning of the book how the Dogon not
only know that the orbit of Sirius B around Sirius A is an ellipse, but they also

190

THE SIRIUS MYSTERY

know the astounding principle of elliptical orbits whereby that body around
which the orbit takes place inevitably tends to be at one of the two foci of
the ellipse. For the Dogon specifically say: 'Sirius ... is one of the centres of
the orbit of a tiny star Digitaria'. Kepler first formulated this principle as a
law of planetary motion - a revolutionary step forward in Western science. The
Dogon also describe the orbit of the 'Star of Women' (a planet around Sirius C)
as forming an ellipse with Sirius G at one of the centres.

Now, in light of the dithering over forty-nine and fifty just referred to,
and the references to seven times seven equals forty-nine, seen in the light of
the fact that the orbital period of Sirius B is between forty-nine and fifty years,
which can be well accommodated as Graves says of the Sacred Year, 'fifty
months, or of forty-nine in alternate years', thereby balancing out to a close
approximation to reality by alternating the count successively as fifty years,
then forty-nine years, then fifty years . . . etc., one can understand why the
orbit of Sirius B around Sirius A is 'counted twice to be a hundred years', as
the Dogon say and as was done in Egypt and in Greece, and which led to the
double-Sacred Year of one hundred and the Greek goddess Hekate which
means 'one hundred', and the hundred-handed ones of Greek mythology, etc.
It was because orbits of Sirius B had to be counted in pairs in order better to
approximate a whole number. And the fact that this was the case among the
Dogon and the people of the Mediterranean area seems to confirm beyond all
doubt that the Sirius tradition of the Dogon is a survival of the Mediterranean
(namely, Egyptian) tradition brought by the ancestors of the Dogon from the
Garamantes Kingdom of Libya where it had been taken by the Minyan
immigrants.

It is also significant and conclusive that the Dogon specifically say: 'The
period of the orbiting of Digitaria is about fifty years and corresponds with the
first seven reigns of seven years each of the first seven chiefs . . .' And: 'This
rule was in operation for forty-nine years for the first seven chiefs who thus
nourished the star and enabled the star to periodically renew the world. But,
the eighth chief having discovered the star . . .', etc., combining also the
sacrifice of the sacred chief concept emphasized over and over by Graves in his
many references to the Sacred Year of fifty months. This passage from Griaule's
account of what the Dogon told him almost reads like a straight quotation
from the Book of Leviticus in the Bible. Or from The Greek Myths by Graves!
Can there be any further doubt that the two traditions are identical? That
the Dogon brought it from the Mediterranean world into an obscure wilderness
area where it has survived the ravages of time and empire amazingly intact
and specific? And that the Mediterranean tradition in turn really was about
Sirius and the orbit of Sirius B, the great invisible ?