THE STORY OF CIVILIZATION (tm) Ver. 4.8 Index and Glossary Durant, Will & Ariel --------------------------------------------------------- INDEX AND GLOSSARY - This is a cumulative index and glossary for all eleven volumes of The Story of Civilization. The electronic version of this index includes only those entries which were originally accompanied by pronunciations and/or dates; entries that refer the reader to page numbers have been deleted. All dates are A.D. unless otherwise noted. - Most entries and abbreviations are self-explanatory, but because each volume of The Story of Civilization was published separately over a period of forty years there were many variations. The abbreviation ca. is the same as the abbreviation c. meaning circa. Both abbreviations are used throughout. Dates are of birth and death except for rulers, lay and ecclesiastical, where they are of the reign; regnal dates are often, but not always, preceded by the abbreviation r. A single, unaccompanied date indicates a floruit; a single date preceded by fl. also indicates a floruit; if two dates constitute a floruit, they are always preceded by fl. - The following acknowledgments and information regarding pronunciations are taken from the text preceding the indexes for the volumes indicated: - VOLUME 1: - GLOSSARY *01509 of foreign terms not immediately defined in the text. - I am indebted for this index to the careful and scholarly work of Mr. Wallace Brockway. Dates are given where obtainable, except in the case of living persons who are only incidentally mentioned in the text. The pronunciation of Oriental words is indicated by the system of diacritical marks used in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, but here considerably simplified. *01512 The Indian pronunciations have been supplied by Dr. A. K. Coomaraswamy; Chinese words follow for the most part the pronunciations given in Gowen and Hall's Outline History of China. Japanese words, and most Chinese words, have no accent. In the case of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern words there is no agreement among the learned; and the pronunciations here offered are merely the present writer's unauthoritative suggestions. W. D. - VOLUME 2: - I am indebted for this index to the careful scholarship of Mr. Herbert Winer. The diacritical marks follow Webster's Dictionary. *02335 W. D. - VOLUME 3: - I am indebted for this index to the careful scholarship of Mr. Arnold Canell. W. D. A - A tergo (L)- from behind. Aahmes (a'-mez) II, King of Egypt (reigned 570-526 B.C.) Aaron (a'ron) Ab initio (L)- from the outset. Abaqa, Khan (1265) Abbas I, Shah of Persia (r. 1587-1629) Abbas II, Shah of Persia (1642-67) Abbas III, Shah of Persia (r. 1732-36) Abbate, Niccolo dell' (c. 1512-71) Abbeville, France, church of St. Wulfram (1480) Abd-er-Rahman, Sa'di (1596-1656) Abdera (ab-de'-ra) Abdu-r Razzak (abd-er-raz-zak'), Persian traveler (1413-1475?) Abdul-Hamid I, Ottoman Sultan (r. 1774-89) Abelard, Pierre [Peter], French philosopher (1079-1142) Abensberg, battle of (1809) Abhidhamma (a-bi-dam'-ma) Abington, Frances, nee Barton (1737-1815) Abjuration Act (England, 1702) Aboab, Isaac, da Fonseca (1605-93) Abrabanel, Isaac (1437-1508) Abrabanel, Judah Leon (d. 1535) Abrabanel, Samuel (1473-?1550) Absalom (ab'-sa-lum), son of Solomon (ca. 950 B.C.) Abt, Thomas (fl. 1763) Abtolim, Jewish rabbi (fl. 1st century B.C.) Abu (a-boo') Abu Sa'id (Timurid Sultan: 1452-69) Abu Shahrein (a'-boo sharin') see Eridu Abu Simbel (a'-boo-simbl) Abu-Abd-Allahi, "Az-Zaghral" (1480) Abu-al Hasan of Granada (1480) Abu-al-Fida (1273-1331) Abu-l Fazl (ab'-ool-faz-l), Indian statesman and historian (ca. 1550-1600) Abukir Bay, battle of (French-British, 1798) Abukir, battle of (French-Turks, 1799) abu'l-Ahahab (fl. 1771) Abulafia, Samuel (d. 1360) Abusir (ab'-oo-ser) Abydos (a-bi'-dos) Academus (ak-a-de'-mus) Acanthus (a-kan'-thus) Acarnania (ak'-ar-na'-ni-a) Accius, tragic dramatist (170-? B.C.) Acco (a'-ko) Accolti, Bernardo (1465-1536) Accoramboni, Vittoria (1557?-85) Accord (Netherlands, 1566) Accusation, Act of (1529) Achaea (a-ke'-a) Achaemenid (a-kem'-e-nid) Dynasty Achaemenid Susa (fl. 400 B.C.) Achaemenidae (ak'-e-men'-i-de) Achaeus (a-ke'-us) Acharnae (a-kar'-ne) Acharnians (a-kar'-ni-anz), The (Aristophanes) Achelous (ak'-e-lo'-us) Acheron (ak'-er-on) Acheulean (a-shu'-le-an) Culture Achillas, Egyptian general (fl. 1st century B.C.) Achilles (a-kil'-ez) Achilles and Penthesilea (pen'-the-si-le'-a) Achillini, Alessandro (1463-1512) Acontius (akon'-te-us) Aconzio, Iacopo (c. 1492-1565) Acosta, Uriel (c. 1591-1647?) Acragas (a'-kra-gus) Acre (a'-ker) Acrocorinthus (ak'-ro-ko-rin'-thus) Acron (a'-kron), physician, (fl. 5th century B.C.) Acropolis (Pergamum) Acropolis (a-krop'-o-lis) (Athens) Act for the Encouragement of the Arts of Designing, Engraving, Etching, etc. ("Hogarth's Act," 1735) Act for the Settling of Ireland (England, 1652) Act of Abjuration (Netherlands, 1581) Act of Mediation (1803) Act of Pacification (Netherlands, 1576) Act of Revocation (Scotland, 1625) Act of Seclusion (United Provinces, 1654) Act of Settlement (England, 1701) Act of Supremacy (England, 1559) Act of Toleration (England, 1689) Act of Uniformity (England, 1559) Act of Uniformity (England, 1662) Act of the Congress of Vienna (1815) Acte Additionel (France, 1815) Acte, Claudia, mistress of Nero (1st century) Actium Actium (ak'-ti-um) (naval battle, 31 B.C.) Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, Lord (1834-1902) Acton, Sir John Francis Edward (1736-1811) Acuna, Antonio de (1520) Adam, Francois Balthasar Gaspard (1710-61) Adam, Jacob Sigisbert (1670-1747) Adam, James (d. 1794) Adam, Lambert Sigismund (1700-59) Adam, Nicolas Sebastien (1705-78) Adam, Pere (fl. 1765), French Jesuit Adam, Robert (1728-92) Adam, William (fl. 1770) Adams, Dr. William (1706-89) Adams, John (1735-1826), 2d President of U.S. Adams, John Quincy (1767-1848) Adams, Mrs. (Rousseau's landlady, 1766) Adams, Samuel (1722-1803) Adana (a'-da-na) Adapa (a'-da-pa) Adasa (a-das'-a) Addington, Henry (1757-1844) Addison, Joseph, English essayist and poet (1672-1719) Adeimantus (a-di-man'-tus) Adelaide de France, Madame (1732-1800), dau. of Louis XV Aden (a'-den) Admetus (ad-me'-tus) Admonitions of Ipuwer (i'-pu-wer) Adolf of Nassau (1462) Adolphus Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, King of Sweden (r. 1751-71) Adolphus, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (fl. 1586) Adonai (a-do-ni') Adonais (a-do-na'-is) Adoni (a-do'-ni) Adonia (a-do'-ni-a) Adonis (a-do'nis) Adrastus (a-dras'-tus) Adret, Solomon ben Abraham ben (1235-1310) Adrian VI (Adrian Dedel), Pope (1521-23) Adrian of Tyre, Greek rhetorician (ca. 112-ca. 192) Adrian, Patriarch (d. 1700) Advaita (ad-vi-ta) Aegaleus (e'-ga-le'-us) Aegean (e-je'-an) Aegeus (e'-jus) Aegina (e-ji'-na) Aegira (e-ji'-ra) Aegisthus (e-jis'-thus) Aegium (e'-ji-um) Aegospotami (e'-gos-pot'-a-mi) Aegyptus (e-jip'-tus) Aelianus, Claudius, historian (fl. 2nd century) Aemilia, stepdaughter of Sulla and wife of Pompey (fl. 1st century B.C.) Aemilian, (Marcus Julius Aemilius Aemilianus), Roman emperor (?-253) Aenea (e-ne'-a) Aeneas (e-ne'-as_ Aeneas Tacticus (tak'-ti-cus), writer (4th century B.C.) Aeneid (e-ne'-id), The (Virgil) Aenesidemus of Cnossus, Greek Skeptic (1st century) Aeniania (e'-ne-an'-i-a) Aenus (e'-nus) Aeolia (e'-o-li-a) Aeolus (e-o-lus) Aepinus (Franz Ulrich Hoch; 1724-1802) Aerope (a-er'-o-pe) Aeschines (es'-ki-nez), Athenian orator (389-314 B.C.) Aeschines, philosopher (5th century B.C.) Aeschylus (es'-ki-lus), Greek dramatist (525-456 B.C.) Aeson (e'-son) Aesop (e'-sop), Greek fabulist (619-564 B.C.) Aesopus, Claudius, tragic actor (fl. 1st century B.C.) Aethlius (eth'-li-us) Aetolia (e-to'-li-a) Affirmation Act (England, 1696) Affonso IV, King of Portugal (1325-57) Affonso V, King of Portugal (1438-81) Afghanistan (af-gan-is-tan') Afranius, politician (?-46 B.C.) Africanus, Sextus Julius, Christian historian (?-232) Afrosinia (fl. 1717) Agade (a'-ga-de) Agamemnon (ag'-a-mem'-non) Agariste (ag'-a-ris-te), mother of Pericles Agatharchus, painter (5th century B.C.) Agathocles (a-gath'-o-klez), tyrant of Syracuse (361?-289 B.C.) Agathocles, musician (5th century B.C.) Agathon (ag'-a-thon), tragic poet (ca. 448-400 B.C.) Agave (a-ga'-ve) Ageladas (a'-je-la'-das), sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.) Agelaus (a'-je-la'-us), statesman (3rd century B.C.) Agesander (aj'-e-san'-der), sculptor (fl. 1st century B.C.) Agesilaus (a-jes'-i-la'-us) II, King of Sparta (ca. 444-361 B.C.) Agias (a'-ji-as) Agincourt, battle of (1415) Agis (a'-jis) II, King of Sparta (reigned 427-398 B.C.) Agis IV, King of Sparta (reigned 244-240 B.C.) Agnesi, Maria Gaetana (1718-99) Agni (ag'-ni) Agnonides, Athenian (4th century B.C.) Agobard of Lyons, Saint (779-840) Agoracritus (ag'-o-rak'-ri-tus), sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.) Agra (a'-gra) Agraulos (a-gro'-los) Agricola, Alexander (1446?-1506) Agricola, Cnaeus Julius, governor (37-93) Agricola, Georg (1494-1555) Agricola, Rudolphus (1443-85) Agrigentum (ag'-ri-jen'-tum) Agrippa, Cornelius Heinrich (1486?-1535) Agrippa, Henry Cornelius (1487-1535) Agrippa, Herod, King of the Jews (reigned 41-44) Agrippa, King of Chalcis (30-100) Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius (63-12 B.C.), Roman general Agrippina the Younger, mother of Nero (?-59) Agrippina, wife of Germanicus (?-33 A.D.) Aguesseau, Henri Francois d' (1668-1751) Agylla (a-jil'-a) Ahab (a'-hab), King of Israel (ca. 875-850 B.C.) Ahankara (H)- consciousness of self. Ahasuerus (a-haz-u-e'-rus), the Wandering Jew Ahaz (a'-haz), King of Judah (ca. 700 B.C.) Ahenobarbus, Cnaeus Domitius, father of Nero (fl. 1st century) Ahhijava (a-he'-ya-va) Ahimsa (a-him'-za) Ahmad Hatif, Sayyid (fl. 1750) Ahmad Pasha (d. 1496) Ahmad Shah (aK'-mad shah), Sultan of Delhi (1422-1435) Ahmad ibn Uways Jala'ir, Sultan (1382-93; 1405-9) Ahmadnagar (aK-mad-na'-gar) Ahmasi (ah'-ma-si), Egyptian queen (ca. 1500 B.C.) Ahmed I, Ottoman Sultan (1603-17) Ahmed III, Ottoman Sultan (r. 1703-30) Ahmed Khan Durani, Shah of Afghanistan (r. 1747-73) Ahmedabad (aK'-med-a-bad') Ahmedi of Sivas (c. 1334-1413) Ahmes (ah'-mez), Papyrus Ahorn, Lucas (fl. 1819) Ahriman (ah'-ri-man) Ahura-Mazda (a'-hoo-ra-maz'-da) Aietes (i-e-tez) Aiguillon, Armand de Vignerot, Duc d' (b. 1750) Aiguillon, Emmanuel-Armand de Vignerot, Duc d' (1720-82) Aigyptiaka (i'-gip-te'-i-ka) Aihole (i-hol') Ailly, Pierre d' (1350-1420) Ain-i Akbari (i-ni ak'-bari) Ainsworth, William Harrison (1805-82) Ainus (i-nooz) Aislabie, John (1670-1742) Aix, bishop of (1774) Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen); Congress of (1818) Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1668) Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748) Ajanta (a-jan'-ta) Ajax (a'-jaks) Ajita Kasakambalin (a'-ji-ta ka-sa-kam'-ba-lin), Indian sceptic Ajmer (aj'-mar) Ajur-veda (a'-yoor-va'-da) Akahito (a-ka-he-to), Japanese poet (724-756) Akaiwasha (a-ki'-wa-sha) Akbar (ak'-bar), Jellaladin Mohammed, Emperor of India (1556-1605) Akenside, Mark (1721-70) Akerblad, Johan David, Baron, Swedish Orientalist and diplomat (1760-1819) Akhetaton (ak'-a-ta'-ton) Akhmet Khan (1480) Akiba ben Joseph (c. 50-132) Akkad, (ak'-ad) al-Malik al Nasiz (1381-99) Al-Kashi of Samarkand (d. 1436) Alacoque, Saint Marguerite Marie (1647-90) Alalia, battle of (535 B.C.) Alamagna, Giovanni d' (d. 1450) Alamanni, Luigi (1495-1556) Alari, Abbe (fl. 1721) Alasani-Peddana (a-la-sa-ni-ped'-da-na), Indian poet (fl. 1520) Alau-d-din (a-la-oo-den'), Sultan of Delhi (1296-1315) Alba, Don Jose de Toledo Osorio, Duke of (d. 1796) Alba, Duke of (1508-82) Alba, Teresa Cayetana Maria del Pilar, Duchess of (1762-1803) Albani, Alessandro, Cardinal (1692-1779) Albany, Louise Caroline of Stolberg-Gedern, Countess of (1752-1824) Albergati, Niccolo, Blessed (1357-1443) Alberini, Marcello (b. 1511) Alberoni, Giulio, Cardinal (1664-1752) Albert (1738-1822), Duke of Saxe-Teschen Albert II, Holy Roman Emperor (1438-40) Albert III, Duke of Saxony (1464-85) Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (r. 1550-79) Albert of Saxony (d. 1390) Albert, Cardinal, Archduke of the Spanish Netherlands (r. 1595-1621) Alberti, Leon Battista (1404-72) Albertinelli, Mariotto (1474-1515) Albertini, Francesco (1521) Albertus Magnus, Saint (1193?-1280) Alberuni (al-ba-roo'-ni) Arabian scholar (997-1030) Albinus, Clodius, rival of Septimius Severus for emperorship (?-192) Albinus, procurator of Judea (fl. 1st century) Albizzi, Rinaldo degli (d. 1442) Albo, Joseph (d. 1444) Albon, Comtesse Julie d' (fl. 1732) Albornoz, Gil Alvarez Carrillo de (known in Italy as Cardinal Egidio: 1310-67) Albrecht (Albert), Duke of Prussia (1490-1568) Albrecht Alcibiades (1522-57) Albrecht of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz (1490-1545) Albrecht, Count of Hohenlohe (1525) Albrechtsberger, Johann Georg (1736-1809) Albret, Charlotte d', Duchess of Valentinois, (d. 1514) Albret, Henri d' (1503-55) Albret, Jean d', King of Navarre (d. 1516) Albret, Jeanne d' (1528-72), Queen of Navarre Albuquerque, Affonso de (1453-1515) Alcaeus (al-se'-us), Greek lyric poet (620-580 B.C.) Alcamenes (al-kam'-e-nez), sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.) Alcazarquivir (Al-Kasr-al-Kabir), battle of (1578) Alcestis (al-ses'-tis) Alcibiades (al'-si-bi'-a-dez), Athenian politician and general (450-404 B.C.) Alcidamas (al-sid'-a-mas), philosopher and rhetorician (fl. 4th century B.C.) Alcinous (al-sin'-o-us) Alciphron, Greek letter writer (fl. 180) Alcisthenes (al-sis'-the-nez) of Sybaris Alcmaeon (alk-me'-on) Alcmaeonids (alk-me'-o-nidz) Alcman (alk'-man), lyric poet (7th century B.C.) Alcmene (alk-me'-ne) Alcon, surgeon (fl. 1st century) Alcuin (735-804) Aldobrandini, Pietro, Cardinal (1571-1621) Aldrovandi, Ulisse (1522-1605) Aleander, Jerome [Aleandro, Girolamo] (1480-1542) Alekseev, Feodor (1753-1824) Aleman, Mateo (1547?-1610) Alembert, Jean Le Rond d' (1717?-83) Alencon, Charles, Duke of (1489-1525) Alencon, Francois, Duke of (1554-84), Duke of Anjou (1574-84) Aleotti, Gianbattista (1546-1636) Alessi, Galeazzo (1512-72) Alexander Balas, King of Syria (reigned 150-146 B.C.) Alexander I (Aleksandr Pavlovich), Czar of Russia (r. 1801-25) Alexander I, King of Macedonia (d. 455 B.C.) Alexander II (Aleksandr Nikolaevich), Czar of Russia (r. 1855-81) Alexander III (Orlando Bandinelli), Pope (r. 1159-81) Alexander III the Great, King of Macedonia (r. 336-323 B.C.) Alexander III, Pope (1159-81) Alexander Severus (Marcus Alexianus Bassianus Aurelius Severus Alexander), Roman emperor (208?-235) Alexander V (Petros Filargis), Pope (1409-10) Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia), Pope (r. 1492-1503) Alexander VII (Fabio Chigi), Pope (r. 1655-1667) Alexander VIII (Pietro Ottoboni), Pope (r. 1689-91) Alexander of Abonoteichus, Greek worker of miracles (fl. 1st century) Alexander of Aphrodisias (200) Alexander, Bishop of Alexandria (fl. 4th century) Alexander, Great Prince of Lithuania (1500) Alexander, son of Herod the Great (?-6 B.C.) Alexis (a-lek'-sis) of Thurii, comic dramatist (fl. 3rd century B.C.) Alexis Petrovich, Czarevich (1690-1713?) Alexis, Czar of Russia (r. 1645-76) Alexis, St., Metropolitan of Moscow (fl. 1354-70) Alfieri, Benedetto (1700-67) Alfieri, Vittorio, [Count] Conte di Cortemilia, Italian dramatist (1749-1803) Alfonso I, the Magnanimous, King of Naples (1443-58) Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara (r. 1559-97) Alfonso II, King of Naples (1494-95) Alfonso V, King of Aragon (1385-1458) Alfonso VI, King of Portugal (r. 1656-83) Alfonso X, King of Castile and Leon (1252-84) Alfonso XI, King of Castile (1312-50) Alfonso, Duke of Bisceglie (d. 1500) Algardi, Alessandro (1602-54) Algarotti, Conte Francesco (1712-64) Algeri da Nola, Filippo (1560) Algiers (al-jerz') 'Ali Hazin, Shaykh (1692-1767) Ali Pasha (1741-1822) Ali Riza (fl. 1713) Ali, Caliph (656-661) Ali-Shah (1312) Alidosi, Francesco (d. 1511) Alighieri, Dante, Italian poet (1265-1321) Aljubarrota, battle of (1385) All the Talents, Ministry of (1806-07) Allahabad (al'-la-ha-bad') Allat (al-lat') Allegri, Gregorio (1582-1652) Allegri, Lorenzo (d. 1527) Allen, Ralph (1694-1764) Allen, William, Cardinal (1532-94) Allenby, Edmund Henry, Viscount, British general (1861-1936) Allerheim, battle of (1645) Alleyn, Edward (1566-1626) Allgemeine Preussische Landrecht (1791) Allgemeine Schulordnung (1774) Allia (battle, 390 B.C.) Allori, Alessandro (1535-1607) Allori, Cristofano (1577-1621) Almada e Mendonca, Francisco de (d. 1804) Almagest (al'-ma-jest) (Ptolemy) Alpheus (al-fe'-us) River Alpini, Prospero (1553-1617) Alsted, Johann Heinrich (1588-1638) Altas, Ribas (d. 1488) Altdorfer, Albrecht (1480-1538) Alten, General Count Karl August von (1764-1840) Althorp, John Charles Spencer, Lord (1782-1845) Altichiero da Zevio (c. 1330-85) Altis (al'-tis) Altmark, Peace of (1629) Altoviti, Bindo (1491-1556) Alva, Duke and Duchess of (18th cent.) Alva, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of (1508-82) Alvarado, Pedro de (1495?-1541) Alvarez de Toledo, Federigo (fl. 1573) Alvinczy, Josef von Borberek, Baron (1735-1810) Alyattes (al-i-at'-ez), King of Lydia (617-560 B.C.) Amadai (a'-ma-di) Amadeo, Giovanni Antonio (c. 1447-1522) Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy (1343-83) Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy (1383-1451) see Felix V Amadori, Francesco degli (d. 1555) Amara (a-ma'-ra) Amaravati (a-ma-ra'-va-te) Amarna (a-mar'-na) Letters Amarpal (a-mar'-pal) father of Hammurabi (ca. 2150 B.C.) Amaryllis (am'-a-ril'-is) Amasis (a'-ma-sis) II, see Aahmes II Amaterasu (a-ma-te-ra-soo) Amati, Andrea (1530?-1611?) Amati, Nicolo (1596-1684) Amber (am'-bar) Amberg, battle of (1796) Amberger, Christopher (1500-61) Amboise, Charles d' (1473) Amboise, Charles d' (1500) Amboise, Georges d' (1460-1510) Amboyna (am-boi'-na) Ambracia (am-bra'-shi-a) Ambrogio, Teseo (1469-1540) Ambrose, St. (c. 340-397) Ameinias (a-mi'-ne-as), brother of Aeschylus Amelia, Princess (1782-1810) Amenemhet (a'-men-em'-het) I, King of Egypt (2212-2192 B.C.) Amenemhet III, King of Egypt (2061-2013 B.C.) Amenhotep (a'-men-ho'-tep) IV, King of Egypt (reigned 1375?-1358? B.C.) Amenhotep (a'-men-ho'tep), Egyptian sculptor (Ca. 1400 B.C.) Amenhotep II, King of Egypt (1447-1420 B.C.) Amenhotep III, King of Egypt (1412-1376 B.C.) Amenhotep IV, King of Egypt (1380-1362 B.C.) Ameni (a'-ma-ne) Amerbach, Bonifacius (1496?-1562) Amerbach, Hans (1444-?1513) Amida (a-mi-da) Amiens, Peace of (1802) Amiens, bishop of (1765) Amigoni, Jacopo (1675-1752) Amisus (a-me'-sus) Amitabha (a-me-ta-ba) Ammanati, Bartolommeo (1511-92) Ammianus Marcellinus, historian (fl. 4th century) Ammon (am'-on) Amoebeus (a-me'-be-us), musician Amon (a'-mon) Amon-Ra (a-mon-ra') Amontons, Guillaume (1663-1705) Amor dei intellectualis (L)- intellectual love of God. Amorgos (a-mor'-gos) Amorites (a'-mor-itz) Amos (a'-mos), Hebrew prophet (fl. 800 B.C.) Amoy (a-moi') River Ampere, Andre (1775-1836) Amphictyonic (am-fik'-ti-on-ik) Council Amphipolis (am-fip'-o-lis) Amphissa (am-fis'-a) Amphitryon (am-fit'-ri-on) Ampthill, Odo William Leopold Russell, Baron, British Statesman (1829-1884) Ampurias (am-poor'-i-as) Amritsar (am'-rit-sar) Amsdorf, Nicholas von (1483-1565) Amulius, legendary usurper to the throne of Latium (8th century B.C.) Amulius, painter (fl. 1st century) Amur (a-moor'), River Amurru (a-moo'-roo) Amyclae (a-mi'-kle) Amyntas (a-min'-tas) II, King of Macedonia (reigned 393-369 B.C.) Amyot, Jacques, French savant, and Bishop of Auxerre (1513-1593) An Lu-shan (an loo-shan'), Chinese rebel (fl. 755) Anabasis (a-na'-ba-sis) (Xenophon) Anacharsis (an'-a-kar'-sis), Scythian philosopher (fl. 6th century B.C.) Anacharsis, (6th century B.C.) Anacreon (a-nak'-re-on), Greek lyric poet (560?-475? B.C.) Anaita (a-na-e'-ta) Ananda (a'-nan-da), the St. John of Budhism (ca. 500 B.C.) Anaphlystus (an'-a-flis'-tus) Anastasius I, Roman Pope (?-401) Anatolia (an-a-to'-le-a) Anau (an'-ou) Anaxagoras (an'-ak-sag'-o-ras), Greek philosopher (500?-428 B.C.) Anaximander (an-ak'-si-man'-der), Greek philosopher (ca. 610-546 B.C.) Anaximenes (an-ak'-sim'-e-nez), Greek philosopher (fl. 6th century B.C.) Anchises (an-ki'-sez) Ancre, Marechal d' (Concino Concini; d. 1617) Ancrum Moor, Scotland, battle (1545) Ancus Marcius, fourth King of Rome (fl. 7th century B.C.) Ancyra (an-si'-ra) Andrea Pisano (c.1270-1348) Andrea da Firenze (fl. 1343-77) Andreae, Laurentius (1482-1552) Andreae, Valentin (1586-1654) andreia (an-dri'-a) Andreini, Isabella (1562-1604) Andrew III, King of Hungary (1290-1301) Andrews, Dr. (fl. 1762) Androcles, slave (dates uncertain) Andromache (an-drom'-a-ke) Andromeda (an-drom'-e-da) Andronicus (an-dron'-i-kus) of Rhodes, Greek philosopher in Rome (fl. 1st century B.C.) Andronicus II (1260-1332) Andros (an'-dros) Androtion (an-dro'-ti-on), historian (4th century B.C.) Andrusovo, Peace of (1667) Anet, Claude (d. 1734) Angela, Saint (1470-1540) Angelico (Giovanni da Fiesole) Fra, Italian painter (1387-1455) Angelucci, Guglielmo (fl. 1773) Angkor Thom (ang'-kor tom) Ango, Robert (1493) Angola (an-go'-la) Angora (ang-gor'-a) Anguier, Francois (1604-69) Anguier, Michel (1614-86) Anhalt, in League of Princes (1785) Anicetus, Roman Pope (ca. 157-ca. 168) Anicetus, courtier of Nero (fl. 1st century B.C.) Ankarstrom, Jakob (1762-92) Anna (H)- an (Asiatic) Indian coin worth one-sixteenth of a rupee, or about two cents. Anna Amalie (1739-1807), Dowager Duchess and Regent of Saxe-Weimar (r. 1758-75) Anna Ivanovna, Empress of Russia, (r. 1730-40) Anna Leopoldovna (1718-46), Regent of Russia (r. 1740-41) Anna Petrovna (d. 1728) Anna, wife of Augustus I of Saxony (m. 1584) Annam (an'-nam) Annandale, Marquis of (fl. 1745) Anne de Pisselieu (1508-80) Anne of Austria (1601-66), Queen of Louis XIII of France (1615-43), Regent of France (1643-61) Anne of Austria (d. 1580), Queen of Spain as 4th wife of Philip II Anne of Beaujeu (1460-1522) Anne of Bohemia, Queen of England (1382-94) Anne of Brittany, Queen of France (1477-1514) Anne of Cleves (1515-57) Anne of Denmark (1574-1619), Queen of James I of England Anne of Saxe-Lauenburg (fl. 1697) Anne of Saxony (d. 1577), 2d wife of William I of Orange Anne, Princess (1709-59), dau. of George II Anne, Princess, Regent of Holland (r. 1751-59) Anne, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, later Great Britain (r. 1702-14) Anne, wife of Ferdinand I (1521) Annecy, bishop of (1766) Annet, Peter (1693-1769) Anniceris (an-ni'-ce-ris) of Cyrene, philosopher (4th century B.C.) Anquetil-Duperron, Abraham Hyacinthe, French Orientalist (1731-1805) Ansbach, in League of Princes (1785) Anselm, Saint (1033-1109) Anselmi, Michelangelo (1491-1554) Anshan (an-shan') Anson, George, Baron Anson (1697-1762) Antaeus (an-te'-us) Antalcidas (an-tal'-si-das), Spartan statesman (fl. 387 B.C.) Antenor (an-te'-nor), sculptor (fl. 6th century B.C.) Anthesteria (an'-thes-te'-ri-a) Anthesterion (an-thes-te'-ri-on) Anthony of Egypt, Saint (251-356?) Anthony, Saint, Egyptian founder of monachism (251-356?) Antibes (an'-teb) Anticythera (an'-ti-si-the'-ra) Antigone (an-tig'-o-ne) Antigonus (an-tig'-o-nus) I Cyclops, King of Asia (382-301 B.C.) Antigonus II Gonatas, King of Macedonia (319-239 B.C.) Antigonus III Doson, King of Macedonia (d. 220 B.C.) Antigonus, King of Judea (fl. 43 B.C.) Antimenes (an-ti'-me-nez) of Rhodes, banker (4th century B.C.) Antinous (A.D. 117-138) Antinous, Greek favorite of Hadrian (?-122) Antioch (an'-ti-ok) Antiochus I Soter (an-ti'-o-kus so'-tar), King of Syria and Babylonia (280-261 B.C.) Antiochus II Theos, King of Syria (reigned 261-246 B.C.) Antiochus III the Great, King of Syria (reigned 224-187 B.C.) Antiochus IV Epiphanes, King of Syria (200?-164 B.C.) Antiochus of Ascalon, Greek Platonic philosopher (fl. 1st century B.C.) Antiochus of Syracuse, historian (fl. 420 B.C.) Antiochus, Athenian general (d. 407 B.C.) Antiope (an-ti'-o-pe) Antipater (an-tip'-a-ter), Regent of Macedonia (?-319 B.C.) Antipater the Idumean, father of Herod and procurator of Judea (?-43 B.C.) Antipater, son of Herod the Great (?-4 B.C.) Antiphanes (an-tif'-a-nez), comic dramatist (fl. 4th century B.C.) Antiphon (an'-ti-fon) of Athens, orator (480-411 B.C.) Antipolis (an-ti'-po-lis) Antisthenes (an-tis'-the-nez) of Cyrene, philosopher (444-365 B.C.) Antisthenes, banker (5th century B.C.) Antommarchi, Dr. Francesco (1780?-1838) Anton Ulrich of Brunswick, Prince (1714-76) Antonello da Messina (1430-79) Antonia, mother of Germanicus and Claudius (1st century B.C.- 1st century A.D.) Antoninus Pius (Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius Arrius Antoninus Pius), Roman emperor (86-161) (r. 138-161) Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor and philosopher (121-180) Antoninus, St. (Antonino Pierozzi: 1389-1459) Antonio Veneziano (1314-83) Antonio di Girolamo (fl. 1526-30) Antonio, Dom (1531-94) Antonius Primus, general of Vespasian (fl. 1st century) Antonius, Lucius, governor (fl. 1st century B.C.) Antonius, Marcus (Mark Antony), Roman general (83-30 B.C.) Antonius, Marcus, Roman general, father of Antony (fl. 1st century B.C.) Antonius, governor (fl. ca. 190) Antroche, Comte d' (1745) Antyllus, ophthalmologist (fl. 1st century) Anu (an-oo) Anubis (a-nu'-bis) Anupu (an-u'-poo) Anuradhapura (a-noo'-rad-ha-poo'-ra) Anytus (a-ni'-tus), politician (fl. 5th century B.C.) Apamea (ap'-a-me'-a) Apelles (a-pel'-ez), Greek painter (fl. 330 B.C.) Apellicon of Teos, bibliophile (d. 84 B.C.) Apercu (F)- a flash of insight. Apercus- instinctive insights. Aphaea (a-fe'-a) Aphetae (a-fe'-te) Aphidna (a-fid'-na) Aphrodisia (af'-ro-diz'-i-a) Aphrodite (af'-ro-di'-te) Apian, Peter (1501-52) Apicata, divorced wife of Sejanus (?-31 A.D.) Apicius, famous epicure (fl. reign of Tiberius) Apion, Greek grammarian (fl. 1st century) Apis (a'-pis) Apocrypha (a-pok'-ri-fa) Apollinaris Sidonius, Caius Sollius, Saint, bishop and poet (430?-482?) Apollo (a-pol'-o) Apollo Sauroctonus (so-rok'-to-nus) Apollodorus (a-pol'-o-do'-rus), painter (fl. 5th century B.C.) Apollodorus, Greek architect (fl. reign of Trajan) Apollodorus, Macedonian revolutionary (3rd century B.C.) Apollodorus, attendant of Cleopatra (1st century B.C.) Apollodorus, historian and mythographer (2nd century B.C.) Apollonia (a'-pol-o'-ni-a) Apollonius (ap'-o-lo'-ni-us) of Alexandria, grammarian (fl. 1st century A.D.) Apollonius Molo of Alabanda, Greek rhetorician (fl. 1st century B.C.) Apollonius of Athens, Greek sculptor in Rome (fl. ca. birth of Christ) Apollonius of Miletus, physician (fl. 2nd century B.C.) Apollonius of Perga, Greek geometer (fl. 222-205 B.C.) Apollonius of Rhodes, Greek poet and grammarian (fl. 222-181 B.C.) Apollonius of Tralles, sculptor (fl. 2nd century B.C.) Apollonius of Tyana, Greek philosopher (fl. 1st century) Apoxyomenos (ap-ok'-se-om'-e-nas) (Lysippus) Appeals, Statute of (1533) Appian (Appianus), historian (fl. 2nd century) Apraksin, Count Stepan (1702-60) Apuleius, satirist and philosopher (fl. 2nd century) Aquae Sextiae (Aix), battle in 102 B.C. Aquaviva, Claudio (1543?-1615) Aquila, called Ponticus, Greek-Jewish translator of the Old Testament (fl. 117-138) Aquilius, Manius, general (?-88 B.C.) Aquinas, St. Thomas, Italian Scholastic (1225?-1274) Aquino da Colloredo (c. 1503) Arakcheev, Count Aleksei (1769-1834) Aralu (a'-ra-loo) Aranda, Pedro Abarca, Conde de (1718-99) Aranyaka (a-ran'-ya'-ka) Ararat (ar'-a-rat) Araru (a'-ra-roo) Aratus (a-rat'-us) of Sicyon, statesman (271-213 B.C.) Aratus of Soli, Greek didactic poet (315-245 B.C.) Araxes (a-rax'-ez) River Arbela (ar-be'-la) Arbiter elegantiarum (L)- arbiter of elegance. Arblay, Gen. Alexandre d' (d. 1818) Arbuthnot, John (1667-1735) Arcadelt, Jacob (c. 1514- after 1557) Arcadia (ar-ka'-di-a) Arcadius, Roman emperor in the East (?-408) Arcana (L)- secret mysteries. Arcangeli, Francesco (d. 1768) Arcesilaus (ar'-ses-i-la'-us), philosopher (316-241 B.C.) Arcesilaus, Greek sculptor in Rome (fl. 1st century B.C.) Archagathus the Peloponnesian (Carnifex), physician (fl. 219 B.C.) Archeanassa (ar'-ke-a-nas'-a), courtesan Archelaus (ar'-ke-la'-us), King of Macedonia (reigned 413-399 B.C.) Archelaus of Miletus, philosopher (fl. 5th century B.C.) Archelaus, King of the Jews (reigned 4 B.C.-A.D. 6) Archermus (ar-ker'-mus), sculptor (6th century B.C.) Archestratus (ar'-ke-stra'-tus), banker (5th century B.C.) Archestratus, poet (fl. 330 B.C.) Archias, Aulus Licinius, Greek poet in Rome (ca. 120-? B.C.) Archidamus (ar'-ki-da'-mus), King of Sparta Archilochus (ar-kil'-o-kus), Greek lyric poet (714?-676 B.C.) Archimedes (ar'-ki-me'-dez), Greek mathematician and scientist (287?-212 B.C.) Archinto, Alberico, Cardinal (1698-1758) Archytas of Tarentum (fl. 400-365 B.C.) Archytas, philosopher and scientist (428-347 B.C.) Arcis-sur-Aube, battle of (1814) Arcole, battle of (1796) Arctonnesus (ark'-to-ne'-sis) Ardashir I (or Artaxerxes), King of Persia (reigned 227-240) Arden, Mary (d. 1608) Arellius, painter (fl. end of 1st century B.C.) Areopagiticus (ar'-e-o'-pa-ji'-ti-kus) (Isocrates) Areopagus (ar'-e-op'-a-gus) Ares (a'-rez) Aretas IV, King of Saba (9 B.C.-A.D. 40) Arete (a-re'-te), daughter of Aristippus Aretino, Pietro (1492-1556) Areus, Greek philosopher in Rome (fl. reign of Augustus) Arfe, Juan de (1523-1603) Argens, Jean Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d' (1704-71) Argenson, Marc Pierre de Voyer, Comte d' (1695-1764) Argenson, Marquis Marc Rene de Voyer d' (1652-1721) Argenson, Rene-Louis de Voyer, Marquis d' (1694-1757) Argental, Charles-Augustin de Ferriol, Comte d' (1700-88) Argentau, Gen. Count Eugen von (1744-1819) Arginusae (ar'-ji-nu-se) Argistis II, King of Armenia (ca. 708 B.C.), Argo (ar'-go) Argolic (ar-gol'-ik) Argolis (ar'-gol-lis) Argonauts (ar'-go-nots) Argus (ar'-gus) Argyll, Archibald Campbell, 3d Duke of (1682-1761) Argyll, Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of (1530-73) Argyll, Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of (1629-85) Argyropoulos, Johannes (1416?-?1486) Arhat (H)- one who has earned Nirvana. Arhats (ar'-hats) Ariadne (ar'-i-ad'-ne) Ariana (a-re-a'-na) Arion (a-ri'-on), poet of Lesbos (7th century B.C.) Ariosti, Attilio (1660?-1740) Ariosto, Lodovico (1474-1533) Ariovistus, German chief (fl. 1st century B.C.) Aristaeus (ar'-is-te'-us), mathematician (4th century B.C.) Aristagoras (ar'-is-tag-o-ras), Regent of Miletus (d. 497 B.C.) Aristander (ar'-is-tan'-der), soothsayer (4th century B.C.) Aristarchus (ar'-is-tar'-kus) of Samos, Greek astronomer (fl. 280-264 B.C.) Aristarchus of Samothrace, grammarian and critic (220-143 B.C.) Aristides (ar'-is-ti'-dez), statesman and general (?-468? B.C.) Aristides of Thebes, painter (4th century B.C.) Aristides, Greek writer of romance (fl. 2nd century B.C.) Aristides, Publius Aelius, surnamed Theodorus, Greek rhetorician (117-187) Aristippus (ar'-is-tip'-us) of Cyrene, Greek philosopher (435?-356? B.C.) Aristo (ar-is'-to) of Chios, Stoic philosopher (fl. 250 B.C.) Aristobulus II, King of Judea (reigned 67-63 B.C.) Aristobulus, Greek historian (fl. 330 B.C.) Aristobulus, grandson of Hyrcanus II (1st century B.C.) Aristobulus, son of Herod the Great (?-6 B.C.) Aristocles (ar-is'-to-klez), see Plato Aristocles, sculptor (5th century B.C.) Aristocles, sculptor (6th century B.C.) Aristodama (ar-is'-to-da'-ma) of Smyrna, poetess (4th century B.C.) Aristodemus (ar-is'-to-de'-mus), King of Messenia (8th century B.C.) Aristogeiton (ar-is'-to-ji'-ton), tyrannicide (6th century B.C.) Aristogiton, Athenian patriot (ca. 525 B.C.) Aristomenes (ar'-is-to'-me-nez) Aristonicus, pretender to throne of Pergamum (?-129 B.C.) Aristophanes (ar'-is-tof'-a-nez), Greek comic dramatist (448?-380? B.C.) Aristophanes of Byzantium, grammarian and critic (257-180? B.C.) Aristotle (ar'-is-tot'-l), Greek philosopher (384-322 B.C.) Aristoxenus (ar'-is-tok'-se-nus) of Tarentum, philosopher and writer on music (fl. 4th century B.C.) Arita (ar-e-ta) Arius, Greek priest of Alexandria, and founder of Arianism (280?-336) Arjuna (ar'-joo-na) Arkalochori (ar'-ko-lo-kor'-e) Arkwright, Sir Richard (1732-92) Arlington, Henry Bennet, Earl of (1618-85) Armee du Nord (1815) Armentieres, Marquis d' (fl. 1758) Arminius, Jacobus (1560-1609) Arminius, chief of German tribe of Cherusci (18 B.C.-A.D. 19) Armonio, Giovanni (d. 1528) Armstead, Elizabeth (b. 1750) Armstrong, Andrew (fl. 1563) army, first standing, in Europe (1439) Army of Bohemia (Allied, 1813) Army of Reserve (French, 1800) Army of Silesia (Allied, 1813) Army of the North (Allied, 1813) Arnaud, Abbe Francois (1721-84) Arnauld d' Andilly, Robert (1589-1674) Arnauld, Antoine I (1560-1619) Arnauld, Antoine II (1612-94) Arnauld, Jacqueline Marie, Mere Angelique (1591-1661) Arnauld, Jeanne Catherine, Mere Agnes (1593-1671) Arnault, Antoine-Victor (1766-1834) Arndt, Ernst Moritz (1769-1860) Arndt, Johann (1555-1621) Arne, Thomas Augustine (1710-78) Arnim, Achim von (1781-1831) Arnim, Bettina von, nee Brentano (1785-1859) Arnim, Henrietta von (fl. 1787) Arnold of Brescia (1100-55?) Arnold of Villanova (c. 1235- c. 1311) Arnold, Matthew, English poet and critic (1822-1888) Arnold, Sir Edwin, English poet and Orientalist (1832-1904) Arnold, Thomas (1795-1842) Arnolfo di Cambio (c. 1250- c. 1302) Arnott, Archibald (1771-1855) Arnouillet, Balthasar (1553) Arnould, Sophie (1744-1802) Arouet, Armand (1684-1745) Arouet, Francois (1651-1722), father of Voltaire Arouet, Marie Marquerite Daumard (d. 1702) Arques, battle of (1589) Arran, James Hamilton, 2d Earl of (1517?-75) Arran, James Stewart, Earl of (d. 1596) Arras, capture of (1640) Arretophoria (ar'-e-to-for'-i-a) Arrian (Flavius Arrianus), Greek historian and philosopher (100?-170?) Arsaces (ar'-sa-sez), founder of kingdom of Parthia (fl. 248 B.C.) Arsacid (ar-sas'-id) Dynasty Arses (ar'-sez), King of Persia, (339-336 B.C.) Arsinoe (ar-sin'-o-e), Queen of Egypt (285 B.C.) Artabanus IV, King of Parthia (?-227) Artabhaga (ar-ta-bha'-ga) Artagnan, Charles de Baatz, Sieur d' (1611-73) Artaxerxes I (ar-ta-zerx'-ez), King of Persia (464-423 B.C.) Artaxerxes II, King of Persia (404-359 B.C.), Artaxerxes III Ochus, King of Persia (359-338 B.C.) Artemis (ar'-te-mis); Orthia (or'-thi-a) Artemisia (ar'-te-miz'-i-a), consort of Mausolus, Prince of Caria (fl. 350 B.C.) Artemisium (ar'-te-mish'-i-um) Artevelde, Jacob van (1290?-1345) Arthashastra (ar-ta-shas'-tra) Arthur, semi-fabulous British prince (ca. 500) Arthur, son of Henry VII (1487-1502) Articles of Union (1707) Artusi, Giovanni (1550?-1613) Arundel, Richard, Earl of (1346-97) Arundel, Thomas Howard, 2d Earl of (1585?-1646) Arundel, Thomas, Archbishop (1353-1414) Arundell, Henry Arundell, 3d Baron (c. 1607-1694) Arya-Somaj (a'-rya-so-maj') Aryabhata (a-rya-bha'-ta), Indian mathematician (ca. 499) Asam, Cosmas Damian (1686-1739) Asam, Egid Quirin (1692-1750) Asana (H)- the third stage of Yoga. Asana (a'-sa-na) Ascalaphus (as-kal'-a-fus) Ascalon (as'-ka-lon) Ascham, Roger (1515-68) Asclepiades of Prusa, Greek physician in Rome (fl. 1st century B.C.) Asclepiads (as-kle'-pi-adz) Asclepiodorus (as-kle'-pi-o-dor'-us), painter (4th century B.C.) Asclepius (as-kle'-pi-us) Ascra (as'-kra) Aselli, Gasparo (1581-1625) Asher, Jakob ben (1270-1349) Ashikaga (a-she-ka-ga) Shogunate Ashikaga Takauji (ta-kou-je), Japanese statesman and shogun (fl. 1340) Ashkenazi, Solomon ben Nathan (fl. 1571) Ashoka, Indian ruler and religious teacher (reigned 273-232 B.C.) Ashoka, King of Magadha (r. 273-232 B.C.) Ashraf, Shah of Persia (r. 1725-30) Ashram (a) (H)- a hermitage. Ashramas (a'-shra-maz) Ashtoreth (ash'-to-reth), 235 Ashur (a'-shoor) (city) Ashurbanipal (a'-shoor-ban'-e-pal), King of Assyria (669-626 B.C.) Ashurnasirpal (a'-shoor-na'-zer-pal') II, King of Assyria (884-859 B.C.) Ashurnirari (a'-shoor-ne-ra'-re), King of Assyria (753-746 B.C.) Ashvaghosha (ash-va-go'-sha), Indian religion teacher (ca.120) Ashvamedha (H)- the horse sacrifice. Ashvamedha (ash-va-ma'-da) Asiaticus, freedman of Vitellius (fl. 1st century) Aspasia (as-pa'-shi-a) of Miletus, consort of Pericles (470?-410 B.C.) Aspasia of Miletus, consort of Pericles (470?-410 B.C.) Assam (as-sam') Assembly of Notables (1787) Assembly of Notables (France, 1560) Assuan (as-swan) Astacus (as'-ta-kus) Astarte (as-tar'-te) Astika (as'-te-ka) Astruc (a-struk') Jean, French medical writer (1684-1766) Astyages (as-ti'-a-jez), King of the Medes (ca. 560 B.C.) Astyanax (as-ti'-a-naks) Asvala (ash'-va-la) Atalanta (at'-a-lan'-ta) Atarissyas (at'-ar-is'-i-as), King of the Ahhijavas Atarneus (a-tar-ne-us) Athamus (ath'-a-mas) Athanasius, St., Greek father of the Church (296?-373) Atharva-veda (a-tar'-va va'-da) Athena (a-the'-na) Athenaeus (ath'-e-ne'-us), grammarian (fl. 2nd century) Athenaeus of Naucratis, Greek grammarian (fl. 3rd century) Athenagoras, Greek philosopher (fl. 168) Athene Parthenos (a-the'-na par'-the-nos) Athene Promachos (pro'-ma-kos) Athenion, leader of slave rebellion (?-101 B.C.) Athenis (a-the'-nis), sculptor (6th century B.C.) Athenodorus (a-the'-no-dor'-us), sculptor (2nd? century B.C.) Athenodorus Cananites of Tarsus, Greek Stoic philosopher (fl. 1st century B.C.) Athens (ath'-enz) Athlone, Godert de Ginkel, 1st Earl of (1644-1703) Athos (ath'-os) Atlas (at'-las) Atman (at'-man) Aton (a'-ton) Atossa (a-tos'-a), daughter of Cyrus the Great, and wife of Cambyses, Smerdis, and Darius Hystaspis (6th century B.C.) Atossa (a-tos'-sa), wife of Darius I (ca. 500 B.C.) Atossa, daughter and wife of Artaxerxes II (ca. 375 B.C.) Atreus (a'-troos) Atreya (a-tra'-ya), Indian physiologist (ca. 500 B.C.) Attalus (at'-a-lus) I, King of Pergamum (reigned 241-197 B.C.) Attalus II Philadelphus, King of Pergamum (reigned 159-138 B.C.) Attalus III Philometor, King of Pergamum (reigned 138-133 B.C.) Attalus, Gallic Christian martyr (?-177) Attalus, Macedonian general (4th century B.C.) Attalus, Stoic philosopher (fl. 1st century) Atthis (ath'-is) Atti, Isotta degli (1425-70) Attianus, Caelius, guardian of Hadrian (fl. end of 1st century) Attica (at'-i-ka) Atticus, Herodes, Tiberius Claudius, Greek rhetorician and millionaire (104?-180) Atticus, Titus Pomponius, scholar and philosopher (109-32 B.C.) Attila, King of the Huns (ca. 400-454) Attis (at'-is) Atys (a'-tis) Aubert, Etienne (c. 1300-62) Aubert, Jean (d. 174I) Aubigne, Theodore Agrippa d' (1552-1630) Aubrey, John (1626-97) Aubusson, Pierre d' (1423-1503) Audley, Thomas (1488-1544) Audran, Claude (fl. 1708) Auenbrugger, Leopold (1722-1809) Auerstedt, battle of (1806) Augeard, Jacques-Matthieu (1731-1805) Augeas (o-je'-as) Augereau, Marechal Pierre-Francois-Charles (1757-1816), Duc de Castiglione Augsburg Confession (1530) Augsburg, League of (1686) Augsburg, Peace of (1555) Augurelli, Giovanni (1441-1524) August of Prussia, Prince (1779-1843) Augusta of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Princess of Wales (d. 1772) Augustenburg, Frederik Christian, Duke of (1765-1814) Augustine of Hippo, St. (354-430) Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo and father of the Church (354-430) Augustus (Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus), Roman emperor (r. 27 B.C.-A.D. 14) Augustus I, Elector of Saxony (r. 1553-86) Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland (r. 1697-1704, 1709-33), Elector of Saxony as Frederick Augustus I (r. 1694-1733) Augustus III, King of Poland (r. 1734-63), Elector of Saxony as Frederick Augustus II (r. 1733-63) Augustus, Elector of Saxony (1553-86) Aulis (o'-lis) Aumale, Claude de Lorraine, Duke of (1526-73) Aumont, Duc Louis-Marie-Augustin d' (1709-82) Aurangzeb (o'-rang-zab), Mogul emperor (1658-1707) Aurelia, mother of Caesar (2nd and 1st centuries B.C.) Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus), Roman emperor (212?-275) Aurelius, Marcus (Marcus Annius Aurelius Antoninus), Roman emperor and philosopher (121-180) Aurelius, Severus, brother of Marcus Aurelius (fl. 2nd century) Aurispa, Giovanni (1369-1459) Austen, Jane (1755-1817) Austerlitz, battle of (1805) Austin, Lady (fl. 1785) Austria, peasant revolt (1525-26) Austrian Succession, War of the (1740-48) Auta (ou'-ta), Egyptian artist (about 1370 B.C.) Auxerre, France, cathedral (1335) Avalokiteshvara (a'-va-lo'-ke-tash'-va-ra) Avalos, Costanza d' (1520) Avalos, Ferrante d' [Fernando], Marquis of Pescara (1489-1525) Aved, Jacques Andre (1702-66) Avellaneda, Alonso Fernandez de (fl. 1614) Averroes, ibn Rushd (1126-98) Avicebron (Ibn Gabirol: 1021-58) Avicenna (Abu 'Ali al-Husein ibn Sina: 980-1037) Avidya (a-ved'-ya) Aviero, Dom Jose de Mascarenhas, Duke of (1708-59) Aviola, Marcus Acilius, consul (fl. 1st century B.C.) Axel, Netherlands, capture of (1586) Aymer, Jacques (fl. 1692) Ayodhya (a-yo'-dya) Ayuthia (a-yoo'-ti-ya) Azotus (a-zo'-tus) Azzo I, Count of Canossa (961) B - Baal (ba'-al) Baal Shem-Tob (Israel ben Eliezer; 1700?-60) Baalzebub (ba'-al-ze-bub) Babar (ba'-bar) Archipelago Babel (ba'-bl), Tower of Babeuf, Francois-Emile, called Gracchus Babeuf (1760-97) Babington, Anthony (1561-86) Babur, Zahir ud-Din Muhammad (1483-1530; emperor of India 1526-30) Babylon (bab'-i-lon) Babylonia (bab'-i-lo'-ni-a) Bacchae (bak'-e), The (Euripides) Bacchanalia (bak'-a-na'-li-a) Bacchantes (ba-kan'-tez) Bacchiadae (ba-ki'-a-de) Bacchoi (ba'-koi) Bacchus (bak'-us) Bacchylides (ba-kil'-i-dez), poet (ca. 505-450 B.C.) Baccio d'Agnolo (c. 1460-1543) Bacciocchi, Elisa, nee Maria Anna Bonaparte (1777-1820) Bacciocchi, Felice Pasquale (1762-1841) Bach, Ambrosius (or Johann Ambrosius), of Eisenach (1645-95), father of J. S. Bach Bach, Anna Magdalena Wulcken (d. 1760) Bach, Christoph (1613-61) Bach, Elisabeth Lammerhirt (d. 1694) Bach, Heinrich (1615-92) Bach, Johann (1604-73) Bach, Johann Christian, the "Milan [or London] Bach" (1735-82) Bach, Johann Christoph (1642-1703) Bach, Johann Christoph Friedrich, the "Buckeburg Bach" (1732-95) Bach, Johann Christoph, of Ohrdruf (1671-1721), brother of J. S. Bach Bach, Johann Egidius (1645-1716) Bach, Johann Ernest, of Weimar (1722-77) Bach, Johann Ernst, of Arnstadt (d. 1739), cousin of J. S. Bach Bach, Johann Ernst, of Weimar (1722-77) Bach, Johann Jakob, of Stockholm (1682-1772?), brother of J. S. Bach Bach, Johann Michael (1648-94) Bach, Johann Sebastian, German composer (1685-1750) Bach, Karl Philipp Emanuel, son of J. S. Bach, the "Berlin Bach" (1714-88) Bach, Maria Barbara (1684-1720) Bach, Veit (d. 1619) Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann, of Halle (1710-84), son of J. S. Bach Bach, Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst (1759-1845) Bachiacca (Francesco Ubertini: c. 1494-1557) Backoffen, Hans (c. 1465-1519) Bacon, Anthony, ironmaster (fl. 1785) Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, English philosopher and statesman (1561-1626) Bacon, Roger (1214?-94) Bacon, Sir Francis (1561-1626) Bacon, Sir Nicholas (1509-79) Bactria (bak'-tre-a) Baculard d'Arnaud, Francois de (1718-1805) Badaoni (ba-da'-o-ne), Indian historian (fl. 1600) Badarayana (ba-da-ra'-ya-na), Vedanta philosopher (ca. 200 B.C.) Badby, John (1410) Baden-Durlach, Karl Wilheim, Margrave of (fl. 1715) Badile, Antonio (c. 1516-60) Baedeker, Karl, German publisher of guidebooks (1801-1859) Baer, Karl Ernst von, Estonian naturalist and embryologist (1792-1876) Baffin, William (1584-1622) Baganda (ba-gan'-da) Baggesen, Jens Immanual (1764-1826) Baghavand, battle of (1735) Baghdad (bag-dad' or bag-dad') Baglioni, Atalanta (c. 1500) Baglioni, Gianpaolo (d. 1520) Baglioni, Malatesta (d. 1531) Bagoas (ba-go'-as), Persian eunuch and general (executed 336 B.C.) Bagration, Prince Pyotr Ivanovich (1765-1812) Bahrdt, Karl Friedrich (1764-1826) Baif, Antoine de (1532-89) Baila (bi'-la) Bailen, battle of (1808) Bailey, Nathaniel (d. 1742) Baillie, Dr. Matthew (1761-1823) Bailly, Jean-Sylvain (1736-93) Bainham, James (d. 1532) Baius, Michael (1513-89) Bajazet I, Sultan (1389-1402) Bajazet II, Sultan of Turkey (1481-1572) Bakin, Kyokutei (ba-kin, kyo-koo-ta) Japanese novelist (1767-1848) Bakufu (ba-koo-foo) Bakunin, Aleksandr Pavlovich (fl. 1813) Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich (1814-76) Balawat (ba'-la-wat') Balban-Gheias-ed-din (bal'-ban-gi'-as-ed-den'), Sultan of Delhi (1265-1286) Balbinus (Decimus Caelius Balbinus), Roman emperor (?-238) Balboa, Vasco Nunez de (1475-1517) Balbus, Lucius Cornelius, consul (fl. 1st century B.C.) Baldini, Baccio (1436?-87?) Baldovinetti, Alesso (1427-99) Bale, John (1495-1563) Balen, Hendrik van (1575-1632) Baletti, Giuseppe (d. 1762 ) Balfour, Sir James (d. 1583) Bali (ba'-le) Balkh (balk), Ball, John (d. 1381) Ball, Sir Alexander (1759-1809) Ballantyne, James (1772-1833) Ballantyne, John (1774-1821) Ballard, John (d. 1586) Balliol, Edward (1333-57) Balmes, Abraham de (d. 1524) Balta-atrua (bal'-tra-a'-troo-a) Baltasar Carlos, Don (1629-46) Balthazar de Beaujoyeux (Baltazarini: fl. 1555) Baltimore, George Calvert, 1st Baron (1580?-1632) Baluchistan (ba-loo'-chi-stan') Balzac, Honore de, French novelist (1799-1850) Balzac, Jean Louis Guez, Seigneur de (1597?-1654) Bamberg, Prince-Bishop of (fl. 1525) Bana (ba'-na), Indian historian (ca. 650) Banco, Nanni di (c. 1373-1421) Bandello, Matteo (1480?-1562) Bandinelli, Baccio (1493-1560) Bandini, Bernardo (d. 1479) Baner, Johan (1596-1641) Banerji (ban-er-je), R. D. Bangkok (bang-kok') Banks, Sir Joseph (1743-1820) Bannockburn, Scotland, battle (1314) Bantus (ban'-tooz) Baqi, Mahmud Abdu'l (1526-1600) Bar Cocheba, Simeon, Jewish rebel leader (?-135) Barante, Baron Guillaume-Prosper de (1782-1866) Barbari, Jacopo de' (1440?-?1516) Barbaro, Ermolao (1454-93) Barbaro, Francesco (1398-1454) Barbarossa I, Horush (1473?-1518) Barbarossa II, Khair ed-Din (1466?-1546) Barbarossa, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1152-90) Barbaroux, Charles-Jean-Marie (1767-94) Barbauld, Anna, nee Aikin (1743-1825) Barbe-Marbois, Marquis Francois de (1745-1837) Barber, Francis (1745?-1801) Barberini, Francesco, Cardinal (1597-1679) Barbezieux, Marquis Louis de (1668-1701) Barbier, Edmond Jean (1689-1771), notary and diarist Barbo, Pietro (1417-71) Barcelona, Treaty of (1529) Barclay de Tolly, Prince Mikhail (1761-1818) Barclay, Alexander (1475?-1552) Barclay, Robert (1648-90) Bardesanes, Syrian heretic (fl. 200) Bardi, Giovanni (1534?-1612?) Barebon, Praise God (1596?-1679) Barelli, Agostino (fl. 1663) Barents, Willem (d. 1597) Barere, Bertrand (1755-1841) Barile, Antonio (1453-1516) Barlaam of Seminara (1300-48) Barletta, incident (1513) Barnave, Antoine-Pierre-Joseph (1761-93) Barnfield, Richard (1574-1627) Barnham, Alice, m. (1606) Baroccio, Federigo (1528-1612) Baroda (ba-ro'-da) Baron, Michael (fl. 1673) Baroncelli, Francesco (1353) Baroncelli, Niccolo (d. 1453) Baroni, Leonora (fl. 1675) Baronius, Caesar, Cardinal (1538-1607) Baronius, Henriette (fl. 1789) Barquq al-Zahir, Sultan (1390-1412) Barras, Paul (1755-1829) Barre, Isaac (1726-1802) Barriere, Pierre (d. 1594) Barros, Joao de (1496-1570) Barrow, Henry (d. 1593) Barrow, Isaac (1630-77) Barry, Elizabeth (1658-1713) Barry, Spranger (1719-77) Barthe, Nicolas (fl. 1778) Barthelemy, Abbe Jean-Jacques (1716-95) Barthelemy, Marquis Francois de (1750-1830) Bartholdy, J. S. (1779-1825) Bartholin, Thomas (1616-80) Bartoli, Daniele, Italian Jesuit, traveler, and writer (1608-1685) Bartoli, Taddeo (1363-1422) Bartolommeo, Fra (Baccio della Porta: 1472-1517) Bartolus of Sassoferrato (1314-57) Barton, Catherine (fl. 1695) Barton, Elizabeth (1506?-34) Baruch (bar'-uk), Hebrew minor prophet (ca. 600 B.C.) Bas-relief (F)- low relief; the partial carving of figures upon a background. Basaiti, Marco (d. after 1451) Basedow, Johann Bernhard (1724?-90) Baseggio, Pietro (d. c. 1354) Basel, Congress of (1795) Basel, Peace of (1795) Basile, Adriana (fl. 1665) Basilica (ba-sil'-i-ka) Basilides, Alexandrian heretic (fl. 117) Basire, James (1730-1802) Baskerville, John (1708-75) Basmanov, Patriarch (fl. 1605) Basnage, Jacques (1653-1725) Bassano the Elder, Francesco (c. 1475- before 1541) Bassano the Younger, Francesco (1549-92) Bassano, Iacopo (c. 1515-92) Bassano, battle of (1796) Bassenge, Paul, Jeweler (fl. 1785) Bassi, Laura (1711-78), Professor at University of Bologna Bassi, Martino (fl. 1570) Bassi, Matteo di (1495-1552) Bassompierre, Francois de, Marshal (1579-1646) Bathory, Stephen, King of Poland (r. 1575-1586) Bathsheba (bath-she'-ba) Bathurst, Allen, 1st Lord Bathurst (1684-1775) Bathycles (bath'-i-klez) of Magnesia, sculptor (fl. 550 B.C.) Bathyllus of Alexandria, artist in pantomime (fl. end of 1st century B.C.) Batis (ba'-tis), general of Gaza (4th century B.C.) Batoni, Pompeo Girolamo (1708-87) Batt, James (1500) Battista da Vercelli, Leo X's physician (d. 1517) Batu, Khan (d. 1255) Bau (bou) Baudelaire, Charles (1821-67) Baudricourt, Captain (1429) Bauer, Bruno, German theologian (1809-1882) Bauhin, Gaspard (1560-1624) Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb (1714-62) Baumgartner, Hieronymus, (1526) Baur, Ferdinand Christian, German Protestant theologian (1792-1860) Bautista de Toledo, Juan (d. 1567) Bautista del Mazo, Juan (1612?-67) Bautzen, battle of (1813) Bavaria, Elector of (r. 1679-1716), see Maximilian II Emanuel Baxter, Richard (1615-91) Bayard, Pierre du Terrail, Seigneur de (c. 1473-1524) Bayeu y Subias, Francisco (1734-95) Bayle, Pierre, French philosopher and critic (1647-1706) Bayon (ba'-yon) Bazhenev, Vasili (1737-99) Beaton, David, Cardinal (1494-1546) Beaton, James, Archbishop (1470?-1539) Beatrice of Aragon (1476) Beatrice of Burgundy (d. 1184) Beatriz, Queen of Portugal (1383) Beatty, Sir William, M.D. (d. 1842) Beauchamp, Richard de (1382-1439) Beauclerk, Lady Diana (1734-1808) Beauclerk, Topham (1739-80) Beaufort, Francois de Vendome, Duc de (1616-69) Beauharnais, Alexandre de (1760-94) Beauharnais, Eugene de (1781-1824) Beauharnais, Fanny, Comtesse de (1738-1813) Beauharnais, Hortense de (1783-1837) Beauharnais, Josephine de, nee Marie-Josephe-Rose Tascher de La Pagerie (1763-1814) Beauharnais, Marquis Francois de (1714-1800) Beaulieu, Edict of (1576) Beaulieu, Jean-Pierre de (1725-1819) Beaumarchais, Pierre Auguste Caron de, French dramatist (1732-1799) Beaumont, Christophe de (1703-81), Archbishop of Paris Beaumont, Francis (1584-1616) Beaune, France, hospital (1443) Beauneveu, Andre (fl. 1360-1403) Beaupuis, Michel de (1755-96) Beauregard, Captain (fl. 1722) Beauvais, Abbe Jean Baptiste Charles Marie de (1731-90) Beauvais, France, Cathedral (1500-48) Beauval, Firmin de (1344) Beauvau, Louis Charles Antoine, Marquis de (1710-44) Beauvillier, Duchesse de (fl. 1687) Beauvillier, Paul Duc de (1648-1714) Beccadelli, Antonio (1394-1471) Beccafumi, Domenico (1486-1551) Beccaria, Cesare Bonesana, Marchese di (1735?-94) Becher, Johann Joachim (1635-82) Becher, Johann Joachim (1635-82) Becket, Thomas a (1118?-70) Beckford, William (1709-70), Lord Mayor of London Beckford, William (1760-1844), author Bedford, Francis Russell, 5th Duke of (1765-1802) Bedford, John Russell, 4th Duke of (1710-71) Bedford, William Russell, 5th Earl of (1613-1700) Bedloe, William (fl. 1678) Bedouins (bed'-oo-inz) Beersheba (ber-she'-ba) Beethoven, Caspar Karl van (1774-1815), brother of Ludwig Beethoven, Johann van (d. 1792) Beethoven, Karl van (b. 1807), nephew of Ludwig Beethoven, Ludwig van, German composer (1770-1827) Beethoven, Maria Magdalena Keverich Laym van (d. 1787) Beethoven, Nikolaus Johann van (1776-1848) Behaim, Martin (1459?-?1507) Behistun (ba-his-toon') Behn, Aphra (1640-89) Beirut (ba-root') Bejart, Armande (1642-1700) Bejart, Madeleine (1618-72) Bek (bek), Egyptian sculptor (ca. 1370 B.C.) Bekker, Balthasar (1634-98) Bel (bal) Bel-Marduk (bal-mar'-dook) Belisarius (505?-565) Belit (ba'-lit) Bell, Andrew (1753-1832) Bell, Charles (1774-1842) Bellamy, Georgeanne (1731?-88) Bellano, Bartolommeo (c. 1430-98) Bellarmine, Robert, Cardinal (1542-1621) Bellasis, Catholic peer (fl. 1678) Bellay, Guillaume du (1491-1543) Bellay, Jean du (1492-1560) Bellay, Joachim du (1522-60) Belle-Isle, Charles Auguste Fouquet, Marechal Comte de, later Duc de (1684-1761) Belleau, Remy (1528-77) Belleforest, Francois de (1530-83) Bellegarde, Count Heinrich von (1756-1845) Bellegarde, Roger II (1562-1646) Bellerophon (be-ler'-o-fon) Belli, Valerio (1530) Bellingham, John (d. 1812) Bellini, Gentile (1429?-1507) Bellini, Giovanni (1431-1516) Bellini, Iacopo (1400-64) Bellmann, Karl Mikael (1740-95) Belloc, Hilaire (1870-1953) Beloch, Karl Julius, German historian in Italy (1854-1929) Belon, Pierre (1517-64) Belsunce de Castelmoron, Francois de (1671-1755), bishop of Marseilles Belsunce, Emilie de (fl. 1796) Bembo, Bernardo (d. 1519) Bembo, Pietro, Cardinal (1470-1547) Ben-Giora, Simon, Jewish hero (fl. 1st century) Benares (ben-ar'-es) Benda, Georg (1722-95) Bendis (ben'-dis) Benedetti, Alessandro (1460-1525) Benedetto da Foiano (1530) Benedetto da Maiano (1442-97) Benedetto da Rovezzano (1474-1515), Benedict XII (Jacques Fournier), Pope (1334-42) Benedict XIII (Pedro de Luna), Antipope (1394-1423) Benedict XIII (Pietro Francesco Orsini), Pope (r. 1724-30) Benedict XIV (Prospero Lambertini), Pope (r. 1740-58) Benedict XV, Pope (1914-22) Benezet, Pastor (d. 1752) Bengal (ben-gol') Beni-Hasan (ba'-ne-ha'-san) Benigno, Cornelio (1515) Benivieni, Antonio (c. 1440-1502) Bennet, Justice, of Derby (fl. 1650) Bennigsen, Count Levin August Theofil (1745-1826) Benoist, Antoine (1631-1717) Bentham, Jeremy, English political economist (1748-1832) Bentinck, Lord William Charles Cavenish, Governor General of India (1774-1839) Bentinck, William Henry Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Portland (1738-1809) Bentivoglio, Giovanni II, lord of Bologna (1469-1506; d. 1508) Bentivoglio, Guido, Cardinal (1579-1644) Bentley, Richard, English critic and classical scholar (1662-1742) Benucci, Francesco (fl. 1786) Berab, Jakob (1474-1546) Beranger, Pierre-Jean, de (1780-1857) Berar (ba-rar') Berchem, Nicolaes (1620-83) Berengar of Tours (998-1088) Berengario da Carpi, Iacopo (1470-1530) Berenice (ber'-e-ni'-se), Queen of Egypt (28?-70) Berenice, Jewish princess (c. A.D. 28-after 75) Berenice, Jewish queen (28?-?) Berenson, Bernard (1865-1959) Beresford, William Carr Beresford, Viscount (1768-1854) Berezovsky, Sozonovich (1745?-77) Berg, Count van den (fl. 1568) Bergen, battle of (1759) Bergheon, Marquis of (fl. 1566) Bergier, Nicolas Sylvestre (1718-90) Bergman, Torbern Olof (1735-84) Bergson, Henri, French philosopher (1859-1941) Bering, Vitus (1681-1741) Berkeley, 2d Earl of (fl. 1699) Berkeley, George, Bishop of Cloyne, Irish philosopher (1685-1753) Berkshire, Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of (fl. 1626) Berlichingen, Gottfried (Gotz) von (1480-1562) Berlin Decree (1806) Berlin, Treaty of (1742) Berlioz, Hector (1803-69) Bermejo, Bartolome (d. 1498) Bernabei, Domenico (1495) Bernacchi, Antonio (1685-1756) Bernadotte, Jean-Baptiste-Jules (1763?-1844), King of Sweden as Charles XIV John (r. 1818-44) Bernard, Mme. (d. 1807) Bernard, Samuel, banker (1651-1739) Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Jacques-Henri (1737-1814) Bernardino da Corte (1499) Bernardino of Feltre (1439-94) Bernardino of Siena, Saint (1380-1444) Bernardo da Rapallo (1451) Berners, John, Lord (1467-1533) Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar, Prince (1792-1862) Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (r. 1604-1639) Bernhard, Isaac (fl. 1750) Berni, Francesco (1496-1535) Bernier, Francois, French traveler and physician (1625-1688) Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, Italian painter, sculptor, and architect (1598-1680) Bernis, Francois-Joachim de Pierre, Cardinal de (1715-94) Bernoulli, Daniel (1700-82) Bernoulli, Jakob I (1654-1705) Bernoulli, Jakob II (1758?-89) Bernoulli, Johann I (1667-1748) Bernoulli, Johann II (1710-90) Bernoulli, Johann III (1744-1807) Bernoulli, Nikolaus (1623-1708) Bernoulli, Nikolaus I (1662-1716) Bernstorff, Count Andreas Peter von (1735-97) Bernstorff, Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von (1712-72) Beroaldo, Filippo (1470-1518) Berosus (be-ro'-soos), Babylonian historian (4th century B.C.) Berosus (be-ro'-sus), Chaldean and chronicler (fl. 3rd century B.C.) Berquin, Louis de (1489-1529) Berruguete, Alonso (c. 1480-1561) Berruguete, Pedro (c. 1450-1504) Berry, Charles Ferdinand de Bourbon, Duke of (1685-1714) Berry, Duke of, see Charles, Duke of Berry (1446-72); John, Duke of Berry (1340-1416) Berry, Marie Louise Elisabeth d'Orleans, Duchesse de (d. 1719) Berryer, Nicolas Rene (1703-62) Berthelier, Philibert (1553) Berthelot, Gilles (1521) Berthier, Guillaume Francois (1704-82) Berthier, Louis-Alexandre (1753-1815) Berthollet, Claude-Louis (1748-1822) Bertin, Henri Leonard (1720-92) Bertinoro, Obadiah (1488) Bertoldo da Firenze (d. 1491) Bertrand, Gen. Henri-Gratien (1773-1844) Berulle, Pierre de, Cardinal (1575-1629) Berwick upon Tweed, truce of (1639) Berwick, James Fitzjames, Duke of (1670-1734) Berytus (ber-i'-tus) Berzelius, Jons Jakob (1779-1849) Besant, Annie, English theosophist (1847-1933) Besenval, Baron Pierre-Victor de (1722-91) Besenval, Mme. de (fl. 1742) Bessarion, Joannes (1403-72) Bessenyei, Gyorgy (1747-1811) Bessus, satrap of Bactria under Darius III (fl. 331 B.C.) Besterman, Theodore (1904- ) Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Alexei (1693-1766) Betsky, Ivan (1704-95) Betterton, Thomas (1635?-1710) Betti, Giovanni di Giusto (1485-1549) Beuchot, Adrien Jean Quentin (1773-1851) Beyer, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm (d. 1806) Beze, Theodore de (1519-1608) Bhakti-yoga (bak'-ti-yo'-ga) Bharata (ba'-ra-ta) Bharhut (bar'-hoot) Bhartri-hari (bar'-tri-ha-ri), Indian sage (ca. 650) Bhasa (ba'-sa), Indian dramatist (ca. 350) Bhaskara (bas'-ka-ra), Indian mathematician (fl. 114) Bhava Misra (bav'-a mes'-ra), Indian medical encyclopedist (ca. 1550) Bhavabhuti (ba'-va-boo'-ti), Indian dramatist (ca. 500) Bhavagad-Gita (ba'-ga-vad-ge'-ta') Bhikkhus (bik'-kooz) Bhilsa (bel'-sa') Bhimnagar (bem'na-gar) Bhishma (besh'-ma) Bhopal (bo-pal') Bhuvaneshwara (boo'-van-ash-wa-ra) Biagio da Cesena (1541) Bianchi-Ferrari, Francesco de' (1457-1510) Bias (bi'-as) of Priene, one of the Seven Sages (fl. ca. 570 B.C.) Bibbiena (Bernardo Dovizi: 1470-1521) Bibbiena, Maria (c. 1515) Biber, Heinrich von (1644-1704) Bibiena, Alessandro Galli da (1687-1769) Bibiena, Antonio Galli da (1700-44) Bibiena, Ferdinando Galli da (1657-1743) Bibiena, Francesco Galli da (1659-1739) Bibiena, Giuseppe Galli da (1696-1756) Bible, Authorized Version (1611) Bibulus, Marcus Calpurnius, politician (?-48 B.C.) Bichat, Xavier (1771-1802) Bidar (bi-dar') Bignon, Louis-Pierre-Edouard (1747-1825) Bigot de Preameneu, Felix (1747-1825) Bihar (bi-har') Bihzad, Kamal al-Din (c. 1440-c. 1523) Bijapur (be'-ja-poor) Bikaner (bi-ka-nar') Bilderdijk, Willem (1756-1831) Bill of Rights (England, 1689) Billaud-Varenne, Jean-Nicolas (1756-1819) Bilney, Thomas (1495?-1531) Bindusara (bin-doo-sa'-ra), Indian king (298-273 B.C.) Binsfeld, Peter, Bishop (fl. 1589) Bios Hellados (be'-os hel'-a-dos) (Dicaearchus) Biot, Jean-Baptiste (1774-1862) Birague, Rene de (1506-83) Birbal (ber-bal'), Indian poet (fl. 1600) Birch, Elizabeth (fl. 1682) Birkenhead, Frederick Edwin Smith, 1st Earl of (1872-1930) Biron, Armand-Louis de Gontaut, Duc de (1747-93) Biron, Charles de Gontaut, Duke of (1562-1602) Biron, Ernst Johann von, Duke of Kurland (1690-1722) Bisanthe (bi-zan'-the) bishops' exclusion bill (England, 1642) Bismarck, Otto von, Prince (1815-98) Bismarck-Schonhausen, Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince von, Prussian statesman (1815-1904) Bithynia (bi-thin'-i-a) Bitiu (bi-tu') Bizarrerie (F)- something strange or queer. Bizarreries- strange or extravagant expressions or actions. Black Hole of Calcutta (1756) Black, David (fl. 1596) Black, Joseph (1728-99) Blackmore, Sir Richard (1650?-1729), physician and poetaster Blackstone, Sir William (1723-80) Blackwater, Ireland, battle of (1598) Blagden, Sir Charles (1748-1820) Blair, Catherine (fl. 1768) Blair, Hugh (1718-1800) Blake, Robert (1599-1657) Blake, Robert (d. 1787) Blake, William, English artist and poet (1757-1827) Blanchard, Francois (1753-1809) Blanche of Bourbon (d. 1361) Blanche of Navarre, Queen of France (1331-1398) Blandina, Gallic Christian martyr (?-177) Blandrata, Giorgio (1515?-?88) Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna, Russian mystic (1831-1891) Blenheim, battle of (1704) Blepyrus (blep'-i-rus) Blessington, Marguerite, Countess of, nee Power (1789-1849) Blois, Marie Anne de Bourbon, Duchesse de, later Duchesse d'Orleans (b. 1666) Blomberg, Barbara (fl. 1520) Blondel, Jacques-Francois (1705-74) Bloody Assizes (1685) Blossius, Caius, Greek philosopher (fl. 2nd century B.C.) Blot, Mme. de (fl. 1760) Blount, Charles (1654-93), freethinker Blount, Sir John (fl. 1720) Blucher, Gebhard Leberecht von (1742-1819) Boabdil, Moorish King of Granada (1482-83, 1486-92) Boadicea or Boudicca, Queen of the Iceni in Britain (?-61) Bobadilla, Francisco de (d. 1502) Bobadilla, Nicolas (1534) Bobrinsky, Alexis (b. 1762) Bocage, Manuel Maria Barbosa du (1765-1805) Boccaccini, Boccaccio (c. 1467-1525) Boccaccini, Camillo (1501-46) Boccaccio, Giovanni, Italian novelist (1313-1375) Boccadoro, Domenico Bernabei (d. 1549) Boccage, Marie-Anne Fiquet du, nee Le Page (1710-1802) Boccanera, Simone, Doge of Genoa (1339-44; 1356-63) Boccherini, Luigi (1743-1805) Bocciardo, Giorgio (1494) Bocskay, Stephen, Prince of Transylvania (r. 1604-6) Bodh-gaya (bod-ga-ya) Bodhi (H)- knowledge, illumination. Bodhisattwas (bo-de-sat'-waz) Bodin, Jean (1530-96) Bodley, Sir Thomas (1545-1613) Bodmer, Johann Jakob (1698-1783) Boedromion (bo'-e-dro'-mi-on) Boeon (be'-on), Mt. Boeotia (be-o'-shi-a) Boerhaave, Hermann (1668-1738) Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus, Roman philosopher and statesman (475?-525?) Boethus (bo-e'-thus) of Sidon, philosopher (1st century B.C.) Boethus, sculptor (2nd century B.C.) Boffi, Guillermo (1410) Boffrand, Germain (1667-1754) Boghaz Keui (bo-gaz' ku-e) Boguslawski, Wojciecz (1760-1829) Bohier, Thomas (1513) Bohler, Peter (fl. 1738) Bohm, Hans (1476) Bohme, Jakob (1575-1624) Bohmer, Charles, jeweler (fl. 1785) Boiardo, Matteo Maria (1430-94) Boieldieu, Francois-Adrien (1775-1834) Boileau-Despreaux, Nicolas, French poet, satirist, and critic (1636-1711) Boineburg, Johann von (1622-72) Boisgelin de Cuce, Raymond de (1732-1804) Boisguillebert, Francois de (1592-1662) Boisguillebert, Pierre Le Pesant, Sieur de (1646-1714) Boismont, Nicolas Thyrel de (1715-86) Boisrobert, Francois Le Metel de (1592-1662) Boissel, Francois (fl. 1789) Boissier, Marie Louis Gaston, French historian, critic, and archaeologist (1823-1908) Boissieu, Jean-Jacques (1736-1810) Boissy d'Anglas, Francois-Antoine (1756-1826) Boissy, Octave Rouille de Coudray, Marquis de (1798-1866) Boizot, Louis-Simon (1743-1809) Bokhara (bo-ka'-ra) Bokhara, Emir of (1740) Bol, Ferdinand (1616-80) Boleslav V, King of Poland (1227-79) Boleyn, Anne (1507-36) Boleyn, Sir Thomas (1477-1539) Bolingbroke, Henry (1367-1413), see Henry IV of England Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount, English statesman and political writer (1678-1751) Bolingbroke, Viscountess (1), nee Frances Winchcombe (d. 1720) Bolland, Jean de (1596-1665) Bologna Giovanni da (1529?-1608) Boltraffio, Giovanni (1467-1516) Bombasi, Paolo (1527) Bonald, Vicomte Louis-Gabriel-Ambroise de (1754-1840) Bonaparte, Charles Joseph (1851-1921) Bonaparte, Elizabeth, nee Patterson (1785-1879) Bonaparte, Jerome (1784-1860), King of Westphalia (r. 1807-13) Bonaparte, Jerome Napoleon (1830-93) Bonaparte, Joseph (1768-1844), King of Naples (r. 1806-08), King of Spain (r. 1808-13) Bonaparte, Louis (1778-1846), King of Holland (r. 1806-10) Bonaparte, Lucien (1775-1840) Bonaparte, Napoleon-Charles (1802-07) Bonaparte, Napoleon-Louis (1804-31) Bonaventura, Giovanni di Fidanza (1221-74) Boncerf, Pierre-Francois (1745-94) Bond of Association (1584-85) Bonde, Gustav (1620-67) Bonfigli, Benedetto (1420-96) Bonfils, Immanuel (fl. 1350) Bonfini, Antonio (1427-1502) Boniface IX (Piero Tomacelli), Pope (1389-1404) Boniface VIII (Benedetto Caetani), Pope (1294-1303) Boniface, Saint (680-755) Bonifazio Veronese de' Pitati (1487-1553) Bonnart, Robert (b. c. 1649) Bonnefax, Father (fl. 1789) Bonner, Edmund (1500?-69) Bonnet, Charles (1720-93) Bonnivard, Francois de (1496-1570) Bonnivet, Guillaume de (c. 1488-1525) Bono, Pietro (d. c. 1505) Bononcini, Giovanni Battista (c. 1672- c. 1752) Bonpland, Aime-Jacques-Alexandre (1773-1858) Bonsignori, Francesco (c. 1453-1519) Bonstetten, Charles-Victor de (1745-1832) Bontemps, Pierre (1505-68) Bonze (F from J)- a Buddhist monk of the Far East. Book of Lieh-tze (le'-u-dzu) Book of Mencius (men'-shi-us) Bora, Catherine von, wife of Martin Luther (1499-1552) Bordeaux, Cathedral (1320-5) Bordes, Professor (fl. 1740) Bordeu, Theophile de (1722-76) Bordone, Paris (1500-71) Bordoni, Faustina (1693-1783) Boreas (bo'-re-as) Borelli, Giovinni Alfonso (1608-79) Borghese, Prince Camillo (1775-1832) Borghese, Princess (fl. 1675) Borghese, Princess Pauline, nee Bonaparte (1780-1825) Borghese, Scipione, Cardinal (d. 1633) Borgia, Angela, Countess of Sassuolo (1506) Borgia, Cesare (1475?-1507) Borgia, Francisco (1512-65) Borgia, Giofre (b. 1481) Borgia, Giovanni, Duke of Gandia (d. 1497) Borgia, Girolama (d. 1483) Borgia, Lucrezia (1480-1519) Borgia, Pedro Luis (d. 1485) Borgia, Rodrigo (1431-1503), see Alexander VI, Pope Borgia, St. Francis (1510-72) Borgognone, Ambrogio (c. 1455-1523) Borgona, Felipe do (fl. 1505-35) Borobudur (bo-ro'-boo-door') Borodino, battle of (1812) Borovikovsky, Vladimir (1757-1825) Borromeo, Carlo, St. [Charles] (1538-84) Borromeo, Federigo, Cardinal (1564-1631) Borromini, Francesco (1599-1667) Borrow, George (1803-81) Borsippa (bor-sip'-pa) Bortniansky, Dmitri Stephanovich (1751-1825) Bosanquet, Bernard (1848-1923) Boscan, Juan (1493?-1542) Boscawen, Edward (1711-61) Bosch, Hieronymus (Hieronymus van Aeken: c. 1450-1516) Boschi, Giuseppe (fl. 1710) Boscovich, Ruggiero Giuseppe (1711-87) Bose, Georg (fl. 1742) Bose, Sir Jagadis Chandra (bos, ja-ga-desh' chan'-dra), Indian physicist and biologist (1858-1937) Bosporus (bos'-por-us) Bossuet, Jacques Benigne, French Bishop of Meaux, and pulpit orator (1627-1704) Bossut, Abbe Charles (1730-1814) Boston Tea Party (1773) Boswell, Alexander, Laird of Auchinleck (d. 1782) Boswell, Euphemia, Lady Auchinleck, nee Erskine (d. 1766) Boswell, James, Scotch biographer (1740-1795) Boswell, Margaret, nee Montgomerie (1738-89) Bosworth Field, battle (1485) Botero, Giovanni (1540-1617) Bothwell, James Hepburn, 4th Earl of (1536?-1578) Bottger, Johann Friedrich (1682-1719) Botticelli, Sandro (Alessandro Filipepi), Italian painter (1447?-1510) Bouchardon, Edme (1698-1762) Boucher de Perthes, Jacques, French archeologist (1788-1868) Boucher, Francois (1703-70) Boufflers, Duc Joseph Marie de (1706-47) Boufflers, Duchesse de (fl. 1747) Boufflers, Marie-Francoise-Catherine de Beauvau-Craon, Marquise de (1711-87) Boufflers, Marie-Charlotte-Hippolyte de Saujon, Comtesse de (1725-c. 1800) Boufflers-Rouvrel, Marie Charlotte Hippolyte, Comtesse de (1725-1800?) Bougainville, Louis Antoine de (1729-1811) Bouguer, Pierre (1698-1758) Bouillard, Ismaelis (fl. 1645) Bouillon, Frederic Maurice de La Tour d' Auvergne, Duc de (1605-52) Bouillon, Godefroid Maurice de la Tour d' Auvergne, Duc de (1641-1721) Bouillon, Louise de Lorraine, Duchesse de (1707-37) Boulainvilliers, Henri de (1658-1722) Boulak (boo'-lak) Papyrus Boulanger, Nicolas (d., 1759) boule (boo'-le) Boulenger, Jacques (1879-1944) Boulle, Andre Charles (1642-1732) Boulogne, Abbe Etienne Antoine de (1747-1825) Boulton, Matthew (1728-1809) Bouphonia (boo-fo'-ni-a) Bourbon monarchs, restoration in France (1814) Bourbon, Abbe de (b. 1762) Bourbon, Antoine de, titular King of Navarre (d. 1562) Bourbon, Charles III, Duke of (1490-1527) Bourbon, Charles de, Cardinal (1523-90) Bourbon, Charlotte de (d. 1582), 3d wife of William I of Orange Bourbon, Duc Louis-Henri-Joseph de (1756-1830) Bourbon, Duchesse de (fl. c. 1780) Bourbon, Louis Henri, Duc de, Prince de Conde ("Monsieur le Duc"; 1692-1740) Bourbon, Marie Anne de (fl. 1725), sister of "Monsieur le Duc." Bourbon, Peter II, Duke of (d. 1503) Bourbon-Conde, Louis III, Duc de (1668-1710) Bourdaloue, Louis (1632-1704), Jesuit theologian Bourdichon, Jean (1508) Bourdoise, Pere (fl. 1610) Bourdon, Sebastien (1616-71) Bouret, Abbe Simeon (b. 1710) Bourgeoisie (F)- literally, the townspeople; the middle classes. Bourges, Pragmatic Sanction of (1438) Bourgogne (Burgundy), Louis-Joseph de France, Duc de (1751-61), grandson of Louis XV. Bourmont, Louis-Auguste-Victor de (1773-1846) Bourre, Jean (1460) Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de (1769-1834) Bouteville, Francois de Montmorency, Count of (1600-27) Bouts, Dirk (Dierik: c. 1410-75) Bouverie, Mrs. Edward (fl. 1770) Bouwmeister, Johan (1630-80) Bowdler, Thomas (1754-1825) Bowyer, Ludowyc (fl. 1633) Boyce, William (1710-79), composer Boyd, Mary Ann (fl. 1769) Boyer, Jean Francois (1675-1755), bishop of Mirepoix Boyle, Charles, 4th Earl of Orrery (1676-1731) Boyle, Richard (1695-1753), see Burlington, 3d Earl of Boyle, Robert (1627-91) Boylston, Zabdiel (1679-1766) Boyne, battle of (1690) Bozzaris, Marco, Greek patriot (1788?-1823) Brabantane, Marquis de (fl. 1766) Bracci, Pietro (1700-73) Braccio da Montone (c. 1370-1424) Bracciolini, Poggio (1380-1459) Bracegirdle, Anne (1663?-1748) Bradley, James (1692-1762), astronomer Bradley, Richard (fl. 1717), botanist Bradshaw, John (1602-59) Bradwardine, Thomas (1290?-1349) Bragadino, Marcantonio (d. 1571) Bragadino, Zuan (fl. 1750) Brahe, Per, Count (1602-80) Brahe, Tycho (1546-1601) Brahma (braK'-ma) Brahma-Somaj (braK-ma-so-maj') Brahmachari (braK-ma-cha'-re) Brahmachari (H)- a young student vowed to chastity. Brahmacharia (brak-ma-cha'-re-a) Brahmagupta (braK-ma-goop'-ta), Indian astronomer (598-660) Brahman (braK'-man) Brahmanas (braK'-ma-naz) Brahms, Johannes (1833-97) Braid, James, English surgeon and psychologist (1795-1861) Braille, Louis (1809-52) Bramante, Donato d'Agnolo, Italian architect and painter (1444-1514) Bramhall, John (1594-1663) Branca, Giovanni (1571-1645) Brancacci, Rinaldo (d. 1423) Branchidae (bran-ki'-de) Brand, Hennig (d. c. 1692) Brandano (Bartolommeo Carosi: fl. 1527-29) Brandywine, battle of (1777) Brant, Isabella (1591-1626), 1st wife of Peter Paul Rubens Brant, Sebastian (1457?-1521) Brantome, Pierre de Bourdeilles, Seigneur de (c. 1535-1614) Brasidas (bras'-i-das), Spartan general (?-422 B.C.) Brauronia (bro-ro'-ni-a) Brebeuf, Jean de (1593-1649) Breccia (I)- a rock of angular fragments joined with cement. Breda, Declaration of (1660) Breda, capture of (1625) Bredenbach, Matthias (fl. 1557) Bredero, Gerbrand (1585-1618) Brederode, Hendrik, Count of (1531-68) Bregno, Andrea (1421-1506) Breitinger, Johann Jakob (1701-76) Brennus, Gaulish leader (fl. 279) Brennus, Gaulish leader, invader of Italy (fl. 390 B.C.) Brentano, Clemens (1778-1842) Brentano, Peter (fl. 1773) Brentesium (bren-te'-zi-um) Breteuil, Louis Nicolas Le Tonnelier, Baron de (1648-1728) Breteuil, Louis-Auguste Le Tonnelier, Baron de (1730-1807) Breton, Gilles de (d. 1552) Breze, Louis de (d. 1531) Breze, Marquis Henri-Evrard de (1766-1829) Briasson, French publisher (fl. 1745) Briconnet, Guillaume (d. 1533) Bridgeman, Charles (fl. 1730) Bridget of Sweden, St. (c. 1303-73) Bridgetower, George Augustus Polgreen (1779-?1840) Bridgewater, Francis Egerton, 3d Duke of (1736-1803) Bridgewater, John Egerton, 1st Earl of (1579-1649) Brienne, battle of (1814) Briggs, Henry (1561-1630) Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (bri-had-a-ran'-ya-ka oo-pan'-i-shad') Brihadratha (bri-had-ra'-ta), King of Magadha (d. 185 B.C.) Brihaspati (bri-has'-pa-ti), Indian sceptic Brihatkatha (bri-hat'-ka-ta), Indian poet (1st century) Brihuega, battle of (1710) Brillat-Savarin, Anthelme (1755-1826) Brindley, James (1716-72) Brinton, Daniel Garrison, American ethnologist (1837-1899) Brinvilliers, Marie Madeleine d'Aubray, Marquise de (1630-76) Brion, Friederike (1752-1813) Briosco, Andrea (1470-1532) Briosco, Benedetto (1490) Briseis (bri-se'-is) Brissot de Warville, Jacques-Pierre (1754-93) Brissot, Pierre (1478-1522) Bristol, George William Hervey, 2d Earl of (1721-75) Britannicus, son of Claudius and Messalina (42-55) Broederlam, Melchior (1392) Broet, Paschase (1534) Broglie, Duc Leonce-Victor de (1785-1870) Broglie, Marechal Duc Victor-Francois de (1718-1804) Broke, Arthur (d. 1563) Bromfield, William (fl. 1752), surgeon Bromsebro, Peace of (1645) Bromyard, John (1350) Brongniart, Alexandre-Theodore (1739-1813) Bronzino, Agnolo di Cosimo, il (1502-72) Brooke, Arthur (d. 1563) Brooke, Henry (1703?-83) Brosse Salomon de (1565?-1627) Brosses, Charles de (1709-77) Brou, France, Church (1506-32) Brougham, Henry Peter, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux (1778-1868) Broussel, Pierre (c. 1570-after 1652) Brouwer, Adriaen (1606?-38) Brown, Lancelot "Capability" (1715-83) Browne, Robert (1550-1633) Browne, Sir Thomas (1605-82) Browning, Robert, English poet (1812-1889) Bruant, Liberal (1637-97) Bruce, James (1730-94) Bruce, Robert (1274-1329) Brucheum (broo'-ke-um) Brucker, Johann Jackob (1696-1770) Brueghel, Abraham (1631-90?) Brueghel, Ambrose (1617-75) Brueghel, Anne (m. David Teniers the Younger, 1637) Brueghel, Jan ("Velvet" Brueghel: 1568-1625) Brueghel, Jan Baptist (1670-1719) Brueghel, Jan II (1601-78) Brueghel, Pieter, the Elder (1525?-69) Brueghel, Pieter, the Younger ("Hell" Brueghel: 1564?-1638) Brueys, Francois-Paul (1753-98) Bruhl, Count Heinrich von (1700-63) Brummell, George Bryan "Beau" (1778-1840) Bruna, Israel (1400-80) Brune, Guillaume (d. 1815) Brunelleschi (Brunellesco), Filippo (1377-1446) Brunetiere, Ferdinand (1849-1906) Brunfels, Otto (1488?-1534) Bruni, Leonardo (1369-1444) Bruno of Cologne, Saint (c. 1030-1101) Bruno, Giordano, Italian philosopher (1548?-1600) Brunswick, Charles William Ferdinand (Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand), Duke of (r. 1780-1806) Brunswick-Bevern, August Wilhelm, Duke of (1715-81) Brunswick: in League of Princes (1785) Brusasorci (Domenico del Riccio: 1494-1567) Bruttium (broo'-ti-um) Brutus, Decimus Junius, Roman Consul (A.D. 138) Brutus, Decimus Junius, commander (?-43 B.C.) Brutus, Lucius Junius (fl. 509? B.C.), Roman consul Brutus, Marcus Junius, Roman politician (85-42 B.C.) Bryaxis (bri-ak'-sis), sculptor (fl. 350 B.C.) Brygus (bri'-gus), potter, (fl. 5th century B.C.) Brzesc (Brest-Litovsk), Union of (1596) Buccleuch, Henry Scott, 3d Duke of (1746-1812) Bucephalus (bu-sef'-a-lus) Bucer, Martin (1491-1551) Buchanan, George (1506-82) Bucharest, Peace of (1812) Buckhurst, Thomas Sackville, Baron (1536-1608) Buckingham and Normanby, John Sheffield, Earl of Mulgrave and 1st Duke of (1648-1721) Buckingham, Edward, Duke of (d. 1521) Buckingham, George Villiers, 1st Duke of (1592-1628) Buckingham, George Villiers, 2d Duke of (1628-87) Buckle, Henry Thomas, English historian (1821-1862) Buczacz, Peace of (1672) Buddha (bood'-da), Indian religious teacher Buddha-charita (bood-da-cha'-re-ta) Buddhi (H)- intellect. Bude, Guillaume (1467-1540) Buffier, Claude (1661-1737) Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de (1708-88) Buffon, Marie, nee Saint-Belon (d. 1769) Bularchus, painter (8th century B.C.) Bulgarelli, Marianna (La Romanina; 1686-1734) Bulis, Sparfan envoy (5th century B.C.) Bull, John (1563?-1628) Bullant, Jean (1510-78) Bullinger, Heinrich, (1504-75) Bulow, Friedrich Wilhelm von (1755-1816) Bunau, Count Heinrich von (1697-1762) Bundahish (boon'-da-hish) Bunyan, John (1628-88) Buon the Elder, Bartolommeo (d. c. 1464) Buon the Younger, Bartolommeo (c. 1450-1529) Buon, Giovanni (d. c. 1442) Buonaparte, Carlo (1746-85) Buonaparte, Letizia, nee Ramolino (Madame Mere; 1750-1836) Buonarotti, Michelangelo, Italian artist (1475-1564) Buonarrotti, Filippo (1761-1837) Buoncompagni, Ugo (1502-85) see Gregory XIII, Pope Buondelmonti, Zanobi (1513) Bupalus (bu'-pa-lus), sculptor (6th century B.C.) Burbage, James (d. 1597) Burbage, Richard (1567?-1619) Burchard, Johann (fl. 1481-1513) Burckhardt, Jacob (1818-97) Burckhardt, Jean Charles or Johann Karl (1773-1825) Burger, Gottfried (1747-94) Burgh, Albert (fl. 1675) Burgi, Joost (1552-1632) Burgkmair, Hans (1473-1531) Burgoyne, John (1722-92) Burgundy, Louis Joseph of France, Duke of (1751-61), grandson of Louis XV Burgundy, Louis, Duke of (1682-1712), father of Louis XV Burgundy, Marie Adelaide of Savoy, Duchess of (1685-1712), mother of Louis XV Buridan, Jean (c. 1299-c. 1359) Burigny, Jean Levesque de (1692-1785) Buring, Johann Gottlieb (1723-c. 1789) Burke, Edmund, English statesman and orator (1729-1797) Burke, William (fl. 1780), cousin of Edmund Burkersdorf, battle of (1762) Burlington, Richard Boyle, 3d Earl of (1695-1753) Burma (bur'-ma) Burnell, Bishop Robert (d. 1292) Burnes, William (d. 1784) Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop (1643-1715) Burnet, Thomas (1635?-1715) Burney, Charles (1726-1814) Burney, Fanny (1752-1840) Burnouf, Eugene, French Orientalist (1801-1852) Burns, Jean, nee Armour (d. 1834) Burns, Robert (1759-96) Burraburiash (boo-ra-boo'-re-ash) II, King of Karduniash (ca. 1400 B.C.) Burrus, prefect of the Praetorian Guard (fl. 1st century) Burton, Robert (1577-1640) Burun, Radulfus de (fl. 1066) Bury, John Bagnell, Irish historian (1861-1927) Busbecq, Augier Ghislain de (1522-92) Busby, Richard (1606-95) Busenbaum, Hermann (1600-68) Busher, Leonard (fl. 1614) Bushido (J)- the code of honor of the Samurai. Bushido (boo-she-do') Busoni, Ferruccio Benvenuto (1866-1924) Bussaco, battle of (1810) Bussy, Abbe de (fl. 1710) Bussy, Roger de Rabutin, Comte de (1618-1693) Butades (bu'-ta-dez) of Sicyon, first Greek modeler in clay (7th century B.C.) Bute, John Stuart, 3d Earl of (1713-92) Bute, Mary, Countess of, nee Montagu (1718-94), dau. of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu Buthrotum (bu-thro'-tum) Butler, Joseph (1692-1752) Butler, Samuel (1612-80) Buttafuoco, Matteo (1731-1806) Buxtehude, Dietrich (1637-1707) Buxtorf, Johannes, the Elder (1564-1629) Buxtorf, Johannes, the Younger (1599-1664) Buzot, Francois (1769-94) Byblos (bib'-los) Byng, John, Admiral (1704-57) Byrd, William (1543-1623) Byron, Ada (1815-52) Byron, Allegra (1817-22) Byron, Annabella, Lady Byron, nee Milbanke (1792-1860) Byron, Capt. John (1756-91), father of poet Byron, Catherine, nee Gordon of Gight (1765-1811) Byron, George Gordon Noel, 6th Baron, English poet (1788-1824) Byron, John (1723-86), grandfather of poet Byron, Sir John (fl. 1535) Byron, William Byron, Lord (1722-98) Byss, Rudolf, tapestry maker (17th cent.) Byzantium (bi-zan'-shi-um) Byzas (bi'-zas), supposed founder of Byzantium (fl. 657 B.C.) C - Ca Da Mosto, Alvise da (1432?-1511) Ca. (circa) (L)- about. [sometimes c.] Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges (1757-1808) Cabarrus, Conde Francisco de (1752-1810) Cabeo, Niccolo (fl. 1629) Cabot, John (1450-98) Cabot, Sebastian (1476?-1557) Cabral, Fernao Alvares (fl. 1553) Cabral, Pedro Alvarez (1460?-?1526) Caccia, Giovan B. (1535) Caccini, Giulio (1550?-1618) Caccini, Tommaso (fl. 1614) Cade, Jack (d. 1450) Cadell, Robert (1788-1849) Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe (1656?-1730) Cadmeia (kad-me'-a) Cadmus (kad'-mus) Cadmus of Miletus, logographer (fl. 550 B.C.) Cadoudal, Georges (1771-1804) Caecilius Statius, comic dramatist (?-168 B.C.) Caelius, Marcus Caius Rufus, orator (fl. 1st century B.C.) Caen, France, Church of St. Pierre (1308) Caenis, mistress of Vespasian (1st century) Caesar, Gaius [Caius] Julius, Roman general, statesman, and historian (100-44 B.C.) Caesarion, Egyptian prince, son of Cleopatra 47-30 B.C.) Caesonia, fourth wife of Caligula (?-41 A.D.) Caetani, Benedetto (c. 1235-1303) see Boniface VIII, Pope Caffarelli (Gaetano Majorano; 1703-83) Caffieri, Filippo (1634-1716) Caffieri, Francois Charles (1667-1729) Caffieri, Jacques (1678-1755) Caffieri, Jean-Jacques (1725-92) Caffieri, Philippe (1714-77) Cagliostro, "Count" Alessandro di (Giuseppi Balsamo; 1743-95) Cagnola, Luigi (1762-1833) Cahors, Bishop of (1317) Cahusac, Louis de (d. 1759) Caiaphas, Jewish high priest (fl. 18-36) Caille, Rene, French traveler (1799-1838) Caird, Edward (1835-1908) Caird, John (1820-98) Caius Caesar, grandson of Augustus (?-4 A.D.) Cajetan, Tommaso de Vio, Cardinal (1469-1534) Cajori, Florian (1895-1930) Calamis, Athenian sculptor (5th century B.C.) Calamy, Edmund (1600-66) Calanus (ka-la'-nas), Indian philosopher (ca. 542-543) Calas, Jean (1698-1762) Calas, Marc Antoine (d. 1761) Calauria (ka-lo'-ri-a) Calcutta: Black Hole of (1756) Caldara da Caravaggio, Polidoro (c. 1495- c. 1543) Calderon de la Barca, Pedro (1600-81) Caldwell, Thomas, bookseller (fl. 1776) Calepino, Ambrogio (1435-1511) Caliari, Carlo (1570-96) Caliari, Gabriele (1568-1631) Calico Act (England, 1721) Calidus, Quintus, politician (fl. 1st century B.C.) Caligula (Caius Caesar Germanicus), (12-41), Roman emperor (r. 37-41) Calixtus III (Alfonso Borgia), Pope (1455-58) Callias (ka'-li-as), statesman and profligate (fl. 371 B.C.) Callicles (kal'-i-klez), Sophist (5th century B.C.) Callicrates (ka-lik'-ra-tez), architect (fl. 5th century B.C.) Callimachus (ka-lim'-a-kus), Athenian sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.) Callimachus of Cyrene, Greek poet and grammarian (320?-240? B.C.) Callinus (ka-li'-nus) of Ephesus, elegiac poet (fl. 700 B.C.) Calliope (ka-li'-o-pe) Callipolis (ka-lip'-o-lis) Callisthenes (ka-lis-the-nez) philosopher and historian (ca. 360-327 B.C.) Callistus, Roman Pope (reigned 217-222) Callistus, secretary of Claudius (fl. 1st century) Callon, sculptor (5th century B.C.) Callot, Jacques (1592-1635) Calmar, Union of (1457) Calmet, Dom Augustin (1672-1757) Calonne, Charles-Alexandre de (1734-1802) Calpurnia, last wife of Caesar (1st century B.C.) Calpurnia, third wife of Pliny the Younger (1st-2nd centuries) Calvin, John, French Protestant reformer at Geneva (1509-1564) Calvo, Fabio (1515) Calvus, Licinius, poet (fl. 1st century B.C.) Calydon (kal'-i-don) Calypso (ka-lip'-so) Calzabigi, Raniero da (1715-95) Camargo, Marie Anne de Cupis de (1710-70) Camarina (ka'-ma-ri'-a) Cambaceres, Jean-Jacques (1753-1824) Cambaluc (kam'-ba-look) Cambrai, League of (1508) Cambridge University, King's College Chapel (1447) Cambronne, Comte Pierre-Jacques-Etienne (1770-1842) Cambyses (kam-bi'-sez), King of Persia (529-522 B.C.) Camden, William (1551-1623) Camerarius, Rudolf (1665-1721) Camerini, maker of pendulum clock (1656) Camillus, Marcus Furius, general and patrician leader (?-365 B.C.) Camirus (ka-mi'-rus) Camoes (Camoens), Luiz Vaz de (1524-80) Campan, Jeanne-Louise-Henriette, nee Genet (1752-1822) Campanella, Tommaso (1568-1639) Campanelli, Cardinal (fl. 1760) Campbell, Colin (fl. 1717) Campbell, Mary (d. 1786) Campbell, Thomas (1777-1844) Campeggio, Lorenzo, Cardinal (1474?-1539) Campi, Antonio (d. c. 1591?) Campi, Bernardino (1522- c. 1590) Campi, Galeazzo (c. 1477-1536) Campi, Giulio (c. 1502-72) Campi, Vincenzo (1536-91) Campin, Robert (1375?-1444) Campion, Edmund (1540-81) Campion, Thomas (1567-1620) Campoformio, Treaty of (1797) Campomanes, Conde Pedro Rodriguez de (1723-1802) Canaan (ka-'nan) Canachus (kan'-a-kus), sculptor (6th century B.C.) Canaletto (Antonio Canale; 1697-1768) Canaletto, Bernardo Bellotto (1720-80) Candaules, King of Lydia, (8th century B.C.) Candeille, Amelie-Julie (1767-1834) Candia (kan'-di-a) Candolle, Augustin Pyrame de (1778-1841) Canetha (ka-ne'-tha) Canisio, Egidio (1470-1532) Canisius, Peter, Saint (Pieter de Hondt: 1521-1597) Cannabich, Christian (1731-98) Cannae (battle of, 216 B.C.) Cannae (kan'-e) Canneh (kan'-na) Canning, Charles John, Viscount, Governor General of India (1812-1862) Canning, George (1770-1827) Cannus, musician (fl. 1st century) Cano, Alonso (1601-67) Cano, Giambattista (1515-79) Cano, Juan Sebastian del (d. 1526) Cano, Melchior (1509-60) Canopus (ka-no'-pus) Canova, Antonio, Italian sculptor(1757-1822) Cantemir, Prince (fl. 1758) Cantemir, Prince Antioch (1709?-44) Canterbury, Archbishop of (1737-47) Canterbury, Archbishop of (1783-1805: John Moore) Canterbury, Archbishop of, see Sheldon, Gilbert (term, 1663-77); Tillotson, John (1691-1694) Canterbury, Archbishop of: in 1716-37, see Wake, William; in 1737-47, see Potter, John Cantillon, Richard (1680?-1734) Canton (kan'-ton) Canton, John (1718-72) Cantone, architect (fl. 1650) Canuleius, Caius, tribune (fl. 445 B.C.) Cao, Diogo (fl. 1480-86) Capello, Paolo (1500) Capion, Etienne (fl. 1720) Capistrano, Giovanni, St. (1386-1456) Capito, Wolfgang Fabricius (1478-1541) Cappadocia (kap'-a-do'-shi-a) Cappel, Louis (1585-1658) Capponi, Piero (d. 1496) Capranica, Domenico (1400-58) Caprara, Giovanni Battista, Cardinal (1733-1810) Cara, Marchetto (d. c. 1535) Caracalla (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Bassianus Caracallus) Roman emperor (188-217) Caraccioli, Marchese Domenico di (1715-89) Caracciolo, Admiral Francesco (1752-99) Caracciolo, Giovanni (c. 1570-1637) Caractacus, king of the Silures in Britain (fl. 1st century) Caradosso, Ambragio Foppa (c. 1452-1526) Caraffa, Carlo (d. 1561) Caraffa, Giovanni Pietro (1476-1559) see Paul IV, Pope Caraffa, Oliviero (1487) Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da (c. 1565-1609) Carbonari insurrection (1821) Carchemish (kar'-ke-mish) Cardan, Jerome (1501-76) Cardano, Geronimo (Jerome Cardan: 1501-76) Carducci, Bartolommeo (1560-1608) Carducci, Vincenzo (1568?-1638) Carew, George, Baron (1555-1629) Carew, Thomas (1595?-1645?) Caria (ka'-re-a) Carissimi, Giacomo (c. 1604-1674) Carli, Conde Giovanni Rinaldo (1720-95) Carlisle, Charles Howard, 1st Earl of (1629-85) Carlisle, Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of (1748-1825) Carlos of Bourbon, Don (b. 1716), see Charles III of Spain Carlos, Don (1545-68), son of Philip II Carlstadt (Andreas Bodenstein: 1480?-1541) Carlyle, Alexander (fl. 1756), Scottish clergyman Carlyle, Thomas, British essayist, historian, and philosopher (1795-1881) Carmagnola (Francesco Bussone: c. 1390-1432) Carmarthen, Francis Osborne, Marquess of (1751-99) Carmarthen, Lady Amelia D'Arcy Osborne, Marchioness of (d. 1784) Carmer, Johann Heinrich Casimir von (fl. 1780) Carmona, Luis Salvador (1709-67) Carneades, Greek philosopher and orator (213-129 B.C.) Carneia (kar-ne'-ya) Carnesecchi, Pietro (1508-67) Carnot, Lazare (1753-1823) Caroline Matilda (1751-75), Queen of Christian VII of Denmark Caroline of Ansbach (1683-1737), Queen of George II of England Caroline of Brunswick, Princess of Wales (1768-1821) Caroto, Gianfrancesco (c. 1470-1546) Caroto, Giovanni (1488-1566) Carpaccio, Vittore (c. 1455-c. 1526) Carpenter, Edward (1844-1929) Carracci, Agostino (1557-1602) Carracci, Annibale (1560-1609) Carracci, Lodovico (1555-1619) Carranza, Bartolome de (1503-76) Carreno de Miranda, Juan (1614-85) Carrier, Jean-Baptiste (1756-94) Carriera, Rosalba (1675-1757) Carrinas Secundus, rhetorician (fl. 1st century A.D.) Cars, Laurent (1699-1771) Carstens, Asmus Jakob (1754-98) Carter, Elizabeth (1717-1806) Carter, Howard, English archeologist (1873-1939) Carthage (kar-thij) Cartier, Jacques, French explorer (1494?-1536) Cartouche (Louis Dominique Bourguignon; 1693-1721) Cartwright, Edmund (1743-1823) Cartwright, Thomas (1535?-1603) Caruso, Enrico, Italian operatic tenor (1868-1921) Carvajal, Antonio (fl. 1650) Carvajal, Don Jose de (d. 1754) Carvalho, Dona Teresa de, nee Noronha (d. 1745) Caryatids (kar'-i-at'-idz), Porch of the Caryll, John (fl. 1711) Carystus (ka'-ris'-tus) Casa, Francesco della (1500) Casanova de Seingalt, Giovanni Jacopo, Italian adventurer (1725-1798) Casanuova, Iacopo (1503) Casas y Nova, Fernando de (fl. 1751) Casaubon, Isaac (1559-1614) Casimir III the Great, King of Poland (r. 1333-1370) Casimir IV, King of Poland (1447-92) Caslon, William (1692-1766) Casola, Pietro (1494) Cassander, King of Macedonia (ca. 350-297 B.C.) Cassandra (ka-san'-dra) Cassini de Thury, Cesar Francois (1714-84) Cassini, Comte Jacques Dominique de (1748-1845) Cassini, Giovanni Domenico (1625-1712) Cassini, Jacques (1677-1756) Cassius Longinus Varus, Caius, governor (fl. 1st century B.C.) Cassius Longinus, Caius, Roman politician (d. 42 B.C.) Cassius, Avidius, general and rebel (fl. 2nd century) Cassius, Spurius, consul (?-486 B.C.) Cassivelaunus, British chief (fl. 1st century B.C.) Castagno, Andrea del (1423-1457) Casteggio, battle of (1800) Castelli, Benedetto (fl. 1626) Castellio, Sebastian (1515-63) Castelnau, Michel de, Sieur de la Mauvissiere (1520?-92) Castelnaudary, battle of (1632) Castelvetro, Lodovico (1505-71) Castera, J. H. (fl. 1800) Castiglione, Baldassare, Count (1478-1529) Castiglione, battle of (1796) Castilho, Joao de (c. 1500) Castlemaine, Barbara Villiers Palmer, Countess of (1641-1709) Castlemaine, Roger Palmer, Earl of (1634-1705) Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount (1769-1822) Castor (kas'-ter) Castro, Guillen de (1567-1631) Castro, Ines de (1320?-55) Catalonia, revolt of (1640) Catana (ka-ta'-na) Catanei, Vanozza de' (1442-1518) Cateau-Cambresis, Peace of (1559) Catena, Vincenzo (c. 1470-1531) Catesby, Robert (1573-1605) Cathcart, Sir William Schaw, 1st Earl Cathcart (1755-1843) Catherine I, Empress of Russia (r. 1722-27) Catherine II the Great, Empress of Russia (r. 1762-96) Catherine de Medicis (1519-89), Queen Regent of France (1560-63) Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536), 1st Queen Consort of Henry VIII of England Catherine of Braganza (1638-1705), Queen of Charles II of England Catherine of Siena, St. (1347-80) Catherine of Wurttemberg, Princess (1783-1835) Catholic League (Catholic Union, Germany, 1609) Catholic League (France, 1576-93) Catholics, English: northern rebellion (1569-70) Catiline (Lucius Sergius Catilina), conspirator (108?-62 B.C.) Catinat, Nicolas de (1637-1712) Cato Uticensis, Marcus Porcius (the Younger), philosopher and patriot (95-46 B.C.) Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Elder), general and patriot (234-149 B.C.) Cato, Marcus Porcius, son of Cato Uticensis (?-42 B.C.) Cats, Jacob ("Father Cats": 1577-1660) Catullus, Caius Valerius, poet (84?-54? B.C.) Catulus, Quintus Lutatius, aristocratic leader (fl. 1st century B.C.) Cauchon, Pierre (d. 1442) Caudine Forks (battle of, 321 B.C.) Caulaincourt, Armand-Augustin-Louis de (1772-1827) Caus, Salomon de (1576-1630) Cavalieri, Emilio de' (1550?-1602) Cavalieri, Francesco Bonaventura (1598-1647) Cavalieri, Tommaso (c. 1532) Cavalli, Pietro Francesco (1602-76) Cavallini, Francesco, stone carver (17th cent.) Cavallini, Pietro (c. 1250- c. 1330) Cavazzolo (Paolo Morando: 1486-1522) Cave, Edward (1691-1754) Cavendish, Henry (1731-1810) Cavendish, Thomas (1555?-92) Caveyrac, Abbe de (fl. 1762) Cavino, Giovanni dal (1500-70) Cavour, Conte Camillo Benso di (1810-61) Cawley, John (fl. 1702) Caxton, William (1422?-91) Caylus, Anne-Claude-Philippe de Tubieres, Comte de (1692-1765) Caylus, Daniel Charles Gabriel de Pestels de, bishop of Auxerre (from 1704) Cayster (ki-ster) River Cazes, Pierre Jacques (1676-1754) Cean-Bermudez, Juan Augustin (1749-1829) Cecil, Robert, 1st Earl of Salisbury (1563?-1612) Cecil, William, 1st Baron Burghley (1520-1598) Cecrops (se'-krops) Cela vous abetira (F)- that will dull your mind. Celer, Asinius, epicure (fl. 1st century) Celer, architect (fl. 1st century) Celestine V, St., Pope (1294) Cellamare, Antonio del Giudice, Principe di (1657-1733) Cellini, Benvenuto, Italian artist in metal and writer (1500-1571) Celsi, Lorenzo, Doge of Venice (1361-65) Celsius, Anders (1701-44) Celsus, Antichristian philosopher (fl. 2nd century) Celsus, Aurelius Cornelius, writer on science (fl. 1st century) Celsus, general of Trajan (?-118) Celtes, Conradus (1459-1508) Cenci, Beatrice (1577-99) Cenci, Francesco (1549-98) Cennini, Bernardo (1471) Cennini, Cennino (c. 1370- c. 1440) Censorinus, Latin grammarian (fl. 238) Ceos (ke'-os) Cephallenia (kye'fal-ye-ne'-a) Cephalus (sef'-a-lus), Athenian businessman (fl. 5th century B.C.) Cephesus (se-fi'-sus) River Cephisodotus (sef'-i-sod'-o-tus), sculptor, and father of Praxiteles (fl. 400 B.C.) Cephisodotus, sculptor, and son of Praxiteles (fl. 4th century B.C.) Ceramicus (ser'-a-mi'-kus) Cerceau, Jacques A. de (1505-85) Cercidas (ser-si-das), philosopher of Megalopolis (3rd century B.C.) Ceres (se'-rez) Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, Spanish novelist (1547-1616) Cervini, Cardinal (1545) Cesalpino, Andrea (1519-1603) Cesare da Sesto (1477-1523) Cesarini, Cardinal Giuliano (1398-1444) Cesarini, Monsignor (fl. 1622) Cesena, Michael (1324) Cesi, Cardinal (1534) Cesnola, Luigi Palma di, Count, Italian-American archeologist (1832-1904) Cesti, Marc' Antonio (1623-69) Cethegus, Caius Cornelius, conspirator (?-64 B.C.) Ceylon (se-lon') Cezanne, Paul (1839-1906) Ch'an (chan) (state) Ch'ang-an (chang-an) Ch'eng Wang (chung wang), Chinese emperor (1115-1078 B.C.) Ch'i (che) (state) Ch'i, Duke of (ca. 520 B.C.) Ch'ien Lung (che-an' loong), Chinese emperor (1736-1796) Ch'in (chin) (province) Ch'in (chin) Dynasty Ch'in, Queen of, mother of Shih Huang-ti (ca. 250 B.C.) Ch'ing (ching) Dynasty; also see Manchu Dynasty Ch'u (choo) (kingdom) Ch'u Ping (choo bing), Chinese poet (d. ca. 350 B.C.) Chabot, Francois (1759-94) Chabry, Louison (b. 1772) Chaerea, Caius Cassius, tribune of Praetorian Guard (?-41 A.D.) Chaeremon, Greek Stoic philosopher (fl. 1st century) Chaerephon (ker'-o-fon), Athenian Chaeronea (ker-o-ne'-a) Chait Singh, Rajah of Benares (r. 1773-80) Chalcedon (kal'-se-don) Chalcidice (kal-sid'-i-se) Chalcis (kal'-sis) Chalcondyles, Demetrius (1424-1511) Chaldaea (kal-de'-a) Chalgrin, Jean-Francois (1739-1811) Chalier, Marie-Joseph (d. 1793) Chalukya (cha'-look-ya) Chamaizi (ka-mi'-ze) Chamber of Peers (1815) Chamber of Representatives (1815) Chambers, Ephraim (1680-1740) Chambers, Sir William (1726-96) Chambiges, Pierre (d. 1544) Chambord, Treaty of (1552) Chambre de Justice (Paris, 1716) Chamfort, Sebastien Roch Nicolas de (1741-94), moralist Chamier, Anthony (1725-80) Chamillard, Michel de (1652-1721) Chamisso, Adelbert von (1781-1838) Champagny, Jean-Baptiste Nompere, Comte de (1756-1834) Champaigne, Philippe de (1602-74) Champaubert, battle of (1814) Championnet, Jean-Etienne (1762-1800) Champlain, Samuel de (1567?-1635) Champmesle, Marie (1642-98) Champollion, Jean Francois, French Egyptologist (1790-1832) Chancellor, Richard (d. 1556) Chand Bardei (chand bar-di'), Indian poet Chandala (H)- a group of Outcastes. Chandalas (chan-da'-laz) Chandi Das (chan'-de-das'), Indian poet (ca. 1400) Chandler, Edward, Bishop (fl. 1728) Chandogya Upanishad (chan-do'-gya oo-pan'-i-shad') Chandon, Abbe Mayeul (fl. 1767) Chandos, James Brydges, Earl of Carnarvon and 1st Duke of (1673-1744) Chandos, Sir John (d. 1370) Chandragupta I, King of Magadha (320-330) Chandragupta Maurya (chan'-dra-goop'-ta maw'-re-ya), King of Magadha (322-298 B.C.) Chang Heng (jang hung), Chinese astronomer (fl. 139) Chang Ts'ang (jang tsang), Chinese mathematician (died 152 B.C.) Chang Yen-yuan (jang yan-u-wan'), Chinese historian of art (9th century) Changchun (jang-joon) Chantal, Jeanne Fremiot, Baroness of (Saint Chantal: 1572-1641) Chao (jou) (state) Chapei (ja-pa) Chapelain, Jean (1595-1674) Chapelles, Count des (d. 1627) Chapman, George (1559?-1634) Chapuis, M. (fl. 1755) Charaka (cha'-ra-ka), Indian physician, (fl. 120) Charaxus (kar'-ak-sus), brother of Sappho (fl. 600 B.C.) Chardin, Jean Baptiste Simeon (1699-1779), painter Chardin, Jean or Sir John (1643-1713), traveler Chares (ka'-rez) Chares of Lindus, sculptor (fl. 280 B.C.) Charilaus (ka'-ri-la'-us), King of Sparta (9th? century B.C.) Charka (H)- a spinning wheel. Charlemagne, King of the Franks (r. 768-814), Emperor of the West (r. 800-814) Charlemont, James Caulfield, 1st Earl of (1728-99) Charles Albert of Bavaria, Elector (r. 1726-45), see Charles VII, Emperor Charles Alexander of Lorraine, Prince (1712-80) Charles Augustus (Karl August), Duke of Saxe-Weimar (r. 1775-1815 as duke, 1815-28 as grand duke) Charles Emmanuel I, King of Sardinia (r. 1730-1773) Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (r. 1638-75) Charles Emmanuel IV, King of Sardinia (r. 1796-1802) Charles Eugene, Duke of Wurttemberg (r. 1737-93) Charles Frederick, ruler of Baden as margrave (r. 1738-1803), as elector (1803-06), as grand duke (1806-11) Charles I, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (r. 1625-49) Charles I, King of France and Emperor of the West (712-814) Charles I, King of Hungary (1308-42) Charles I, King of Naples (1266-85) Charles I, King of Spain (1516-56), see Charles V, Emperor Charles II, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (r. 1660-85) Charles II, King of Navarre (1349-87) Charles II, King of Spain (r. 1665-1700) Charles III (Don Carlos of Bourbon), King of Spain (r. 1759-88), King of Naples and Sicily as Charles IV (r. 1735-59) Charles III, King of Naples (1382-86) Charles IV, Duc d' Alencon (1489-1525) Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1347-78) Charles IV, King of France (1322-8) Charles IV, King of Spain (r. 1788-1808) Charles IX, King of France (r. 1560-74) Charles IX, King of Sweden (1604-11) Charles Louis, Elector Palatine (r. 1648-80) Charles Martel (668?-741), Frankish ruler Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine (r. 1733-99) Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (1643-90) Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1519-1556), King of Spain as Charles I (r. 1516-1556) Charles V, King of France (1364-80) Charles VI (Archduke Karl of Austria), Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1711-40) Charles VI, King of France (1380-1422) Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1742-45), Elector of Bavaria as Charles Albert (r. 1726-45) Charles VII, King of France (1422-61) Charles VIII, King of France (r. 1483-98) Charles X (Charles-Philippe, Comte d'Artois), King of France (b. 1757, r. 1824-30) Charles X Gustavus, King of Sweden (r. 1654-60) Charles XI, King of Sweden (r. 1660-97) Charles XII, King of Sweden (r. 1697-1718) Charles XIII, King of Sweden (r. 1809-18) Charles of Lorraine (1524-74) Charles of Lorraine, Prince (1712-80) Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1467-77) Charles, Count of Angouleme, (d. 1496) Charles, Duke of Berry, brother of Louis XI (1446-72) Charles, Duke of Bourbon (1505-27) Charles, Duke of Orleans (1391-1465) Charles, Hippolyte (1752-1837) Charles, Jacques-Alexandre (1746-1823) Charlotte Christina Sophia, Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel (d. 1715) Charlotte Elisabeth, Princess Palatine and Duchesse d'Orleans (1652-1722) Charlotte Sophia (1744-1818), Queen of George III of England Charlotte, Princess (1796-1817) Charmides (kar-mi'-dez), philosopher (5th century B.C.) Charmion, Egyptian handmaiden of Cleopatra (?-30 B.C.) Charmis of Marseilles, physician in Rome (fl. 1st century) Charolais, Charles, Count of, see Charles the Bold Charon (ka'-ron) Charondas (ka-ron'-das), Sicilian lawgiver (fl. 6th century B.C.) Charpentier (Carpenterius), Jacques (1565) Charpentier, Constance-Marie, nee Blondeau (1767-1849) Charriere, Isabella de ("Zelide"), nee Isabella van Tuyll (1740-1805) Charron, Pierre (1541-1603) Charteris, Colonel Francis (1669-1731) Chartier, Alain (1385?-after 1434) Chartres, Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orleans, Duc de (b. 1747-d. 1793; Duc d'Orleans from 1785) Charvakas (char'-va-kaz) Charybdis (ka-rib'-dis) Chasidim (hs-se'-dim) Chassaigne, Francoise de, m. (1565) Michel de Montaigne Chastellux, Marquis Francois-Jean de (1734-88) Chateaubriand, Aimee-Therese (Mme. J.-B.-A. Chateaubriand; d. 1794) Chateaubriand, Apolline de, nee de Bedee (d. 1789) Chateaubriand, Armand de (d. 1809) Chateaubriand, Edict of (1551) Chateaubriand, Francois Rene, Viscount of (1768-1848) Chateaubriand, Francoise de Foix, Comtesse de (1475-1537) Chateaubriand, Jean-Baptiste-Auguste (1759-94), brother of Rene Chateaubriand, Julie de (d. 1798) Chateaubriand, Lucile de (d. 1804) Chateaudun, France, chateau (1464) Chateauneuf, Abbe de (fl. 1700) Chateauroux, Marie Anne de Nesle de La Tournelle, Duchesse de (1717-44) Chatel, Jean (1575?-94) Chatelet, Marquis du, Florent-Claude (1695-?) Chatillon, Chevalier de (fl. 1660) Chatillon, Duchesse de (fl. 1764) Chatterjee, Bankim Chandra (chat-er-je', ban'-kim chan'-dra), Indian novelist (1838-1894) Chatterton, Thomas (1752-70) Chaucer Geoffrey, English poet (1340?-1400) Chaudet, Antoine-Denis (1763-1810) Chauliac, Guy de (c. 1300-c. 1370) Chaulieu, Guillaume Amfrye, Abbe de (1639-1720) Chaulnes, Marie-Joseph d'Albert d'Ailly, Duc de (1741-93) Chaumeix, Abraham de (c. 1730-1790) Chaumette, Pierre (1763-94) Chaumont, Claude (fl. 1764) Chaumont, Treaties of (1814) Chauna (chou'-na) Buddha's charioteer Chauri Chaura (chou'-re chou'-ra) Chauvelin, Germain Louis de (1685-1762), Keeper of the Seals (1727-37) Chauvelin, Marquis Bernard-Louis de (1716-1773) Chauvelin, Marquis Francois-Bernard de (1766-1832) Chaworth, William (d. 1765) Chef-d'oeuvre (F)- masterpiece. Chehil Minar (cha-hil me-nar') Chelcicky, Peter (1390-1460) Chelebi, Raphael (fl. 1648) Chelmsford, Frederick John Napier Thesinger, Viscount (1863-1933) Chemosh (ke'-mosh), national god of the Moabites Cheng (jung) (duchy) Chenier, Andre-Marie de (1762-94) Chenier, Marie Joseph de (1764-1811) Chenonceaux, Madame de, nee Dupin (fl. 1762) Cheops (ke'-ops), King of Egypt (fl. ca. 3700 B.C.) Chephren (ke'-fren), see Khafre Cherasco, Armistice of (1796) Cheremetyev, Count Boris Petrovich (1652-1719) Chermoye, Philippe (1455) Chersonese (kur'-so-nez) Cherubini, Maria Luigi Carlo Salvatore (1760-1842) Cheselden, William (1688-1752) Chesme, battle of (1770) Chesterfield Philip Stanhope, 3d Earl of (d. 1726) Chesterfield, Elizabeth, Countess of, nee Savile (d. 1708) Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of (1694-1773) Chettle, Henry (1560?-1607?) Chevalier, Etienne (1460) Chevreul, Michel (1786-1889) Chevreuse, Duc de (1717-71) Chevreuse, Duc de (fl. 1685) Chevreuse, Duchesse de (fl. 1685) Chevreuse, Ermesinde de Narbonne-Pelet, Duchesse de (1785-1813) Chevreuse, Marie de Rohan-Montbazon, Duchesse de (1600-79) Chi (je), Duke of (ca. 480 B.C.) Chia Ch'ing (je-ah' ching), Chinese emperor (1796-1821) Chia-ling (je-ah'-ling) River Chiang Kai-shek (je-ang' ki-shek'), Chinese dictator (1888-1975) Chiari, Abate Pietro (1720-88) Chiarugi, Vincenzo (1759-1820) Chiaveri, Gaetano (1689-1770) Chieh Kuei (je'-u gwa), Chinese emperor (1818-1766 B.C.) Chigi, Agostino (1465-1520) Chigi, Lorenzo (1553) Chikamatsu Monzayemon (chik-a-mat-soo mon-za-ya-mon), Japanese dramatist (1653-1724) Child, Sir Josiah (1630-99) Chillingworth, William (1602-44) Chilon (ki'-lon) of Sparta, one of the Seven Sages (fl. ca. 6th century B.C.) Chilonis (ki-lo'-nis), wife of Cleombrotus III (3rd century B.C.) Chimay, Francois-Joseph-Philippe de Riquet, Prince de (1771-1842) Chinard, Joseph (1756-1813) Ching (jing), Five. Ching Ti (jing de), Chinese emperor (1450-1457) Ching-te-chen (jing-da-jun') Chinkiang (jin-je-ang') Chinoiseries (F)- pieces of Chinese art. Chios (ki'-os), battle of (1770) Chippendale, Thomas (1718-79) Chita (che-ta') Chitaldrug (chit-al-droog') Chitor (chi-tor') Chitra (chi'-tra) Chittagong (chit'-a-gong) Hill tribes Chiusano, Conte Caissotti di (fl. 1770) Chloe (klo'-e) Chmielnicki, Bogdan (1593?-1657) Choderlos de Laclos, Pierre Ambroise Francois (1741-1803) Chodowiecki, Daniel Nicholas (1726-1801), German painter Choephhoroe (ko-ef'-o-re) (Aeschylus) Choerilus (ker'-i-lus), tragic Poet (fl. 524 B.C.) Choglokov, Russian officer (1768) Choglokova, Maria (fl. 1750) Choiseul, Duc Etienne-Francois de (1719-85) Choiseul, Louise Honorine Crozat, Duchesse de (1735-1801) Choiseul-Gouffier (shwa-zel gouf-ya) Apollo Choiseul-Romanet, Comtesse Charlotte Rosalie de (1733-53) Cholas (cho-laz) Choshu (cho-shoo) Chota Nagpur (cho'-ta nag'-poor) Chotek, Johann Rudolf (1749-1824) Chotusitz, Bohemia, battle of (1742) Chou (jo) (state) Chou Hsin (jo sin), Chinese Nero (1154-1123 B.C.) Chou Kou Tien (jo go te-an') Chou-kung (jo-goong), Chinese statesman and legislator (1115-1079 B.C.) Chou-li (jo-le) Chremonides (kre-mon'-i-dez), statesman (3rd century B.C.) Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (d. 1746) Christian Friedrich Karl Alexander, Margrave of Ansbach and Bayreuth (r. 1757-91) Christian I, King of Denmark (1448-81); of Norway (1450-81) Christian II, King of Denmark and Norway (1513-23, d. 1559) Christian III, King of Denmark (1534-59) Christian IV, King of Denmark and Norway (1588-1648) Christian Ludwig (1677-1734), Margrave of Brandenburg Christian V, King of Denmark and Norway (r. 1670-99) Christian VI, King of Denmark (r. 1730-46) Christian VII, King of Denmark and Norway (r. 1766-1808) Christian of Brunswick (1599-1626) Christian, Johann (1706-77) Christina (1626-89), Queen of Sweden (r. 1632-54) Christopher II, King of Denmark (1320-26; 1330-32) Christus, Petrus (1420?-73) Chryrsippus (kri-sip'-us), Stoic philosopher (ca. 280-206 B.C.) Chrysa (kri'-sa) Chryseis (kri-se'-is), Queen of Macedonia (3rd century B.C.) Chryses (kri-'-sez) Chrysoloras, John (1420) Chrysoloras, Manuel, reviver of Greek in Italy (1355?-1415) Chrysostom, St. John, Greek Christian Father (347?-407) Chu Hsi (joo she) Confucian philosopher (1130-1200) Chu-fu (chu-foo) Chuang-tze (jwang-dzu), Chinese philosopher (born 370 B.C.) Chubb, Thomas (1679-1747) Chung-hwa-min-kuo (joong-wha-min-gwo), China's name for China Chung-kung (joong-goong), Confucian disciple (ca. 500 B.C.) Chung-tu (joong-doo) Churchill, Arabella (1648-1730) Churchill, Charles (1731-64) Churchill, Sir Winston (1874-1965) Churriguera, Jose (1665-1725) Chytransin, Nathan (fl. 1578) Cibber, Colley (1671-1757) Cibber, Susannah Maria, nee Arne (1714-66) Cibo, Giovanni Battista (1432-92), see Innocent VIII, Pope Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Roman orator and man of letters (106-43 B.C.) Cicero, Quintus Tullius, governor, brother of M. Tullius Cicero (ca. 102-43 B.C.) Cid, El (Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar: 1040?-99) Cideville, Pierre Robert Le Cornier de (1693-1778) Cignani, Carlo (1628-1719) Cilea, Francesco (1866-1950) Cilicia (si-lish'-is-a) Cima da Conegliano, Giovanni Battista (1459-1518) Cimabue, Giovanni (c. 1240-c. 1302) Cimarosa, Domenico (1749-1801) Cimon (si'-mon), Athenian statesman and general (510-449 B.C.) Cincian law (204 B.C.) Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius, Roman dictator (ca. 520-440 B.C.) Cineas (sin'-e-as) of Thessaly, minister of Pyrrhus (fl. 280 B.C.) Cinna, Helvius, poet (?-44 B.C.) Cinna, Lucius Cornelius, dictator (?-84 B.C.) Cino da Pistoia (1270-1337) Cinq-Mars, Henri Coiffier de Ruze, Marquis of (1620-42) Cintra, Convention of (1808) Ciompi (1378) Cione, Benci di (1376) Cione, Nardo di (fl. 1350- before 1366) Circe (sur'-se) Cirrha, (sir'-a) Cithaeron (si-the'-ron), Mt. Citium (ki'-ti-um) Cius (ke'-us) Civerchio, Vincenzo (d. after 1539) Civil Wars, English (Great Rebellion: 1642-1649) Civilis, Julius, Batavian rebel leader (fl. 71) Civita Castellano, battle of (1798) Civitali, Matteo (1436-1501) Civitas (L)- city-state. Cladeus (kla'-da-us) River Clairaut, Alexis Claude (1713-65) Clairmont, Claire (1798-1879) Clairon, Mlle. (Claire-Josephe Leris de La Tude; 1723-1803) Clapp, Marguerite (fl. 1725) Clarence, Lionel, Duke of (1338-68) Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of (1609-74) Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 3d Earl of (1661-1723) Clarendon, Henry Hyde, 2d Earl of (1638-1709) Clarke, Samuel (1675-1729) Clarkson, Thomas (1760-1846) Claude Lorrain (1600-82) Claude of France, wife of Francis I (1499-1524) Claudia or Clodia, Vestal Virgin (3rd century B.C.) Claudia, first wife of Augustus (fl. 1st century B.C.) Claudius Caecus, Appius, politician and writer (fl. 312 B.C.) Claudius I (Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus), (10 B.C.-A.D. 54), Roman emperor, (r. 41-54) Claudius II (Marcus Aurelius Claudius Gothicus), Roman emperor (214-270) Claudius Regillensis Sabinus, Appius, lawmaker (fl. 450 B.C.) Claudius, Appius, Roman statesman (fl. 300 B.C.) Claudius, Caius, naval commander (fl. 3rd century) Claudius, Matthias (1740-1815) Clavigo y Fajardo, Jose (1726-1806) Clavius, Christopher (1537-1612) Clayton, Thomas (1670?-1730?) Clazomenae (kli-zom'-e-ne) Cleander, Praetorian prefect (?-190) Cleanthes (kle-an'-thez), Greek Stoic philosopher (300?-220? B.C.) Cleinias (kli'-ni-as), father of Alcibiades (d. 447 B.C.) Cleisthenes (klis'-the-nez) of Athens, statesman (fl. ca. 507 B.C.) Cleisthenes, tyrant of Sicyon (6th century B.C.) Cleitus, Macedonian general (d. 328 B.C.) Cleland, John (fl. 1749) Clemens, Flavius, relative of Domitian (?-95) Clement I, or Clemens Romanus, Roman Pope (30?-100?) Clement IV, Pope (1265-68) Clement IX (Giulio Rospiglioso), Pope (r. 1667-69) Clement V (Bertrand de Got), Pope (1305-14) Clement VI (Pierre Roger), Pope (1342-52) Clement VII (Giulio de' Medici), Pope (1523-34) Clement VII (Robert of Geneva), Antipope (1378-94) Clement VIII (Ippolito Aldobrandini), Pope (r. 1592-1605) Clement X, Pope (r. 1670-76) Clement XI (Giovanni Francesco Albani), Pope (r. 1700-21) Clement XII (Lorenzo Corsini), Pope (r. 1730-1740) Clement XIII (Carlo della Torre Rezzonico), Pope (r. 1758-69) Clement XIV (Giovanni Ganganelli), Pope (r. 1769-74) Clement of Alexandria (Titus Flavius Clemens) Christian father and writer (150?-220?) Clement, Abbe (fl. 1768) Clement, Jacques (1567?-89) Clement, John (1556) Clementi, Muzio (1752-1832) Cleobolus (kle'-o-bu'-lus) of Lindus in Rhodes, one of the Seven Sages (fl. 6th century B.C.) Cleombrotus (kle'-om-bro'-tus) II, King of Sparta (reigned 380-371 B.C.) Cleombrotus III, King of Sparta (reigned 243-240 B.C.) Cleomenes (kle-om'-e-nez) I, King of Sparta (reigned 520-490 B.C.) Cleomenes III, King of Sparta (reigned 235-220 B.C.) Cleon (kle'-on), Athenian demagogue and general (d. 422 B.C.) Cleonae (kle-o'-ne) Cleopatra VII, (69-30 B.C.), Queen of Egypt (51-30 B.C.) Cleophon (kle'-o-fon), Athenian demagogue (fl. 411-404 B.C.) Clepsydra (klep'-si-dra), courtesan Clerici, Felice (1719-74) Clerici, Rho (fl. 1755) Clerk, Roger (1382) Clermont, Abbe Comte de (d. 1771) Clermont-Tonnerre, Comte de (fl. 1667) Cleve, Cornelis van (1520-67) Cleve, Joos van (d. 1540) Clifford, Thomas, 1st Baron (1630-73) Cliffort, George (fl. 1736) Clio (kli'-o) Clitias (kli'-ti-as), potter, (fl. 560 B.C.) Clive, Kitty, nee Catherine Raftor (1711-85) Clive, Robert, Baron, English general and statesman (1725-1774) Clodia, wife of Caius Caecilius Metellus Celer (fl. 1st century B.C.) Clodion (Claude Michel; 1738-1814) Clodius Pulcher, Publius, politician (93?-52 B.C.) Cloots, Anacharsis (Jean-Baptiste du Val-de-Grace; 1755-94) Clouet, Francois (1510?-?72) Clouet, Jean (c. 1485-1545) Clovio, Giulio (1498-1578) Clugny de Nuis (d. 1776) Clymene (klim'-e-ne) Clytemnestra (kli'-tem-nes'-tra) Cnidus (ni'-dus) Cnossus (nos'-us) Cobbett, William (1763-1835) Cobenzl, Count Johann Ludwig Joseph von (1753-1809) Cobham, Richard Temple, Viscount (fl. 1720) Cocceji, Baron Samuel von (1679-1755) Cochin, Charles Nicolas II (1715-90) Cochlaeus, Johannes (1479-1552) Cockburn, Sir George (1772-1853) Codrus, legendary King of Athens (fl. 1068 B.C.) Codure, Jean (1534) Coehorn, Menno van, Baron (1641-1704) Coelho, Duarte (1537-?79) Coello, Claudio (c.1630-1693) Coeur, Jacques (1395-1456) Coffier, Francois (17th cent.) Coffier, Philippe (17th cent.) Cognac, League of (1526) Cogni, Margarita (fl. 1818) Coigny, Mlle. de (d. 1794) Coimbra, bishop of (fl. 1768) Coke, Sir Edward (1552-1634) Colbert, Jean Baptiste (1619-83) Colchis, (kol'-kis) Colebrooke, Henry Thomas, English Orientalist (1765-1837) Coleman, Edward (d. 1678) Coleridge, Berkeley (d. 1799) Coleridge, David Hartley (b. 1796) Coleridge, Derwent (b. 1800) Coleridge, John (1719-79) Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, English poet and critic (1772-1834) Colet, John (1467?-1519) Coligny, Gaspard de (1519-72) Coligny, Louise de (1555-1620), 4th wife of William I of Orange Collatinus, Lucius Tarquinius, friend of Sextus Tarquin (fl. 6th century B.C.) Colle, Charles (1709-83), singer Colle, Giovanni (1588-1630) Colle, Raffaello dal (c. 1490-1566) Colleoni, Bartolommeo (1400-75) Collier, Jeremy (1650-1726) Colline Gate, battle of (82 B.C.) Collingwood, Cuthbert (1750-1810) Collins, Anthony (1676-1792) Collins, John (fl. 1672) Collins, William (1721-59), lyric poet Colloquy of Poissy (1561) Colloredo, Hieronymus von Paula, Count von (fl. 1782) Collot d'Herbois, Jean-Marie (1750-96) Collot, Marie-Anne (fl. 1768) Collyer, Thomas (fl. 1656) Colman, George (1732-94) Colocci, Angelo (d. 1549) Cologne, Archbishop of (1326) Colombe, Michel (c. 1431-1512) Colombo, Matteo Realdo (c. 1516-59) Colonna, Cardinal (b. c. 1606) Colonna, Fabrizio (d. 1520) Colonna, Giacomo (d. 1341) Colonna, Giovanni (d. 1348) Colonna, Giovanni (d. 1413) Colonna, Lorenzo Oddone (d. 1484) Colonna, Oddone (1368-1431), see Martin V, Pope Colonna, Pompeo (d. 1532) Colonna, Prince, husband of Marie Mancini (fl. 1658) Colonna, Prospero (1452-1523) Colonna, Prospero (d. 1463) Colonna, Sciarra (d. 1329) Colonna, Stefano (d. 1348) Colonna, Vittoria (1492?-1547) Colonus (ko-lo'-nus) Colophon (kol'-o-fon) Colotes (ko-lo'-tez) of Lampsacus, philosopher (3rd century B.C.) Colquhoun, Patrick (1745-1820) Columbus, Bartolome (1445?-?1514) Columbus, Christopher, Genoese discoverer of America (1446?-1506) Columbus, Diego (1450?-?1515) Columbus, Ferdinand (1488-1539) Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus, writer on agriculture (fl. 1st century) Comenius, John Amos (1592-1670) Comines, Philippe de (c. 1447-c. 1511) Commendone, Giovanni (fl. 1564) Committee of Public Safety (England, 1642) Commodus (Lucius Aurelius Commodus), Roman emperor (161-192) Commonwealth (England, 1649-60) Commune of Paris (1871) Compere, Jacques (1329) Compiegne, Treaty of (1635) Comprehension Bill (England, 1689) Compton, Henry (1632-1713) Comte, Auguste (1798-1857) Concini, Concino (d. 1617) Concordat (of 1801) Concordat of Francis I (1516) Conde, Henry I (Henri de Bourbon), Prince of (1552-88) Conde, Henry II, Prince of (1588-1646) Conde, Louis I (Louis de Bourbon), Prince of (1530-69) Conde, Louis II (Louis de Bourbon), Prince of (Duke of Enghien 1621-46, Prince of Conde 1646-86, known as the Great Conde) Conde, Louis-Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de (1736-1818) Condell, Henry (d. 1627) Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de (1715-80) Condivi, Ascanio (b. c. 1520- after 1564) Condolmieri, Gabriele (1383-1447) see Eugenius IV, Pope Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Caritat, Marquis de (1743-94) Condorcet, Sophie de Grouchy, Marquise de (1764-1822) Condottiere (I)- bandit. Confederation of Warsaw (1573) Conflans, treaty of (1465) Confucius , Chinese philosopher Confucius (kon-fu-shi-us), Chinese philosopher (c. 551-478 B.C.) Congress of Basel (1795) Congress of Utrecht (1713) Congreve, William, English dramatist (1670-1729) Conon (ko'-non), Adienian general (fl. 400 B.C.) Conrart, Valentin (1603-75) Consalvi, Ercole, Cardinal (1757-1824) Consensus Tigurinus (1549) Constable, Archibald (1774-1827) Constable, Henry (1562-1613) Constable, John (1776-1837) Constable, Maria, nee Bickell (d. 1829) Constant (Constant Very), N's valet (1778-1845) Constant de Rebecque, Baron Arnold-Juste (b. 1727) Constant de Rebecque, Baronne Henriette, nee de Chandieu (1742-67) Constant, Benjamin (1767-1830) Constantia, sister of Constantine I (2nd and 3rd centuries) Constantine I the Great (Flavius Valerius Constantinus), (272-337) Roman emperor (r. 306-337) Constantine Pavlovich, Grand Duke (1779-1831) Constantine XI Palaeologus, Holy Roman Emperor (1448-53) Constantine the Great, Roman Emperor (306-377) Constantius I (Flavius Valerius Constantius Chlorus), Roman emperor (reigned 305-306) Constituent Assembly (France, 1789-91) constitution, Polish (1791) Consulate (France, 1799-1804) Contades, Marechal Duc Louis-Georges de (1704-95) Contarini, Alvise (fl. 1680) Contarini, Andrea, Doge of Venice (1368-82) Contarini, Gasparo, Cardinal (1535-42) Contarini, Marino (1422) Contarini, Nicolo, Doge of Venice (r. 1630-1631) Conti, Armand de Bourbon, Prince de (1629-1666) Conti, Bernardino de' (c. 1450-1525) Conti, Francois Louis de Bourbon, Prince de (1664-1709) Conti, Lotario de' (1161-1216), see Innocent III, Pope Conti, Louis Armand II de Bourbon, Prince de (1695-1727) Conti, Louis Francois de Bourbon, Prince de (1717-76) Conti, Louise Elisabeth de Bourbon-Conde, Princesse de (1693-1775) Conti, Niccolo, Italian traveler (fl. 1419-1444) Convention, National (France, 1792-95) Conway, Henry Seymour (1721-95) Cook, Captain James, English circumnavigator (1728-1779) Coomaraswamy (koom-a-ra-swam'-e), Ananda K. Cooper, Samuel (1609-72) Coornhert, Dirck (1522-90) Copais (ko'-pis), Lake Copenhagen, Treaty of (1660) Copernicus, Nikolaus [Nicolaus], Polish astronomer (1473-1543) Copley, John Singleton (1738-1815) Coponius, Caius, senator (fl. 1st century B.C.) Coram, Sir Thomas (1668-1751) Corax of Syracuse, rhetorician (fl. 466 B.C.) Corbizzi, Filippo (1496) Corbulo, Cnaeus Domitius, general (fl. 1st century) Corcyra (kor-si'-ra) Corday, Charlotte (1768-93) Cordier, B. (fl. 1474-85) Cordova, Francisco Hernandez de (1475?-1526) Cordus, Aulus Cremutius, historian (?-25) Cordus, Curicius (1486-1535) Cordus, Valerius (1515-44) Corelli, Arcangelo (1653-1713) Corenzio, Belisario (1588?-1643) Corfu (kor-foo') Corinna (ko-rin'-a), lyric poetess (fl. 5th century B.C.) Corinth (kor'-inth) Corio, Bernardino (1459-1503) Coriolanus, Caius (or Cneius) Marcius, hero (fl. 495 B.C.; banished 491 B.C.) Cork, Richard Boyle, Earl of (d. 1644) Cornaro, Caterina (1454-1510) Cornaro, Luigi (1467?-1566) Corneille, Marie (fl. 1770) Corneille, Pierre, French dramatist (1606-1684) Corneille, Thomas (1625-1709) Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi (fl. 2nd century B.C.) Cornelia, second wife of Caesar (?-68 B.C.) Cornelia, sister of the Gracchi and wife of Scipio Aemilianus (fl. 2nd century B.C.) Cornelius, Peter von (1783-1867) Cornelius, Roman Pope (?-253) Cornwallis, Charles, 1st Marquis Cornwallis (1738-1805) Coro, Domenico del (1420) Coronado, Francisco (1510-54) Coronea (kor'-o-ne'-a) Coronis (ko-ro'-nis) Corot, Jean Baptiste Camille (1796-1875) Corporation Act (England, 1661) Correa, Caspar (c. 1490-1565) Correggio (Antonio-Allegri; 1494-1534) Correr, Angelo (c. 1327-1417), see Gregory XII, Pope Corsica, French occupation of (1739-48) Corte-Real, Gaspar (1450?-1510) Cortes, Hernando (1485-1547) Cortese, Gregorio (1483-1548) Cortona, Pietro Berrettini da (1596-1669) Cortot, Jean-Pierre (1787-1843) Coruncanius, Tiberius, consul (fl. 280 B.C.) Corvee (F)- forced labor for the state. Corvisart des Marets, Jean-Nicolas (1755-1821) Corvus, Marcus Valerius, consul and dictator (fl. 350 B.C.) Coryat, Thomas (1577?-1617) Corydon (kor'-i-don) Cos (kos) Cosa, Juan de la (1460?-1510) Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (r. 1609-20) Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (r. 1670-1723) Cossa, Baldassare (c. 1360-1415) see John XXIII, Pope Cossa, Francesco (c. 1435-80) Cossutia, first wife of Caesar (1st century B.C.) Cossutius (ko-soo'-ti-us), Roman architect (2nd century B.C.) Costa, Bartolomeu da (fl. 1775) Costa, Lorenzo (c. 1460-1535) Costa, Mendes da (fl. 1655) Coster, Laurens (c. 1370-c. 1443) Cotin, Abbe Charles (1604-82) Coton, Pierre (1564-1626) Cotta, Aurelius, political leader (fl. 241 B.C.) Cotta, Lucius, friend of Caesar (fl. 1st century B.C.) Cotte, Pere Louis (1740-1815), meteorologist Cotte, Robert de (1656-1735) Cottle, Joseph (1770-1853) Cotton, Sir Robert Bruce (1571-1631) Coulomb, Charles Augustin de (1736-1806) Council of Four Hundred (411 B.C.) Council of Four Hundred (6th century) Coup d'etat (F)- a violent but merely political revolution. Coup d'oeil (F)- a glance of the eye. Couperin, Francois (1668-1733) Courcelle, Daniel Remy, Sieur de (d. 1698) Court of Commission for Ecclesiastical Causes (1687-88) Courtenay, Edward (1526?-56) Courtenay, William, Archbishop (1342?-96) Cousin, Victor, French philosopher (1792-1867) Coustou, Guillaume I (1677-1746) Coustou, Guillaume II (1716-77) Coustou, Nicolas (1658-1733) Coutances, France, chapel (1371-86) Couthon, Georges (1755-94) Coutras, battle of (1587) Coventry, England, Cathedral (1373-94) Coventry, Sir John (d. 1682) Coverdale, Miles (1488?-1569) Cowley, Abraham (1618-67) Cowper, 3rd Earl (1738-89) Cowper, Judith (fl. 1722) Cowper, Theodora (fl. 1748) Cowper, William (1731-1800) Cowper, William, physician (1666-1709) Coxe, William (1747-1828) Coypel, Antoine (1661-1722) Coypel, Charles Antoine (1694-1752) Coypel, Noel Nicolas (1690-1734) Coysevox, Antoine (1640-1720) Crabbe, George, (1754-1832) Craig, John (fl. 1699) Cramer, Johann Baptist (1771-1858) Cranach, Lucas, the Elder (1472-1553) Cranach, Lucas, the Younger (1515-86) Cranford, James (fl. 1646) Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop (1489-1556) Crannon (kra'-un) Cranstoun, Patrick (fl. 1563) Craonne, battle of (1814) Crashaw, Richard (1613?-49) Crassus Dives, Marcus Licinius, general and triumvir (112-53 B.C.) Crassus, Lucius Licinius, orator (fl. 1st century B.C.) Crates (kra'-tez) of Thebes, Cynic philosopher (4th century B.C.) Crates of Mallus, Stoic philosopher (fl. 2nd century B.C) Cratinus (kra-ti'-nus), comic dramatist (ca. 520-423 B.C.) Cratylus (kra'-ti-lus) Crawshay, Richard, ironmaster (fl. 1780) Crayer, Gaspar de (c. 1584-1669) Crebillon fils (Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crebillon; 1707-77) Crebillon pere (Prosper Jolyot de Crebillon; 1674-1762) Credat qui vult (F)- let who will believe it. Credi, Lorenzo di (1459-1537) Creech, William (1745-1815) Creighton, Mandell (1843-1901) Creon (kre'-on) of Corinth Crepy: Peace of (1545); Treaty (1544) Crequi, Renee-Caroline de Froullay, Marquise de (1714-1803) Crescas, Abraham (d. 1387) Crescas, Hasdai (1340-1410) Crescas, Jehuda (1420) Crescens, colleague who forsook St. Paul (1st century) Crescenzi, Pietro de' (1306) Crescimbeni, Giovanni Maria (1663-1728) Cresilas (kres'-i-las), sculptor (fl. 450 B.C.) Crespi, Giuseppe Maria, "Lo Spagnuolo" (1665-1747) Cressent, Charles (1685-1766) Crete (kret) Cretet, Emmanuel (1747-1809) Creutz, Count Gustaf Philip (1731-85) Crewe, Frances, nee Greville (fl. 1776) Crillon, Louis Balbis de Berton de (1541-1615) Crisaea (kri-se'-a) Crispus, Caius, husband of Agrippina the Younger (fl. 1st century) Crispus, son of Constantine I (?-326) Cristofori, Bartolommeo (1655-1731) Critias (krit'-i-as), Athenian orator, politician, and author (d. 403 B.C.) Critius, sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.) Crito (kri'-to) Athenian Critolaus, Greek philosopher (fl. 2nd century B.C.) Crivelli, Carlo (1440-93) Crivelli, Lucrezia (1496) Croce, Benedetto (1866-1952) Croesus (kre'-zoos), King of Lydia (570-546 B.C.) Croiset, Alfred (1845-1923) and Maurice, French classical scholars Croixmare, Marquis de (fl. 1760) Croker, John Wilson (1780-1857) Crome, John (1768-1821) Crompton, Samuel (1753-1827) Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658), Lord Protector of England (r. 1653-58) Cromwell, Richard (1626-1712) Cromwell, Thomas, Earl of Essex (1485?-1540) Cronus (kro'-nus) Cros, Jean de, Cardinal of Limoges (1378) Crosby, Brass, Lord Mayor of London (fl. 1771) Crotona (kro-to'-na) Crotone (kro-to'-ne) Crotus, Rubianus (1480?-1540) Crousaz, Jean (1663-1750) Crowmer, William (1450) Croy, Philippe de (fl. 1576) Croy, Prince Carl Eugene de (fl. 1700) Crozat, Antoine (1655-1738) Crozat, Pierre (1661-1740) Cruikshank, George (1792-1878) Cruikshank, Isaac (1756?-1811?) Cruz, Ramon Francisco de la (1731-94) Ctesias (te'-si-as), Greek physician and historian (fl. 5th century B.C.) Ctesibius (te-sib'-i-us) of Alexandria, inventor (fl. 2nd century B.C.) Ctesicles (tes'-i-klez) of Ephesus, painter (3rd century B.C.) Ctesiphon (tes'-i-fon) Athenian orator (4th century B.C.) Cudworth, Ralph (1617-88) Cugnatis, Imperia de (1485-1511) Cugnot, Joseph (1725-1804) Cuisine (F)- kitchen; cooking. Cujus regio ejus religio- the religion of the region must be that of the ruler. Cullen, William (1710-90) Culloden Moor, battle of (1746) Cum occasione (papal bull of Urban VIII, 1653) Cumae (ku'-me) Cumberland, George de Clifford, 3d Earl of (1558-1605) Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of (1721-1765) Cunaxa (ku-nak'-sa) Cunha, Joao Anastasio da (1744-87) Cunha, Tristao da (1460?-1540) Curio, Caelius Secundus (1503-69) Curio, Caius Scribonius, general (?-49 B.C.) Curio, Caius Scribonius, orator and consul (?-53 B.C.) Curius, Marcus Dentatus, hero and consul (fl. 275 B.C.) Curll, Edmund (1675-1747), bookseller Curran, John Philpot (1750-1817) Curran, Sarah (fl. 1803) Currie, James (1756-1805) Curzon, George Nathaniel, 1st Marquis Curzon of Kedleston, Viceroy of India (1859-1925) Custine, Adam-Philippe de (1742-93) Custine, Delphine de Sabran, Marquise de (1770-1826) Cuvier, Baron Georges Dagobert, French naturalist (1769-1832) Cuvillier, Charles-Etienne (fl. 1780) Cuvillies, Francois de (1698-1767) Cuyp, Aelbert (1620-91) Cuzzoni, Francesca (1700?-70) Cyaxares (si-ax'-a-rez), King of the Medes (640-584 B.C.) Cybele (sib'-e-le) Cyclades (sik'-la-dez) Cyclopes (si-klo'-pez) Cydippe (si-dip'-e) Cyme (si'-me) Cynosarges (sin'-o-sar-jez) Cynoscephalae (sin'-os-sef-a-le) (battle, 197 B.C.) Cyprian, St. (Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus), Latin father of the Church and Bishop of Carthage (200?-258) Cyprus (si'-prus) Cypselus (sip'-se-lus), tyrant of Corinth (fl. 655-625 B.C.) Cyrano de Bergerac, Savinien de (1619-55) Cyrene (si-re'-ne) Cyril, St., Archbishop of Alexandria (376?-444) Cyrnus (ser'-nus) Cyrus the Great, King of the Medes and the Persians (555-529 B.C.) Cyrus the Younger, Persian prince (424?-401 B.C.) Cythera (si-the'-ra) Cyzicus (siz'-i-kus) Czartoryski, Prince Adam Jerzy (1770-1861) Czartoryski, Prince Adam Kazimierz (1734-1823) Czartoryski, Prince Alexander Augustus (1696-1782) Czartoryski, Prince Fryderyk Michal (1695?-1775) Czartoryski, Prince Kazimierz (d. 1741) Czernichev, General (fl. 1762) Czerny, Karl (1791-1857) Czestochowa, oath at (1768) D - Dacier, Anne Lefebvre (1654-1720) Daedalus (ded'-a-lus) Dahlberg, Count Erik Jonsson (1625-1703) Dahlberg, Johann von (1445-1503) Dahlstierna, Gunno (1661-1709) Daibutsu (J)- Great Buddha; usually applied to the colossi of Buddha. Daibutsu (di-boo-tsoo) Daigo (di-go), Emperor of Japan (898-930) Daimyo (J)- lord. Daimyo (di-myo) Dairen (di-ren') Dalai Lama (da-li la-ma) Dalberg, Johann Friedrich Hugo von (1760-1812) Dalberg, Karl Theodor von (1744-1817), Archbishop-Elector of Mainz Dalberg, Wolfgang Heribert von (1750-1806) Dale, David (1739-1806) Dalin, Olof von (1701-63) Dalkeith, Lady Anne (fl. 1644) Dallas, Robert (1754-1824) Dalmau, Luis (d. c. 1460) Dalrymple, Sir Hew Whitefoord (1750-1830) Dalton, John (1766-1844) Damas, Roger de (1765-1823) Damayanti (da-ma-yan-te') Damiano, Fra (d. 1549) Damiens, Robert Francois (1715-57) Damilaville, Etienne Noel (1723-68) Damo (da'-mo), daughter of Pythagoras Damocles (dam-o-klez) Damon (da'-mon) of Athens, musician and Sophist (fl. 5th century B.C.) Damon of Syracuse, Pythagorean (4th century B.C.) Damophon of Messene, sculptor (2nd century B.C.) Dampier, William (1652-1715) Danae (dan'-a-e), courtesan Dananu (da'-na-noo), Elamite general (ca. 650 B.C.) Danaus (dan'-a-us) Danby, Thomas Osborne, Earl of (1631-1712) Dance, George, the Elder (1700-68) Dandolo, Andrea, Doge of Venice (1343-54) Daniel Alexandrovitch (d. 1303) Daniel, Anthony (1601-49) Daniel, Samuel (1562-1619) Daniele da Volterra (Daniele Ricciarelli: 1509-56) Daniyal (dan'-e-yal), son of Akbar (ca. 1600) Dannecker, Johann Heinrich von (1758-1814) Dante Aligheri (1265-1321) Dante, Girolamo (fl. 1550-80) Danton, Georges-Jacques (1759-94) Daphnis (daf'-nis), grammarian of slave class (fl. 1st century B.C.) Daquin, Pierre-Louis (d. 1797) Daran, Dr. Jacques (1701-84) Darby, Abraham I (d. 1717) Darby, Abraham I (fl. 1754) Darby, Abraham II (1750-91) Darby, Abraham II (d. 1730) Dardanelles (dar-da-nelz) Dardani (dar'-da-ni) Dardanus (dar'-da-nus) Daret, Jacques (c. 1404-c. 73) Darius (da-ri'-us) I Hystaspes, King of Persia (521-485 B.C.) Darius (da-ri'-us) I, King of Persia (588?-486? B.C.) Darius II Ochus, King of Persia (423-404 B.C.) Darius III Codomannus, King of Persia (338-330 B.C.) Darlington, Charlotte Sophia von Kielmannsegge, Countess of (c. 1673-1725) Darmesteter, James, French critic (1849-1894) Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord (1545-67) Darthe, Augustin-Alexandre (1769-97) Daru, Pierre-Antoine (1767-1829) Darwin, Charles Robert, English naturalist (1809-1882) Darwin, Erasmus (1731-1802) Dasa-ratha (da-sha-ra'-ta) Dascylium (das-ki'-li-um) Dashkova, Princess Ekaterina Romanovna (1743-1810) Dashwood, Sir Francis (1708-81) Dathenus, Peter (fl. 1575) Datis (da'-tis), Persian satrap (5th century B.C.) Daubenton, Louis Jean Marie (1716-1800) Daulatabad (dou-la-ta'-bad) Daun, Count Leopold von (1705-66) Dauphin of France (1661-1711) Davenant, Sir William (1606-68) Davenport, Richard (fl. 1766) David II, King of Scotland (1329-33; 1357-71) David, French publisher (fl. 1745) David, Gerard (c. 1460-1523) David, Jacques-Louis (1748-1825) David, King of the Jews (reigned 1010-974 B.C.) Davidov, Evgraf (fl. 1827) Davids, T. W. Rhys, English Orientalist (1843-1922) Daviel, Jacques (1696-1762) Davies, Henry E. (1757-84) Davies, Thomas (1712?-85) Davies, William (fl. 1681) Davis Moll (fl. 1663) Davison, William (1541?-1608) Davout, Louis-Nicolas (1770-1823) Davy, Sir Humphry (1778-1829) Davys, John (1550?-1605) Day of Tiles (1787) Dayer, Edmund (1763-1804) De Morgan, Jacques, French archeologist (1857-1924) De Quincey, Thomas (1785-1859) De fontibus non disputandum (L)- there is no use disputing about origins. De nobis fabula narrabitur- about us the story will be told. De rigueur (F)- rigorously required by convention. Deane, Silas (1737-89) Deborah (deb'-o-ra), Hebrew prophetess (13th century B.C.) Debrel, Commissioner (fl. 1793) Debussy, Claude (1862-1918) Deccan (dek'-kan) Decebalus, King of the Dacians (?-106) Deceleia (de'-se-le-a) Decembrist rising (1825) Decius (Caius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius), Roman emperor (200?-251) Decius Mus, Publius, consul (?-340 B.C.) Decius Mus, Publius, son of preceding, consul (?-295 B.C.) Decker, Paul, artist (17th cent.) Declaration of Breda (1660) Declaration of Independence (America, 1776) Declaration of Rights (1689) Declaration of Rights of Man, French National Assembly (1789) Declaration of Rights, Paris Parlement (1788) Declaration of Rights, Virginia Assembly (1776) Decres, Denis (1762-1820) Dedel, Adrian (1459-1523), see Adrian VI, Pope Dee, John (1527-1608) Defenestration of Prague (1618) Defoe, Daniel (1659?-1731) Defontaine, Julien, goldsmith (17th cent.) Degas, Edgar, French painter (1834-1917) Degler, Hans (d. 1637) Dego, battle of (1796) Deianeira (di-a-ni'-ra) Deinarchus (di'-nar'-kus), orator (361-291 B.C.) Deioces (di'-o-sez), King of the Medes (fl. 709 B.C.) Dekker, Thomas (1572?-1632) Del Monte, Cardinal (1545) Delacroix, Eugene (1798-1863), Romantic painter Delambre, Chevalier Jean Baptiste Joseph (1749-1822) Delhi (del'i) Delilah (de-li'-la) Delille, Abbe Jacques (1738-1813) Delisle, Joseph Nicolas (1688-1768) Delium (de'-li-um) Delmas, Antoine-Guillaume Maurilhac (1766-1813) Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon (1591-1655) Delorme, Marion (1611-50?) Delorme, Philibert (c. 1515-70) Delos (de-los) Delphi (del'-fi) Delphis (del'-fis) Deluc, Jean Andre (1727-1817) Delvaux, Laurent (1695-1778) Demades (dem'-a'dez), orator and demagogue (380-318 B.C.) Demaratus (de'-mar-a'-tus), King of Sparta (reigned 510-491 B.C.) Demas, colleague who forsook St. Paul (1st century) Demesne (de-man') (King's Commons) Demeter (de-me'-ter) Demetrius I Poliorcetes (pol-i-or-se'-tez), King of Macedonia (337-283 B.C.) Demetrius I Soter, King of Syria (reigned 162-150 B.C.) Demetrius II Nicator, King of Syria (reigned 146-142 and 128-125 B.C.) Demetrius Phalereus (fa-le'-re-us), Attic orator (345?-283? B.C.) Demetrius, Bishop of Alexandria (fl. 3rd century) Demetrius, Cynic philosopher (fl. 1st century) Demetrius, priest (fl. 540 B.C.) Demidov, Nikita (1665?-after 1720) Democedes (de-mo'-se-dez), physician (fl. 522 B.C.) Democritus (de-mok'-ri-tus), philosopher (460?-362? B.C.) Democritus, Greek philosopher (400?-357? B.C.) Demodocus (de-mod'-o-kus) Demoivre, Abraham (1667-1754) Demonax, Greek Cynic philosopher (50-150) Demosthenes (de-mos'-the-nez), Athenian orator and statesman (384?-322 B.C.) Denain, battle of (1712) Denck, Hans (1495-1527) Denderah (den'-der-a) Dengyo Daishi (den-gyo di-she), Japanese painter (10th century) Denham, Lady (fl. 1666) Denham, Sir John (1615-69) Denis, Marie-Louise, nee Mignot (1712-90) Denis, Nicolas Charles (1712-44) Denmark, French alliance (1624) Denner, Balthasar (1685-1749) Dennewitz, battle of (1813) Dennis, John (1657-1734) Denon, Dominique-Vivant (1747-1825) Denouement (F)- issue; conclusion. Depres, Josquin (1450?-1521) Der-el-Bahri (dar-el-ba'-re) Derby, Edward Stanley, 12th Earl of (1752-1834) Derham, William (1657-1735) Derwentwater, Sir James Radcliffe, 3d Earl of (1689-1716) Derzhavin, Gavril Romanovich (1743-1816) Desaguliers, Jean (1683-1744) Desaix de Veygoux, Louis (1768-1800) Desargues, Gerard (1593-1662) Descartes, Rene, French philosopher (1596-1650) Deschamps, Eustache (1340?-?1407) Deschler, Joachim (d. 1571) Desfontaines, Pierre-Francois Guyot (1685-1745) Desforges-Maillard, Paul (1699-1772) Desiderio da Settignano (1428-64) Desjardins, Martin (d. 1694) Desmond, Gerald Fitzgerald, 15th Earl of (d. 1583) Desmoulins, Camille, French revolutionist (1760-1794) Desmoulins, Lucile (d. 1794) Desnoiresterres, Gustave (1817-92) Despenser, Hugh le, III (d. 1326) Desperiers, Bonaventure (c. 1490-1544) Desportes, Alexandre Francois (1661-1743) Dessau, battle of (1626) Destouches (Nericault), Philippe (1680-1754), playwright Destouches, Louis Camus, Chevalier (1668-1726), father of d'Alembert Destutt de Tracy, Antoine-Louis-Claude (1754-1836) Dettingen, Bavaria, battle of (1743) Deucalion (du-ka'-li-on) deus ex machina (de'-us eks mak'-i-na) Deus ex machina- the god from the machine. Deux, Bertrand de (1347) Devadasi (H)- Literally, a servant of the gods; usually, a temple courtesan in India. Devadasis (da-va-da'-sez) Devadatta (da-va-dat'-ta) Devereux, Penelope, Lady Rich (1562?-1607) Devonshire, 3d Earl of (fl. 1630) Devonshire, Lady Georgiana Spencer, Duchess of (1757-1806) Devonshire, William Cavendish, 1st Duke and 4th Earl of (1640-1707) Devonshire, William Cavendish, 2d Earl of (1591?-1628) Devonshire, William Cavendish, 3d Duke of (d. 1755) Devonshire, William Cavendish, 4th Duke of (1640-1707) Devonshire, William Cavendish, 5th Duke of (1748-1811) Devrient, Ludwig (1784-1832) Dewey, John (1859-1952) Deyverdun, Georges (d. 1789) Dhanamjaya (da'-nam-ja-ya'), Indian dramatic theorist (ca. 1000) Dhanwantari (dan-wan-ta-re'), Indian physician (ca. 525 B.C.) Dharana (H)- the sixth stage of Yoga. Dharana (dar'-a-na) Dharma (H)- duty. Dharma (dar'-ma) Dharma-shastras (dar'-ma-shas'-traz) Dhrita-rashtra (dri'-ta-rash'-tra) Dhyana (H)- the seventh stage of Yoga. Dhyana (dya'-na) Diadochi (di-ad'-o-ke) Diadumenos (di-a-du'-men-os) (Polycleitus) Diagoros (di-ag'-o-ras) of Melos, poet and philosopher (5th century B.C.) Diamond Necklace Affair (1785) Diane de France (1538-1619) Diane de Poitiers, Duchess of Valentinois (1499-1566) Dianti, Laura (fl. 1520-1534) Dias, Bartholomeu (1450?-1500) Dias, Diniz (1446) Diasia (de-az'-i-a) Diaz de Bivar, Rodrigo (El Cid: 1040?-99) Diaz de l'Isla, Ruy (1504) Diaz del Castillo, Bernal (1492-?81) Dibre Soferim (de'-bra so'-fe-rim) Dicaearchus (di'-se-ark'-us) Peripatetic philosopher (fl. 320 B.C.) Dicaeopolis (di'-se-op'-o-lis) Dickens, Charles, English novelist (1812-1870) Diderot, Antoinette Champion (b. 1710) Diderot, Denis, French encyclopedist (1713-1784) Diderot, Didier (d. 1759), father of the philosophe Didius Julian (Marcus Didius Salvius Julianus Severus), Roman emperor (133?-193) Didius, general (fl. 1st century B.C.) Dido ((di-do) Didot, Firmin (1764-1836) Didot, Francois (1689-1757) Didot, Francois-Ambroise (1730-1804) Didot, Pierre (1761-1853) Didot, Pierre-Francois (1732-93) Didyma (did'-i-ma) Diels, Hermann, German classical philologist (1848-1922) Dientzenhofer, Christoph (1655-1722) Dientzenhofer, Johann (1665-1726) Dientzenhofer, Kilian Ignaz (1689-1751) Diether von Isenburg (1459) Dietrich of Freiburg (d. c. 1311) Digby, Sir Kenelm (1603-65) Digges, Leonard (d. 1571?) Digges, Thomas (c. 1545-95) Dike (di'-ke) Dillon, Arthur Richard (1721-1806), Archbishop of Narbonne Dillon, Charles Dillon, 12th Viscount (d. 1813) Din Ilahi (din i-la'-hi) Dingiraddamu (din-ge-rad'-da-noo), Sumerian poet (ca. 2800 B.C.) Dingley, Mrs. Robert (fl. 1701-28) Dini, Piero, Cardinal (fl. 1615) Diniz da Cruz e Silva, Antonio (1731-99) Diniz, King of Portugal (1279-1325) Dino, Dorothea von Buhren, Duchess of (1792-1862) Dinocrates (di-nok'-ra-tez), architect (4th century B.C.) Dinostratus (di-nos'-tra-tus), mathematician (4th century B.C.) Dio Cassius (155-240?) Dio Chrysostom, Sophist and rhetorician (40-115) Diocles (di'-o-klez) of Carystus, physician (fl. 4th century B.C.) Diocletian (Caius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus), Roman emperor (245-313) Diodorus Siculus (di'-o-do'-rus sik'-u-lus) historian (fl. 1st century B.C.) Diogenes (di'-oj'-e-nez), Cynic philosopher (412?-323 B.C.) Diogenes Apolloniates, natural philosopher (fl. 460 B.C.) Diogenes Laertius, Greek historian of philosophy (2nd century) Diogenes of Seleucia (the Babylonian), Stoic philosopher (2nd century B.C.) Diognetus, Stoic philosopher (fl. 2nd century) Diogo da Assumcao (1579-1603) Diomedes (di'-o-me'-dez) Dion (di'-on), tyrant of Syracuse (408-353 B.C.) Dion Cassius Cocceianus (Dio Cassius), Bithynian historian of Rome (155-240?) Dion Chrysostomus, Greek rhetorician (fl. reign of Trajan) Dione (di-o'-ne) Dionysia (di'-o-nish'-i-a) Dionysius (di'-o-nish'-i-us) I, tyrant of Syracuse (430?-367 B.C.) Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Greek historian (54?-7 B.C.) Dionysius the Areopagite (c. 500) Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria (fl. 3rd century) Dionysus (di'-o-ni'-sus) Diophantus of Alexandria, Greek algebraist (fl. 250) Diophantus, Greek mathematician (fl. 360) Dioscorides of Cilicia, Greek writer on medicine (40-90 A.D.) Dioscorides, Pedanius (1st Century A.D.) Dioscuri (di'-os-kroo'-ri) Dioscurias (di'-os-koor'-i-as) Diotima (di-ot'-i-ma), courtesan Dipoenus (di-poi'-nus), Cretan sculptor (fl. 580 B.C.) Dipolia (di-po'-li-a) Dipylon (dip'-i-lon) Dirce (dur-se) Directory (Directoire; 1795-99) Directory (France, 1795-99) Discobolos (dis-ko'-bo-las) Disraeli, Benjamin (1804-81) Disraeli, Isaac (1766-1848) Dittersdorf, Karl Ditters von (1739-99) Dium (de'-um) Djem, Turkish prince (1459-95) Djezzar Pasha (Ahmed Pasha; 1735?-1804) Djinn (A)- spirits. Dlugosz, Jan (1415-80) Dmitri Donskoi (1363-89) Dmitri I (the "False Dmitri"), Czar of Russia (r. 1605-06) Dmitri Ivanovich, Czarevich (1581-91) Dobson, William (1610-46) Dodd, Dr. William (1729-77) Dodecapolis (do'-de-kap'-o-lis) (Ionian) Dodington, George Bubb (1691-1762) Dodona (do-do'-na) Dodsley, Robert (1703-64) Dodwell, Henry (d. 1784) Dohm, Christian Wilhelm (1751-1820) Dohna, Count zu (fl. 1758) Doig, Peggy (fl. 1761) Dolabella, Cnaeus Cornelius, governor (fl. 1st century B.C.) Dolabella, Publius Cornelius, consul and governor (?-43 B.C.) Dolce far niente (I)- (it is) sweet to do nothing. Dolci, Carlo (1616-86) Dolci, Giovannino de' (d. 1486) Dolcino of Novara (c. 1303) Dole, siege of (1668) Dolet, Etienne (1508-46) Dolgorukaya, Natalia Borisovna (1714-71) Dolgoruki, Ivan Mikhailovich (1764-1823) Dolgoruki, Vasili Lukich (1670-1739) Dolgoruki, Yuri (fl. 1156) Dollond, John (1706-61) Dolon (do'-lon) Dombrowski, Jan Henryk (1755-1818) Domenichino (Domenico Zampieri: 1581-1641) Domenico Veneziano (1400-61) Domenico da Pescia (d. 1498) Domenico di Bartolo (1440) Dominic, Saint (1170-1221) Dominis, Marco Antonio de (1566-1624) Domitia, wife of Domitian (1st century) Domitian (Titus Flavius Domitianus Augustus), Roman emperor (51-96) Domitilla, St. (?-100) Domitius, Lucius, politician (fl. 1st century B.C.) Domna, Julia, wife of Septimius Severus (?-217) Donatello (Donato di Niccolo di Betti Bardi: 1386-1466) Donati, Lucrezia (fl. 1467-69) Donato, Leonardo, Doge of Venice (r. 1606-1612) Donatus, Bishop of Carthage and founder of the Donatists (fl. 4th century) Doni, Antonfrancesco (1513-74) Donizetti, Gaetano (1797-1848) Donne, John (1573-1631) Donne, Sir John (1468) Donner, Georg Raphael (1693-1741) Dorat, Claude-Joseph (1734-80) Dorat, Jean (1508-88) Doria, Andrea (1468-1560) Doria, Luciano (1379) Doria, Pietro (d. 1380) Dorian (do'-ri-an) Doric (dor'-ik) Doricha (dor'-i-ka), courtesan Doris (do'-ris) Dornberg, General Wilhelm Caspar Ferdinand (1768-1850) Dorpat, Esthonia, capture of (1625) Dort (Dordrecht), Synod of (1618) Dort (Dordrecht), Synod of (1682) Dorus (do'-rus) Doryphoros (dor-if'-o-rus) Dos de Mayo massacre (1808) Dossi, Dosso (1479-1541) Dostoevski, Feodor Mikhailovich, Russian novelist (1821-1881) Dou, Gerard (1613-75) Doughty, Charles Montagu (1843-1926) Douglas of Lochleven, Sir William (d. 1606) Douglas, Charles (fl. 1795) Douglas, George (fl. 1568) Douglas, William, Earl of (1425?-52) Dover, Treaty of (1670) Dowland, John (1563-1626) Downs, battle of the (1639) Dozsa, Gyorgy (d. 1514) Draco (dra'-ko), Athenian lawgiver (7th century B.C.) Drake, British agent in Munich (1804) Drake, Sir Francis (1545?-96) Dramatis personae (L)- persons of the drama. Draper, Elizabeth (fl. 1767) Draper, Sir William (fl. 1769) Draupadi (drou'-pa-de) Drayton, Michael (1563-1631) Dreckapothek (G)- treatment by excrementitious drugs. Dresden, Peace of (Prussia-Austria, 1745) Drese, Johann (fl. 1708) Dreux, France, battle of (1562) Drews, Arthur, German philosopher (1865-1935) Drimachus (drim'-a-kus), revolutionary (6th century B.C.) Drogheda, Countess of (fl. 1675) Drouais, Francois-Hubert (1727-75) Drouet d'Erlon, Comte Jean-Baptiste (1765-1844) Drouet, Jean-Baptiste (1763-1824) Drummond of Hawthornden, William (1585-1649) Drurie, John (fl. 1654) Drusilla, sister of Caligula (?- 38 A.D.) Drusus Caesar, son of Tiberius (?-23) Drusus Senior, Nero Claudius, general, stepson of Augustus, (38-9 B.C.) Drusus, Marcus Livius, statesman (fl. 2nd century B.C.) Drusus, Marcus Livius, statesman, son of preceding (?-91 B.C.) Dryden, John, English poet and dramatist (1631-1700) Du Barry, Chevalier Jean (1723-94) Du Barry, Comte Guillaume (fl. 1768) Du Barry, Marie-Jeanne Becu, Comtesse (1743?-1793) Du Bartas, Guillaume (1544-90) Du Bourg, Anne (1521-59) Du Cange, Charles du Fresne, Sieur (1610-88), scholar Du Chatelet, Marquis (fl. 1749), governor of Vincennes Du Chatelet-Lomont, Gabrielle-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, Marquise (1706-49) Du Chatelet-Lomont, Marquis Florent Claude (1695-1766) Du Chayla, Abbe (d. 1702) Du Deffand, Marie de Vichy-Chamrond, Marquise (1697-1780) Du Fay, Charles Francois de Cisternay (1698-1739) Du Guesclin, Bertrand (1320-80) Du Halde, Jean Baptiste (1674-1743) Du Hausset, Mme. (b. c. 1720) Du Parc, Therese de Gorla (d. 1668) Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre-Samuel (1739-1817) Du Rollet, Marie-Francois Gand-Leblanc, Marquis (1716-86) Du Ry, Simon-Louis (1726-99) Du Tillot, Guillaume-Leon (1711-74) Du Verney, Joseph Guichard (1648-1730) Dubienka, battle of (1792) Dubois, Guillaume (1656-1723), Cardinal, Archbishop of Cambrai Dubois, Jacques (1478-1555) Dubois, Jean Antoine, French missionary (1765-1848) Dubois, Pierre (c. 1255-1312) Duccio di Buoninsegna (c. 1255-1319) Duccio, Agostino di (1418-81) Duchatel, Deputy (d. 1793) Duchesne, Louis Marie Olivier, French Roman Catholic prelate and scholar (1843-1922) Duchesnois, Mlle. (Catherine Josephine Rafin; 1777-1835) Duclos, Charles Pinot (1704-1772?) Ducos, Roger (1747-1816) Dudley, Dud (1599-1684) Dufay, Guillaume (c. 1400-74) Dufour, M. (fl. 1792) Dufresny, Charles Riviere (1648-1724) Duisy, Guillaume (1429) Dumas, Alexandre, fils, French dramatist and novelist (1824-1895) Dumas, Alexandre, pere (1802-70) Dumesnil (Marie-Francois Marchand; 1711-1803) Dumonceux, Monsieur (fl. 1748) Dumonstier, Daniel (1574-1646) Dumont, Pierre-Etienne-Louis (1759-1829) Dumouriez, Charles-Francois (1739-1823) Dunes, Battle of the (1658) Dungi (doon'-ge), King of Ur (ca. 2400 B.C.) Dunlop, Frances (1730-1815) Dunning, John, Baron Ashburton (1731-83) Dunois, Jean (1403?-68) Dunoyer, Olympe (fl. 1720) Duns Scotus, John (1265?-?1308) Dunstable, John (c. 1370-1453) Duphot, Leonard (1769-97) Dupin de Francueil, Claude (1715-87) Dupin, Mme. (1706-95) Duplay, Maurice (fl. 1789) Dupleix, Marquis Joseph Francois (1697-1763) Duplessis-Mornay, Philippe (1549-1623) Dupoirier, Citizen (fl. 1801) Duprat, Antoine (1463-1535) Dupre de Saint-Maur, Mme. (fl. 1749) Dupre, P. (fl. 1759) Dupuis, Charles-Francois (1742-1809) Dupuy, memoirist (fl. 1717) Duquesnoy, Francois (1594-1643?) Dur-Sharrukin (door-shar'-rook-in) see Khorsabad Duran, Profiat (fl. 1410) Duran, Simon (1361-1444) Duran, Simon II, (1439-1510) Durand, Guillaume, Bishop of Mende (d. 1330) Durand, Laurent (fl. 1748) Durand, William (c. 1270-1334) Durante, Francesco (1684-1755) Durao, Salvador (fl. 1758) Durazzo, Count Marcello (fl. 1754) Durer, Albrecht, German painter and engraver (1471-1528) Duret, Jean (1550) Durga (door-ga') also see Kali Durga-Puja (door-ga'-poo-ja') Duroc, Geraud-Christophe-Michel (1772-1813) Duryodhan, i.e., Duryodhana (door-yo'-da-na) Dusaulx, Jean-Joseph (1728-99) Dushyanti (doosh'-yan-te) Dutch Wars (1652-54, 1664-67, 1672-78) Dutt, Narendranath (dut, na-ren'-dra-nat) see Vivekananda Duvergier de Hauranne, Jean, "M. de Saint-Cyran" (1581-1643) Dyaks (di'-akz) Dyananda, Sarasvaty (da-ya'-nan-da, sa-ras'-va-te'), Indian reformer (1824-1883) Dyaus pitar (dyous pi-tar') Dykvelt, Everhard van (fl. 1687) Dyme (di'-me) Dyrrachium (de-rak'-i-u) E - Ea (e'-a) Eannatum (e-an'-na-toom), King of Lagash (ca. 2800 B.C.) Easterlings, House of (1564) Ebenhecht, Georg (d. 1757) Eberhard Ludwig, Duke of Wurttemberg (b. 1677-d. 1733) Eberhard, Johann (1739-1809) Eberlin, Johannes (1521) Eboli, Ana de Mendoza, Princess of (1540-1592) Eboli, Ruy Gomez, Prince of (d. 1573) Ecbatana (ek-bat'-a-na) Ecclesiastical Commission Court (1661) Ecclesiazusae (e-kle'-zi-a'-zu-se), The Eck, Dr. Johann, of Ingolstadt (1486-1543) Eck, Johann, of Trier (1521) Eckermann, Johann Peter, German author (1792-1854) Eckhart, Johannes, Meister, (1260?-?1327) Eckhel, Joseph Hilarius (1737-98) Eckmuhl, battle of (1809) Ecnomus (naval battle of, 256 B.C.) Ecphantus of Syracuse, geographer (fl. 390 B.C.) Edessa (e-des'-a) Edfu (ed'-foo) Edgehill, battle of (1642) Edgeworth, Maria (1767-1849) Edict of Amboise (1563) Edict of Grace (1629) Edict of January (1562) Edict of July (1561) Edict of Nantes (1598) Edict of Restitution (1629) Edict of Toleration, Austrian (1781) Edicts of fraternity (France, 1792) Edinburgh, Scotland, Royal College of Surgeons (1505) Edinburgh, Scotland: Treaty of (1560) Edward I, King of England, (1272-1307) Edward II, King of England, (1307-27) Edward III, King of England (1327-77) Edward IV, King of England (1461-70; 1471-83) Edward V, King of England (1483) Edward VI, King of England (1547-53) Edward the Black Prince (1330-76) Edward, King of Portugal (1433-38) Edwards, Jonathan (1703-58) Effiat, Antoine Coiffier, Marquis of (1581-1632) Effner, Josef (1687-1745) Egerton, Sir Thomas (1540?-1617) Egidio de Viterbo (1470-1532) Eglington, Alexander Montgomerie, 10th Earl of (fl. 1760) Egmont, Anne of (Anna van Buren: d. 1558), 1st wife of William I of Orange Egmont, Lamoral, Count of (1522-68) Egmont, Septimanie de Richelieu, Comtesse d' (1740-73) Egremont, Sir Charles Wyndham, 2d Earl of (1710-63) Egremont, Sir George O'Brien Wyndham, 3d Earl of (1751-1837) Eichendorff, Joseph von (1788-1857) Eileithyia (i'-li-thi'-ya) Einstein, Alfred (1880-1952) Eisen, Charles (1720-78) Eisenhut, Anton (fl. 1588) Ekenhead, Lieut. William (fl. 1810) Ekken, Kaibara (ki-ba-ra ek-ken), Japanese philosopher (1630-1714) ekklesia (e-kla'-zi-a) Ekron (ek-ron) El (el) Elagabalus (Marcus Varius Avitus Bassianus Aurelius Antoninus Heliogabalus), Roman emperor (205?-222) Elam (e-lam) Elan- spirited vitality. Elaphebolion (el'-a-fe-bo'-li-on) Elasa (e-las'-a) Elatea (el'-a-te'-a) Elea (e'-le-a) Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine (1122?-1204) Eleanora, wife of Francis I (d. 1539) Eleazar Maccabeus, Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.) Electra (e-lek'-tra) Eleonora of Aragon, Duchess of Ferrara (d. 1493) Eleonora of Austria, Queen of France (1408-1558) Elephanta (e-le-fan'-ta) Elephantine (el'-e-fan-ti'-ne) Eleusinian (el'-u-sin'-i-an) mysteries Eleusis (e-lu'-sis) Eleutherae (e-lu'-the-re) Elgin, Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl of, British diplomat (1766-1841) Elie de Beaumont, Jean Baptiste Jacques (1732-86) Elihu (e-li'-u) Elijah (e-li'-ja), the Tishbite, Hebrew prophet translated to heaven (ca. 895 B.C.) Elijah ben Solomon of Wilna (1720-97) Elijah del Medigo, (1463-98) Eliot, Edward, later Lord Eliot (1727-1804) Eliot, George (Mary Ann Evans: 1819-80) Eliot, Sir John (1592-1632) Elis (e'-lis) Elisabeth Christina of Brunswick-Bevern (1715-97), Queen of Frederick II of Prussia Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel (1691-1750), Empress, wife of Emperor Charles VI Elisabeth de France, Madame (1764-94), sister of Louis XVI Elisha (e-li'-sha), Hebrew prophet (ca. 890-840 B.C.) Elizabeth (Elizabeth Stuart), Electress Consort of Frederick V of the Palatinate (1596-1662) Elizabeth I, Queen of England and Ireland (r. 1558-1603) Elizabeth Petrovna, Empress of Russia (r. 1741-62) Elizabeth of Austria, Queen of Charles IX of France (m. 1570) Elizabeth of Valois (1545-68), Queen of Spain as 3d wife of Philip II Elizabeth of the Palatinate and Bohemia (Elizabeth Stuart: 1596-1662), wife of Elector Frederick V, King of Bohemia, Elizabeth, Princess Palatine (1618-80) Elizaveta (Elizabeth) Petrovna, Empress of Russia (r. 1741-62) Elliotson, John, English physician (1791-1868) Ellwood, Thomas (1639-1714) Elohim (e-lo'-him) Elphinstone, Mountstuart, British Colonial administrator (1779-1859) Elpinice (el-pi'-ni-se), sister of Cimon (5th century B.C.) Elsheimer, Adam (1578-1610) Elura (e-loo'-ra) Ely, England, Cathedral, Lady Chapel (1321-27) Elymi (el'-i-mi) Elyot, Thomas (1490?-1546) Elysian (e-lizh'-an) Fields Elzevir, Louis (1540?-1617) Elzevirs, The (1580-1712) Emancipation Proclamation (U.S., 1863) Emerson, Ralph Waldo, American essayist, poet, and philosopher (1803-1882) Eminence Grise (Father Joseph: 1577-1638) Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (r. 1553-1580) Emmaus (e-ma'-us) Emmet, Robert (1778-1803) Emmet, Thomas Addis (1764-1827) Empedocles (em-ped'-o-klez), Greek philosopher (500-430? B.C.) Empire, First (French, 1804-15) Emporium (em-po'-ri-um) Ems, Punctation of (1786) En masse (F)- in a mass. Encina, Juan del (c. 1468-1534) Encyclopedie, ou Dictionnaire raisonne des sciences, des arts, et des metiers (1751 f.) Enden, Frans van den (d. 1676) Endymion (en-dim'-i-on) Engelbreksson, Engelbrekt (1434) Engels, Friedrich (1820-95) Enghien, Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Conde, Duc d' (1772-1804) Engi (en-ge) Period (in Japan) Engidu (en'-gi-doo) England, Commonwealth (1649-1660); French alliance (1624); Glorious Revolution (1688); Poor Laws (1563-1601); Restoration (1660); Spanish peace treaties, (1604, 1629) Enkomi (en-ko'-me) Enlil (en'-lil) Enlil-nadin-apli (en'-lil-na-den'-a-ple), King of Babylonia, (1122-1116 B.C.) Ennius, Quintus, poet and dramatist (239-169 B.C.) Enoch (e'-nuk) Enriquez, Beatriz (1488) Enriquez, Don Pedro (1500) Ensenada, Zenon de Somodevilla, Marques de la (1702-81) Entemenu (en-te-me'-moo) Entragues, Henriette d', Marquise of Verneuil (1579-1633) Enville, Duchesse d' (fl. 1762) Epaminondas (e-pam'-i-non'-das), Theban statesman and general (ca. 420-362 B.C.) Epaphroditus, freedman of Nero (fl. 1st century) Epee, Abbe Charles-Michel de l' (1712-89) Epernon, Bernard, Duc d' (1592-1662) Epernon, Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette, Duke of (1554-1642) Ephesus (ef'-e-sus) Ephialtes (ef'-e-al'-tez), Athenian statesman (d. 461 B.C.) Ephorus (ef'-o-rus) of Cyme, historian (ca. 400-330 B.C.) Ephraim (e'-fra-im) (kingdom) Epicharis, conspirator (?-65) Epicharmus (ep'-i-kar'-mus), comic poet (ca. 540-450 B.C.) Epictetus (ep'-ik-te'-tus), Roman Stoic philosopher (c. 60-120) Epicurus (ep'-i-ku'-rus), Greek philosopher (342?-270 B.C.) Epidamnus (ep'-i-dam'-nus) Epidaurus (ep'-i-do'-rus) Epigoni (e-pig'-o-ni) Epimetheus (ep'-i-me'-thus) Epinay, Louise Florence Petronille de La Live d' (1726-83) Epiphanius, Christian writer (fl. 4th century) Epirus (e-pi'-rus) Epremesnil, Jean-Jacques Duval d' (1746-94) Epstein, Sir Jacob (1880-1959) Erard, Sebastien (1752-1831) Erasistratus (er'-a-sis'-tra-tus), physician and anatomist (fl. 3rd century B.C.) Erasmus, Desiderius (c. 1466?-1536) Erastus, Thomas (1524-83) Erato (er'-a-to) Eratosthenes (er'-a-tos'-the-nez), geometer and astronomer (276?-195? B.C.) Ercilla y Zuniga, Alonso de (1533-94) Erdmann, Johann Eduard (1805-92) Erebus (er'-e-bus) Erech (e'-rek), see Uruk Erechtheum (er'-ek-the'-um) Erechtheus (e-rek'-thus) Eregli (er'-e-gle') Ereshkigal (e-resh'-ke-gal) Eresus (e'-re-sus) Eretria (e-re'-tri-a) Erfurt, Congress of (1808) Ergotimus (er-got'-i-mus), potter (fl. 560 B.C.) Eric IV, King of Denmark (1241-50) Eric XIV, King of Sweden (1560-68) Eric, King of Norway, Denmark and Sweden (1412-39) Erichthonius (er'-ik-tho'-ni-us) Ericson, Leif (fl. c. 1000) Eridu (er'-i-doo) Erigena, Johannes Scotus (815?-?877) Erinnyes (e-rin'-i-ez) Ermak Timofeevitch (d. 1584) Ermolov, Alexis (fl. 1785) Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover (r. 1692-1698) Ernest Augustus, Prince-Bishop of Osnabruck and Duke of York (d. 1728) Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (r. 1772-1804) Ernest, Duke of Luneburg (1521-46) Ernest, Elector of Saxony (1464-85) Ernesti, Johann August (1707-81) Ernst, Archbishop (1391) Eros (er'-os) Erskine, John (1695-1768) Erskine, Thomas (1750-1823) Erythrae (er'-i-thre) Eryximachus (er'-ik-sim'-a-kus) Esarhaddon (e-sar-had'-don), King of Assyria (681-699 B.C.) Escobedo, Juan de (d. 1578) Escoiquiz, Juan (1762-1820) Esdaile, James, British psychologist (1808-1859) Esdras (ez'-dras) Esprit (F)- spirit. Essenes (e-senz') Essex, Arthur Capel, Earl of (1631-83) Essex, Lettice Knollys Devereux, Countess of, later Countess of Leicester (1541?-1634) Essex, Robert Devereux, 2d Earl of (1566-1601) Essex, Robert Devereux, 3d Earl of (1591-1646) Essex, Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of (1541-1576) Essling, battle of (1809) Este, Alfonso I d', Duke of Ferrara and Modena (1505-34) Este, Alfonso II d', Duke of Ferrara and Modena (1558-97) Este, Azzo VI d', Lord of Ferrara (1208-12) Este, Beatrice d', Duchess of Milan (1475-97) Este, Borso d', Marquis of Ferrara (1450-70), Duke of Modena (1452-71), and Duke of Ferrara (1470-71) Este, Ercole I d', Duke of Ferrara and Modena (1471-1505) Este, Ercole II d', Duke of Ferrara and Modena (1534-58) Este, Ferrante d' (d. 1540) Este, Giulio d' (d. 1558) Este, Ippolito d' (1479-1520) Este, Ippolito d' (d. 1572) Este, Isabella d', Marchioness of Mantua (1474-1539) Este, Leonello d', Marquis of Ferrara (1441-50) Este, Luigi, Cardinal d' (fl. 1570) Este, Niccolo III d', Marquis of Ferrara (1393-1441) Este, Sigismondo, Marquis of San Martino (d. 1507) Esterhazy, Count (fl. 1788) Esterhazy, Prince Anton (d. 1795) Esterhazy, Prince Miklos Jozsef (1714-90) Esterhazy, Prince Miklos Nicolaus (1765-1833) Esterhazy, Prince Pal (1635-1713) Esterhazy, Prince Pal Antal (1786-1866) Esterhazy, Prince Pal Anton (d. 1762) Estienne, Henri II (1528?-98) Estienne, Robert III (1560-1630) Estissac, Geoffroy d' (1524) Estouteville, Guillaume d' (1403-83) Estrees, Gabrielle d' (1573-99) Estrees, Marechal Victor Marie d' (1660-1737) Eta (e-ta) Etallonde, Dominique Gaillard d' (1740- after 1788) Etampes, Anne de Pisseleu, Duchesse d' (1508-80) Eteocles (e-te'-o-klez) Etienne, Henri II (1528-98) Etioles, Alexandrine d' (1744-54) Etruria (e-troor'-i-a) Euboea (u-be'-a) Eucleides (u-kli'-dez), archon (fl. 403 B.C.) Eucleides of Megara, philosopher (ca. 450-374 B.C.) Euclid (u'-klid), geometrician (fl. 3rd century B.C.) Eucrates (u'-kra-tez), demagogue (fl. 5th century B.C.) Eude, Frans van den (d. 1676) Eudemus (u-de'-mus) of Rhodes, philosopher (fl. 4th century B.C.) Eudes, Saint John (1601-80) Eudoxia Lopukhina, Empress, consort of Peter the Great (1669?-1731) Eudoxus (u-dok'-sus), of Cnidus, Greek astronomer (409?-353? B.C.) Eugaeon (u-je'-on), writer Eugen of Wurttemberg, Duke (1788-1857) Eugene of Savoy, Prince (1663-1736) Eugenius IV (Gabriele Condolmieri), Pope (1431-47) Euhemerus (u-hem'-er-us) of Messana, Greek mythologist (fl. 300 B.C.) Euler, Leonard, Swiss mathematician (1707-1783) Eumaeus (u-me'-us) Eumelus (u'-mel-us) Corinthian poet (8th century B.C.) Eumenes (u'-me-nez), I, King of Pergamum (fl. 263 B.C.) Eumenes II, King of Pergamum (reigned 197-159 B.C.) Eumenides (u-men'-i-dez) Eunapius, Greek sophist and historian (fl. end of the 4th century) Eunoe, Queen of Numidia (1st century B.C.) Eunus, Sicilian slave leader (fl. 2nd century B.C.) Eupatrids (u-pat'-ridz) Euphorbus (u-for'-bus) Euphrates (u-fra'-tez) River Euphrates, Greek Stoic philosopher (?-138) Euphronius (u-fro'-ni-us), potter (6th-5th century B.C.) Eupolis (u'-po-lis), comic dramatist (ca. 446-411 B.C.) Eupompus, painter (4th century B.C.) Euripides (u-rip'-i-dez), Greek tragic dramatist (480-406 B.C.) Euripus (u-ri'-pus) Europa (u-ro'-pa) Eurotas (u-ro'-tas) River Eurus (u'-rus) Eurydice (u-rid'-i-se) Eurymanthus (u'-ri-man'-thus), Mt. Eurymedon (u-rim'-e-don) River Eurynome (u-rin'-o-me) Euryphron (u'-ri-fron), physician (5th century B.C.) Eurystheus (u-ris'-thus) Euse, Jacques d' (1249-1334), see John XXII, Pope Eusebius Pamphili, Bishop of Caesarea, ecclesiastical historian (260?-340?) Eustachio, Bartolommeo (c. 1524-71) Eustachio, Fra (1473-1555) Euterpe (u-tur'-pe) Euthias (u'-thi-as) Euthydemus (u'-thi-de'-mus) I, King of Bactria (fl. 230 B.C.) Euthymides (u'-thi'-mi-dez), potter (6th century B.C.) Euthyphro (u'-thi-fro), soothsayer (5th century B.C.) Eutychides (u-tik'-i-dez) of Sicyon, sculptor (4th century B.C.) Evagoras (e-vag'-o-ris), King of Salamis (reigned 410-374 B.C.) Evans, Mary (fl. 1794) Evelyn, Sir John (1620-1706) Everard, William (fl. 1649) Everyman (c. 1480) Evora, battle of (1663) Ewald, Johannes (1743-81) Ex tempore (L)- on the spur of the moment. Exclusion Bill (England, 1679) Execestides (ags'-e-ses'-ti-dez), nephew of Solon (6th century B.C.) Execias (ags-e'-si-as), potter (6th century B.C.) Executive Council (France, 1792) Exeter, England, first English theater (1348) Eybenberg, Marianne von (fl. 1810) Eyck, Hubert van (1366?-1426) Eyck, Jan van (1370?-?1440) Eylau, battle of (1807) Eymerico, Nicolas (1320-99) Ezekiel (e-ze'-kyel), (ca. 580 B.C.) Ezra (ez'-ra) Hebrew scribe and reformer (fl. 444 B.C.) Ezzolino IV da Romano (1194-1259) F - Faber, (Favre), Peter (1506-46) Faber, Johann (1478-1541) Faber, Peter (Pierre Favre: 1506-46) Fabia, third wife of Ovid (fl. 1st century) Fabian (Quintus Fibius Maximus), Roman general (fl. 210 B.C.) Fabius (Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, Cunctator), general and dictator (?-203 B.C.) Fabius Pictor, Caius, painter (fl. 303 B.C.) Fabius Pictor, Quintus, general and historian (fl. end of 3rd century B.C.) Fabre d' Eglantine, Philippe-Francois d' (1750-94) Fabre, Jean Henri (1823-1915), biologist Fabri, Annibale (1697-1760), tenor Fabri, Felix (1484) Fabricius (Caius Fabricius Luscinus), Roman general and statesman (fl. 280 B.C.) Fabricius, Johann Albert (1668-1736) Fabricius, Johannes (1587-1615) Fabritius, Carel (1624?-54) Fabritius, Johann (fl. 1673) Fabrizio d'Acquapendente, Girolamo (1537-1619) Fabry, Wilhelm (1560-1624) Factory Act (England, 1802) Fagel, Kaspar (1629-88) Faguet, Emile (1847-1916), French critic Fa-Hien (fa-he'-an), Chinese traveler (fl. 399-414) Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel (1686-1736) Faience (F)- richly colored glazed earthenware, named from the Italian town of Faenza, formerly famed for such pottery. Fain, Francois (1778-1837) Fain, John (d. 1590) Fairfax of Cameron, Ferdinando Fairfax, 2d Baron (1584-1648) Fairfax of Cameron, Sir Thomas Fairfax, 3d Baron (1612-71) Fakir (fa-ker') Falcone, Aniello (1600-65) Falconet, Etienne Maurice (1716-91) Falconetto, Giovanmaria (1458-1534) Faliero, Marino, Doge of Venice (1354-55) Falkener, Everard (d. 1758) Falkirk, Scotland, battle of (1746) Falkland, Lucius Cary, Viscount (1610-43) Fallopio, Gabriele or Gabriello (1522-62) Fancelli, Luca (1430-95) Fannia, wife of Helvidius Priscus (1st century) Fanshawe, Lady (fl. 1660) Faraday, Michael (1791-1867) Fardapur (far-da-poor') Farel, William (1489-1565) Farghana (far-ga'-na) Farinelli (Carlo Broschi; 1705-82) Farnese, Alessandro (1468-1549), see Paul III, Pope Farnese, Alessandro (1545-92), Duke of Parma (r. 1586-92) Farnese, Alessandro (d. 1589) Farnese, Elizabeth (Isabella), Queen of Philip V of Spain (b. 1692-d. 1766) Farnese, Giulia (d. 1524) Farnese, Ottavio, (1520-86), Duke of Parma (1547-86) Farnese, Pierluigi, (1503-47), Duke of Parma (1545-47) Farnese, Ranuccio, Duke of Parma (r. 1592-1622) Farquhar, George (1678-1707) Fars (farz) Farsistan (far-sis-tan') Fasch, Karl Friedrich Christian (1736-1800) Fathpur-Sikri (fat-poor-sik'-re) Fauchard, Pierre (fl. 1728) Fauchet, Abbe Claude (1744-93) Faust, Georg (1507) Fausta, second wife of Constantine I (4th century) Faustina Junior, wife of Marcus Aurelius (?-175) Faustina Senior, wife of Antoninus Pius (2nd century) Faux pas (F)- a false step. Favart, Charles Simon (1710-92), poet and playwright Favart, Marie Duronceray (1727-72), actress Favorinus (Varino Camerti: d. 1537) Favorinus of Gaul, philosopher at Hadrian's court (fl. 2nd century) Fawkes, Guy (1570-1606) Fayum (fa-yoom') Fazio, Bartolommeo (d. 1457) Feast of Reason (1793) Feast of the Federation (1790) Fedeli, Cassandra (d. 1558) Federighi, Antonio (c. 1420-90) Federigo III, King of Naples (1496-1501) Federigo da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino (1444-82) Fehrbellin, battle of (1675) Feijoo y Montenegro, Benito Jeronimo (1676-1764) Fel, Mlle. Marie (1713-94) Felipe (Philip), Duke of Parma (r. 1748-65) Felix V (Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy), Antipope (1439-49) Felix, Antonius, procurator of Judea (fl. 1st century A.D.) Felix, surgeon (fl. 1686) Fell, Thomas (1598-1658) Fellaheen (A)- peasants. Fellatah (fel'-a-ta) Felton, John (1595?-1628) Fenelon, Francois de Salignac de la Mothe- (1651-1715) Feng Tao (fung dou), Chinese statesman and patron of printing (ca. 932) Feodor I Ivanovich, Czar (1584-98) Feodor III, Czar of Russia (r. 1676-82) Ferdinand I (Ferrante), King of Naples (1458-94) Ferdinand I, King of Germany (1531-64; Holy Roman Emperor (1556-64) Ferdinand I, King of Hungary and Bohemia (1526-64) Ferdinand I, King of Naples (1458-94) Ferdinand II, Grand Duke of Tuscany (r. 1620-70) Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1619-1637) Ferdinand III, Duke of Parma (r. 1765-1801) Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany (r. 1790-99, 1814-24) Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1637-1657) Ferdinand IV, King of Naples (r. 1759-1806, 1815-25) King of Sicily as Ferdinand III (r. 1806-15) Ferdinand VI, King of Spain (r. 1746-59) Ferdinand VII, King of Spain (r. 1808, 1814-1833) Ferdinand of Aragon, King of Castile as Ferdinand V (r. 1474-1504), King of Aragon as Ferdinand II (r. 1479-1516) Ferdinand of Brunswick, Duke (b. 1721-d. 1792) Ferdinand the Catholic, King of Sicily (1468-1516), Castile (1474-1516), Aragon (1479-1516), and Naples (1504-16) Ferdinand, Archduke (b. 1754- d. 1806), Duke of Modena Ferguson, Adam (1723-1816) Fergusson, James, Scotch architect and historian of architecture (1808-1886) Fermat, Pierre de (1601-65) Fermor, Arabella (fl. 1711) Fermor, Count William of (1704-71) Fernando I, King of Portugal (1367-83) Ferramolo, Floriano (d. 1528) Ferrante, Duke of Calabria (d. 1559) Ferrara, Duke of (Tasso's patron), Alfonso II (r. 1559-97) Ferrari, Defendente (c. 1495- after 1535) Ferrari, Gaudenzio (c. 1484-1546) Ferrari, Giambattista (d. 1502) Ferreira, Antonio (d. 1759) Ferrero, Guglielmo, Italian historian (b. 1872) Ferrers, Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl of (1720-60) Ferrucci, Francesco (1530) Ferry, Paul (fl. 1650) Fersen, Count Frederik Axel von (1719-94) Fersen, Count Hans Axel von (1755-1810) Fesch, Joseph, Cardinal (1763-1839) Festa, Costanzo (c. 1490-1545) Festival of Peace (1802) Festival of the Supreme Being (1794) Festus, procurator of Judea (fl. 62) Fete des Fous (F)- Feast of Fools. Fetti, Domenico (1589-1624) Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804-72) Feuerbacher, Metern (1525) Fiacre (F)- an open cab. Fibrice, Baron Friedrich Ernst (1683-1750) Fichet, Guillaume (1433?-?1480) Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, German philosopher (1762-1814) Fichte, Johanna Maria, nee Rahn (d. 1819) Ficino, Marsilio (1433-99) Fiedler, Johann Christian (1697-1765) Field of the Cloth of Gold (1520) Field, John (1525?-87) Fielding, Charlotte Cradock (d. 1744) Fielding, Henry, English novelist (1707-1754) Fielding, Sarah (1710-68) Fielding, Sir John (d. 1780) Fieravante, Ridolfo (d. 1486) Figg, James (d. 1734) Filangieri, Gaetano (1752-88) Filarete (Antonio Averlino: c. 1400-69) Filargis, Petros (c. 1340-1410), see Alexander V, Pope Filelfo, Francesco (1398-1481) Filicaia, Vincenzo de (1642-1707) Filmer, Sir Robert (1590-1653) Fimbria, Caius Flavius, politician and general (?-84 B.C.) Finiguerra, Tommaso (1426-64) Fioravante, Neri di (1345) Fiorelli, Tiberio (1605-94) Fiorenzo di Lorenzo (c. 1445-1525) Firdausi [Firdawsi, Ferdausi], Persian Poet (Abu'l Qasim Mansur: 940?-1020?) Firenzuola, Agnolo (c. 1493-1545) Firishta, Muhammad Qasim (fe-resh'-ta, moo-ham'-mat ka'-zim), Moslem historian (ca. 1610) Firmian, Count Karl Joseph von (1716-82) Firmian, Count Leopold Anton von (1679-1744), Archbishop of Salzburg Firoz Shah (fe-roz' sha) Sultan of Delhi (1351-1388) First Abdication of Napoleon (1814) First Coalition (1792-97) First Silesian War (1740-42) Fischart, Johann (1546?-1590?) Fischer von Erlach, Johann Bernhard (1656-1723), Austrian architect Fischer von Erlach, Josef Emanuel (1693-1742) Fischer, Johann Michael (1691-1766), German architect Fischer, Kuno (1824-1907) Fischerstrom, Johan (1735-96) Fisher, John, Bishop of Rochester (1459-1535) Fitton, Mary (fl. 1600) FitzGerald, Edward, English poet (1809-1883) Fitzgerald, Gerald, Earl of Kildare (1487-1534) Fitzgerald, Gerald, Earl of Kildare (d. 1513) Fitzgerald, James Fitzmaurice (d. 1579) Fitzgerald, Thomas, Earl of Kildare (1513-1537) Fitzherbert, Alleyn, Baron St. Helens (1758-1839) Fitzherbert, Maria Anne, nee Smythe (1756-1837) Fitzjames, Francois, Duc de (1709-64), bishop of Soissons Fitzwilliam, William Wentworth, 2d Earl (1748-1833) Five Mile Act (England, 1665) Flaccus, Avillius, governor (fl. 1st century) Flaccus, Lucius Valerius, consul (?-86 B.C.) Flaccus, Valerius, senator (fl. 3rd century B.C.) Flacius Illyricus, Matthias (1520-75) Flagrante delicto (L)- Literally, while the crime is blazing; in the very act. Flahaut, Comte Charles-Auguste-Joseph de (1785-1870) Flambe (F)- blazed. Flamininus, Titus Quinctius, Roman general and statesman (ca. 228-174 B.C.) Flaminio, Marcantonio (1498-1550) Flaminius, Caius, political leader (?-217 B.C.) Flamsteed, John (1646-1719) Flanders, British invasion of (1799) Flanders, Count of (1336) Flaubert, Gustave, French novelist (1821-1880) Flavio Biondo (1388-1463) Flaxman, John (1755-1826) Fleetwood, Maj. Gen. Charles (d. 1692) Flemming, Count Jakob Heinrich von (1667-1728) Flesselles, Jacques de (1730-89) Fletcher, John (1579-1625) Fleuriot-Lescot, J.-A.-C. (d. 1794) Fleurus, battle of (1794) Fleury de Chaboulon, Pierre (1779-1835) Fleury, Andre Hercule de, Cardinal (1653-1743) Fleury, Claude (1640-1723) Fleury, Omer de (fl. 1759) Flodden Field, battle (1513) Flood, Henry (1732-91) Flora, courtesan (fl. 1st century B.C.) Florence, Treaty of (1801) Floridablanca, Jose Monina, Conde de (1728-1808) Florio, John (1545-1625) Floris, Frans (1518-70) Florus, Lucius Annaeus (2d. cent.) Florus, Lucius Annaeus, historian (fl. 1st century) Florus, procurator of Judea (fl. 1st century) Flotner, Peter (c. 1490-1546) Fludd, Robert (1574-1637) Foe, James (fl. 1660) Foix, Gaston de (1489-1512) Foix, Germaine de, Queen of Aragon and Naples (1488-1538) Folengo, Girolamo (1491-1544) Folengo, Teofilo (1496?-1544) Fonseca, Isaac Aboab da (1605-93) Fontaine, Pierre-Francois-Leonard (1762-1853) Fontaine-Martel, Comtesse de (d. 1733) Fontainebleau, Peace of (1762) Fontainebleau, Treaty of (1807) Fontainebleau, Treaty of (1814) Fontana, Domenico (1543-1607) Fontana, Giovanni (1540-1614) Fontanes, Louis de (1759-1821) Fontanges, Marie Angelique de Scorraille de Roussilles, Duchesse de (1661-81) Fontenelle, Bernard Le Bovier de (1657-1757) Fontenoy, battle of (1745) Fontpertuis, M. (fl. 1680) Foochow (foo-chou) Foolish War (1485) Foote, Samuel (1720-77) Foppa, Vincenzo (1427-92) Ford, Charles (fl 1725) Ford, John (1586?-after 1638) Forkel, Johann Nicolaus (1749-1818) Forment, Damian (d. 1533) Formey, Jean-Louis-Samuel (1711-97) Formigny, battle (1450) Formont, Jean-Baptiste-Nicolas de (d. 1758?) Formosa (for-mo'-sa) Fornovo, battle (1495) Forster, Georg (1754-94) Forster, Therese (b. 1764) Fortescue, Sir John (1394?-1476) Foscari, Francesco, Doge of Venice (1423-57) Foscari, Iacopo (d. 1456) Foscolo, Ugo (1778-1827) Fotherby, Bishop (fl. 1622) Fouche, Joseph, Duke of Otranto, French revolutionary and minister of police (1763-1820) Fouquet, Jean (1416?-80) Fouquet, Nicolas (1615-80) Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine-Quentin (1746-95) Four Shu (shoo) Fourcroy, Antoine Francois de (1755-1809) Fourier, Francois-Marie-Charles, social scientist (1772-1837) Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph (1768-1830) Fourmantelle, Catherine (fl. 1759) Fourment, Helena, 2d wife (m. 1630) of Peter Paul Rubens Fournier, Jacques (c. 1280-1342), see Benedict XII, Pope Fourth Lateran Ecumenical Council (1215) Fox, Charles James (1749-1806) Fox, Edward (1496?-1538) Fox, George (1624-91) Fox, Henry, 1st Baron Holland (1705-74) Foxe, John (1516-87) Foxe, Richard (1448?-1528) Fracastaro, Girolamo, Italian astronomer, poet and physician (1483-1553) Fracastoro, Girolamo (1483-1553) Fragonard, Jean Honore, French painter and engraver (1732-1806) France, Anatole (Jacques Anatole Francois Thibault; 1844-1924) France, Anglo-French alliance (1624); Fronde (1648-53) Francesca da Rimini (d. 1285) Francesca, Piero della (1420?-92) Francesco I da Carrara (1350-89) Francesco II da Carrara (1389-1405) Francesco da Bologna (1501) Francesco di Giorgio Martini (1439-1502) Francia (Francesco Raibolini: 1450-1517) Franciabigio, Marcantonio (1482-1525) Francis (Francesco) III d'Este, Duke of Modena (r. 1737-80) Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1745-65), Duke of Lorraine as Francis Stephen (r. 1729-37) Francis I, King of France (r. 1515-47) Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1792-1806), Emperor of Austria as Francis I (r. 1804-35) Francis II, King of France (1559-60) Francis of Assisi, St., Italian mystic (1182-1226) Francis of Sales, Saint (1567-1622) Francis, Duke of Guise (1519-63) Francis, Saint, Italian founder of Franciscan order (1182-1226) Francis, Sir Philip (1740-1818) Francisco a Victoria (1486-1546) Franck, Johann Matthais (fl. 1738) Franck, Sebastian (1499?-1543) Francke, August (1663-1727) Francon, Sieur de (fl. 1617) Franconia, Congress of (1650) Frank, Jacob (Jankiew Leibowicz; 1726-91) Frank, Johann Peter (1745-1821) Frankfurt an der Oder: capture of (1631) Frankfurt, Declaration of (1813) Frankl, August (1810-94) Franklin, Benjamin, American author and statesman (1706-1790) Franquet, M. (d. 1756) Frazer, Sir James George, Scottish anthropologist (1854-1941) Frederic II the Great, King of Prussia (1740-86) Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony (r. 1694-1733), see Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland Frederick Augustus I, King of Saxony (r. 1806-27), Elector as Frederick Augustus III (r. 1768-1806) Frederick Augustus II, Elector of Saxony (r. 1733-63), see Augustus III, King of Poland Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange and Nassau (r. 1625-47) Frederick I, Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1152-90) Frederick I, Elector of Brandenberg (r. 1417-1440) Frederick I, King of Denmark (1523-33) Frederick I, King of Prussia (r. 1701-13), Elector of Brandenburg as Frederick III (r. 1688-1701) Frederick I, King of Sweden (r. 1720-51) and Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel Frederick I, King of Wurttemberg (r. 1797-1805 as duke, 1806-16 as king) Frederick II the Great, King of Prussia (r. 1740-86) Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1215-50) Frederick II, King of Denmark (r. 1559-68) Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel (r. 1760-85) Frederick III, Duke of Austria (1306-30); King of Germany (1314-22) Frederick III, Elector Palatine (r. 1486-1525) Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (1486-1525) Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (1440-93) Frederick III, King of Denmark (r. 1648-70) Frederick IV, Elector Palatine (r. 1592-1610) Frederick IV, King of Denmark (r. 1699-1730) Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales (1707-51) Frederick V, Elector Palatine (r. 1610-23), King of Bohemia (r. 1619-20) Frederick V, King of Denmark (r. 1746-66) Frederick VI, King of Denmark (r. 1784-1808 as regent; 1808-39 as king) Frederick William I, (1688-1740), King of Prussia (r. 1713-1740) Frederick William II, King of Prussia (r. 1786-97) Frederick William III, King of Prussia (r. 1797-1840) Frederick William IV, King of Prussia (r. 1840-61) Frederick William the Great Elector of Brandenburg (r. 1640-88) Frederick, Archduke of Austria (d. 1439) Fredman, Jan (1712-67) Free Trade Act (1779) for Ireland Fregose, Federigo (1536) Fregoso, Federigo (c. 1460-1541) Fregoso, Ottaviano, Doge of Genoa (1513-22) Freiberg, Saxony, battle of (1762) French Revolution (1789-99) French Revolutionary Wars (1792-99) Freret, Nicolas (1688-1749), historian Freron, Elie (1719-76), critic Freron, Louis-Marie-Stanislas (1754-1802) Frescobaldi, Girolamo (1583-1644) Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939) Frey, Father (fl. 1761), French Jesuit Friedrich Christian (1765-1814), Duke of Holstein-Augustenburg Friedrich Ludwig of Hohenlohe, Prince (1746-1818) Friedrich of Brunswick, Prince (1771-1815) Fries, Jakob Friedrich (1773-1843) Friesen, Count von (fl. 1750) Frischlin, Nikodemus (1547-90) Fritz, Joss (1512) Frizoni, Donato (fl. 1704) Froben, Jerome (1535) Froben, Johann (1460?-1527) Frobisher, Sir Martin (1535?-94) Froebel, Friedrich (1782-1852) Froissart, Jean (1333?-?1400) Froment, Antoine (1509-?81) Froment, Nicolas (c. 1435-84) Fronde (1648-53) Fronde rebellion (1648-53) Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Comte de (1620-1698) Frontinus, Sextus Julius, engineer and statesman (fl. 1st century) Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, rhetorician (110?-180?) Froschauer, Christopher (d. 1597) Froude, James Anthony (1818-94) Frundsberg, Georg von (1473-1528) Fu Hsi (foo-she), Chinese semi-mythical emperor (2852-2737 B.C.) Fu Hsuan (foo shwan), Chinese poet Fuchs, Leonard (1501-66) Fuchsel, Georg Christian (1722-73) Fuenllana, Miguel de (fl. 1554) Fuga, Ferdinando (1699-1781) Fugger, Anton (1493-1560) Fugger, Georg (1453-1506) Fugger, Jakob I (d. 1469) Fugger, Jakob II (1459-1525) Fugger, Johannes (1348-1409) Fugger, Ulrich (1441-1510) Fuji-san (foo-je-san) Fuji-yama (foo-je-ya-ma) Fujiwara (foo-je-wa-ra) family Fujiwara Seigwa (sig-wa), Japanese philosopher (1560-1619) Fujiwara Takanobu (ta-ka-no-boo), Japanese painter (1146-1205) Fukien (foo-je-an') Fuller, Thomas (1608-61) Fulton, Robert (1765-1815) Fulvia, wife of Antony (?-40 B.C.) Fulvio, Andrea (1515) Fulvius, Aulus, conspirator (1st century B.C.) Fulvius, general (fl. 3rd century B.C.) Funck, Johann (d. 1566) Funck-Brentano, Frantz, French historian (b. 1862) Furnberg, Karl Joseph von (fl. 1755) Fussli, Johann Heinrich, later Henry Fuseli (1741-1825) Fust, Johann (c. 1400-66) Fuzuli (Mehmet Suleiman Oglou: d. 1572) G - Gabinius, Aulus, politician (?-48 B.C.) Gabirol, Solomon ibn (1021-58) Gabriel, Jacques Ange (1698-1782) Gabriel, Jacques Jules (1667-1742) Gabriel, Peter (fl. 1566) Gabriele da Salo (1497) Gabrieli, Andrea (1510?-86) Gabrieli, Giovanni (1557-1612) Gabrielli, Caterina (1730-96) Gad, Hemming (fl. 1517) Gaddi, Agnolo (1343-96) Gaddi, Gaddo (c. 1260-c. 1333) Gaddi, Taddeo (1300-66) Gae (ga), Duke of Lu (loo) (fl. 480 B.C.) Gaea (ge'-a) Gaeta, Italy, battle of (1734) Gaetano, Juan (fl. 1555) Gaetano, St. (Gaetano de Thiene: 1480-1547) Gaffuri, Franchino (1442-1522) Gagarin, Prince Marvel (d. 1721) Gaime, Abbe (fl. 1728) Gainsborough, Thomas (1727-88) Gaiseric, King of the Vandals (fl. 429-455) Gaius, jurist (fl. 2nd century) Galatia (ga-la'-shi-a) Galba (Servius Sulpicius Galba), Roman emperor (3 B.C.-A.D. 69) Galba, Servius Sulpicius, statesman (fl. 2nd century B.C.) Galbraith, Agnes (fl. 1734) Galen (Claudius Galenus), Greek physician (130-200?) Galerius (Caius Galerius Valerius Maximianus), Roman emperor (ca. 250-311) Galiani, Abbe Ferdinando (1728-87) Galigai, Leonora, wife of Concino Concini (c. 1571-1617) Galilei, Alessandro (1691-1736) Galilei, Galileo, Italian astronomer (1564-1642) Galilei, Vincenzo (fl. 1560) Galland, Antoine (1646-1715) Gallatin, Albert (1761-1849) Gallatin, Mme. de (fl. 1776) Galle, Peter (1524) Gallego, Juan Nicasio (1777-1853) Gallegos, Fernando (1466-1507) Gallerani, Cecilia (fl. 1490-95) Galli, Tolomeo (fl. c. 1579) Gallican Articles (1682) Gallienus (Publius Licinius Valerianus Egnatius Gallienus), Roman emperor (reigned 253-268) Gallio, Tolomeo (1527-1607) Gallipoli, battle of (1416) Gallo, Iacopo (1498) Gallus (Caius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus), Roman emperor (ca. 207-253) Gallus, Aelius, general (fl. 1st century B.C.) Galton, Sir Francis, English scientist (1822-1911) Galuppi, Baldassare (1706-85) Galvani, Luigi (1737-98) Gama, Esteban da (fl. 1593) Gama, Vasco da, Portuguese navigator (1469?-1524) Gamaliel II, Jewish Patriarch (fl. ca. 100) Gamaliel, a Pharisee, and president of the Sanhedrin (fl. 1st century) Gamba, Count Pietro (d. 1827) Gambara, Veronica (1485-1550) Gamelion (ga-me'-li-on) Gan Ying (gan ying), Chinese statesman (ca. 500 B.C.) Gandhara (gan-da'-ra) Gandhari (gan'-da-re) Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (gan'-de, mo'-han-das ka-ram-chand'), Indian reformer (1869-1948) Ganesha (ga-na'-sha) Ganges (gan'-jez) River Ganymede (gan'-i-med) Garamond, Claude (d. 1561) Garasse, Francois (fl. 1623) Garat, Dominique-Pierre-Jean (1764-1823) Garcilaso de la Vega (1503-36) Gardie, Jacob de la, Count (1583-1652) Gardie, Magnus de la, Count (1622-86) Gardiner, Stephen (1483?-1555) Gargi (gar'-gi) Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-82) Garnett, Henry (1555-1606) Garnett, Richard (1835-1906) Garnier, Charles (1825-98) Garnier, Robert (1534-90) Garofalo (Benvenuto Tisi: 1481-1559) Garrick, David (1717-79) Garrick, Eva Maria, nee Weigel (1724-1822) Gartner, Joseph (1732-91) Garve, Christian (1742-98) Gascard, Henri (fl. 1665) Gascoigne, Thomas (1450) Gascoigne, William (1612?-44) Gasmaier, Michael (1525) Gasquet, Francis Aidan, Cardinal (1846-1929) Gassendi, Pierre, French philosopher and savant (1592-1655) Gastaldi, Monsignor (fl. 1656) Gaston III, Phoebus, Count of Foix (1331-91) Gaston de Foix (1489-1512) Gasur (ga-soor') Gates, Bernard (fl. 1732) Gatier, Abbe (fl. 1729) Gattamelata (Erasmo da Narni: c. 1370-1443) Gatti, Angelo (1730-98) Gauchat, Abbe (fl. 1755) Gaudapada (gou'-da-pa-da), Indian religious commentator (ca. 780) Gaudet, Deputy (fl. 1792) Gaudin, Martin-Michel-Charles (1756-1841) Gaugamela (go'-ga-me'-la) Gauguin, Eugene Henri Paul (1848-1903) Gaulli, Giovanni Battista ("Il Baciccio": 1639-1709) Gaulthier, Abbe (fl. 1711) Gaultier, Abbe (fl. 1778) Gauss, Karl Friedrich (1777-1855) Gaussin, Mlle. (Jeanne Catherine Gaussem; 1711-67) Gautama (gou'-ta-ma), see Buddha Gautier, Theophile, French critic and man of letters (1811-1872) Gaveston, Piers (d. 1312) Gawhar Shad (1377-1457) Gay, John (1685-1732) Gay-Lussac, Joseph-Louis (1778-1850) Gaza (ga'-za) Gaza, Theodorus (c. 1400-75) Gazzaniga, Giuseppe (1743-1818) Ge (je) Gebel-el-Arak (ga'-bel-el-a-rak') Gebir (Jabir: fl. 721-776) Gebler, Tobias von (1726-86) Gedrosia (ge-dro'-zi-a) Gedymin, Prince of Lithuania (1345-77) Geelvinck, Mme. (fl. 1763) Geertgen tot Sint Jans (c. 1467-c. 1495) Geiler von Kaiserberg, Johann (1445-1510) Geisha (J)- an educated courtesan. Geisha (ga-sha) Gela (ja'-la) Gellert, Christian Furchtegott (1715-69) Gellius, Aulus, Latin grammarian (ca. 117- ca. 180) Gelon (je'-lon) of Gela, tyrant of Syracuse (d. 478 B.C.) Gemala, Lucilius, millionaire (fl. 1st century) Gembloux, battle of (1578) Geminiani, Francesco (1667?-1761) Gemistos Pletho, Georgios (c. 1356-1450) Gemma Frisius (1508-55) Generallandschulreglement (1763) Genghis Khan (jen'-giz kan'), Asiatic conqueror (1162?-1227) Genji (gen-je), Tale of Genlis, Mme. Stephanie Felicite de (1746-1830) Gennadius (Georgios Scolarios), Patriarch of Constantinople (1453-58) Genoa, Doge of (fl. 1805) Genovesi, Antonio (1712-69) Genre (F)- class, kind. Genroku (gen-ro-koo) Period (in Japan) Gentile, Valentino (d. 1557) Gentile, da Fabriano (1360-1427) Gentileschi, Orazio (1563-1647) Gentili, Alberico (1552-1608) Gentz, Friedrich von, publicist (1764-1832) Gentz, Heinrich, sculptor (1766-1811) Geoffrey of Monmouth (1100?-54) Geoffrin, Marie-Therese, nee Rodet (1699-1777) Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Etienne (1772-1844) George Brankovic, King of Serbia (1427-56) George I (George Louis), King of Great Britain and Ireland (r. 1714-27), and Elector of Hanover (r. 1698-1727) George II (George Augustus), King of Great Britain and Ireland, and Elector of Hanover (r. 1727-60) George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland (r. 1760-1820) and ruler of Hanover (r. 1760-1815 as elector, 1815-20 as king) George IV (George Augustus Frederick, Prince of Wales), King of Great Britain and Ireland (r. 1811-20 as prince regent, 1820-30 as king) George William, Elector of Brandenburg (r. 1619-40) George of Podebrad, King of Bohemia (1459-71) George of Trebizond (1396-1486) George, Count of Hohenlohe (1525) George, Duke of Saxony (1500-39) George, Henry (1839-97) George, Mlle. (Marguerite Josephine Weimer; 1787-1867) George, Prince of Denmark (1633-1708) consort of Queen Anne of England George, Stefan (1868-1933) Gerar (je-rar') Gerard, Balthasar (1558-84) Gerard, Etienne-Maurice (1773-1852) Gerard, Francois (1770-1837) Geras (jer'-as) Gerasa (je-ras'-a) Gerhardt, Paul (1607-76) Gerhart, Nicolaus (1464) Gericault, Jean-Louis-Andre-Theodore (1791-1824) Gerin, Jacques (d. 1702) Gerl, Viennese basso (fl. 1791) Germaine de Foix, Queen of Aragon and Naples (1505-38) German Confederation (1815 ff.) German Empire (1871-1918) Germanicus Caesar, general (15 B.C.-A.D. 19) Germany, Thirty Years' War in (1618-48) Gerontia (je-ron'-ti-a) gerousia (je-roo'-zhi-a) Gersaint, Paris art dealer (fl. 1721) Gerson, Jean (1362?-1428) Gerstenberg, Heinrich von (1737-1823) Gervais, Dr. (fl. 1723) Geryon (je'-ri-on) Ges periodos (gaz pe-re'-o-dos) (Hecataeus) Gesco, Carthaginian general (3rd century B.C.) Gesner, Conrad (1516-65) Gessner, Salomon (1730-88) Gesualdo, Carlo, Prince of Venosa (c. 1560-1613) Geta (Publius Septimius Geta), Roman emperor (?-211) Geulincx, Arnold (1625-69) Geyer, Florian (1525) Ghat (H)- a mountain-pass; a landing-place; steps leading down to water. Ghazan Khan (1295-1304) Ghazni (guz'-ne) Gheeraerts, Marcus (1507?-90?) Gheeraerts, Marcus, the Younger (1561-1635) Ghent, Pacification of (1576) Gherardo, Maffeo (d. 1493) Ghiberti, Lorenzo, Italian sculptor (1378-1455) Ghini, Luca (c. 1500-56) Ghirlandaio, Benedetto (1458-97) Ghirlandaio, Davide (1452-1525) Ghirlandaio, Domenico (1449-94) Ghirlandaio, Ridolfo (1483-1561) Ghislandi, Vittore (1655-1743) Ghislieri, Michele (1504-72), see Pius V, St., Pope Ghiyathu'd-Din (1523) Ghiyosu-d-din (ge-yo'-sood-den'), Sultan of Delhi (murdered 1501) Ghuri (goo'-re) Gian (Giovan) Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (r. 1723-37) Giannone, Pietro (1676-1748) Gibbon, Edward (1666-1736) Gibbon, Edward (1707-70), father of the historian Gibbon, Edward, English historian (1737-1794) Gibbon, Hester (1705-89) Gibbons, Grinling (1648-1720) Gibbons, Orlando (1583-1625) Gibbs, James (1682-1754) Giberti, Gian Matteo (1495-1543) Gibson, Edmund (1669-1748), bishop of London (1720-48) Gideon, Judge of Israel (died ca. 1236 B.C.) Gideon, Simon (1699-1762) Gifford, William (1756-1826) Giglio, Luigi (1510-76) Gilbert, Sir Humphrey (1539?-83) Gilbert, William (1540-1603) Gileah (gil'-e-a) Giles, H. A., English Sinologist (1846-1935) Gilgamesh (gil'-ga-mesh) Gilianes, Captain (1433) Gillet, Nicolas-Francois (d. 1791) Gillis, Peter (1517) Gillman, Dr. James (fl. 1816) Gillot, Claude (1673-1722) Gillray, James (1757-1815) Giocondo, Giovanni [Fra] (c. 1433-1515) Giordano, Luca "Fa Presto" (1632-1705) Giorgio da Novara (1500) Giorgione (Giorgio Barbarelli; 1478?-1511) Giorgione da Castelfranco (Giorgio Barbarelli), Venetian painter (1478?-1511) Giorgione da Castelfranco (Giorgio Barbarelli: c. 1476-1510) Giorgione, Il (Giorgio Barbarelli: c. 1478-1511) Giotto (nickname of Angiolotto di Bondone), Italian painter (1276-1336) Giovan Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (r. 1723-37) Giovanna da Piacenza (1518) Giovanni Pisano (c. 1250-1320) Giovanni da Bologna (1529-1608) Giovanni da Legnano (d. 1383) Giovanni da Monte Corvino (d. 1328) Giovanni da Montorsoli (1507-63) Giovanni da Udine (Giovanni Ricamatore: 1494-1561) Giovanni da Verona (c. 1457-1525) Giovanni da Vigo (1460-1525) Giovio, Paolo (1483-1552) Girardin, Marquis Rene de (fl. 1728) Girardon, Francois (1628-1715) Girodet-Trioson (Anne-Louis Girodet de Roucy; 1767-1824) Girolamo da Carpi (1501-56) Girolamo dai Libri (1474-1556) Gita-Govinda (ge'-ta-go'-vin-da) Gitanjaii (ge-tan'-ja-le) Gitiadas (ji-ti'-a-das) Giuliano da Maiano (1432-90) Giulio Romano (Giulio Pippi de' Jannuzzi: 1492-1546) Giustiniani, Antonio (fl. 1502-05) Giustiniani, Bernardo (1408-89) Giustiniani, Lorenzo, St. (1381-1456) Gizeh (ge'-ze) Gizziello (Gioacchino Conti; 1714-61) Glanvill, Joseph (1636-80) Glareanus, Henricus (Heinrich Loris; 1488-1563), Swiss humanist Glasgow: anti-Catholic riots in (1780) Glauber, Johann Rudolf (1604-68) Glaucon (glo'-kon) Glaucopis Athene (Gr)- owl-eyed Athene. Glaucus (glo'-kus), ironworker (fl. 7th century B.C.) Glendower, Owen (1359?-?1416) Glessker, Julius, sculptor (17th cent.) Glinka, Fyodor Nikolaevich (1786-1880) Glisson, Francis (1597-1677) Glorious Revolution (England, 1688-89) Gloucester, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of (1355-97) Gluck, Christoph Willibald (1714-87) Gluck, Pastor (fl. 1702) Glume, Johann Gottlieb (1711-98) Glycera (gli-si'-ra), courtesan Glycon (gli'-kon) of Athens, sculptor (fl. 1st century B.C.) Gnathaena (na-the'-na), courtesan Gneisenau, Count August Neithardt von (1760-1831) Go Daigo (go di-go), Emperor of Japan (1318-1339) Goa (go'-a) Gobel, Jean-Baptiste (1727-94) Gobelin, Jean (d. 1476) Gobi (go'-be) Desert Godfrey of Bouillon (1061?-1100) Godfrey, Sir Edmund Berry (1621-78) Godfrey, Thomas (1704-49) Godin, Louis (1704-60) Godolphin, Henrietta, Countess of (nee Churchill), 2d Duchess, of Marlborough (d. 1733) Godolphin, Mrs. (fl. 1680) Godolphin, Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of (1645-1712) Godoy, Manuel de (1767-1851) Godunov, Boris (1551?-1605) Godunov, Boris Feodorovich, Czar of Russia (r. 1598-1605) Godwin, Fanny (1794-1816) Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-97) Godwin, William (1756-1836) Goering, Hermann (1893-1946) Goes, Hugo van der (1440?-82) Goethe, August von (1789-1830) Goethe, Christiane, nee Vulpius (1765-1816) Goethe, Cornelia (1750-77) Goethe, Johann Kaspar (1710-82) Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, German author (1749-1832) Goethe, Katharina Elisabeth, nee Textor (1731-1803) Goethe, Ottilie von, nee Pogwisch (1796-1872) Goeze, Johann Melchior (1717-86) Goezman, Louis-Valentin (fl. 1770) Gogh, Vincent van (1853-90) Gohier, Louis-Jerome (1746-1830) Goislard de Montsabert, Anne-Louis (1763-1814) Goldberg, Johann Theophilus (fl. 1740) Golden Fleece, order of the (1429) Goldoni, Carlo (1707-93) Goldsmid, Abraham (1756?-1810) Goldsmid, Benjamin (1753?-1808) Goldsmith, Oliver (1728-74) Goliath (go-li'-ath) Golitsyn, Alexander (fl. 1770) Golitsyn, Prince Boris (1654-1714) Golitsyn, Prince Nikolai Borisovich (d. 1865) Golitsyn, Prince Vasili (1643-1714) Golkonda (gol-kon'-da) Golovin, Russian general (fl. 1670) Gomara, Francisco Lopez de (1510?-60) Gomarus, Franciscus (1563-1641) Gomez de Mora, Juan (fl. 1617) Gomorrah (go-ma'-ra) Goncalves Pereira, Dr. Pedro (fl. 1758) Goncalves, Nuno (fl. 1450-72) Goncourt, Edmond de (1822-96) and Jules de (1830-70) Gondomar, Diego Sarmiento, Count of (1587-1626) Gongora y Argote, Luis de (1561-1627) Gontard, Karl Philipp Christian von (1731-91) Gonzaga, Aloysius Saint (1568-91) Gonzaga, Eleanora, Duchess of Urbino (d. 1543) Gonzaga, Elisabetta, Duchess of Urbino (1472-1526) Gonzaga, Ercole (d. 1563) Gonzaga, Federigo I, Marquis of Mantua (1478-84) Gonzaga, Federigo II, Marquis (1519) and Duke of Mantua (1530-40) Gonzaga, Ferrante, Prince of Molfetta (1506-57) Gonzaga, Francesco (d. 1483) Gonzaga, Gianfrancesco I, Marquis of Mantua (1432-44) Gonzaga, Gianfrancesco II, Marquis of Mantua (1484-1519) Gonzaga, Guglielmo, Duke of Mantua (r. 1550-87) Gonzaga, Lodovico, Marquis of Mantua (1444-78) Gonzaga, Luigi (1328) Gonzaga, Taddea, Countess of Scandiano (d. after 1504) Gonzaga, Tomaz Antonio (1744-1807) Gonzaga, Vincenzo I, Duke of Mantua (r. 1587-1612) Gonzaga, Vincenzo II, Duke of Mantua (d. 1627) Gonzague, Louise Marie de (1612-67) m. (1648) Ladislas IV, King of Poland Gonzalez de Clavijo, Ruy (d. 1412) Gonzalez, Diego (1734?-94) Gonzalo de Cordoba, Hernandez (1453-1515) Gopuram (H)- gateway. Gordian I (Marcus Antonius Gordianus), Roman emperor (158-238) Gordian II (Marcus Antonius Gordianus), Roman emperor (?-238) Gordian III (Marcus Antonius Gordianus), Roman emperor (226-244) Gordon Riots (1780) Gordon, Lord George (1751-93) Gordon, Patrick (1635-99) Gorgias (gor'-ji-as), orator (485?-380?) Gorki, Maxim (pen name of Aleksei Maximovich Pyeshkov), Russian novelist (1868- ) Gornicki, Lukasz (fl. 1588) Gorres, Joseph von (1776-1848) Gortyna (gor-ti'-na) Gortz, Baron Georg Heinrich von (1668-1719) Goschen, G. J.(1752-1828) Gossaert, Jan (c.1470-c. 1534) Gosse, Sir Edmund (1849-1928) Gossec, Francois-Joseph (1734-1829) Gosson, Stephen (1554-1624) Got, Bertrand de (1264-1314), see Clement V, Pope Gotha and Torgau, League of (1526) Goto Saijiro (go-to si-je-ro), Japanese potter (ca. 1664) Gotra (H)- group. Gotthard, J. F. (fl. 1796) Gottsched, Johann Christoph (1700-66) Goudimel, Claude (c. 1505-72) Gougenot, Abbe (fl. 1755) Goujon, Jean (1510?-68?) Gounod, Charles-Francois (1818-93) Goupy, Joseph (d. 1763) Gourgaud, Gaspard (1783-1852) Gournay, Jean-Claude-Vincent de (1712-59) Gournay, Marie de (1565-1645) Gournia (goor'-ni-a) Gouthiere, Pierre (1740-1806) Gouveia, Marquis of (d. 1759) Govinda (go'-vin-da), Indian religious commentator (ca. 800) Gower, John (1325?-1408) Goya y Lucientes, Francisco Jose de (1746-1828) Goya y Lucientes, Javier de (b. 1784) Goyen, Jan van (1596-1656) Gozzi Gasparo (1713-86) Gozzi, Carlo (1720-1806) Gozzi, Padre (fl. 1740) Gozzoli, Benozzo (1424-98) Graaf, Regnier de (1641-73) Gracchi, the (Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and Caius Sempronius Gracchus, Roman statesmen of 2d cent. B.C.) Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius (163-133 B.C.) and Gaius Sempronius (153-121 B.C.) Gracian, Baltasar (1601-58) Graff, Anton (1736-1813) Graffigny, Francoise d'Issembourg d'Happoncourt de (1695-1758) Grafton, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3d Duke of (1735-1811) Graham, George (1675-1751) Graham, James (fl. 1780) Graham, Mrs. (fl. 1777) Graia (gri-a) Graii (gri-e) Gralath, Daniel (fl. 1746) Gramont, Beatrixe de Choiseul, Duchesse de (1731-94) Gramont, Comte Philibert de (1621?-1707) Gramont, Comtesse de (fl. 1679) Gran (Esztergom), battle of (1685) Gran, Daniel (1694-1757) Granacci, Francesco (1469-1544) Granada, Luis de (1504-88) Grand Alliance (1692-97) Granicus (gra-ni'-cus), battle of the (334 B.C.) Granicus (gra-ni'-kus) River Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot de, Cardinal (1517-86) Grasse, Comte Francois-Joseph-Paul de (1722-1788) Grassi, Orazio (fl. 1620) Grassis, Paris de (d. 1528) Grattan, Henry (1746-1820) Graun, Karl Heinrich (1701-59) Graunt, John (1620-74) Graupner, Christoph (fl. 1722) Gravina, Admiral Federico Carlos de (1756-1806) Gravina, Gian Vincenzo (1664-1718) Gray, Stephen (d. 1736) Gray, Thomas, English poet (1716-1771) Great Coalition (1672-78) Great Fear (1789) Great Fire of London (1666) Great Northern War (1700-21) Great Ordinance (1357) Great Protestation (1621) Great Rebellion (1642-49) Great Sanhedrin (1806) Great Slaughter (1355) Great Terror (1794) Greatrakes, Valentine (1628-66) Greban, Annoul (1400?) Greco, El (Domenico Theotocopuli), Greek painter (1548-1614? or 1625?) Greece, modern, Turkish conquest of (1715), war of liberation (1821) Greek Revolution (1821-30) Green, John Richard (1837-83) Green, Thomas Hill (1836-82) Greene, Maurice (c. 1696-1755) Greene, Nathanael (1742-86) Greene, Robert (1560?-92) Greenville, Sir John (fl. 1660) Greenwood, John (d. 1593) Gregoire, Abbe Henri (1750-1831) Gregoras, Nicephorus (1295-1359) Gregory I the Great, St., Pope (590-604) Gregory III, Patriarch of Constantinople (1443-50) Gregory VII (Hildebrand), St., Pope (1073-85) Gregory XI (Pierre Roger), Pope (1370-78) Gregory XII (Angelo Correr), Pope (1406-15) Gregory XIII (Ugo Buoncompagni), Pope (r. 1572-85) Gregory XIII, Pope (1572-85) Gregory XIV, Pope (1590-91) Gregory XV, Pope (1621-23) Gregory, David (1661-1708) Greiffenklau, Karl Philipp von, Prince-Bishop of Wurzburg (fl. 1750) Grenfell, Bernard Pyne, English papyrologist (1869-1926) Grenier, Paul (1768-1827) Grenoble, Palais de Justice (1505) Grenville, George (1712-70) Grenville, William Wyndham Grenville, Baron (1759-1834) Gresham, Sir Thomas (1519?-79) Gretry, Andre-Ernest-Modeste (1741-1813) Greuze, Gabrielle, nee Babuti (b. 1726) Greuze, Jean-Baptiste (1725-1805) Greville, Sir Fulke (1554-1628) Grew, Nehemiah (1641-1712) Grey, Charles Grey, 2d Earl (1764-1845) Grey, Lady Catherine (c. 1538-1568) Grey, Lady Jane (1537-54) Grey, Lord (fl. 1679) Gribaldi, Matteo (1553) Grien, Hans Baldung (1476?-1545) Griffenfeld, Peder Schumacher, Count (1635-1699) Grignan, Comte de (fl. 1670) Grignan, Francoise Marguerite, Comtesse de (1646-1705) Grihastha (gri-has'-ta) Grillparzer, Franz (1791-1872) Grimaldi, Francesco (1618-63) Grimaldi, Marchese Geronimo de (1761) Grimani, Antonio, Doge of Venice (1521-23) Grimani, Domenico (1461-1523) Grimani, Marino (d. 1546) Grimani, Vincenzo, Cardinal (1655-1710), Viceroy of Naples (1708-10) Grimaud, Mme. (fl. 1725) Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, later Baron von Grimm (1723-1807) Grimm, Jacob (1785-1863) Grimm, Peter (fl. 1771) Grimm, Wilhelm (1786-1859) Grimoard, Guillaume de (1310-70), see Urban V, Pope Grindal, Edmund, Archbishop (1519?-83) Gringore, Pierre (c. 1475-c. 1538) Gritti, Andrea, Doge of Venice (1523-1538) Grocyn, William (c. 1445-1519) Grolier, Jean (1479-1565) Groningen, battle at (1673) Groote Privilegie (1417) Groote, Gerhard (1340-84) Gros, Antoine-Jean (1771-1835) Gros, Father (fl. 1729) Gross-Jagersdorf, battle of (1757) Grote, George, English historian (1794-1871) Grotefend, Georg Friedrich, German scholar (1775-1853) Grotius, Hugo (Huig de Groot: 1583-1645) Grouchy, Emmanuel de (1766-1847) Grousset, Rene (1885-1952) Gruet, Jacques (1547) Grummert, Dresden physicist (fl. 1747) Grundtvig, Nikolai Frederik Severin (1783-1872) Grunewald, Matthias (c. 1455-1528) Grunewald, Matthias (fl. 1500-30) Gryllus (gril'-us), son of Xenophon (d. 362 B.C.) Gua de Malves, Abbe Jean Paul de (1712-86) Guadagni, Gaetano (1725?-92) Guardi, Francesco (1712-93) Guardi, Giovanni Antonio (1698-1760) Guariento (d. before 1378) Guarini, Giovanni Battista (1537-1612) Guarini, Guarino (1624-83) Guarino da Verona (1370-1460) Guarneri, Andrea (c.1626-1698) Guarneri, Giuseppe Antonio "del Gesu" (1687?-1745) Guarneri, Giuseppe I (1666-c. 1739) Guarneri, Pietro "de Mantua" (1655-c. 1740) Guarneri, Pietro "de Venezia" (1695-1765) Gubarru (goo-bar'-roo), Babylonian hero Gudea (goo-da'-a), King of Lagash (ca. 2600 B.C.) Gueneau de Montbeliard, Philibert (1720-85) Guenee, Antoine (b. 1717) Guenot, physician to Mazarin (fl. 1660) Guercino (Giovanni Francesco Barbieri: 1591-1666) Guericke, Otto von (1602-86) Guerin, Pierre-Narcisse (1774-1833) Gueroult, Guillaume (1553) Guettard, Jean (1715-86) Gueudeville, Nicolas (d. 1722) Guevara, Antonio de (1480?-1545) Guglielmi, Gregorio (1714-73), painter Guglielmi, Pietro (1727-1804), composer Guibert, Comte Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte de (1743-90) Guicciardini, Francisco (1483-1540) Guiccioli, Countess Teresa (d. 1873) Guidacerio, Agacio (1513) Guidi, Carlo Alessandro (1650-1712) Guidobaldo I da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino (1482-1508) Guiducci, Mario (fl. 1619) Guignard, Jean (fl. 1594) Guildhall, London (1411-35, 1866) Guilford, Francis North, 1st Earl of (1704-90) Guillard, Nicolas-Francois (fl. 1778) Guillaume, Louis (fl. 1746), physicist Guillotin, Dr. Joseph-Ignace (1738-1814) Guines, Comte de, later Duc de (fl. 1776) Guise, Cardinal of (Louis II de Lorraine: 1555-88) Guise, Charles de, Cardinal of Lorraine (1524-74) Guise, Chevalier de (fl. 1646) Guise, Francis (Francois de Lorraine), 2d Duke of (1519-63) Guise, Henri II de Lorraine, Duc de (1614-1664) Guise, Henry (Henri I de Lorraine), 3d Duke of (1550-88) Guiton, Jean (1585-1654) Guizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874) Gujarat (goo'-ja-rat') Guldberg, Ove Hoegh- (1731-1808) Gumplowicz, Ludwik, Polish sociologist (1838-1909) Gumpp, Georg (1682-1754) Gunadhya (goo-na'-dya), Indian poet (1st century) Gunas (H)- active qualities. Gunavarman (goo-na-var'-man), Indian scientist Gunpowder Plot (1605) Gunter, Edmund (1581-1626) Gunther, Johann Christian (1695-1723) Gupta (goop'-ta) Dynasty Guru (H)- teacher. Guru (goo'-roo) Gusnasco, Lorenzo (1503) Gustavus Adolphus, Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (fl. 1750) Gustavus I Vasa, King of Sweden (r. 1523-60) Gustavus II Adolphus, King of Sweden (r. 1611-32) Gustavus III, King of Sweden (r. 1771-92) Gustavus IV, King of Sweden (r. 1792-1809) Gutenberg, Johann, German "inventor" of printing (1400?-1468) Guy de Lusignan (1140-94) Guyon, Abbe (fl. 1759) Guyon, Jeanne Marie de La Motte- (1648-1717) Guyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard (1737-1816) Gwalior (gwa'-lyar) Gwyn, Nell (1650-87) Gyges (gi'-gez), King of Lydia (ca. 652 B.C.) Gylippus (ji-lip'-us), Spartan general (5th century B.C.) Gyllenborg, Count Carl (1679-1746) Gyllenborg, Gustaf Fredrik (1731-1808) Gyllenstierna, Count Johan (1635-80) Gymnopedia (gim'-no-pa'-di-a) Gyrton (jer'-ton) H - Haakon Jarl, ruler of Norway (970-95) Haakon VI, King of Norway (1355-80) Haarlem, Netherlands, siege of (1573) Habeas Corpus Act (England, 1679) Habiru (ha-be'-roo); also see Jews Hachimaro (ha-che-ma'-ro), youthful Japanese hero (ca. 1615) Hades (ha'-dez) Hadik, Andreas, Count Hadik von Futak (1710-1790) Hadley, George (fl. 1735) Hadley, John (1682-1744) Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus) (76-138), Roman emperor (r. 117-38) Haemon (he'-mon) Haffner, Sigismund (fl. 1782) Hafiz, Shamsu'd-Din Muhammad (1320-89), Persian poet Hagia Triada (ha-ge'-a tre-a'-da) (Holy Trinity) Hague, The, Treaty of (1720) Haidar Ali (1722-82), Maharajah of Mysore Haifa (hi'-fa) Hajji Khalfah (Mustafa ibn Abdullah: 1600?-1658) Hakai (ha-ki) Hakluyt, Richard (1552?-1616) Hakuga (ha-koo-ga) Hakuseki Arai (ha-koo-za-ke a-ri), Japanese scholar and historian (1657-1725) Halebid (ha'-la-bed) Hales, John (1584-1656) Hales, Robert (d. 1381) Hales, Stephen (1677-1761) Halevy Jehuda (1086?-1141?) Halicarnassus (hal'-i-kar-nas-us) Halifax, Chartes Montagu, 1st Earl of (1661-1715) Halifax, George Montagu Dunk, 2d Earl of (1716-71) Halifax, George Savile, Marquis of (1633-1695) Hall, Bishop Joseph (1574-1656) Hall, Chester Moor (1703-71) Hall, John (1575-1635) Hall, Joseph, Bishop of Norwich (1574-1656) Hallam, Henry (1777-1859) Haller, Albrecht von (1708-77) Halley, Edmund (1656-1742) Hals, Dirk (1591-1656) Hals, Frans (1580-1666) Halys (hal'-is) River Hamadan (ha-ma-dan') Hamadan, battle of (1731) Hamann, Johann Georg (1730-88) Hamburg, Germany, peace arrangement at (1641) Hamel, Father (fl. 1585) Hamilcar (ha-mil'-kar), Carthaginian general (5th century B.C.) Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian general and father of Hannibal (?-229 B.C.) Hamilton, Alexander (1755?-1804) Hamilton, Anthony (1646?-1720) Hamilton, Emma, Lady, nee Lyon (1761?-1815) Hamilton, Gavin (fl. 1785) Hamilton, John, Archbishop of St. Andrews (1511?-71) Hamilton, Patrick (c. 1505-28) Hamilton, Sir William (1730-1803) Hammurabi (ha-moor-a'-be), King of Babylonia (2123-2081 B.C.) Hammurabi, King of Babylon (reigned ca. 1955-1913 B.C.) Hamond, Walter (fl. 1640) Hampden, John (1594-1643) Hampden, John (fl. 1683) Hampton Court: Conference (1604) Han (han) (state) Han Fei (han fa), Chinese critic and essayist (died 233 B.C.) Han Kan (han kan), Chinese artist (ca. 730) Han Yu (han yu), Chinese essayist (768-824) Hananiah (han-a-ni'-a), Hebrew prophet (ca. 600 B.C.) Hanau, battle of (1813) Hanbury-Williams, Sir Charles (1708-59) Hancock, John (1737-93) Handel, Georg Friedrich, later George Frederick (1685-1759) Handl, Jakob (1550-91) Hangchow (hang-chou') Hankampu (han-kam-poo) Hannibal (han'-i-bal), Carthaginian general (5th century B.C.) Hannibal, Carthaginian general (247-183 B.C.) Hanno of Carthage, navigator (fl. 500 B.C.) Hanover, Peace of (1745) Hanriot, Francois (1761-94) Hansard, Luke (1752-1828) Hanszoon, Hans (d. 1584) Hanuman (ha'-noo-man) Hanway, Jonas, English traveler (1712-1786) Hao Shih-chiu (hou shi-je-oo'), Chinese ceramic artist (ca. 1600) Haoma (ho'-ma) Hapuseneb (ha-poo'-se-neb), Egyptian architect (ca. 1500 B.C.) Har-Megiddo (har-me-gid'-do) Hara-kiri (J)- self-disembowelment. Hara-kiri (ha-ra-ke-re) Harappa (ha-rap'-pa) Hardenberg, Charlotte von (b. 1769) Hardenberg, Prince Karl August von (1750-1822) Hardenburg, Baron Friedriech Von ("Novalis": 1772-1801) Hardie, James Keir, Scotch labor leader (1856-1915) Hardouin, Jean (1646-1729) Hardouin-Mansard, Jules (1646-1708) Hardy, Alexandre (1570?-1631?) Hardy, Capt. Thomas Masterman (1769-1839) Hardy, Thomas, shoemaker (1752-1832) Hargreaves, James (d. 1778) Harington, Sir John (1561-1612) Harlay de Champvallon, Francois de, Archbishop of Paris (1625-95) Harley, Robert, 1st Earl of Oxford (1661-1724) Harmhab (harm'-hab), King of Egypt (1346-1322 B.C.) Harmodius (har-mo'-di-us), tyrannicide (6th century B.C.) Harmodius, Athenian patriot (ca. 525 B.C.) Haromi, Immanuel (1265-1330) Haroun-al-Rashid (ha-roon-ar-ra-shed), Caliph of Bagdhad (786-809) Harpagus (har'-pa-gus), Median general (ca. 555 B.C.) Harpalus, treasurer (4th century B.C.) Harrach, Count von (fl. 1792) Harri (ha'-re) Harrington, James (1611-77), political theorist Harriot, Thomas (1560-1621) Harrison, John (1693-1776) Harrison, Maj. Gen. Thomas (1606-60) Harsch, General (fl. 1758) Harsha-Vardhana (har'-sha-var'-da-na), Indian king (606-648) Harsha-charita (har'-sha-char'-i-ta) Hart, Sir Robert, Irish statesman in China (1835-1911) Hartley, David (1705-57) Hartlib, Samuel (d. c. 1670) Hartmann, Georg (fl. 1544) Harunobu Suzuki (ha-roo-no-boo soo-zoo-ke), Japanese engraver (1718-1770) Harvey, Gabriel (1545?-1630) Harvey, William, English anatomist and physician (1578-1657) Haschka, Leopold (fl. 1796) Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general in the Third Punic War (2nd century B.C.) Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general, brother of Hannibal (?-207 B.C.) Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general, son-in-law of Hamilcar (?-221 B.C.) Hasenkampf, J. C. (fl. 1774) Hasmonai (haz'-mo-ni) Hassam, Sultan (1356-63) Hassan (has-san'), mosque of, Cairo Hasse, Johann Adolf (1699-1783) Hassler, Hans (1564-1612) Hassler, Jakob (1569-c. 1619) Hassler, Kaspar (1562?-c. 1619) Hastenbeck, battle of (1757) Hastings, Francis Rawdon-Hastings, Marquis of (1754-1826) Hastings, Warren, Governor General of India (1732-1818) Hathaway, Anne (1557?-1623) Hathor (hath'-or) Hatshepsut (ha-chep'-sut), Queen of Egypt (1501-1479 B.C.) Hatton, Sir Christopher (1540-91) Hatzer, Ludwig (d. 1529) Haugwitz, Count Christian von (1752-1832) Haugwitz, Count Ludwig (fl. 1753-80) Hauksbee, Francis (fl. 1706; d. 1713?) Hautefort, Marie de (1616-91) Hauy, Valentin (1745-1822) Hawkins, Admiral Sir John (1532-95) Hawkins, Sir John (1719-89), magistrate and writer Hawkins, Sir Richard (1562?-1622), naval commander Hawkwood, Sir John de (c. 1340-94) Hawley, Henry (1679-1759) Hawthorne, Nathaniel, American writer (1804-1864) Hay, Lord Charles (1745) Hayashi Razan (ha-ya-she ra-zan), Japanese essayist (1583-1657) Haydn, Franz Joseph (1732-1809) Haydn, Johann Michael (1737-1806) Hayward, Sir John (1564?-1627) Hazlitt, William (1778-1830) Hearn, Lafcadio, Irish author and educator (1850-1904) Heath, Sir Thomas Little, English mathematician (1861-1940) Heathfield, George Augustus Eliott, Baron (1717-90) Hebe (he'-be) Hebert, Francoise, nee Goupil (d. 1794) Hebert, Jacques-Rene (1757-94) Hecataeus (hek'-a-te'-us) of Miletus, historian and geographer (fl. 6th-5th century B.C.) Hecate (hek'-a-te) Hecatombaion (hek'-a-tom-be'-on) Hecatompedon (hek'-a-tom'-pe-don) Hector (hek'-ter) Hecuba (hek'-u-b) Heder, Johann Gottfried von (1744-1803) Hedouville, Comte Gabriel d' (1755-1825) Hedwig, Johann (1730-99) Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, German philosopher (1770-1831) Hegel, Ludwig (b. 1807) Hegel, Marie, nee von Tucher (b. 1791) Hegesias (he-je'-si-as) of Cyrene, philosopher Hegesias of Magnesia, rhetorician and historian (fl. 300 B.C.) Hegius, Alexander (1433-98) Heian (ha'yan) Epoch (in Japan) Heiberg, Johan Ludvig (1791-1860) Heiberg, Johan Ludvig, Danish classical philologist (1854-1928) Heiberg, Peter Andreas (1758-1841) Heidegger, John James (1659?-1749) Heidegger, Martin (1889- ) Heidelberg, pillage of (1622) Heiligerlee, battle of (1568) Heimburg, Gregor (1400?-72) Hein, Piet (fl. 1628) Heine, Heinrich, German poet (1799-1856) Heinrich von Langenstein (c. 1325-97) Heinse, Wilhelm (1749-1803) Heinsius, Antonius (1641-1720) Heinsius, Daniel (1580-1655) Heinsius, Nicolaas (1620-81) Hele, Peter (1510) Helena, concubine of Constantius I (fl. 3rd century) Helenus (hel'-e-nus) Helgesen, Paul (Poul Eliae or Eliaesin) (1480?-?) Helice (hel'-i-se) Helicon (hel'-i-kon), Mt. Heliodorus (4th? cent.) Heliodorus of Emesa, Greek writer of romance (fl. 3rd century B.C.) Heliopolis (he'-li-op-o-lis) Heliopolis, battle of (1800) Helios (he'-li-os) Helle (hel'-e) Hellen (hel'-en) Hellenes (hel'-enz), derivation of name Hellespont (hel'-es-pont) Helmholtz, Hermann von (1821-94) Helmont, Frans van (1614-99) Helmont, Jan Baptista van (1577?-1644) Heloise (d. c. 1164) Helots (he'-lotz) Helst, Bartholomeus van der (1613-70) Helus (he'-lus) Helvetic Republic, proclaimed (1798) Helvetius, Anne-Catherine, nee de Ligniville d'Autricourt (1719-1800) Helvetius, Claude Adrien (1715-71) Hemeroscopium (he'-mer-o-sko'-pi-um) Heming, John (1556?-1630) Hemmer, J. J. (fl. 1780) Henault, Charles Jean Francois (1685-1770) Hennersdorf, battle of (1745) Henrietta Anne ("Madame" Henrietta), Duchesse d'Orleans (1644-70) Henrietta Maria (1609-69), Queen Consort of Charles I of England Henriette de France, Madame (1727-52), dau. of Louis XV Henry I (the Fowler), Holy Roman Emperor (r. 919-936) Henry II, King of Castile (1369-79) Henry II, King of England (r. 1154-89) Henry II, King of France (r. 1547-99) Henry III, King of France: as Duke of Anjou (1551-73); as King of France (1574-89); as King of Poland (1573-74) Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1056-1106) Henry IV, King of Castile and Leon (1454-74) Henry IV, King of England (1399-1413) Henry IV, King of France: as Henry III of Navarre (1572-89); as King of France (1589-1610) Henry V, King of England (1413-22) Henry VI, King of England (r. 1422-61, 1470-71) Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor (1308-13) Henry VII, King of England (r. 1485-1509) Henry VIII, King of England (r. 1509-47) Henry of Bergen, Bishop of Cambrai (1492) Henry of Hesse (1325-97) Henry of Nassau (1550-74) Henry of Prussia, Prince (1726-1802), brother of Frederick the Great Henry the Lion (b. 1129- d. 1195), Duke of Saxony and Bavaria Henry the Navigator, Prince of Portugal (1394-1460) Henry, Cardinal, King of Portugal (1578-1580) Henry, Count of Isenburg-Ronneburg (fl. 1598) Henry, Duke of Brunswick (1525) Henry, Patrick (1736-99) Henry, Prince of Wales (d. 1616) Henslowe, Philip (d. 1616) Henzi, Samuel (1701-49), Swiss patriot Hepat (ha-pat') Hephaestion, Macedonian general (d. 324 B.C.) Hephaestus (he-fes'-tus) Hepplewhite, George (d. 1786) Hera (he'-ra) Heraclea (battle, 280 B.C.) Heracleia (her'-a-kle'-a) Heracleidae (her'-a-kli'-de) Heracleides of Pontus, philosopher (fl. 4th century B.C.) Heracleitas (her'-a-kli'-tus), philosopher (fl. 500 B.C.) Heracleitus, Greek philosopher (fl. 500 B.C.) Heracles (her'-a-klez) Heracleum (her'-a-kle'-um) Heraclitus, Greek philosopher (576-480 B.C.) Heraeum (he-re'-um) Herat (her-at') Herault de Sechelles, Marie-Jean (1759-94) Herbelot de Molainville, Barthelemy d' (1625-1695) Herbert of Cherbury, Edward Herbert, 1st Baron (1583-1648) Herbert, Edward, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury (1583-1648) Herbert, George (1593-1632) Herbert, Thomas (1597-1642) Herculaneum (hur'-ku-la'-ne-um) Herder, Caroline, nee Flachsland (1750-1809) Herder, Johann Gottfried von, German philosopher and man of letters (1744-1803) Here boopis (Gr)- cow-eyed Here (Juno). Here de Corny, Emmanuel (1705-63) Hermann von Wied (1477-1552) Hermeias (her-mi'-as), philosopher and tyrant of Atarneus (4th century B.C.) Hermes (hur'-mez) Hermione (hur-mi'-o-ne) Hermippus (her-mip'-us), comic poet (5th century B.C.) Hermogenes, Greek architect (fl. 2nd century B.C.) Hermogenes, Patriarch of Moscow (fl. 1610) Hermolaus (her-mo-la'-us), Macedonian conspirator (4th century B.C.) Hernandez, Gregorio (c. 1576-1636) Hero of Alexandria (3d? cent.) Hero or Heron, Alexandrian mathematician and inventor (fl. 3rd century) Herod Antipas, King of the Jews (fl. 1st century) Herod Philip, half brother of Herod Antipas (fl. 1st century) Herod the Great, King of the Jews (62?-4 B.C.) Herodas (her'-o-das), writer of mimes (d. 300 B.C.) Herodian, Greek writer on Roman history (180-238) Herodias, wife of Herod Antipas (1st century) Herodicus (her-od'-i-kus), physician (5th century B.C.) Herodotus (he-rod'-o-tus), Greek historian (ca. 484?-425 B.C.) Heron (he'-ron) of Alexandria, mathematician and mechanician (fl. 1st century B.C.) Herophila (he-rof'-i-la), (sibyl) Herophilus (he-rof'-i-lus) of Chalcedon, anatomist (fl. 300 B.C.) Herpyllis (her-pil'-is), consort of Aristotle Herrera, Francisco de, "El Mozo" (1622-85) Herrera, Geronimo (fl. 1725) Herrera, Juan de (1530-97) Herrera, Nicolas (fl. 1725) Herrick, Robert (1591-1674) Herries, John Maxwell, Baron (1553-93) Herschel, Caroline Lucretia (1750-1848) Herschel, Sir William (1738-1822) Hertford, Francis Seymour-Conway, Earl and Marquis of (1719-94) Hervey, Carr, Lord (1691-1723) Hervey, Frederick Augustus (1730-1803) Hervey, John, Baron Hervey of Ickworth (1696-1743) Hervey, Mary, Lady, nee Lepell (1700-68) Herz, Henrietta, nee de Lemos (1764-1847) Herz, Marcus (1747-1803) Herzlieb, Wilhelmine (1789-1865) Hesdin, Jacquemart de (d. c. 1412) Heselrige, Sir Arthur (fl. 1661) Hesiod (he'-si-od), Greek epic poet (ca. 800 B.C.) Hesire (he-zi'-ra), Egyptian prince Hesketh, Harriet, Lady, nee Cowper (1733-1807) Hesperides (hes-per'-i-dez) Hesse, Andreas von (fl. 1770) Hesse, Eoban (1488-1540) Hesse-Cassel, Landgrave of (r. 1760-85) Hesse-Cassel: in League of Princes (1785) Hesse-Darmstadt, Prince [Ludwig] of (fl. 1773) Hestia (hes'-ti-a) Hetairai (he-ti'-ri) Hetairai (Gr)- the educated courtesans of Greece. Hevelius, Johannes (1611-87) Hexapolis (heks-ap'-o-lis) (Dorian) Heyden, Jan van der (1637-1712) Heyne, Christian Gottlob (1729-1812) Heywood, Jasper, English translator of Seneca (1535-1598) Heywood, Thomas (c. 1570-1641) Hezekiah (he-ze-ki'-a), King of Judah (ca. 720 B.C.) Hicetas of Syracuse (5th Century B.C.?) Hidari Jingaro (he-da-re jing-a-ro), Japanese sculptor (1594-1634) Hidetada (he-da-ta-da), Japanese shogun (1605-1623) Hideyori (he-de-yor-e), Japanese shogun (ca. 1600) Hideyoshi (hi-de-yo-she), Japanese shogun (1581-1598) Hien-yang (he-an-yang') Hiera Anagrapha (he-e-ra an-a'-graf-a) (Euhemerus) Hierapolis (hi-er-ap'-o-lis) Hiero II, King of Syracuse (324?-216 B.C.) Hieron (hi'-e-ron) I, tyrant of Syracuse (reigned 478-467 B.C.) Hieron II, tyrant of Syracuse (reigned 270-216 B.C.) Hieronymus (hi'-er-on'-i-mus), tyrant of Syracuse (2nd centuy B.C.) Highmore, Joseph (1692-1780) Hilary of Poitiers, Saint (fl. c. 353) Hildebrand, St. (c. 1020-85), see Gregory VII, Pope Hildebrandt, Johann Lukas von (1668-1745) Hilkiah (hil-ki'-a), Hebrew religious teacher (ca. 620 B.C.) Hill, Aaron (1685-1750) Hill, Rowland Hill, Baron, later Viscount (1772-1842) Hillel (hil'-el), Jewish Rabbi and Talmudist (ca. 110 B.C.) Hillel, Jewish rabbi, President of Sanhedrin (60 B.C.?-A.D. 10?) Hiller, Johann Adam (1728-1804) Hilliard, Nicholas (1547-1619) Himalayas (hi-ma'-la-yaz) Himera (him'-er-a) Himilco, Carthaginian navigator (ca. 450 B.C.) Himilcon, Carthaginian general (4th century B.C.) Himly, Karl, German professor of medicine (1772-1837) Hinayana (he-na-ya'-na) Buddhism Hincks, Edward, Irish Egyptologist (1791-1866) Hindi (hin'de) Hindu Kush (hin'-doo koosh') Hindustan (hin-doo-stan') Hippalus, Greek navigator (fl. 1st century) Hipparchia, consort of Crates (4th century B.C.) Hipparchus (2d cent. B.C.), Greek astronomer Hipparchus (hi-par-kis), tyrant of Athens (ca. 555-514 B.C.) Hipparchus of Nicaea, Greek astronomer (160?-125? B.C.) Hipparete (hi'-par-e'-te) wife of Alcibiades (5th century B.C.) Hippel, Theodor Gottlieb von (1741-96) Hippias (hip'-i-as), tyrant of Athens (d. 490 B.C.) Hippias of Elis, Sophist (fl. 5th century B.C.) Hippo (hip'-o) Hippocrates (hi-pok'-ra-tez), Greek physician (460-359 or 377? B.C.) Hippocrates of Chios, mathematician (fl. 440 B.C.) Hippocrene (hip'-o-kren) Hippodameia (hip'-o-da-mi'-a) Hippodamus (hip'-o-dam'-us) of Miletus, architect (5th century B.C.) Hippolytus (hi-pol'-i-tus), Christian schismatic (?-ca. 230) Hippomenes (hi-pom'-e-nez) Hipponax (hi-po'-naks) of Ephesus, poet (fl. 6th century B.C.) Hipponicus (hi-pon'-i-kus), Athenian general (d. 424 B.C.) Hirado (he-ra-do) Hiram, King of Tyre (fl. 950 B.C.) Hirata (he-ra-ta), Japanese scholar (ca. 1810) Hiroshige, Ando (he-ro-she-ge), Japanese engraver (1797-1858) Hirsch, Abraham (fl. 1750) Hirtius, Aulus, Roman consul (?-43 B.C.) Hishikawa Moronobu (he-she-ka-wa mo-ro-no-boo), Japanese painter (1618-1694) Hissarlik (hi-sar'-lik) Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945) Hitomaro (he-to-ma-ro), Japanese poet (died 737) Hitopadesha (hi-to-pa-da'-sha) Hizakurige (he-za-koo-re-ge) Hizen (he-zen) Hjorter, Scandinavian meteorologist (fl. 1741) Ho Chi-chang (ho' je-jang), Chinese statesman (fl. 725) Hoang-ho (hwang-ho) River Hobbema, Meindert (1638-1709) Hobbes, Thomas, English philosopher (1588-1679) Hobhouse, John Cam (1786-1869) Hoby, Sir Thomas (1530-66) Hoche, Louis-Lazare (1768-97) Hochkirch, battle of (1758) Hocquincourt, Marechal Charles d' (1599-1658) Hodgson, Francis (1781-1852) Hody, Humphrey, English divine (1659-1707) Hofdemel, Franz (fl. 1789) Hofer, Franz (fl. 1770) Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Amadeus (1776-1822) Hofmann, Melchior (1530) Hogarth, David George, English archeologist (1862-1927) Hogarth, William (1697-1764) Hogg, Thomas Jefferson (1792-1862) Hogland, battle of (1788) Hohenberg, Johann Friedrich von (1732-1816) Hohenfriedberg, Silesia, battle of (1745) Hohenlinden, battle of (1800) Hohenlohe, Prince Friedrich Ludwig of (1746-1818) Hojo (ho-jo) Regency (in Japan) Hojoki (ho-jo-ke) Hokkaido (hok-ki-do) Hokku (hok-koo) Hokusai, Katsuhika (hok-oo-sa-e, kat-soo-he-ka), Japanese engraver (1769-1849) Holbach, Baron Paul-Henri-Dietrich d' (1723-89) Holbach, Baronne d' (d. 1754) Holbach, Paul Henri Dietrich, Baron d' (1723-1789) Holbein, Ambrose (c. 1494-1519) Holbein, Hans, the Elder (c. 1460-1524) Holbein, Hans, the Younger (1497?-1543) Holberg, Ludvig von (1684-1754) Holcroft, Thomas (1745-1809) Holden, Edward Singleton (1846-1914) Holderlin, Friedrich (1770-1843) Holi (ho'-le) Holinshed, Raphael (d. 1580?) Holl, Elias (1573-1646) Holland, Elizabeth Fox, Lady, nee Vassall (1770-1845) Holland, Henry Fox, 1st Baron (1705-74) Holland, Henry Richard Vassall Fox, 3d Baron (1773-1840) Holland, Philemon, English classical scholar (1552-1637) Hollanda, Francisco de (1517-84) Holles, Denzil, 1st Baron Holles of Ifield (1599-1680) Holmes, Oliver Wendell, M.D., American writer (1809-1894) Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of (fl. 1770) Holy Alliance (1815) Holy League (Austria, Poland, Venice, 1684-1690), against the Turks Holy League (France, 1576-93) Holy League (Papacy, Spain, Venice, 1571-1572) against the Turks Holzschuher, Johann (1469-1529) Homberg, Herz (fl. 1778) Homberg, Willem (1652-1715) Home, Alexander, 9th Earl of Home (d. 1786) Home, Henry, Lord Kames (1696-1782) Home, John (1722-1808), Scottish clergyman-playwright Home, Sir Alexander Frederick Douglas (1903- ), Prime Minister of Great Britain (1963-64) Homer (ho'-mer), epic poet (fl. 9th century) Homeridae (ho-mer'-i-de) Honan (ho-nan) Hondschoote, battle of (1793) Hongkong (hong-kong) Honjo (hon-jo) Hontheim, Johann Nikolaus von (Justinus Febronius: 1701-90) Honthorst, Gerard van (1590-1656) Hooch, Pieter de (1629-77) Hood, Samuel Hood, Baron, later Viscount (1724-1816) Hooft, Pieter (1581-1647) Hoogstraaten, Count of (fl. 1568) Hoogstraeten, Jakob van (1460?-1527) Hooke, Robert (1635-1703) Hooker, Richard (1554?-1600) Hookham, publisher (fl. 1814) Hooper, John (d. 1555) Hopfer, Daniel (1504) Hopkey, Sophia (fl. 1737) hoplites (hop'-lits) Hoppner, John (1758-1810) Hoppner, Richard (fl. 1818) Hor, Egyptian architect (ca. 1400 B.C.) Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus), Latin poet (65-8 B.C.) Horatius (Horatius Cocles), hero (fl. 6th century B.C.) Horiuji (hor-e-oo-je) Hormann, Martin (1688-1782) Horn Philippe de Montmorency, Count of (1518-68) Horn, Count Arvid Bernhard (1664-1742) Horn, Count Karl (d. 1823) Horner, York (fl. 1725) Horrocks, Jeremiah (1617?-41) Hortensius Hortalus, Quintus, noble (?-42 B.C.) Hortensius, Quintus, orator (114-50 B.C.) Horus (ho'-rus) Hosea (ho-ze'-a or ho-za'-a), Hebrew prophet (ca. 785-725 B.C.) Hosius, Stanislaus (1504-79) Hotham, Sir Henry (1777-1833) Hotman, Francois (1524-90) Hotoke (ho-to-ka) Hotto (hot-to), Japanese statesman (died 1651) Houasse, Michel-Ange (d. 1730) Houasse, Rene-Antoine (1645-1710) Houchard, Jean-Nicolas (1738-93) Houdetot, Elisabeth-Sophie de Bellegarde, Comtesse d' (1730-1813) Houdon, Jean-Antoine (1741-1828) Houteville, Abbe (fl. 1722) Houtman, Cornelis de (c. 1540-1599) Howard of Effingham, Charles Howard, Baron (1536-1624) Howard, John (1726?-90), prison reformer Howard, Lord Thomas (1561-1626), 1st Earl of Suffolk Howard, Sir Robert (1626-98) Howe, Sir William, 8th Viscount Howe (1729-1814) Hoyle, Edmond (1672-1769) Hoyshaleshwara (hoi-shai-ash'-wa-ra) Temple Hrotswitha (960) Hsia (she-ah') Dynasty Hsia Kuei (she-ah' gway), Chinese artist (1180-1230) Hsianfu (she-an'-foo) Hsieh Ho (she-a-ho), art theorist (6th century) Hsien Feng (she-an fung), Chinese emperor (1851-1862) Hsien Tsung (she-an dzoong), Chinese emperor (806-821) Hsing-shan (shing-shan) Temple Hsinking (shin-jing) Hsiung-nu (she-oong-noo) Hsu Hsing (shoo shing), Chinese radical (ca. 300 B.C.) Hsuan (shwan), King of Ch'i Hsuan Tsung (shwan dzoong), see Ming Huang Hsun-tze (shun-dzu), apostle of evil (ca. 305-235 B.C.) Hu Shih (hoo-shi), Chinese literary reformer (1891- ) Hua To (hwa do), Chinese medical writer (3rd century) Huan (hwan), Duke of Ch'i (685-643 B.C.) Huan-ti, Emperor of China (fl. 2nd century) Huang Ti (hwang de), Chinese emperor (2697-2597 B.C.) Huber, Ludwig Ferdinand (1764-1804) Huber, Sir William, British Judge in India (early 19th century) Hubertusburg, armistice of (1763) Hubmaier, Balthasar, (1480-1528) Huddleston, Father John (fl. 1651-85) Hudson, Henry (d. 1611) Hudson, Thomas (1701-79) Huen (hwan) Mountain Huet, Jean Baptiste (1745-1811) Huet, Pierre Daniel (1630-1721), bishop of Avranches Hugh Capet, King of France (987-996) Hughes, Charles Evans, American statesman and jurist (1862- ) Hughes, Margaret (fl. 1660) Hugo, Francois (1828-73) Hugo, Victor Marie, Viscount, French writer (1802-1885) Huguenots, General Assembly (1620); revolt of (1562-94) Huhn, Ulrich (fl. 1470-76) Hui Sze (wha-dzu), Chinese philosopher (3rd century) Hui Tsung (wha dzoong), Chinese emperor (1101-1125) Hulagu, Mongol emperor (1217-65) Huldah (hool'-da), Hebrew prophetess (ca. 615 B.C.) Hulegaard, Arense (fl. 1759) Humayun (hoo-ma-yoon'), Mogul emperor (1530-1542; 1555-1556) Humbert I, Count of Savoy (d. 1048) Humboldt II, Count of the Viennoise (1349) Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander, Baron von, German scholar and traveler (1769-1859) Humboldt, Karl Wilhelm, Baron von, German statesman and philologist (1767-1835) Humboldt, Wilhelm von (1767-1835) Hume, David, Scottish historian and philosopher (1711-1776) Hummel, Johann Nepomuk (1778-1837) Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (1391-1447) Hundred Days (1815) Hung Hsiu-ch'uan (hoong se-oo chwan), T'ai-p'ing leader (died 1864) Hung Wu (hoong woo), Chinese emperor (1386-1399) Hunsdon, Henry Carey, 1st Baron (1524?-96) Hunt, Leigh (1784-1859) Hunter, John (1728-93) Hunter, William (1718-83) Huntly, George Gordon, 5th Earl of (d. 1576) Huntsman, Benjamin (fl. 1740) Hunyadi, Janos (c. 1387-1456) Husein, Shah of Persia (r. 1694-1722) Huss, John (Jan Hus; 1369?-1415) Hutcheson, Francis (1694-1746) Hutchinson, Colonel John (1615-74) Hutchinson, John (fl. 1802) Hutchinson, Lucy Apsley (1620?-80) Hutchinson, Roger (c. 1550) Hutchinson, Sara (d. 1835) Hutchinson, Thomas (1711-80) Hutten, Ulrich von (1488-1523) Hutton, Charles (1737-1823) Hutton, James (1726-97), geologist Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825-95) Huygens, Christian (1629-95) Huygens, Christian (fl. 1595) Huygens, Constantijn, father of Christian (1596-1687) Hyacinthia (hi'-a-kin'-thi-a) Hyacinthus (hi'-a-sin'-thus) Hyaku-nin-isshu (hya-koo-nin-ish-oo) Hydaspes (hi-das'-pez) River Hyde, Anne, Duchess of York (1637-71) Hyderabad (hi'-der-a bad) (city) Hyele (ya'-le) Hygiaea (hi'-ji-e'-a) Hygiaonon (hi'-je-i'-non) Hyksos (hik'-sos) Hylas (hi'-las) Hyllus (hil'-us) Hymeneus (hi'-me-ne'-us) Hymettus (hi-met'-us), Mt. Hypatia, Greek philosopher and mathematician (?-415) Hyperbolus (hi-per'-bo-lus), demagogue (d. 411 B.C.) Hypereides (hi'-per-i'-dez), orator (390-322 B.C.) Hypnos (hip'-nos) Hyrcanus II, King of Judea (?-30 B.C.) Hystaspes (his-tas'-pez), father of Darius I (ca. 550 B.C.) I - Iacchus (i-ak-us) Iacopo I da Carrara (1318-24) Iacopo II da Carrara (1345-49) Iacopo da Empoli (Iacopo Chimenti: 1554-1640) Iacopo da Volterra (1486) Iacopo da Voragine (1290) Iadmon (yad'-mon), master of Aesop (6th century B.C.) Ialysus (yal'-i-sis) Iamblichus (i-am'-bli-kus), Syrian Neoplatonic philosopher in Alexandria (?-333?, fl. 325) Iambulus (yam'-bu-lus), philosopher (fl. 250 B.C.) Ibid. (L)- in the same place. Ibn Khaldun (1332-1446) Ibn Ezra, Abraham (1092-1167) Ibn al-Nafis (d. 1288) Ibn-Khaldun, Abd-al-Rahman (1332-1406) Ibn-Batuta (1304-77) Ibn-Muzaffar (1352) Ibrahim (ib'-ra-hem') II, Sultan of Delhi (1517-1526) Ibrahim I, Ottoman Sultan (1640-48) Ibrahim Pasha, Turkish Vizier (d. 1730) Ibsen, Henrik, Norwegian poet and dramatist (1828-1906) Ibycus (ib'-i-kus), poet (6th century B.C.) Icaria (e'-ka-re'-a) Icarus (ik'-a-rus) Ichikawa (ech-e-ka-wa) Japanese philosopher (17th century) I-Ching (e-jing) Ictinus (ik-ti-nus), Greek architect (fl. 450 B.C.) Id. (L)- the same person or author. Iffland, August Wilhelm (1759-1814) Ignatius, Saint, called Theophorus, Bishop of Antioch (?-107?) Ikhnaton (ik'-na-ton), see Amenhotep IV Ili (e-le) Ilion (i'-li-on) Ilios (i'-li-os) Ilissus (il'-i-sus) River Ilium (i'-li-um) Illyria (i-lir'-i-a) Ilus (i'-lus) Imari-yaki (e-ma-re-ya-ke) Imbros (im'-bros) Imhof, Baron (fl. 1768) Imhotep (im-ho'-tep), Egyptian physician, architect, and statesman (ca. 3150 B.C.) Impey, Sir Elijah (1732-1809) In medias res- into the middle of things, or into the heart of the subject. Inana-yoga (in-a'-na-yo'-ga) Inazo Nitobe (i-na-tso ne-to-be), Japanese publicist (died 1933) Inchbald, Elizabeth, nee Simpson (1753-1821) India Reform Bill (1783) Indra (in'-dra) Indus (in'-dus) River Ineni (i-na-ne), Egyptian architect (ca. 1530 B.C.) "infernal machine" plot (1800) Infessura, Stefano (1490) Ingenhous Jan (1730-99) Ingenuus, ruler of eastern provinces (fl. 258) Inghirami, Tommaso (1470-1516) Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique (1780-1867) Inkyo (in'-kyo), Emperor of Japan (412-453) Innini (in'-nin-e) Innocent III (Lotario de' Conti), Pope (1198-1216) Innocent VI (Etienne Aubert), Pope (1352-62) Innocent VII (Cosimo de' Migliorati), Pope (1404-06) Innocent VIII (Giovanni Battista Cibo), Pope (1484-92) Innocent X (Giovanni Battista Pamfili), Pope (r. 1644-55) Innocent XI (Benedetto Odescalchi), Pope (r. 1676-89) Innocent XII (Antonio Pignatelli), Pope (r. 1691-1700) Innocent XIII (Michelangelo Conti), Pope (r. 1721-24) Innocenzo da Imola (c. 1490-c. 1547) Innsbruck, Austria, battle of (1552) Inouye, Marquis Kaoru (in-oo-ye, ka-o-roo), Japanese statesman (1839-1915) Inro (J)- boxes worn at the girdle. Inro (in-ro) International Peace Conference (1899) Io (i'-o) Iola (i-o'-la) Iolaus (i'-o-la'-us) Iolcus (i-ol'-kus) Ion (i'-on) Ion of Chios, poet (5th century B.C.) Ionia (i-o'-ni-a) Iophon (i'-o-fon), tragic poet, son of Sophocles (fl. 428 B.C.) Ios (i'-os) Iouktas (yook'-tas), Mt. Iphicrates (i-fik'-ra-tez), Athenian general (fl. 4th century B.C.) Iphigenia (if'-i-je-ni-a) Ipsus (ip'-sus) Ipuwer (ip'-u-wer) Iran (e-ran') Iraq (e-rak') Irenaeus, St., Greek Bishop of Lyons (130?-202?) Ireton, Henry (1611-51) Iriarte y Oropesa, Don Tomas de (1750-91) Iris, Egyptian handmaiden of Cleopatra (?-30 B.C.) Irving, Sir Henry (1838-1905) Irving, Washington (1783-1859) Isabel (Elizabeth) of Bourbon (1602-44), Queen of Spain as 1st wife of Philip IV Isabel Clara Eugenia, Infanta (b. 1566, dau. of Philip II), Archduchess of the Spanish Netherlands (1599-1633) Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan (fl. 1481-94) Isabella of Bavaria, Queen of France (1385-1422) Isabella of Parma (d. 1763), 1st wife of Emperor Joseph II Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress (1503-39) m. Emperor Charles V Isabella the Catholic (1451-1504), Queen of Castile (r. 1474-1504) and of Aragon (r. 1479-1504) Isabella, Queen of England (1292-1358) Isabella, Queen of England (1396-1401) Isabelle, Duchess of Lorraine (1410?-53) Isabey, Jean-Baptiste (1767-1855) Isaeus (i-se'-us), orator (fl. 4th century B.C.) Isaeus, Greek rhetorician in Rome (end of 1st century) Isagoras, archon of Athens (6th century B.C.) Isaiah (i-za'-a), Hebrew prophet (fl. 720 B.C.) Ischomachus (is-kom'-a-kus) Ise (i-se) Ishaq, Abu (d. 1352) Ishii, Viscount Kikujiro (e-she-e, ke-koo-je-ro), Japanese statesman (1866- ) Ishtar (ish'-tar) Ishvara (esh'-va-ra) Ishvara Krishna (esh'-va-ra krish'-na), Indian religious teacher (5th century) Isidore of Seville, Saint (c. 560-636) Isin (e'-zin) Isis (i'-sis) Isla, Jose Francisco de (1703-81) Islam (is-lam') Ismail I, Shah of Persia (1500-24) Ismarus (is'-mar-as) Ismene (is-me'-ne) Isnard, Maximin (1755-1825) Isocrates (i-sok'-ra-tez), Athenian orator and rhetorician (436-338 B.C.) Israel (iz'-ra-el) Israeli, Isaac, the Younger (1320) Isserles, Moses (1520-72) Issus (is'-us) Italian Republic (1802-05) Italoa (it'-a-lo'-a) Italy, kingdom of (1805-14) Ithaca (ith'-a-ka) Ithome (i-tho'-me) Ito Jinsai (e-to jin-si), Japanese philosopher (1627-1705) Ito Togai (e-to to-gi), Japanese philosopher (1670-1736) Ito, Marquis Hirobumi (e-to, ne-ro-boo-me), Japanese statesman (1840-1909) Ittagi (it-ta-ge) Ius primae noctis (yus pre'-mi nok'tis) Iuvara, Filippo (1676?-1736) Ivan I, Prince of Vladimir (1328-41) Ivan II, Grand Prince (1353-59) Ivan III the Great (Ivan Veliki: r. 1462-1505) Ivan IV the Terrible, Czar of Russia (r. 1533-1584) Ivan V Alexeevich, Czar of Russia (r. 1682-99) Ivan VI, Czar of Russia (r. 1740-41) Ivry, battle of (1590) Iwasa Matabei (e-wa-sa ma-ta-ba), Japanese painter (1578-1650) Iyemitsu (e-ye-mit-soo), Japanese shogun (1623-1651) Iyenari (e-ye-na-re), Japanese shogun (1787-1836) Iyenobu (e-ye-no-boo), Japanese shogun (1709-1712) Iyesada (e-ye-sa-da), Japanese shogun (1853-1858) Iyeyasu (e-ye-ya-soo) Japanese shogun (1603-1616) Iyeyoshi (e-ye-yosh-e), Japanese shogun (1837-1852) Izanagi (e-za-na-ge) Izanami (e-za-na-me) Izmail, battle of (1790) J - Jabali (ja'-ba-le) Jackson, William (1737?-95) Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (1743-1819) Jacobsen, Theodore (fl. 1739), architect Jacquard, Joseph-Marie (1752-1834) Jadwiga, Queen of Poland (1384-99) Jagannath Puri (ja'-gan-nat-poor'i) Jagatai, Mongol Emperor (d. 1242) Jagello, Grand Duke of Lithuania (1377-86), see Ladislas II of Poland Jagellon, Catharine, m. (1561) John III, King of Sweden Jahanara (ja-ha-nar'-a), daughter of Shah Jehan (ca. 1658) Jahn, Otto (1813-69) Jaimini (ji'-min-i), Indian religious teacher (4th century, B.C.?) Jainism (jin'-ism) Jaipur (ji'-poor) Jairus, father of girl awakened by Christ (1st century) Jakoubek of Strzibo (1412) James I (1566-1625), King of England (r. 1603-25) and Scotland (r. 1567-1625, as James VI) James I, King of Scotland (r. 1406-37) James II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland (r. 1685-88) James II, King of Scotland (r. 1437-60) James III, King of Scotland (1460-88) "James III" of England (James Francis Edward, the Old Pretender: 1688-1766) James IV, King of Scotland (1488-1513) James V, King of Scotland (1513-42) James, William, American psychologist (1842-1910) James, son of Alphaeus, called the Just, apostle (?-62) James, son of Zebedee, apostle (?-41?) Jameson, Robert (1774-1854) Jami, Nuru'd-Din Abd-er-Raman (1414-92) Jamnitzer, Wenzel (1508-85) Jamsetpur (jam-shed-poor') Janak(a) (ja'-na-ka) Jannequin, Clement (1530) Jansen, Cornelis (1585-1638) Janssen, Johannes (1829-91) Janssen, Zacharias (fl. 1590) Janszoon, Willem (fl. 1606) Januarius, St. (d. c. 305) Jarnac, battle of (1569) Jason (ja'-sun), high priest of Jerusalem (2nd century B.C.) Jaspers, Karl (1883-1969) Jassy, Peace of (1792) Jassy, Treaty of (1792) Jataka (ja'-ta-ka) books Jaucourt, Chevalier (later Marquis) Louis de (1704-79) Jaureguy, Jean (d. 1582) Jaures, Jean-Leon (1859-1914) Jaxartes (jax-ar'-tez) River Jay, John (1745-1829) Jayadeva (ja-ya-da'-va), Indian poet Jayme, Cardinal of Portugal (d. 1459) Jean Baptiste de La Salle, Saint (1651-1719) Jeanne d'Arc (Joan of Arc; 1412-31) Jefferson, Thomas, President of the United States (1743-1826) Jeffrey, Francis Jeffrey, Lord (1773-1850) Jeffreys, George, 1st Baron Jeffreys of Wem (1644-89) Jeffries, John (1744-1819) Jehangir (ja-han'-ger), Mogul emperor (1605-1627) Jehoiakim (je-hoi'-a-kim), King of Judah (608-597 B.C.) Jehol (reh-ho[l]) Jehovah (je-ho'-va), see Yahveh Jelyotte, Pierre de (1713-87) Jemappes, battle of (1792) Jemmingen, battle of (1568) Jena, battle of (1806) Jenghiz Khan, see Genghis Khan Jenkins' Ear, War of (1739-41) Jenkins, Robert (fl. 1731-38) Jenkinson, Anthony (fl. 1560) Jennens, Charles (1700-73) Jenner, Edward (1749-1823) Jenseits von Gut und Bose (G)- beyond good and evil. Jenson, Nicolas (d. c. 1480) Jeremiah, Hebrew prophet (fl. 600) Jerome of Prague (1360?-1416) Jerome, Saint (Hieronymus, Sophronius Eusebius), Latin father of the Church (340?-420) Jerusalem, Karl Wilhelm (d. 1772) Jervis, Sir John, Earl of St. Vincent (1735-1823) Jesty, Benjamin (fl. 1774-89) Jewel, John, Bishop (1522-71) Jezebel (jez'-e-bel), wife of King Ahab, (ca. 875-850 B.C.) Jimmu (jim-moo), emperor of Japan (660-585 B.C.) Jinas (ji'-nas) Jinricksha (J)- a man-drawn open cab. Jintoshotoki (jin-to-sho-to-ke) Jippensha Ikku (jep-pen-sha ik-oo), Japanese novelist (died 1931) Jizo (je-zo) Joachim II, Elector of Brandenburg (1535-71) Joachim of Flora (c. 1145- c. 1202) Joachim, Patriarch of Moscow (fl. 1690) Joan (wife of Black Prince: 1328-85) Joan of Arc (1412-31) Joan of Valois (1340) Joanna I, Queen of Naples (1343-80; d. 1382) Joanna II, Queen of Naples (1414-35) Jocasta (jo-kas'-ta) Jodelle, Etienne, Sieur de Lymodin (1532-1573) Joffe (yof-fa), A., Russian diplomat (died ca. 1928) Joffre, Jean (1409) Jogues, Isaac, Saint (1607-46) Johanan ben Zakkai, Jewish rabbi (fl. 1st century) Johann Friedrich, Elector of Saxony (d. 1554) Johann, Archduke (Johann Baptist Joseph Fabian Sebastian; 1782-1859) Johann, Meister (fl. 1343) Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp (1720-60), Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst Johannan Caddis, Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.) Johansson, Lars (fl. 1695) John Alexander of Bulgaria (d. 1365) John Casimir, Count Palatine (Regent of the Palatinate 1583-92) John Frederick of Brunswick-Luneburg, Duke of Hanover (r. 1641-79) John Frederick, Elector of Saxony (1532-47) John George I, Elector of Saxony (r. 1611-56) John I, King of Aragon (1387-95) John I, King of Castile (1379-90) John I, King of Portugal (1385-1433) John II Casimir, King of Poland (r. 1648-68) John II the Perfect, King of Portugal (1481-95) John II, King of Castile (1406-54) John II, King of France (1350-64) John III (Jan) Sobieski, King of Poland (r. 1674-96) John III, King of Portugal (1521-57) John III, King of Sweden (1568-92) John IV (John of Braganza), King of Portugal (1640-56) John Shishman (1392) John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg (r. 1608-19) John V, King of Portugal (r. 1706-50) John V, Palaeologus, Eastern Roman Emperor (1355-76) John VI, Cantacuzene, Eastern Roman Emperor (1347-55) John VI, King of Portugal (1816-26) John VII, Palaeologus, Eastern Roman Emperor (1390; 1398-1412) John VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (1425-48) John XXII (Jacques d'Euse), Pope (1316-34) John XXIII (Baldassare Cossa), Pope (1410-15) John Zapolya, King of Hungary (1526-40) John of Capistrano, Saint (1386-1456) John of Gaunt, English prince (1340-1399) John of God, Saint (1495-1550) John of Jandun (d. 1328) John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford (1389-1435) John of Leyden (1509-36) John of Luxembourg (1430) John of Salisbury (d. 1180) John of Speyer (1469) John of Stresa (1360) John of the Cross, Saint (1542-91) John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy (1404-19) John, Duke of Berry (1340-1416) John, Elector of Saxony (1525-32) John, King of Bohemia (1310-46) John, King of England (r. 1199-1216) Johnson, Elizabeth, nee Porter (1688-1752) Johnson, Esther (Swift's "Stella": 1681-1728) Johnson, Joseph, publisher (1738-1809) Johnson, Michael (1656-1731) Johnson, Samuel, English author and lexicographer (1709-1784) Johnson, Sarah, nee Ford (1669-1759) Johur (jo'-hoor) Joinville, Francois-Ferdinand de Bourbon-Orleans, Prince de (1818-1900) Joinville, Jean de (1224?-1317) Jojaku (jo-ka-koo), Japanese woodcarver (13th century) Jokai (jo-ki), Japanese woodcarver (13th century) Joly de Fleury, Omer (1715-1810) Jomini, Antoine-Henri, Baron de (1779-1869) Jommelli, Niccolo (1714-74) Jonathan, son of King Saul (ca. 1010 B.C.) Jonathon Maccabeus, Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.) Jones, Inigo (1573-1652) Jones, John Paul (1747-92) Jones, Robert (fl. 1790) Jones, Sir William, English Orientalist (1746-1794) Jonson, Ben, English poet and dramatist (1574-1637) Jordaens, Jacobs (1593-1678) Jordan, C. E. (1700-45) Jordan, Camille (1771-1821) Jore, Rouen printer (fl. 1733) Joris, David (1501?-56) Joseph Ferdinand, Electoral Prince of Bavaria (d. 1699) Joseph I (Jose Manoel), King of Portugal (r. 1750-77) Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1705-11) Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1765-1790) Joseph II, Patriarch of Constantinople (1416-39) Joseph, Father (Francois Le Clerc du Tremblay, "Eminence Grise": 1577-1638) Joseph, Hebrew patriarch (ca. 1900 B.C.) Josepha of Bavaria (d. 1767), 2d wife of Emperor Joseph II Josephine, Empress of the French (Josephine de Beauharnais, nee Marie-Josephe-Rose Tascher de la Pagerie; 1763-1814) Josephus (jo-se'-fus), Flavius, Jewish historian (37?-95?) Joshua (josh'-u-a), Hebrew leader (died ca. 1425) Josiah (jo-si'-a) King of the Jews (641-610 B.C.) Joubert, Gen. Barthelemy (1769-99) Joubert, Joseph, philosopher (1754-1824) Jouenneaux, Guy (1503) Jouffroy d' Abbans, Marquis Claude-Francois de (1751-1832) Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste (1762-1833) Journee des Tuiles (1787) Jouvenet, Jean (1644?-1717) Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor de (1744-1811) Joyeuse, Francois de, Cardinal (1562-1615) Ju jitsu (J)- literally, the soft art; a Japanese method of self-defense without weapons, by a variety of skilful physical artifices. Juan of Austria, Don (1547-78) Juana la Loca, Queen of Castile (1504-1506) Juana of Portugal (1462-1530) Juba I, Kink of Numidia (?-46 B.C.) Juba II, King of Numidia and historian (?-ca. 19 A.D.) Jud, Leo (1482-1542) Judah, Jewish Patriarch (fl. ca. 200) Judas Maccabeus, Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.) Judas the Gaulonite, Jewish rebel leader (fl. beginning of 1st century) Jugurtha, King of Numidia (?-104 B.C.) Juigne, Marquis de (fl. 1771) Julia, daughter of Augustus (?-14 A.D.) Julia, daughter of Caesar and fourth wife of Pompey (?-54 B.C.) Julia, daughter of Germanicus (1st century) Julia, granddaughter of Augustus (1st century A.D.) Julia, sister of Caesar (1st century B.C.) Julian the Apostate (Flavius Claudius Julianus) (331-363), Roman emperor (r. 361-63) Julianus, Salvius, jurist (fl. 2nd century) Julich-Cleves, William, Duke of (r. 1539-92) Julich-Cleves-Berg, John William, Duke of (r. 1592-1609) Julius II (Giuliano della Rovere), Pope (r. 1503-13) Julius III (Giammaria Ciocchi del Monte), Pope (1550-55) Jullian, Camille, French historian (1859-1933) Juma Masjid (ja'-me mas'-jed) Jumna (jum'-na) River Jung, Heinrich (1740-1817) "Junius" (fl. 1768-72) Jungius, Joachim (1587-1687) Junot, Andoche, Duc d'Abrantes (1771-1813) Junot, Laure (nee Permon), Duchesse d'Abrantes (1784-1838) Junshi (J)- following in death; the suicide of a subordinate to serve his dead lord in the other world. Jurgen, Johann (1533) Jurieu, Pierre (1637-1713) Jurischitz, Nicholas (1532) Jus primae noctis (L)- the right of (possessing the bride on) the first night. Jussieu, Adrien de (1797-1853) Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de (1748-1836) Jussieu, Antoine de (1686-1758) Jussieu, Bernard de (1699-1777) Jussieu, Joseph de (1704-79) Justin Martyr (Justinus Flavius), Church father in Palestine (100?-166) Justin of Nassau (fl. 1625) Justin, Christian martyr (?-108) Justinian I the Great (Flavius Anicius Justinianus) (483-565), Byzantine emperor (r. 527-565) Justus van Ghent (c. 1433-c. 1481) Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis), satirical poet (ca. 60-ca. 140) Juvenal des Ursins (1460) K - Ka (ka) Kaapiru (ka'-pe-roo), Egyptian official, also see Sheik-el-Beled Kabir (ka-ber'), Indian poet (1440-1518) Kabuki Shibai (ka-boo-ke she-bi) Kabul (ka'-bool) Kadamba (H)- an Indian flower. Kadesh (ka'-desh) Kaempfer, Engelbrecht, German botanist and traveler (1651-1716) Kaga (ka-ga) Kaga no-Chiyo (ka-ga no-che-yo), Lady, Japanese poet (1703-1775), Kagawa, Toyohiko (ka-ga-wa to-yo-he-ko), Japanese socialist Kagul, battle of (1770) K'aifeng (ki-fung) Kaikeyi (ki'-ka-e) Kailasha (ki-lash'-a) Temple Kakemono (J)- a pictorial or calligraphic hanging. Kakiemon (ka-ke-ya-mon), Japanese potter (ca. 1650) Kala-at-Sherghat (ka-lat'-shar'-gat), see Ashur (city) Kalakh (ka-lakh') Kalb, Charlotte von (1761-1843) Kalgan (kal-gan) Kalhana (kal'-ha-na), Indian historian Kali (ka'-le) Kali-yuga (ka'-le-yoo'-ga) Kalidasa (ka-le-da'-sa), Indian poet (ca. 400) Kalingas (ka'-lin-gaz) Kalkar, Jan Stefan van (c. 1499-1550) Kalmar War (1611-13) Kalonymos ben Kalonymos (1286-c. 1329) Kalpa (kal'-pa) Kamakura (ka-ma-koo-ra) Kamares (ka-ma'-res) Kamasutra (ka-ma-soo'-tra) Kamatari (ka-ma-ta-re), Japanese statesman (fl. 645) Kamchadals (kam'-cha-dalz) Kamchatka (kam-chat'-ka) Kamel, George Joseph (1661-1706) Kames, Henry Home, Lord (1696-1782) Kami (ka-me) Kamo (ka-mo) Temple Kamo no-Chomei (ka-mo no-cho-ma), Japanese essayist (1154-1216) Kanada (ka'-na-da), Indian philosopher (date unknown) Kanarak (ka-nar'-ak) Kanarese (ka'-na-rez) Kanauj (ka-nouj') Kandahar (kan'-da-har) Kandler, Johann Joachim (1706-75) Kandy (kan'-de) K'ang-hsi (kang-she), Chinese emperor (1662-1722) Kang Teh (kang da) Kangakusha (kan-ga-koo'-sha) scholars Kangra (kang-ra) Kanishka (kan'-ish-ka), King of the Kushans (ca. 120) Kano Masanobu (ka-no ma-sa-no-boo), Japanese painter (died 1490) Kano Motonobu (ka-no mo-to-no-boo) Japanese painter (1476-1559) Kano Tanyu (tan-yoo), Japanese painter (1602-1674) Kano Yeitoku (ya-to-koo), Japanese architect (1543-1590) Kansu (gan-soo) Kant, Immanuel, German philosopher (1724-1804) Kantara (kan'-ta-ra) Kanthaka (kan'-ta-ka) Kao Tsu (gou dzoo), Chinese emperor (206-194 B.C.) Kao Tsu, Chinese Emperor (618-627) Kapila (ka'-pi-la), Indian Sankhya philosopher (ca. 500 B.C.) Kapilavastu (ka'-pi-la-vas'-too) Kara Mustafa (d. 1683) Karachi (ka-ra'-che) Karageorge (George Petrovic; 1766?-1817) Karakhan (ka-ra-kan'), Leo, Russian diplomat Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich (1766-1826) Kardis, Treaty of (1661) Karduniash (kar-doo'-ne-ash) Karim Khan, Persian ruler (r. 1750-79) Karl Alexander, Duke of Wurttemberg (r. 1733-37) Karl August, Duke (later Grand Duke) of Saxe-Weimar (r. 1775-1828) Karl Eugen, Duke of Wurttemberg (r. 1737-1793) Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (fl. 1725) Karl Ludwig, Archduke (1771-1847) Karl Theodor, Elector Palatine (r. 1733-99), Elector of Bavaria (r. 1778-99) Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand (1735-1806), Prince and later Duke of Brunswick (r. 1780-1806) Karle (kar'-le) Karlowitz, Treaty of (1699) Karlsbad Congress (1819) Karma (H)- deed; the law that every deed receives its reward or punishment in this life or in a reincarnation. Karma (kar'-ma) Karma-yoga (kar'-ma yo'-ga) Karnak (kar'-nak) Karnal, battle of (1739) Karo, Joseph (1488-1575) Karolyi, Count (fl. 1788) Karpinski, Franciszek (1741?-1825) Kartikeya (kar-ti-ka'-ya) Kashgar (kash'-gar') Kashmir (kash'-mer') Kaspi, Joseph (c. 1280-c. 1340) Kassa, Poland: Privilege of (1374) Kassites (kas'-sits) Kasturbai (kis-toor'-bi), wife of M. K. Gandhi Katakana (ka-ta-ka-na) script Katayama, Sen (ka-ta-ya-ma, sen), Japanese communist (died 1933) Katha Upanishad (ka-ta' oo-pan'-i-shad) Kathaei (ka-ta'-i) Kathasaritzagara (ka-ta'-sa-rit-sa'-ga-ra) Katherine of Valois, Wife of Henry V of England (1401-37) Katt, de (fl. 1758) Katte, Johann Hermann von (d. 1730) Katzbach River, battle of the (1813) Kauffmann, Angelica (1741-1807) Kaunitz, Count Wenzel Anton von (1711-94) Kaushitaki (kou'-shi-ta-ki) Upanishad Kautilya Chanakya (kou'-til-ya cha-nak'-ya), Indian statesman (ca. 322-298 B.C.) Kay, John (1704-79) Kayserling, Count Hermann (fl. 1740) Ke K'ang (ka kang), Confucian disciple (ca. 500 B.C.) Ke Loo (ka loo), Confucian disciple (ca. 500 B.C.) Kea Kwei (ka-ya kwa), Chinese scholar (1st century) Kean, Charles John (1811-68) Kean, Edmund (1787-1833) Keats, John, English poet (1795-1821) Keene, Sir Benjamin (1697-1757) Keeper of the Seals, French (1727-37), see Chauvelin Keiki (ka-ke), last of the Tokugawa shoguns (1866-1868) Keion (ki-on), Japanese painter, (Ca. 1250) Keiser, Aabregt de, Dutch ceramic artist (17th century) Keiser, Reinhard (1674-1739) Keiserberg, Geiler von (1500) Keith, George (1638?-1716) Keith, George Keith Elphinstone, Viscount (1746-1823) Keith, George, 10th Earl Marischal (1693?-1778) Keith, James Francis Edward, Marshal (1696-1758) Keith, Lieutenant (fl. 1730) Keller, Baron von (fl. 1690) Kellermann, Francois-Christophe (1735-1820) Kellermann, Francois-Etienne (1770-1835) Kellgren, Johan Henrik (1751-95) Kemal Ataturk Pasha (1881-1938) Kemble, Charles (1775-1854) Kemble, Henry (1848-1907) Kemble, John Philip (1757-1823) Kemble, Roger (1721-1802) Kemble, Stephen (1758-1822) Kemeny, Simon (d. 1442) Kemenyi, John, Transylvanian patriot, (fl. 1664) Kempt, Sir James (1764-1854) Kendal, Ehrengard Melusina von der Schulenburg, Duchess of (1667-1743) Kent, England, uprising (1381) Kent, Henry Grey, 1st Duke of (1664-1740) Kent, William (1684-1748) Kenzan (ken-zan), Japanese potter (1663-1743) Kepler, Johann [Johannes], German astonomer (1571-1630) Keppel, Augustus, Viscount (1725-86) Kerbagh, Dutch heretic (fl. 1668) Keriya (ka'-re-ya), see Peyn Kermanshah, battle of (1726) Keroualle, Louise Renee de, Duchess of Portsmouth (1649-1734) Kesselsdorf, Saxony, battle of (1745) Kestner, Charlotte ("Lotte"), nee Buff (1753-1828) Kestner, Georg Christian (1741-1800) Ket, Robert (1549) Key, Lieven de (1560-1627) Keyser, Hendrik de (1565-1621) Keyser, Thomas de (c. 1596-1667) Keyserling, Count (fl. 1763) Khaddar (H)- Indian homespun. Khafre (ka'-fra), King of Egypt (3067-3011 B.C.) Kharosthi (ka-rosh'-te) script Khekheperre-Sonbu (ke-ke-par'-re son-boo), Egyptian scholar (ca. 2150 B.C.) Khevenhuller, Count Ludwig Andreas von (1683-1744) Khi-yuan (ke-e-an) Khiva, Khan of (fl. 1740) Khmers (kmarz) Khnum (knoom) Khnumhotep (knoom-ho'-tep), King of Egypt (ca. 2180 B.C.) Khoja Ilias (1361) Khorassan (ko-ras-san') Khordah Avesta (kor'-da a-ves'-ta) Khorsabad (kor-sa-bad') Khosrou (kos-roo') II, King of Persia (590-628) Khotan (ko-tan') Khu (koo) Khufu (koo'-foo), King of Egypt (3098-3075 B.C.) Khurrem, wife of Suleiman (d. 1558) Khusru (kus-roo), son of Jehangir (ca. 1620) Khwarizmi, al- (780- c. 850) Kiaochow (jyou-jo') Kidinnu (ki-din'-oo), Babylonian astronomer Kiellstrom, Maria (1744-98) Kierkegaard, Soren (1813-55) Kilian, Bartholomaus (1630-96) Kilian, Georg (1683-1745) Kilian, Lukas (1579-1637) Kilian, Philipp (1628-93) Kilian, Wolfgang (1581-1662) Kilkenny, Articles of (1682) Kilkenny, Statute of (1366) Kilwarden, Arthur Wolfe, 1st Viscount (1739-1803) Kimimaro (ke-me-ma-ro), Japanese sculptor (fl 747) Kindi, al- (c. 850) King, Dr., physician to Charles II (fl. 1685) King, Edward (1612-37) King, Gregory (fl. 1696), English statistician Kingston, Elizabeth, Duchess of, nee Chudleigh (1720-88) Kingston, Mary, Countess of, nee Feilding (1668-1693?) Kingston, Sir Evelyn Pierrepont, 2d Duke of (1711-73) Kingston, Sir Evelyn Pierrepont, 5th Earl and 1st Duke of (1665?-1726) Kinnaird, Douglas James William (1788-1830) Kiprensky, Orest Adamovich (1782-1836) Kircher, Athanasius (1602-80) Kiritsubo (ke-ret-soo-bo) Kirke, Colonel Percy (1646?-91) Kirti Shri Raja Singha (ker'-ti shre ra'-ja sing'-ha), King of Ceylon (18th century) Kish (kish) Kist, Gerrit (fl. 1697) Kitabatake (kit-a-ba-ta-ka), Japanese scholar and historian (fl. 1334) Kitans (ke-tanz') Kitasato, Baron Shibasaburo (kit-a-sa-to, she-ba-sa-boo-ro), Japanese scientist (1856- ) Kitazato, Shibasaburo (1852-1931) Kiusinski, Father (fl. 1702) Kiyonaga (ke-yo-na-ga), Japanese engraver (1742-1814) Klauer, Ludwig (b. 1782) Klauer, Martin (1742-1801) Klausner, Joseph, Jewish scholar (b. 1874) Kleber, Jean-Baptiste (1753-1800) Kleist, E. G. von (fl. 1745), clergyman-physicist Kleist, Ewald Christian von (1715-59), poet and soldier Kleist, Heinrich Wilheim von (1777-1811) Klesl, Melchior (1553-1630) Klettenberg, Susanne von (1723-74) Klinger, Friedrich Maximilian von (1752-1831) Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb (1724-1803) Klopstock, Margareta, nee Moller (d. 1758) Kloster-Zeven, Convention of (1757) Knebel, Karl Ludwig von (1744-1834) Kneller, Sir Godfrey (1646-1723) Knemhotep (knem-ho'-tep), Egyptian dwarf Knesebeck, Baron Karl Friedrich von dem (1768-1848) Kniaznin, Franciszek Dyonizy (1750-1807) Knobelsdorff, Georg Wenzeslaus von (1699-1753), architect and painter Knoller, Martin (1725-1804) Knolles, Richard (1550-1610) Knollys, Sir Francis (1514?-96) "Knott, Edward," (fl. 1630) Knowles, Admiral Sir Charles (d. 1777) Knox, John (1505?-72) Knutsen, Kark (1435-70) Knutzen, Martin (1713-51) Knutzen, Matthias (fl. 1674) Kobe (ko-ba) Kober, Martin (fl. 1583) Koberger, Johann (1510) Kobilich, Milosh (d. 1389) Kobo Daishi (ko-bo di-she), Japanese saint and artist, founder of Shintoism (9th century) Kochanowski, Jan (1530-84) Kochel, Ludwig Alois Friedrich (1800-77) Kochowski, Wespazian (fl. 1690) Koenig, Samuel (1712-57) Koerbagh, Adriaan (d. 1699) Kohat (ko-hat') Koheleth (ko-hel'-eth) Kojiki (ko-je-ke) Kokei (ko-ka), Japanese woodcarver (12th century) Koken (ko-ken), Empress of Japan (749-759; 765-770) Kokinshu (ko-kin-shoo) Kolben, Peter, German naturalist (1675-1726) Kolberg, battle of (1644) Kolin, battle of (1757) Kollontaj, Hugo (1750-1812) Kolozsvari, Nicholas (1370) Kolreuter, Josef Gottlieb (1733-1806) Konarski, Stanislas (1700-73) Konig, Eva (d. 1778) Konigsberg, East Prussia, Treaty of (1656) Konigsegg-Rothenfels, Count Lothar von (1673-1751) Konigsmarck, Count Philipp von (1662-1694?) Konigsmarck, Countess Maria Aurora von (1668?-1728) Konigsmarck, Hans Christoph von, Count (1600-63) Konin (ko-nin), Emperor of Japan (770-781) Koninck, Philips de (1619-88) Konstantin, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1758) Koraes, Adamantios (1748-1833) Koran (kor-an') Kore (ko'-re) of Chios Korea (kor-e'-a) Korff, Ivan (1696-1766) Korin, Ogata (ko-rin o-ga-ta), Japanese painter (1661-1716) Korner, Christian Gottfried (1756-1831) Korner, Karl Theodor (1791-1813) Kosala (ko'-sa-la), also see Oudh Kosciusko, Thaddeus (1746-1817) Kose no-Kanaoka (ko-sa no-ka-na-o-ka), Japanese painter (ca. 950) Kotsuke no Suke (kot-soo-ka no soo-ka), Japanese noble (died 1703) Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand von (1761-1819) Kotzebue, Otto von (1787-1846) Koumasa (koo-maz'-a) Kouretes (koo-re'-tez) Koyetsu (do-yet-soo), Japanese painter (ca. 1600) Koyosan (ko-yo-san) Kozlovsky, M. I. (1753-1802) Kraft, Adam (1460?-1508) Kraft, Dresden chemist (fl. 1677) Krasicki, Ignacy (1735-1801) Krasinski, Adam, bishop of Kamieniec (fl. 1768) Kratzenstein, Gottlieb (fl. 1744) Krefeld, battle of (1758) Krell, Nikolas (1551?-1601) Kreutzer, Rodolphe (1766-1831) Krieger, G. F., composer (fl. 1688) Krishna (krish'-na) (god) Krishna deva Raya (krish'-na da'-va ra'-ya) King of Vijayanagar (1509-1529) Kromer, Bishop (1581) Kropotkin, Peter (1842-1921) Krudener, Baroness Julie (Barbara Juliane) von (1764-1824) Krupp, Friedrich (1787-1826) Krylov, Ivan Andreevich (1769-1844) Kshatriyas (ksha'-tri-yaz) Kuan Ching (gwan jing), Prime Minister of Ts'i (fl. 683-640 B.C.) Kuan-yin (gwan-yin) Kuang Hsu (gwang shoo), Chinese emperor (1875-1908) Kublai Khan (koo'bli khan) (1229-94), Chinese emperor (1269-1295) Kuchuk Kainarji, Treaty of (1774) Kuhn, Sophie von (d. 1797) Kuhnau, Johann (1660-1722) Kumara (koo-ma'-ra), King of Assam (ca. 630) Kumazawa Banzan (koo-ma-za-wa ban-zan) Japanese philosopher (1619-1691) Kunersdorf, battle of (1759) K'ung (koong) (family) K'ung Ch'iu (koong che-oo'), see Confucius K'ung Chi (koong je), Chinese sage, grandson of Confucius (ca. 470 B.C.) Kung Sun Lung (goong soon loong), Chinese sage (ca. 425 B.C.) K'ung Tao-fu (koong dou foo), Chinese diplomat (fl. 1031) K'ung-fu-tze (koong-foo-dzu), see Confucius Kuno, Johann (fl. 1579) Kuo Hsi (gwo-shi), Chinese painter (born 1100) Kuo K'ai-chih (gwo-ki-jih), Chinese painter (fl. 364) Kuo Tsi-i (gwo dze-e), Chinese general (fl. 755) Kuomintang (gwo-min-dang) Kuprili, Ahmed (1635-76) Kuprili, Mohammed (1586?-1661) Kuprili, Mustafa (1637-91) Kurbski, Andrei (1528?-83) Kurdistan (koor-di-stan') Kurds (koordz) Kurna (koor'-na) Kurral (koor'-ral) Kurus (koo'-rooz) Kusha (H)- an Indian grass. Kushans (koo'-shanz) Kutaja (H)- an Indian flower. Kutani (koo-ta-ne) Kutb-Minar (koot'-oob mi-nar') Kutb-d Din Aibak (koot'-oob-ood den i'bak), Sultan of Delhi (1206-1210) Kutna Hora, Treaty of (1485) Kutuzov, Mikhail Ilarionovich (1745-1813) Kuyunjik (koo-yoon'-jik), see Nineveh Kuznetzk (kooz-nyetsk') Kwannon (kwan-non) Kyd, Thomas (1557?-95) Kyogen (kyo-gen) Kyoto (kyo-to) Kyushu (kyoo-shoo) L - La Barre, Chevalier Jean-Francois Lefebre de (1747-66) La Barre, Etienne de (1764-1830) La Bletterie, Abbe Jean Philippe Rene de (1698-1772) La Boetie, Etienne de (1530-63) La Bourdonnais, Bertrand Francois Mahe de (1699-1753) La Brosse, Gui de (d. 1641) La Bruyere, Jean de (1645-96) La Calprenede, Gauthier de (d. 1663) La Chaise, Francois de (1624-1709) La Chalotais, Louis Rene de Caradeuc de (1701-85) La Condamine, Charles de (1701-74) La Fare, Charles Auguste de (1644-1712) La Fare, Marquis de (fl. 1710) La Fayette, Marie Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne, Comtesse de (1634-93) La Fere-Champenoise, battle of (1814) La Ferte-Imbault, Marquise de, nee Geoffrin (b. 1715) La Feuillade, Francois d'Aubusson, Duc de (1625-91) La Fontaine (la fon-ten), Jean de, French fabulist (1621-1695) La Force, Henri Jacques Nompar de Caumont, Duc de (1675-1726) La Grenee, Jean Louis Francois (1724-1805) La Guepiere, Philippe de (1715-73) La Harpe, Frederic-Cesar de (1754-1838) La Harpe, Jean Francois de (1739-1803) La Hire (Gascon soldier; 1429) La Live de Jully, Ange-Laurent de (1725-75) La Luzerne, Cesar-Guillaume de (1738-1821), bishop of Langres La Marck, Comte Auguste de (1753-1833) La Mettrie, Julien Offroy de (1709-51) La Mothe Le Vayer, Francois de (1588-1672) La Mothe, Jean-Baptiste Vallin de (1729-1800) La Motte, "Comte" Marc-Antoine-Nicolas de (1754-1831) La Motte, Jeanne de St.-Remy de Valois, Comtesse de (1756-91) La Parisienne- The Parisian Woman. La Perouse, Jean Francois de Galaup, Comte de (1741-1788?) La Peyronie, Francois de (1678-1747) La Popeliniere, Alexandre-Joseph de (1692-1762) La Ramee, Pierre (1515-72) La Renaudie, Godefroi de Barri, Seigneur de (d. 1560) La Roche, Maximiliane von (fl. 1772) La Roche, Sophie von, nee Gutermann (1731-1807) La Rochefoucauld d'Enville, Duc Louis-Alexandre de (1743-92) La Rochefoucauld, Andree de Vivonne, Duchesse de (1613?-70) La Rochefoucauld, Dominique de, Cardinal (1713-1800) La Rochefoucauld, Francois (Prince de Marsillac), Duc de (1613-80), French writer and moralist La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Duc Francois- Alexandre de (1747-1827) La Rothiere, battle of (1814) La Sabliere, Marguerite de (1636-93) La Salle, Antoine de (c. 1398-c. 1462) La Salle, Jean Baptiste de, Saint (1651-1719) La Salle, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de (1643-87) La Touche-Treville, Louis de (1745-1804) La Tour d'Auvergne, Madeleine de (d. 1519) La Tour, Georges de (1593-1652) La Tour, Maurice Quentin de (1704-88) La Tremoille, Marie-Anne de, Princesse des Ursins (1642?-1722) La Valette, Antoine de (fl. 1755) La Valette, Jean Parisot de (1494-1568) La Valliere, Louise de La Baume Le Blanc, Duchesse de (1644-1710) La Vieuville, Charles, Marquis of (1582-1653) La Voisin (Catherine Deshayes Monvoisin: d. 1680) La politique n'a pas d'entrailles (F)- politics has no bowels (of mercy). La seule morale (F)- the only morality. Laban (la'-ban), Jacob's father-in-law Labat, Pere Jean-Baptiste (1663-1738) Labdacus (lab'-da-kus) Labe, Louise (1526-66) Labeo, Antistius, jurist (?-42 B.C.) Labia minora (L)- the smaller folds of the vulva. Labienius, Quintus, general (?-39 B.C.) Labienus, Titus, politician and soldier (?-45 B.C.) Labyrinth (lab'-i-rinth) Lacaille, Nicolas Louis de (1713-62) Laccaria, Antonio (1502-39) Lacedaemon (las'-e-de'-mon) Lacepede, B. G. Etienne de la Ville, Comte de (1756-1825) Laches (la'-kez) of Lindus, sculptor (fl. 3rd century B.C.) Laclos, Pierre Choderlos de (1741-1803) Laconia (la-ko'-ni-a) Lacroix, Paul (Bibliophile Jacob; 1806-84), French scholar Lactantius Firmianus, Lucius Caelius, father of the Latin church, in Africa (260?-325?) Lacy, James (d. 1774) Ladas (la'-das) (Myron) Lade (la'-de) Ladies Peace (1529) Ladislas I, King of Bohemia (1452-7); Ladislas V, King of Hungary (1446-52) Ladislas I, King of Poland (1306-33) Ladislas II, King of Bohemia (1471-1516) Ladislas II, King of Hungary (1490-1516) Ladislas II, King of Poland (1386-1434) Ladislas IV, King of Poland (r. 1632-48) Ladislas, King of Naples (1386-1414) Ladislaus III, King of Poland (1434-44) Ladislaus VII, King of Hungary (1490-1516) Laeh (le'a), one of Jacob's wives Laelius Sapiens, Caius (ca. 186-? B.C.) Laenas, Caius Popilius, Roman consul and ambassador (fl. 172-168 B.C.) Laennec, Rene-Theophile-Hyacinthe (1781-1826) Laetus, Julius Pomponius (1428-98) Laetus, Praetorian prefect (fl. reign of Commodus) Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de (1757-1834) Lafayette, Yves Roch Gilbert de Motier, Marquis de (1757-1834) Laffitte, Jacques (1767-1844) Lagash (la'-gash) Lagos, battle of (1759) Lagrange, Joseph-Louis (1736-1813) Laguerre, Marie-Josephine (d. 1783) Laharpe, Frederic-Cesar de (1754-1838), Swiss politician Laharpe, Gen. Amedee-Emmanuel-Francois de (1754-96) Laharpe, Jean-Francois de (1739-1803), French poet Lahontan, Louis Armand de Lom d'Arce, Baron de (1666-1715) Lahore (la-hor') Laine, Joseph-Louis-Joachim (1767-1835) Laissez-faire (F)- Literally, let it be; the theory or practice of leaving the economic life of a society free from governmental control. Lajolais, Francois (1761-1809) Lake Regillus, Battle of (496 B.C.) Lakshman (laksh'-man) Lakshmi (laksh-me') Lala Mustafa (fl. 1571) Lalande, Joseph-Jerome Le Francois de (1732-1807) Lalemant, Gabriel (1610-49) Laleu, General (d. 1792) Lalitavistara (la'-le-ta-vis'-ta-ra) Lally, Comte Thomas-Arthur de, Baron de Tollendal (1702-66) Lally-Tollendal, Trophime Gerard de (1751-1830) Lamarck, Jean Baptiste de Monet, Chevalier de, French naturalist (1744-1829) Lamartine, Alphonse de (1790-1869) Lamb, Charles (1775-1834) Lamb, Lady Caroline (1785-1828) Lamb, Mary Ann (1764-1847) Lamb, William, later 2d Viscount Melbourne (1779-1848) Lamballe, Marie Therese Louise de Savoie-Carignan, Princess de (1749-92) Lamballe, Prince de (d. 1767) Lambert de Thorigny, Nicolas (fl. 1640) Lambert, Anne Therese de Courcelles, Marquise de (c. 1647-1733) Lambert, Johann Heinrich (1728-77) Lambert, Maj. Gen. John (1619-83) Lamennais, Felicite de (1782-1854) Lameth, Alexandre de (1760-1829) Lamia (la-mi-a), courtesan Lamia, Lucius Aelius, consul and patron (fl. 1st century B.C. and 1st century A.D.) Lamour, Jean (1698-1771) Lampridius, Aelius, Latin historian (fl. early 4th century) Lampsacus (lamp'-sa-kus) Lamy, Guillaume (fl. 1669) Lancaster, Joseph (1778-1838) Lancret, Nicolas (1690-1743) Landau, battle of (1793) Landecho, Spanish sailor (fl. 1596) Lander, Richard, English traveler (1804-1835) Landeshut, battle of (1760) Landi, Amadeo de' (1440) Landino, Cristoforo (1424-1504) Landino, Francesco (c. 1325-97) Landor, Walter Savage, English man of letters (1775-1864) Landriani, Gherardo (1422) Landseer, Sir Edwin (1802-73) Landshut, battle of (1809) Lane, Edward William (1801-81) Lane, Sir Ralph (1530?-1603) Lanfranco, Giovanni (1580-1647) Lanfrey, Pierre (1828-77) Lang, Andreas (fl. 1576) Lang, Andrew (1844-1912) Lang, Matthias, Archbishop of Salzburg (1525) Lange, Carl Georg (1834-1900) Lange, Joseph (fl. 1781) Langenstein, Heinrich von (1381) Langhans, Karl Gotthard (1732-1808) Langland, William (c. 1332-c. 1398) Langles, Louis-Mathieu (1763-1824) Langside, battle of (1568) Langton, Bennet (1737-1801) Languedoc, province of, revolt (1632) Languet, Hubert (1518-81) Lanjuinais, Comte Jean-Denis (1753-1827) Lannes, Jean, Marshal of France (1769-1809) Lannoy, Charles de (d. 1527) Lansing, Robert, American statesman (1864-1928) Lanskoi, Alexis (d. 1784) Lanson, Gustave (1857-1934) Lanzarote, Captain (1444) Lao-tse (lou'-dzu), Chinese sage (604-517 B.C.) Laodamas (la-o'-da-mas) Laodice (la-od'-i-se), Queen of Syria (3rd century B.C.) Laodicea (la-od'-i-se'-a) Laomedon (la-om'-e-don) Laon, battle of (1814) Lapis lazuli (L)- a stone of rich azure blue. Laplace, Pierre Simon, French astronomer and mathematician (1749-1827) Laporte, Abbe Joseph de (1713-79) Larcher, Pierre Henri (1726-1812) Larevelliere-Lepaux, Louis-Marie (1753-1824) Largilliere, Nicolas de (1656-1746) Larisa (la-ris'-a) Larive, Jean Maudit de (1747-1827) Larrey, Dominique-Jean (1766-1842) Larsa (lar'-sa) Las Casas, Bartolome de (1474-1566) Las Cases fils, Emmanuel-Pons-Dieudonne de (1800-54) Las Cases, Comte Emmanuel-Augustin-Dieudonne de (1766-1842) Lasca (Antonio Francesco Grazzini: 1503-83) Lascaris, Constantine (1434-1501) Lascaris, John (c. 1445-1535) Laski, Jan (1499-1560) Lasso, Orlando di (c. 1530-94) Lastman, Pieter (1583-1633) Lasus (la'-sus) of Hermione, poet (b. ca. 548 B.C.) Latimer, Hugh (1485?-1555) Latimer, William (c. 1460-1545) Latin mysteries (1182) Latreille, Pierre-Andre (1762-1833) Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury (1573-1645) Lauderdale, John Maitland, 2d Earl of (1616-1682) Laudon, Baron Gideon Ernst von (1717-90) Launay, Bernard-Rene Jordan, Marquis de (1740-89) Laurana, Luciano (c. 1420-79) Laureolus, robber, crucified (1st century) Laureti, Tommaso (1530-1602) Laurium (lor'-i-um) Lauriya (lor'-e-ya) Laus (la'-us) Lausanne, Duke of (16th cent.) Lautrec, Odet de Foix, Vicomte de (1485-1528) Lauzun, Antoine Nompar de Caumont, Comte (later, Duc) de (1633-1723) Lavater, Johann Kaspar (1741-1801) Lavaysse, Gaubert (fl. 1761) Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent de (1743-94) Lavoisier, Marie Paulze (d. 1836) Law of 22 Prairial (1794) Law of Hostages (1799) Law of Le Chapel (1791) Law of Suspects (France, 1793) Law, Jacques-Alexandre, later Marquis de Lauriston (1768-1828) Law, John (1671-1729), financier Law, William (1686-1761), mystic Lawes, Henry (1596-1662) Lawrence, Saint (3d cent.) Lawrence, Sir Thomas (1769-1830) Laynez, Diego (1512-65) Lazar I, King of Serbia (1371-89) Le Blon, Jacques (1667-1741) Le Bon, Joseph (1765-95) Le Breton, Andre Francois (fl. 1750) Le Brun, A. L. (fl. 1717), political satirist Le Brun, Charles (1619-90) Le Clerc, Jean (1657-1736) Le Clerc, Sebastien (1637-1714) Le Comte, Louis (1656?-1729) Le Grand, Marc Antoine (1673-1728) Le Jay, Claude (1534) Le Maitre, Nicoloz (fl. 1729) Le Nain brothers: Antoine (1588-1648), Louis (1593-1648), and Mathieu (1607-77) Le Notre, Andre (1613-1700) Le Peletier, Claude (fl. 1683) Le Pere, Jean-Baptiste (1761-1844) Le Roy, Julien-David (1724-1803) Le Roy, Pierre (1717-85) Le Sage, Alain Rene, French novelist and dramatist (1668-1747) Le Sueur, Eustache (1616-55) Le Tellier (or Tellier), Michel, Jesuit priest (1643-1719) Le Vau, Louis (1612-70) Le chanson de Roland (F)- the Song of Roland. Leaena (le-e'-na), courtesan League of Armed Neutrality, First (1780); Second (1800) League of Arras (1579) League of Princes, German (1785) League, Catholic (Germany, 1609) League, Catholic or Holy (France, 1576-93) Leander (le-an'-der) Lebanon (leb'-a-non) Lebas, Joseph (1765-94) Lebel, valet of Louis XVI (1768) Leblanc, Nicolas (1742-1806) Lebon, Philippe (1767-1804) Lebrun, Charles (1619-90) Lebrun, Charles-Francois (1739-1824) Lebrun, J.-B.-Pierre (1748-1813) Lechaeum (le-ke'-um) Lecky, William Edward Hartpole, Irish rationalist and historian (1838-1903) Leclerc, Charles-Victor-Emmanuel (1772-1802) L'Ecole de l'Extreme Orient- School of the Far East. Lecourbe, Claude-Jacques (1759-1815) Lecouvreur, Adrienne (1692-1730) Leda (le'-da) Lee, Arthur (1740-92) Lee, William (d. 1610) Leeuwenhoek, Anton van (1632-1723) Lefebvre, Francois-Joseph (1755-1820) Lefevre d' Etaples, Jacques (1450?-1536) Lefevre de Genonville (fl. 1717), friend of Voltaire Lefort, Francois (1656-99) Legato (I)- smoothly; without breaks. Legendre, Adrien-Marie, mathematician (1752-?1833) Legendre, Louis, Revolutionary leader (1752-97) Legge, James, British orientalist (1815-1897) Legislative Assembly (France, 1791-92) Legouve, Ernest (1807-1903) Legros (Le Gros), Joseph (1730-93) Legros, Pierre (1629-1714) Leibniz [Leibnitz], Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von, German philosopher and mathematician (1646-1716) Leibowicz, Jankiew (Jacob Frank; 1726-91) Leicester, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of (1532-1588) Leiden, siege of (1574) Leigh, Augusta, nee Byron (1783-1852) Leigh, Medora (b. 1814) Leighton, Alexander (1568-1649) Leilan, battle of (1733) Leinberger, Simon (1470) Leipzig, battle of (1813) Leipzig, capture of (1645) Leiser, Polycarp (fl. 1593) Lekain (Cain), Henri Louis (1728-78) Lely, Peter (Pieter van der Faes: 1618-80) Lemaistre, Antoine (1608-58) Lemaitre de Sericourt, Simon (fl. 1660) Lemaitre, Jules (1853-1914) Lemercier de la Riviere (1720-94) Lemercier, Jacques (1585?-1654) Lemery, Nicolas (1645-1715) Lemnos (lem'-nos) Lemonnier, Pierre Charles (1715-99) Lemos, Count of (fl. 1613) Lemoyne, Francois (1688-1737), Regency painter Lemoyne, Jean Baptiste (1704-78), sculptor Lenaea (le-ne'-a) Lenclos, Ninon de (1620-1705) Lengefeld, Charlotte von (1766-1826) Lenin, Nikolai, nom de guerre of Vladimir Ulyanov, Russian Soviet leader (1870-1924) Lenngren, Anna Maria, nee Malmstedt (1754-1817) Lennox, Esme Stuart, 1st Duke of (1542?-83) Lennox, James Stuart, 4th Duke of (1612-55) Lennox, John Stuart, 3d Earl of (d. 1526) Lennox, Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of (1516-1571) Lens, battle at (1648) Lentulus Batiates, trainer of gladiators (fl. 1st century B.C.) Lentulus Crus, Lucius Cornelius, consul (?-48 B.C.) Lentulus Sura, Publius Cornelius, conspirator (?-63 B.C.) Lentulus, Gnaeus, senator (fl. 1st century) Lenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold (1751-92) Leo Africanus (1550) Leo III, Pope (795-816) Leo X (Giovanni de' Medici) (1475-1521), Pope (r. 1513-21) Leo XI, Pope (1605) Leo XIII (Gioacchino Vincenzo Pecci), Pope (r. 1878-1903) Leo ben Isaac Modena (1571-1648) Leo, Leonardo (1694-1744) Leochares (le-ok'-a-rez), Athenian sculptor (fl. 4th century B.C.) Leonardo da Vinci, Italian artist (1452-1519) Leoni, Leone (1509-90) Leonidas (le-on'-i-das) I, King of Sparta (reigned 491-480 B.C.) Leonidas II, King of Sparta (d. 236 B.C.) Leonidas, athletic instructor (4th century B.C.) Leonora Telles de Menesco (regent of Portugal, 1383-86) Leontini (le'-on-ti'-ne) Leontopolis (le'-on-top'-o-lis) Leopardi, Alessandro (d. c. 1522) Leopardi, Count Giacomo (1798-1837) Leopold I, Duke of Lorraine (r. 1697-1729) Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1658-1705; earlier, Archduke Leopold) Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (r. 1693-1747) Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1790-92), Grand Duke of Tuscany as Leopold I (r. 1765-90) Leopold William, Archduke of Austria (1614-1662) Leopold, Archduke of Austria (fl. 1609) Leopold, Carl Gustaf af (1756-1829) Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Cothen (fl. 1717) Lepanto (la-pan'-to) Lepanto, battle of (1571) Lepautre, Jean (1617-82) Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, Louis-Michel (1760-93) Lepeletier section, Paris, royalist revolt in (1795) Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius, consul (?-216 B.C.) Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius, triumvir (?-13 B.C.) Lepsius, Karl Richard, German philologist (1813-1884) Lerma, Francisco Gomez de Sandoval y Rojas, Duque de (1552-1625), Spanish prime minister Lermontov, Mikhail Yurievich (1814-41) Lerna (lur'-na) Leroux, Roland (1493) Les savants ne sont pas curieux (F)- scholars have no curiosity (Anatole France). Lesage, Alain Rene (1668-1747) Lesbos (les'-bos) Lesche (les'-ke) Lescot, Pierre (1510?-78) Leslie, Charles (1650-1722) Leslie, John, Bishop of Ross (1527-96) Leslie, Norman (d. 1554) Lespinasse, Julie de (1732-76) Less, Father (fl. 1585) Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, German critic and dramatist (1729-1781) Lesueur, Jean-Francois (1760-1837) Lethe (le'-the) Lethington, William Maitland of (1528?-73) Leto (le'-to) Letourneur, Charles-Louis-Francois-Honore (1751-1817) Leucas (loo'-kas) Leucippus (lu-sip'-us) of Miletus, Greek atomistic philosopher (fl. 5th century B.C.) Leuctra (luk'-tra) Leuthen, battle of (1757) Levasseur, Therese (b. 1722) Lever, Thomas (1521-77) Levett, Robert (1705-82) Levetzow, Ulrike von (1804-99) Levi (le'-vi), Hebrew patriarch (ca. 1700 B.C.) Levi ben Gerson (1288?-?1344) Levita, Elijah (1468-1549) Levitsky, Dmitri (1735-1822) Lewis, Elector Palatine (r. 1576-83) Lewis, Matthew "Monk" (1775-1818) Lex talionis (L)- the law of retaliation. Lex talionis (lex ta-le-o'-nis) L'Hopital, Michel de (1507-73) Lhasa (la'-sa) Li (le), Lao-tze's real name Li Hou-chu (le-ho-joo), Chinese emperor (ca. 970) Li Hung-chang (le hoong jang), Chinese statesman (1823-1901) Li Lung-mien (le loong me-an'), Chinese painter (1040-1106) Li Po (le bo), Chinese poet (705-762) Li Ssu (le su), Chinese statesman (fl. 215 B.C.) Li Ssu-hsun (le soo-shun), Chinese painter (651-716) Li and Chi (le, je) Li-Chi (le je) Li-ling (le-ling), Prince of Yung (ca. 756) Liang K'ai (le-ang' ki), Chinese painter (ca. 750) Liao Chai Chih I (lyou ji je e) Liaotung (lyou'-doong) Libavius, Andreas Libau (1550-1616) Liberale da Verona (1451-1536) Liberation, War of, Spanish (1808-14) Libon (le'-bon), architect (fl. 460 B.C.) Libya (lib'-i-a) Licensing Act (England, 1737) Lichchavi (lich'-cha-ve) Lichnowsky, Prince Karl (1753-1814) Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph (1742-99) Licinianus, son of Licinius and nephew of Constantine I (?-326) Licinius (Caius Flavius Valerius Licinianus Licinius), Roman emperor (?-325) Licinius Calvus (Stolo), Caius, tribune and consul (fl. 376-361 B.C.) Lidner, Bengt (1758-93) Liechtenstein, Joseph Wenzel, Prince of (b. 1696-d. 1772) Liechtenstein, Prince von und zu (fl. 1702) Liegnitz, battle of (1760) Lieh-I (le'-u-e), Chinese painter (1st century) Ligne, Prince Charles Joseph de (1735-1814), Imperial soldier and diplomat Ligniville d'Autricourt, Countess Anne Catherine de (1719-1800), wife of Helvetius Ligny, battle of (1815) Ligorio, Pirro (c. 1510-83) Liguori, St. Alfonso de' (1696-1787) Lilburne, Col. John (1614?-57) Lillo, George (1693-1739) Limborch, Philip van (1633-1712) Limerick, Treaty of (1691) Limousin, Leonard (c. 1505-c. 1577) Lin Tze-hsu (lin dzu-shu), Chinese statesman (ca. 1838) Lin-an (le-nan') Lin-k'ew (lin-che-oo') Linacre, Thomas (1460?-1524) Lincoln, Abraham (1809-65) Lind, James (1716-94) Lindenast, Sebastian (1516) Lindet, Robert (1746-1825) Ling-chao (ling jou), Lady, Chinese Buddhist mystic (8th century) Linga (lin-ga) Lingaraja (in-ga-ra'-ja) Temple Lingayats (lin'-ga-yats) Lingua franca (L)- a common tongue. Linguet, Simon-Nicolas-Henri (1736-94) Liniers, Jean de (d. c. 1354) Linley, Thomas (1732-95) Linnaeus, Carolus (Carl von Linne; 1707-78) Linnell, John (1792-1882) Lintot, Bernard (1675-1736) Linus (li'-nus) Linus, Bishop of Rome (fl. 1st century) Liotard, Jean Etienne (1702-89) Lipari (lip'-a-re) Islands Lippershey, Hans (d. c. 1619) Lippert, Julius, German sociologist (1859-1909) Lippi, Filippino (1457?-1504) Lippi, Fra Filippo (c. 1406-69) Lipsius, Justus (1547-1606) Lisbon, Treaty of (1668) Lister, Martin (1638-1712) Liszt, Franz (1811-86) Litta, Conte Cavaliere Agostino (fl. 1754) Liu Ling (le-oo' ling), Chinese poet (third century) Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2d Earl of (1770-1828) Livia Orestilla, wife of Caligula (1st century A.D.) Livia, third wife of Augustus (1st century B.C. and 1st century A.D.) Livilla, daughter of Antonia and wife of Drusus (?-31 A.D.) Livius Andronicus, earliest Roman poet (fl. 240 B.C.) Livy (Titus Livius), Roman historian (59 B.C.-A.D. 17) Llorente, Juan Antonio (1756-1823) Lloyd, Charles (1775-1839) Lloyd, Edward (fl. 1688-1713) Lo-yang (lo-yang') Lobau, Georges Mouton, Comte de (1770-1838) Lobeira, Vasco de (1360?-1403) Lobkowitz, Prince Jose Fran (1772-1816) Lobositz, battle of (1756) Lobstein, Dr. (fl. 1770) Locatelli, Pietro (1695-1764) Lochner, Stephan (d. 1451) Locke, John, English philosopher (1632-1704) Locke, Matthew (1620?-77) Locri (lo'-kri) Locris (lo'-kris) Lodge, Thomas (1558-1625) Lodovico il Moro, Regent of Milan (1494-1504) Loeben, Countess Johanna Victoria von (d. 1747) Logan, James (fl. 1747) Lohan (C)- one who has earned Nirvana. Loisy, Alfred Firmin, French Orientalist and Biblical scholar (1857-1940) Lokamahadevi (lo'-ka-ma-ha-da'-ve), wife of Vikramaditya Chalukya (ca. 1100) Lollia Paulina, wife of Caligula (1st century A.D.) Lollius, governor of Britain (fl. 2nd century) Lomazzo, Giovanni Paolo (1538- c. 1600) Lombardi, Alfonso (1463-1536) Lombardo, Antonio (c. 1458- c. 1516) Lombardo, Moro (1481) Lombardo, Pietro (c. 1435-1515) Lombardo, Sante (fl. 1524-27) Lombardo, Tullio (c. 1455-1532) Lombardo-Venetian kingdom (1815) Lombardy, Republic of (1796) Lombe, Thomas (fl. 1717) Lomenie de Brienne, Etienne-Charles (1724-94) Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilievich (1711-65) London, bishop of (1720-48), see Gibson, Edmund London: Peace of (1604) Londonderry, Charles William Stewart Vane, 3d Marquess of (1778-1854) Long, Crawford Williamson (1815-78) Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, American poet (1807-1882) Longhena, Baldassare (1604-82) Longhi, Alessandro (1733-1813) Longhi, Pietro (1702-85) Longinus, Caius Cassius, jurist (fl. 1st century) Longinus, Dionysius Cassius, Greek philosopher and critic (213?-272) Longinus, Lucius Cassius, governor of Syria (?-42 B.C.) Longjumeau, Peace of (1568) Longman, Thomas Norton (1771-1842) Longueville, Anne Genevieve de Bourbon-Conde, Duchesse de (1619-79) Longueville, Duc de (d. 1663) Longus (fl. 3d century) Longus, Greek sophist and novelist (fl. 3rd century) Loos, Cornelius (fl. 1592) Lopes, Fernao (c. 1380-1460) Lopez y Portana, Vicente (1772-1850) Lopez, Rodrigo (c. 1525-1594) Loredano, Giacomo (1527) Loredano, Leonardo, Doge of Venice (1501-21) Loredano, Pietro, Doge of Venice (1567-70) Lorenzetti, Ambrogio (fl. 1324-48) Lorenzetti, Pietro (fl. 1305-48) Lorenzo Monaco (c. 1370-1425) Lorenzo Veneziano (fl. 1356-72) Lorrain, Claude (1600-82) Lorraine, Claude (nickname of Claude Gelee), French painter (1600-1682) Lorraine, Duke of (r. 1729-37), See Francis I, Emperor Lorraine: duchy of (to 1737) Losenko, Anton Pavlovich (1737-73) Loti, Pierre (Julien Viaud), French author (1850-1923) Lotti, Antonio (1667?-1740) Lotti, Lorenzetto (1490-1541) Lotto, Lorenzo (1480-1556) Louis (1661-1711), Dauphin of France ("Le Grand Dauphin"), son of Louis XIV Louis (1729-65), Dauphin of France, son of Louis XV Louis Allemand, Blessed (c. 1380-1450) Louis Ferdinand of Prussia, Prince (1772-1806) Louis I de Nevers, Count of Flanders (1304?-46) Louis I, Duke of Anjou (1339-84) Louis I, King of Hungary (1342-82) Louis II de Male, Count of Flanders (1330-83) Louis II, King of Hungary (1516-26) Louis IV (Louis of Bavaria), King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1314-47) Louis IX (Saint Louis), King of France (r. 1226-70) Louis Philippe, King of the French (r. 1830-48) Louis William I, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1655-1707) Louis X, King of France (1314-16) Louis XI, King of France (1461-83) Louis XII, King of France (1498-1515) Louis XIII, King of France (r. 1610-43) Louis XIV, King of France (1638-1715) Louis XIV, King of France (r. 1643-1715) Louis XV, King of France (r. 1715-74) Louis XVI (Louis-Auguste), King of France (r. 1774-92) Louis XVII (Louis-Charles de France; b. 1785), titular King of France (1793-95) Louis XVIII (Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, Comte de Provence), King of France (r. 1814-15, 1815-24) Louis de France (1661-1711), "Le Grand Dauphin," son of Louis XIV Louis de France (1729-65), Dauphin, son of Louis XV Louis de France, Dauphin (1729-65), father of Louis XVI Louis of Canossa (d. 1532) Louis of Nassau (1538-74) Louis, Baron Joseph-Dominique (1755-1837) Louis, Duke of Orleans (1462-98), see Louis XII, King of France Louis, Victor (1731-1800) Louis-Charles de France, Dauphin (Louis XVII; b. 1785-d. 1795) Louis-Joseph-Xavier de France (1781-89), Dauphin, son of Louis XVI Louisa Ulrika (1720-82), Queen of Adolphus Frederick of Sweden Louise (Luise) of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1776-1810), Queen of Frederick William III of Prussia Louise of Savoy, Countess of Angouleme (1476-1531) Louise-Marie de France (1737-87) Loustalot, editor (b. 1762) Louvois, Francois Michel Le Tellier, Marquis de (1641-91) Lovelace, Richard (1618-58) Lowe, Sir Hudson (1769-1844) Lower, Richard (1631-91) Lowther, Sir James, Earl of Lonsdale (1736-1802) Lowther, Sir William, Earl of Lonsdale (1757-1844) Loyola, Ignatius, St. (1491-1556) Loyola, Saint Ignatius (1491-1556) Loyola, St. Ignatius of (1491-1556) Lu (loo), Chinese empress (195-180 B.C.) Lu (lu), father of Shih Huang-ti (Ca. 222 B.C.) Lu (state) Lu Hsiu-fu (loo she-oo'-foo), Chinese hero (died 1260) Lubeck, Germany, Peace of (1629) Lublin, Poland, Union of (1569) Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus), Roman poet (39-65) Lucanus, Publius Terentius, senator (2nd century B.C.) Lucas van Leyden (1494-1533) Lucas, Jean Maximilien (1636?-97) Lucchesini, Marchese Girolamo (1751-1825) Lucian (2nd Century A.D.) Lucian (lu'-shan), Greek satirical author (120?-200?) Lucilius Junior, governor and Epicurean (fl. 1st century) Lucilius, Caius, satirist (180-103 B.C.) Lucilla, daughter of Marcus Aurelius (2nd century) Lucilla, sister of Marcus Aurelius (2nd century) Lucius Caesar, grandson of Augustus (?-2 A.D.) Lucretia, wife of Collatinus (6th century B.C.) Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus), Roman poet (96-55 B.C.) Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, Roman consul and general (110-56 B.C.) Lucy, Sir Thomas (1532-1600) Ludd, Ned (fl. 1779) Luddite revolt (1811) Ludolff, Chritian (fl. 1744) Ludwig Ernst of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, Regent of Holland (r. 1759-66) Ludwig I, King of Bavaria (r. 1825-48) Ludwig, Palatinate Elector (1525) Ludwig, of Wurttemberg, Prince (fl. 1762) Lugal-zaggisi (loo-gal-za-ge'-ze), Sumerian king Luini, Bernardino (1470-1533) Luis I, King of Spain (r. 1724) Luise (Louise) of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1776-1810), Queen of Frederick William III of Prussia Luke, Sir Samuel (fl. 1645) Luke, St., evangelist (fl. 1st century) Lully, Jean Baptiste (1632-87) Lully, Raymond (c. 1235-1315) Lun Yu (lwen u) Luna, Alvaro de (1388?-1453) Luna, Pedro de (1328-1423), see Benedict XIII, Antipope Lund, Sweden, Treaty of (1679) Lundini, Taddeo (fl. 1594) Luneville, Peace of (1801) Lung Men (loong mun) Lunghi, Martino, the Elder (fl. 1570) Luria, Solomon (1510-73) Lushington, Stephen (1782-1873) Lusitanus, Amatus (1511-68) Lutf 'Ali Beg Adar (1711-81) Luther, Martin, leader of German Reformation (1483-1546) Lutter, battle of (1626) Luttrell, Henry (1743-1821) Lutzeburger, Hans (1524) Lutzen, battle of (1632) Lutzen, battle of (1813) Lutzow, Adolf von, Count (1782-1834) Luxembourg, Charles-Francois de Montmorency, Marechal Duc de (1702-64) Luxembourg, Francois Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, Duc de (1628-95) Luxembourg, Madeleine-Angelique, Marechale Duchesse de, earlier Duchesse de Boufflers (1707-87) Luxembourg, Marechal Chretien Louis de Montmorency, Duc de (1675-1746) Luxor (luk'-sor) Luynes, Charles Philippe d'Albert, Duc de (1695-1758) Luynes, Charles d'Albert, Duke of (1578-1621) Luynes, Duc de (fl. 1650) Luynes, Marie Brulart d'Albert, Duchesse de (fl. 1730) Luzan y Martinez, Jose (1710-85) Luze, Jean-Jacques de (fl. 1765) Luzzatto, Moses Chayim (1707-47) Luzzi, Mondino de' (c. 1270-1326) Lycambes (li-kam'-bez), (8th century B.C.) Lycaon (li-ka'-on) Lycaonians (li-ka-o'-ne-anz) Lycia (lish'-i-a) Lycians (lis-yanz) Lycidas (lis'-i-das) Lycon (li'-kon), Athenian politician (fl. 5th century B.C.) Lycophron (li'-ko-fron), son of Periander (fl. 6th century B.C.) Lycortas (li-kor'-tas), statesman (2nd century B.C.) Lycurgus (7th cent. B.C.) Lycurgus (li'-kur'-gus), Spartan lawgiver (fl. 9th century B.C.) Lycurgus, orator (396-325 B.C.) Lydia (lid'-ya) Lyllus (lil'-us) Lyly, John (1554?-1606) Lyon, Corneille de (c. 1510-74) Lysander (li-san'-der), Spartan statesman and general (d. 395 B.C.) Lysanias (li-san'-i-as), grammarian (3rd century B.C.) Lysias (lis'-i-as), Athenian orator (450-380 B.C.) Lysias, Regent of Syria (fl. 165 B.C.) Lysicles (li'-si-klez), demagogue (5th century B.C.) Lysicrates (li-sik'-ra-tez) Lysimacheia (li-sim'-a-ki'-a) Lysimachus (li-sim'-a-kus), Macedonian general (361?-281 B.C.) Lysippus (li-sip'-us) of Sicyon, sculptor (fl. 4th century B.C.) Lysis (li'-sis) (Plato) Lysistrata (li-sis'-tra-ta) (Aristophanes) Lysistratus, sculptor (fl. 4th century B.C.) Lyttelton, George, 1st Baron Lyttelton of Frankley (1709-73) M - Ma (ma), Phrygian goddess Ma Yuan (ma yoo-an'), Chinese painter (ca. 1200) Mabillon, Jean (1632-1707) Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de (1709-85) Mably, Jean Bonnot de, grand provost of Lyons (fl. 1740) Mabuchi (ma-boo-che), Japanese Shintoist leader (1697-1769) Macao (ma-kow) Macartney, George, Earl of, British statesman (1737-1806) Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Lord, English man of letters and statesman (1800-1859) Macaulay, Zachary (1768-1838) Maccabaeus, Judas (fl. 166-161 B.C.) Maccabee, Judas, Jewish patriot (fl. 167 B.C.) Maccabee, Simon, King of Judea (fl. 142 B.C.), Maccabees (mac'-a-bez) Macdonald, Alexandre (1765-1840) Macedo, Jose Agostinho de (1761-1831) Macedonia (mas'-e-do'-ni-a) Macgregor, James (fl. 1512) Mach, Ernst (1838-1916) Machado de Castro, Joachim (1731-1822) Machault d'Arnouville, Jean-Baptiste (1701-94) Machaut, Guillaume de (c. 1300-77) Machiavelli, Niccolo [Nicolo] di Bernardo, Florentine statesman and political writer (1469-1527) Maciejowice, battle of (1794) Mack (Mack von Leiberich), Baron Karl (1752-1828) Mackenzie, Henry (1745-1831) Mackintosh, Sir James (1765-1832) Macklin, Charles (1697?-1797) Maclaurin, Colin (1698-1746) Maclure, William (1763-1840) Macpherson, James (1736-96) Macrina, Caelia, millionaire (2nd century) Macrinus (Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus), Roman emperor (164?-218) Madai (ma'-di); see Medes Madelin, Louis (1871-1956) Maderna, Carlo (1556-1629) Madison, James (1751-1836) Madras (ma-dras') Madruzzo, Cardinal (1545) Madura (ma'-doo-ra) Maecenas, Caius Cilnius, statesman and patron (?-8 B.C.) Maelius Spurius, politician (?-439 B.C.) Maenaca (mi-nak'-a) Maes, Nicolaes (1632-93) Maesa, Julia, sister of Julia Domna (?-222) Maestlin, Michael (fl. 1590) Maffei, Marchese Francesco Scipione di (1675-1755) Magadha (ma'-ga-da) Magellan, Ferdinand (c. 1480-1521) Maggini, Giovanni (c. 1580-1640) Magna Carta (1215) Magna Graecia (mag'-na gre'-shi-a) Magnano, battle of (1799) Magnasco, Alessandro (1667?-1749) Magnesia (Manissa), battle in 190 B.C. Magnus II, King of Sweden (1319-65) Mago, Carthaginian general, brother of Hannibal (fl. end of 3rd century B.C.) Magog (ma-gog') Mahabharata (ma-ha-bha'-ra-ta) Mahaffy, John Pentland, British divine and author (1839-1919) Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1840-1914) Mahatma (H)- great soul. Mahavira (ma-ha'-ve'-ra), founder of Jainism (599-527 B.C.) Mahayana (ma-ha'-ya'-na) Buddhism Mahmud (ma-mood'), Sultan of Ghazni (guz'-ne), (997-1030) Mahmud Abdu'l Baqi (d. 1600) Mahmud I, Sultan of Turkey (r. 1730-54) Mahmud II, Sultan of Turkey (r. 1808-39) Mahmud Tughlak (toogh'-lak), Sultan of Delhi (ca. 1398) Mahmud, Mir of Afghanistan (r. 1717-25), Shah of Persia (r. 1722-25) Mahmud, Sultan of Delhi (1395) Mahon, Spain, siege of (1756) Mahrati (ma-ra'-te) (language) Maidalchini, Olimpia (fl. 1644) Maillebois, Jean Baptiste Francois Desmarets, Marquis de (1682-1762) Maillet, Benoit de (1656-1738) Mailly, Louise de Nesle, Comtesse de (1710-51) Maimakterion (mi'-mak-te'-ri-on) Maimbourg, Louis (1620?-86) Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon; 1135-1204), Spanish Jewish rabbi and philosopher Maine de Biran (Marie-Francois-Pierre Gonthier de Biran; 1766-1824) Maine, Henry James Sumner, English jurist and historian (1822-1888) Maine, Louis Auguste de Bourbon, Duc du (1670-1736). Maine, Louise Benedictine de Bourbon, Duchesse du (1676-1753) Maine, Louise de Bourbon-Conde, Duchesse du (1676-1753) Maine, Sir Henry (1822-88) Maini, Giovanni Battista (1690-1752) Maintenon, Francoise d'Aubigne, Marquise de (1635-1719) Mainwaring, John (1735-1807) Mainz, Archbishop Elector of (1614) Mairan, Jean Jacques Dortous de (1678-1771) Mairet, Jean (1604-86) Maistre, Joseph-Marie de (1753-1821) Maitani, Lorenzo (before 1275-1330) Maitland, Capt. Frederick Lewis (1777-1839) Maitland, Charles (fl. 1720) Maitland, William (1528?-73) Maitreyi (mi-tra'-ye) Maitri Upanishad (mi'-tre oo-pan'-i-shad') Majestatsbrief (Bohemia, 1609) Major, J. D., physician (fl. 1662) Major, John (1470-1550) Makura Zoshi (ma-koo-ra zo-she) Malachowski, Stanislas (1735-1809) Malagrida, Father (d. 1764) Malagrida, Father Gabriel (1689-1761) Malatesta, Carlo (c. 1364-1429) Malatesta, Giovanni (d. 1304) Malatesta, Pandolfo (1377-1427) Malatesta, Pandolfo (1475-1534) Malatesta, Paolo (d. 1285) Malatesta, Parisina, Marchioness of Ferrara (d. 1425) Malatesta, Roberto (d. 1482) Malatesta, Sigismondo Pandolfo (1417-68) Malea (ma'-li-a), Cape Malebranche, Nicolas de (1638-1715) Malesherbes, Chretien-Guillaume de Lamoignon de (1721-94) Malet, Claude-Francois de (1754-1812) Maleville, Jacques de (1741-1824) Malfatti, Dr. Johann (1775-1859) Malherbe, Francois de (1555-1628) Mallet du Pan, Jacques (1749-1800) Mallonia, critic of Tiberius, and suicide (1st century) Malmesbury, Sir James Harris, 1st Earl of (1746-1820) Malone, Edmund (1741-1812) Malory, Sir Thomas (fl. 1444-71) Malouel Jehannequin (1416) Malouel, Herman (1416) Malouel, Pol (1416) Malouin, Dr. Paul-Jacques (1701-78) Malpighi, Marcello (1628-94) Malplaquer, battle at (1709) Malthus, Daniel (d. 1800) Malthus, Robert Thomas, English political economist (1766-1834) Malwa (mal-wa') Mamaea, Julia, daughter of Julia Maesa and mother of Alexander Severus (?-235) Mamai, Tatar Khan (1380) Mamallapuram (ma'-ma-la-poor'-am) Mamonov, Alexis (fl. 1786) Man, Thomas (1518) Manas (H)- mind. Manassah ben Israel (1604-57) Manava (ma'-na-va) Brahmans Manchester, Charles Montagu, 4th Earl and 1st Duke of (1656?-1722) Manchester, Edward Montagu, 2d Earl of (1602-71) Manchu (man'-choo) Dynasty Manchukuo (man-jo-gwo') Manchuria (man-choor'-i-a) Mancini, Faustina (d. c. 1520) Mancini, Hortense, Duchesse de La Meilleraye and Duchesse de Mazarin (1646-99). Mancini, Marie, Princess Colonna (1640-1715). Mancini, Olympe, Comtesse de Soissons (1639-1708). Mancione, Geronimo (1501) Mandapam (H)- porch. Mander, Karel van (1548-1606) "Mandeville, Sir John," French physician and traveler (14th century) Mandeville, Bernard (1670?-1733) Manet, Edouard, French painter (1832-1883) Manetho (man'-e-tho), Egyptian author and priest (ca. 300-250 B.C.) Manetti, Giannozzo (1396-1459) Manetti, Latino (1535) Manfredi, Astorre (d. 1502) Manfredi, Bartolommeo (1587-1621) Mang (mang) family Mang He (mang ha), Chinese statesman (ca. 500 B.C.) Manger, Heinrich (1728-89) Mangu (man'-goo), Grand Khan of the Mongols (1250-1259) Mangwa (man-gwa) Mani of Ctesiphon, Persian mystic (215-273) Manilius, Caius, Roman tribune (fl. 66 B.C.) Manilius, senator (fl. 2nd century B.C.) Manin, Lodovico, Doge of Venice (r. 1789-97) Manish-tusu (ma-nish'-too-soo?), King of Akkad Manlius, Lucius, conspirator (fl. 1st century B.C.) Manlius, Marcus, general (?-384 B.C.) Mann, Sir Horace (1701-86) Mansart, Francois (1598-1666) Mansfeld, Peter Ernst von, Count (1580?-1626) Mansfield, William Murray, 1st Earl of (1705-93) Mansion, Colard (1471) Manso, Giovanni Battista, Marquis (1561-1647) Mantegazza, Cristoforo (d. 1482) Mantegna, Andrea (1431-1506) Mantin, Jakob (1540) Mantinea (man'-ti-ne'-a) Mantras (man'-traz) Manu (ma'-noo), semi-historical Indian lawgiver Manuel I, King of Portugal (1495-1521) Manuel II, Palaeologus, Eastern Roman Emperor (1391-1425) Manuel, Don Juan (1282-1349) Manutius, Aldus I (1450-1515) Manutius, Aldus II (1547-97) Manyoshu (man-yo-shoo) Manzoni, Alessandro (1785-1873) Manzuoli, Giovanni (b. 1725) Maoris (ma'-o-rez) Maqqari, al- (Ahmed ibn Muhammad: 1591?-1632) Maqrizi, al- (1364-1442) Mar, John Erskine, Earl of (1675-1732) Mar, John Erskine, Earl of (d. 1572) Mara (ma'-ra) Maramaldi, Fabrizio (1530) Marana, Giovanni Paolo (fl. 1684) Marat, Jean-Paul (1743-93) Marathon (mar'-a-thon) Marathon, battle in 490 B.C. Maratti, Carlo (1625-1713) Marcel, Etienne (d. 1358) Marcellinus, Roman Pope (reigned 296-304) Marcello, Alessandro (1684?-1750?) Marcello, Benedetto (1686-1739) Marcello, Cristoforo (1527) Marcellus II, Pope (1555) Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, Roman general (268?-208 B.C.) Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, consul (?-46 B.C.) Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, son-in-law of Augustus (43-23 B.C.) Marcellus, Varius, father of Elagabalus (fl. 2nd century) Marchand, Jean Louis (1669-1732) Marchand, Louis-Joseph-Narcisse (1791-1876) Marchionni, Carlo (1702-86) Marcia, Christian mistress of Commodus (2nd century) Marcia, daughter of Cremutius Cordus (1st century) Marcia, wife of Cato, the Younger and Hortensius (fl. 1st century B.C.) Marcillat, Guillaume de (1467-1529) Marcio, Galeotto (1478) Marcion, Gnostic of Sinope (fl. 2nd century) Marco d'Oggiono (c. 1475- c. 1530) Marconi, Guglielmo (1874-1934) Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Emperor of Rome (r. 161-180) Marcus, Gallic Gnostic (fl. 2nd century) Mardi Gras (F)- literally, fat Tuesday, the last day of carnival before Mercredi Maigre, Lean (fasting) Wednesday and the beginning of Lent. Mardonius (mar-do'-ni-us), Persian commander (479 B.C.) Marduk (mar'-dook) Marechal, Georges (1658-1736) Marechal, Sylvan (fl. 1771) Marees, Georg de (1697-1776) Marengo, battle of (1800) Mareotis (mar-e-o'-tis), Lake Maret, Hugues-Bernard (1763-1839) Margani, Pietro (d. 1480) Margaret Theresa (Margarita) (1651-73), Empress, consort of Leopold I. Margaret Tudor (1489-1541), Queen of James IV of Scotland (1503-41) Margaret of Anjou (Queen of England; 1455-82) Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands (1480-1530) Margaret of Carinthia (1318-69) Margaret of Flanders (wife of Philip the Bold; 1369-1405) Margaret of France, Duchess of Savoy (1532-74) Margaret of Parma (1522-86), Regent of the Spanish Netherlands (1559-67) Margaret of Scotland, wife of Louis XI (1425?-1445) Margaret, Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (1363-1412) Marguerite of Angouleme (b. 1492), Queen of Navarre (r. 1544-49) Marguerite of Valois (1553-1615), 1st wife of Henry IV of France Maria Amalia of Austria (1746-1804), Duchess of Ferdinand III of Parma Maria Amalia of Austria (d. 1759), Queen of Charles III of Spain Maria Ana Victoria of Spain (b. 1719), Queen of Joseph I of Portugal Maria Barbara of Portugal (d. 1758), Queen of Ferdinand VI of Spain Maria Carolina of Austria (1752-1814), Queen of Ferdinand IV of Naples Maria Christina of Austria, Duchess of Saxe-Teschen (d. 1798) Maria Eleanora of Brandenburg (1599-1655) Maria Feodorovna (nee Sophia Dorothea Augusta of Wurttemberg), 2d Czarina of Paul I of Russia (1759-1828) Maria I (Maria Francisca), Queen of Portugal (r. 1777-1816) Maria Josepha of Austria, Archduchess (d. 1767) Maria Kazimiera (1641-1716), Queen of John I Sobieski of Poland Maria Ludovica of Modena (1787-1816), 3d wife of Emperor Francis I of Austria (Holy Roman Emperor Francis II) Maria Luisa (Marie Louise d'Orleans: 1662-89), Queen Consort of Charles II of Spain Maria Luisa Gabriela of Savoy (1688-1714), Queen of Philip V of Spain Maria Luisa of Parma (1751-1819), Queen of Charles IV of Spain Maria Teresa Rafaela (1727-46), Infanta, later Dauphine Maria Theresa of Naples (d. 1807), 2d wife of Holy Roman Emperor Francis II Maria Theresa, ruler of Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia (r. 1740-80), Holy Roman Empress as wife of Francis I Maria of Portugal (d. 1545), Queen of Spain as 1st wife of Philip II Maria of Savoy, Duchess of Milan (married 1427) Mariamne, wife of Herod the Great (fl. end of 1st century B.C.) Mariana of Austria (1634-96), Queen Consort of Philip IV of Spain, Regent of Spain (1665-75) Mariana, Juan de (1537-1624) Mariano, Lorenzo di (1476-1534) Marie Adelaide of Savoy, Duchess of Burgundy (1685-1712) Marie Antoinette (Maria Antonia; 1755-93), Queen of Louis XVI of France Marie Josephe (Maria Josefa) of Saxony (1731-67), Dauphine of France Marie Leszczynska (1703-68), Queen of Louis XV of France Marie Louise (1791-1847), Empress of the French as 2d wife of Napoleon I Marie Therese (Maria Teresa: 1638-83), Queen Consort of Louis XIV of France Marie de Medicis (1573-1642), Queen Consort of Henry IV (1600-10), Regent of France (1610-17) Marie of Orleans (1460) Marie, Abbe (fl. 1788) Marie-Adelaide of France (Marie-Clotilde-Adelaide-Xavere; 1759-1802), granddaughter of Louis XV Marie-Anne of Bavaria (1660-90), Dauphine of France Marie-Therese-Charlotte de Bourbon, Madame Royale (1778-1851) Marignano, battle (1515) Marigny, Abbe Augier de (d. 1762) Marigny, Abel Poisson, Marquis de (1727-81) Marigny, Enguerrand de (1260-1315) Marillac, Marechal Louis de (1573-1632) Marillac, Michel de (1563-1632) Marini, Giambattista (1569-1625) Marinus of Alexandria, famous surgeon (fl. 1st and 2nd centuries) Mariotte, Edme (1620?-84) Marius, Caius, consul, (109?-82 B.C.) Marius, Caius, general and consul (157-86 B.C.) Marivaux, Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de (1688-1763) Mark, St., evangelist (fl. 1st century) Marlborough, John Churchill, 1st Duke of (1650-1722) Marlborough, Sarah Jennings Churchill, Duchess of (1660-1744) Marlowe, Christopher (1564-93) Marmont, Auguste-Frederic-Louis Viesse de (1774-1852) Marmontel, Jean-Francois (1723-99) Marmora (mar'-mo-ra), Sea of Marnix, Jean van, Lord of Tholouse (1537-67) Marnix, Philip van, Lord of St.-Aldegonde (1538-98) Marone, Andrea (1527) Marot, Clement (c. 1495-1544) Marquardt, Joachim, German antiquarian (1812-1882) Marquesas (mar-ka'-zas) Islanders Marshall, Robert (fl. 1723) Marshall, Stephen (1594?-1655) Marsilius of Padua (1290?-?1343) Marsilius von Inghen (1330?-1396) Marsin (or Marchin), Ferdinand, Comte de (1656-1706) Marston, John (1575?-1634) Marston, Moor, battle of (1644) Marsuppini, Carlo (c. 1399-1453) Marsy, Balthasar de, sculptor (17th cent.) Marsy, Gaspard de, sculptor (17th cent.), Marsyas (mar'-si-as) Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis), Latin epigrammatist (40?-102?) Martin V (Oddone Colonna), Pope (1417-31) Martin y Solar (later Martini), Vicente (1754-1806) Martin, Henri (1810-83), French historian Martin, Samuel (fl. 1763) Martine, George (1702-41) Martinez, Fernan (1391) Martinez, Sebastian (fl. 1792) Martini, Anton von (fl. 1780) Martini, Martino, cartographer (fl. 1650) Martini, Padre Giovanni Battista (1706-84) Martini, Simone (1283?-1344) Martos, Ivan Petrovich (1752-1835) Maruyami Okyo (ma-roo-ya-me o-kyo) Japanese painter (1733-1795) Marvel, Andrew (1621-78) Marville, Jean de (d. 1389) Marwar (mar-war') Marx, Karl (1818-83) Mary I (Mary Tudor), Queen of England ("Bloody Mary": r. 1553-58) Mary II, Queen of England (r. 1689-94 jointly with William III) Mary Magdalene, cured by Christ (1st century) Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots (1542-87) Mary Tudor (Queen of Louis XII; 1514-1515) Mary of Burgundy (1457-82) Mary of Guise (1515-60), Regent of Scotland (1554-59) Mary of Hungary (regent 1531-52) Mary of Lorraine, Queen of Scotland (1538-60) Mary of Modena (1658-1718), Queen Consort of James II of England Masaccio (Tommaso Guidi: 1401- c. 1429) Masaniello (Tommaso Aniello: 1623?-47) Masdeu, Juan Francisco de (1744-1817) Masham, Abigail, Lady, nee Hill (d. 1734) Masham, Damaris, Lady, nee Cudworth (fl. 1691) Masham, Sir Francis (fl. 1691) Masinissa, King of Numidia (238-148 B.C.) Maskarin Gosala (mas'-ka-rin go'-sa-la), Indian sceptic Maskelyne, Nevil (1732-1811) Masolino da Panicale (1383-1447) Mason, William (1724-97) Maspero, Gaston, French Egyptologist (1846-1916) Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Eve (1572) Massagetae (mas-sa-ge'-te) Massalia (ma-sa'-li-a) Massena, Andre (1758-1817) Massey, Edward (fl. 1772) Massillon, Jean Baptiste (1662-1742), bishop of Clermont Massimi, Domenico (1527) Massinger, Philip (1583-1640) Masson, Frederic (1847-1923) Massys (Matsys), Quentin (1466?-1530) Massys, Cornelis (c. 1513-80) Massys, Jan (1509-75) Mastaba (A)- an oblong sloping tomb. Master of the House Book (c. 1470) Master of the Life of the Virgin (fl. 1470) Masuccio di Salerno (Tommaso de'i Guardati: 15th cent.) Masuda (ma-soo-da), Japanese statesman (fl. 1596) Masudi, Abu-al-Hasan al- (d. 956) Matarezzo, Francesco (1500) Mater Dolorosa- The Sorrowful Mother. Mather, Cotton (1663-1728) Matho, Libyan rebel leader (fl. 241-237 B.C.) Mathura (ma'-too-ra) Matilda of Tuscany, Countess (1046-1115) Matius, citizen and friend of Caesar (fl. 1st century B.C.) Matsura Basho (mat-soo-ra ba-sho), Japanese poet (1643-1694) Mattathias (mat-a-thi'-as), Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.) Matteo da Bassi (c. 1495-1552) Matteo di Giovanni (1435-95) Mattheson, Johann (1681-1764) Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary (r. 1458-1490) Matthias of Janov (1390) Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor (1612-19) Mattielli, Lorenzo (c. 1682-1748) Mattioli, Ercole Antonio, Conte (1640-1703) Matveev, Artamon (fl. 1650) Maubert, M. (fl. 1790) Mauger, Jean (1648-1722) Maupeou, Rene-Nicolas de (1714-92) Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de (1698-1759) Maurepas, Jean-Frederic Phelypeaux, Comte de (1701-81) Maurice of Nassau, Stadholder (r. 1587-1625) Maurice, Elector of Saxony (1547-53) Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel (r. 1592-1627) Maurolico, Fr. (1494-1575) Maury, Abbe Jean Siffrein (1746-1817) Maurya (maw'-re-ya) Dynasty Mausolus (maw'-so-lus), King of Caria (reigned 377-353 B.C.) Mauvilain, M. de, physician (fl. 1669) Mavrokordatos, Prince Alexandros (1791-1865) Maxentius (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius), Roman emperor (reigned 306-312) Maximian (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius), Roman emperor (240?-310) Maximilian Francis, Elector of Cologne (r. 1784-1801) Maximilian I Joseph, King of Bavaria (r. 1806-25) Elector as Maximilian IV (r. 1799-1806) Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria (r. 1597-1651), Elector (1623-51) Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1493-1519) Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (r. 1679-1726) Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (1564-76) Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria (r. 1745-77) Maximilian, Archduke (1756-1801) Maximilian, Archduke (1782-1863) Maximilla, Montanist heretic (2nd century) Maximinus (Caius Julius Verus Maximinus "Thrax"), Roman emperor (172?-238) Maximinus Daza, Roman emperor (reigned 308-314) Maximus Tyrius, Greek philosopher (fl. 2nd century) Maxwell, James Clerk (1831-79) Maya (ma'-ya), Buddha's mother (died 563 B.C.) Mayenne, Charles de Lorraine, Duke of (1554-1611) Mayer, Constance (1778-1821) Mayer, Johann Tobias (1723-62) Mayow, John (1643-79) Mazarin, Jules (Giulio Mazarini), Cardinal (1602-61) Mazeppa, Ivan Stepanovich (1640?-1709) Mazo, Juan Bautista del (1612?-67) Mazochi, Iacopo (1521) Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-72) Mazzolini, Signora (d. 1774) Mazzoni, Guido (1450-1518) Mazzoth (mat'-sat) McAdam, John Loudon (1756-1836) McTaggart, John McTaggart Ellis (1866-1925) Mecklenburg, in League of Princes (1785) Medea (me-de'-a) Media (me'-dya) Medici, Alessandro de', Duke of Florence (1531-37) Medici, Anna Maria Ludovica de' (1667-1743) Medici, Averardo de' (1314) Medici, Carlo de' (d. 1492) Medici, Cosimo I de', Duke of Florence (1537-69), Grand Duke of Tuscany (1569-74) Medici, Cosimo II de', Grand Duke of Tuscany (r. 1609-20) Medici, Cosimo de', Pater Patriae (1389-1464) Medici, Ferdinand [Ferdinando] I de', Grand Duke of Tuscany (r. 1587-1609) Medici, Ferdinand [Ferdinando] II de', Grand Duke of Tuscany (r. 1620-70) Medici, Francesco I de', Grand Duke of Tuscany (r. 1574-87) Medici, Giovanni ("delle Bande Nere") de' (1498-1526) Medici, Giovanni Angelo de' (1499-1565), see Pius IV, Pope Medici, Giovanni de' (1475-1521), see Leo X, Pope Medici, Giovanni di Bicci de' (1360-1429) Medici, Giuliano de (1519) Medici, Giuliano de' (1453-78) Medici, Giuliano de', Duke of Nemours (1479-1516) Medici, Giulio de' (1478-1534), see Clement VII, Pope Medici, Ippolito (1511-35) Medici, Lorenzino de' (1514-48) Medici, Lorenzo de' (the Elder: 1395-1440) Medici, Lorenzo de' Florentine poet, patron, and scholar,(the Magnificent- il magnifico: 1449-92) Medici, Lorenzo de', Duke of Urbino (1516-19) Medici, Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' (1463-1507) Medici, Maddalena de' (1472-1519) Medici, Piero de' (1471-1503) Medici, Piero de' (il Gottoso: 1414-69) Medici, Prince Ferdinand de' (1663-1715) Medici, Salvestro de' (1378) Medicis, Catherine de, Queen of France (1519-89) Medigo, Elijah del (1463-98) Medina, Sir Solomon (fl. 1703) Medina-Sidonia, Alonso Perez de Guzman, 7th Duke of (1550-1615) Medinaceli, Duke of (fl. 1785) Medinet-Habu (me-de'-net-ha'boo) Medum (me-doom') Medusa (me-du'-sa) Medwin, Thomas (1788-1869) Megalopolis (meg'-a-lop'-o-lis) Megalostrata (meg'-al-a-stra-ta), consort of Alcman (7th century B.C.) Megara (meg'-a-ra) Megara Hyblaea (hib-le'-a) Megasthenes (me-gas'-the-nez), Greek geographer (ca. 300 B.C.) Mehul, Etienne-Nicolas (1763-1817) Mei Lan-fang (ma lan-fang'), Chinese actor (20th century) Meidias (mi'-di-as), potter (fl. 5th century B.C.) Meier-Graefe, Julius (1867-1935) Meiji (ma-je), see Mutsuhito Meir, Jewish rabbi (fl. 2nd century) Meissonier, Juste Aurele (1695?-1750) Mela, Lucius Annaeus, father of Lucan and brother of Seneca (?-65) Mela, Pomponius, geographer (fl. 1st century) Melanchthon, Philip (1497-1560) Melanippe (mel'-an-ip'-pe) (Euripides) Melanthus (me-lan'-thus), painter (4th century B.C.) Melas, Baron Michael Friedrich Benedikt von (1729-1806) Melbourne, Elizabeth Lamb, Viscountess, nee Milbanke (1749-1818) Melbourne, Peniston Lamb, 1st Viscount (1748-1819) Meleager (mel'-e-a'-jer) Meleager, Greek epigrammatist (fl. 1st century B.C.) Melendez, Luis (1716-80) Melendez, Valdes, Juan (1754-1817) Meletus (me-le'-tus), tragic poet (5th century B.C.) Melkarth (mel-karth) Mellon, Andrew W. (1855-1937) Melo, Francisco Manuel de (1611-66) Melos (me'-los) Melozzo da Forli (1438-?95) Melpomene (mel-pom'-e-ne) Melville, Andrew (1545-1622) Melville, Herman, American novelist (1819-1891) Melzi, Francesco (1492-c. 1570) Melzi, Prince Francesco (fl. 1737) Memling, Hans (1430?-95) Memmius, Caius Gemellus, politician and man of letters (fl. first century B.C.) Memmius, Caius, statesman (?-100 B.C.) Mena, Juan de (1411-56) Mena, Pedro de (1628-88) Menaechmus (me-nak'-mus), philosopher and geometrician (fl. 4th century B.C.) Menage, Gilles (1613-92) Menagier (1393) Menander (me-nan'-der), Greek comic dramatist (343-291 B.C.) Menander, King of Bacteria (ca. 100 B.C.) Mencius (men-shi-us), (Meng-tse; 372?-289? B.C.), Chinese philosopher Mende (men'-de) Mendel, Menachem (fl. 1725) Mendelssohn, Abraham (1776-1835) Mendelssohn, Brendel, later Dorothea von Schlegel (1763-1839) Mendelssohn, Felix (1809-47) Mendelssohn, Henrietta (1768-1831) Mendelssohn, Moses (1729-86) Mendes da Costa (fl. 1655) Mendesia, Gracia (c. 1510-68) Mendez, Diego (1503) Mendoza, Diego de (1503?-75) Mendoza, Juan Gonzales de (1540?-1617) Mendoza, Pedro Gonzalez de (1428-95) Menedemus (me'-ne-de'-mus), philosopher (350-277 B.C.) Menelaus (men'-e-la'-us) Menelaus, high priest of Jerusalem (2nd century B.C.) Menes (me'-nez), possibly Egypt's first king (ca. 3500 B.C.) Meneval, Claude-Francois, later Baron de Meneval (1778-1850) Mengozzi-Colonna, Girolamo (fl. 1750) Mengs, Anton Raphael (1728-79) Mengs, Margarita, nee Guazzi (d. 1778) Menippus, Syrian Cynic philosopher (fl. 60 B.C.) Menkaure (men-kou'-re), King of Egypt (3011-2988 B.C.) Menno Simons (1492-1559) Menon (men'-on), medical historian (fl. 4th century B.C.) Menshikov, Prince Alexander Danilovich (1672-1729) Mephibosheth (me-fib'-o-sheth), Jewish pretender (ca. 900 B.C.) Mercator, Gerardus (Gerhard Kremer: 1512-94) Mercier, Louis-Sebastien (1740-1814) Merck, Johann Heinrich (1741-91) Mercy d'Argentau, Count Florimund (1727-94) Meres, Francis (1565-1647) Mericourt, Therese de (1762-1817) Merino, Gabriele (c. 1513) Meriones (me-re'-on-ez) Merle, William (d. 1347?) Merlin of Douai, Philippe-Antoine (1754-1838) Merneptah (mer-nep'-ta), King of Egypt (1233-1223 B.C.) Mersenne, Marin (1588-1648) Merulo, Claudio (1533-1604) Mesha (ma'-sha), King of Moab (ca. 840 B.C.) Meslier, Jean (1678-1733) Mesmer, Franz Anton (1734-1815) Mesmes, Marquise de (fl. 1771) Mesolongion (me-'-so-long'-ge-on), see Missolonghi Mesopotamia (mes'-o-po-ta'-mi-a) Messala, Marcus Valerius Corvinus, general and patron (fl. 1st century B.C.) Messalina, Valeria, wife of Claudius (?-48) Messana (me-sa'-na) Messenia (me-se'-ni-a) Messier, Charles (1730-1817) Messina (me-se'-na) Metageitnia (met'-a-git'-ni-a) Metageitnion (met'-a-git'-ni-on) Metaneira (met'-a-ni'-ra), courtesan Metastasio (Pietro Trapassi; 1698-1782) Metaurus (Metauro) River (battle of, 207 B.C.) Metellus (Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus), Roman general (fl. 148 B.C.) Metellus Celer, Caius Caecilius, husband of Clodia (fl. 1st century B.C.) Metellus Numidicus, Quintus Caecilius (fl. 109-99 B.C.) Metellus Pius Scipio, Quintus Caecilius, general (?-46 B.C.) Metellus Pius, Caecilius (?-63 B.C.), general Metellus, Lucius Caecilius, politician (fl. 1st century B.C.) Methone (me-tho'-ne) Methuen, Treaty of (1703) Metis (me'-tis) Metius, Jacobus (fl. 1608) Metochites, Theodorus (d. 1332) Meton (me'-ton), astronomer (fl. 5th century B.C.) Metrodora, Alexandrian woman physician (fl. 1st century) Metrodorus of Lampsacus, Greek Epicurean philosopher (d. 277 B.C.) Metronax, philosopher (fl. 1st century) Metsu, Gabriel (1629-77) Metternich, Prince Franz Georg Karl von (1746-1818) Metternich, Prince Klemens Wenzel Lothar von (1773-1859) Metzler, George (1525) Meulen, Adam van der (1632-90) Meung, Jean de (13th Century A.D.) Meurs, Jean de (1344) Mewar (ma-war') Meyer, Lodewijk (1630-81) Meyer, Martin (1457) Meyerbeer, Giacomo (1791-1864) Mi Fei (me fa), Chinese painter (1051-1107) Michael Feodorovich, Czar (1613-45) Michael Wisniowiecki, King of Poland (r. 1669-73) Michael, Prince of Tver (1319) Michelangelo (Buonarroti), Italian artist (1475-1564) Michelet, Jules (1798-1874) Michelozzo di Bartolommeo (1396-1472) Michiel, Giovanni (d. 1503) Michinski, Sebastian (fl. 1618) Midas (mi'-das) Middleton, Conyers (1683-1750) Middleton, Thomas (1570?-1627) Mierevelt, Michiel van (1567-1641) Mieris, Frans Ivan (1635-81) Mieris, Willem van (1622-47) Migliorati, Cosimo de' (c. 1336-1406), see Innocent VII, Pope Migliorotti, Atalante (1482) Mignaud, Pierre (1610-95) Mignot, Catherine Arouet (1691?-1726) Mihiragula (mi-hi-ra'-goo-la), Hunnish king (502-542) Mikado (mi-ka'-do) Mila, Adriana de (b. c. 1455) Mila, Luis Juan de (b. c. 1430) Milan Decree (1807) Milan, Luis de (c. 1500-65) Milbanke, Lady Judith, nee Noel (d. 1822) Milcom (mil'-kom), god of the Ammonites Miletus (mi-le'-tus) Milic of Kromerize (d. 1374) Militia Bill (1641) Mill, James, British historian and political economist (1773-1836) Mill, John (1645-1707) Mill, John Stuart, English philosopher and economist (1806-1873) Millar, Andrew (1707-68), publisher Millaud, Deputy (1793) Miller, Philip (fl. 1721) Millesimo, battle of (1796) Millet, Jean-Francois, French painter (1815-1875) Millingen, Dr. Julius (fl. 1823) Milner, Emily (fl. 1814) Milo (mi'-lo) of Crotona, athlete (6th century B.C.) Milo Papinianus, Titus Annius, politician (?-48 B.C.) Miloradovich, Mikhail Andreevich (1771-1825) Milos Obrenovich, Prince of Serbia (r. 1817-39) Miltiades (mil-ti'-a-dez), Athenian general and statesman (d. 488 B.C.) Miltitz, Carl von (1490?-1529) Milton, Anne, dau. of poet (b. 1646) Milton, Deborah, dau. of poet (b. 1652) Milton, Elizabeth Minshull (b. 1639) Milton, John, English poet (1608-1674) Milton, John, father of poet (1563?-1647) Milton, Katharine Woodcock (d. 1658) Milton, Mary Powell (d. 1652) Milton, Mary, dau. of poet (b. 1648) Mimnermus (mim-ner'-mus), elegiac poet (fl. 630-600 B.C.) Mina (L from Gr. from He)- a coin of the ancient Near East, worth (in Babylonia) sixty shekels. Minamoto (me-na-mo-to) family Minamoto Sanetomo (sa-na-to-mo), Japanese shogun (1203-1219) Minden: battle of (1758) Minervina, first wife of Constantine I (fl. 4th century) Ming Huang (ming hwang), Chinese emperor (713-756) Mini, Antonio (1550) Minin, Kosma (fl. 1611) Mino da Fiesole (1431-84) Minorca, battle of (1756) Minos (mi'-nos) Minotaur (min'-o-tor) Minucius Felix, Latin Christian writer (fl. 2nd century) Minucius Rufus, Marcus, dictator (fl. 216 B.C.) Minucius, Quintus, proconsul (fl. 2nd century B.C.) Minyans (min'-i-anz) Miollis, Francois (1759-1828) Mir Ali Shir Nawa'i (1440-1501) Mir Imad (fl. 1600) Mir Jafar (mer ja'-far) (1691-1765), Nawab of Bengal (1757-1760; 1763-1765) Mirabaud, M. (d. 1760), Academician Mirabeau (fils), Honore-Gabriel-Victor Riqueti, Comte de (1749-91) Mirabeau (pere), Victor Riqueti, Marquis de (1715-89) Mirepoix, Duchesse de, nee Beauvau (b. 1717) Mirepoix, Marechal Duc de (1702-57) Mirovich, Vasili (d. 1764) Mirzapur (mer-za-poor') Mise en scene- the surrounding situation. Mison, Luis (d. 1766) Missolonghi (mis'-o-long'-ge) Mitanni (mi-tan'-ne) Mitchell, John (1724-93) Mithra (mith'-ra) Mithridates (mith-ri-da'-tez), Persian soldier (ca. 400 B.C.) Mithridates I, King of Pontus (fl. ca. 302, B.C.) Mithridates VI the Great, King of Pontus (132?-63 B.C.) Mitra (me'-tra), Hindu deity Mitsu-kuni (mit-soo-koo-ne), Japanese scholar and historian (1622-1704) Mitsubishi (mit-soo-be-she) family Mitsui (mit-soo-e) family Mizpah (miz'pa) M'Lehose, Agnes, nee Craig (1759-1841) Mnason, tyrant of Elatea (fl. 4th century B.C.) Mnemosyne (ne-mos'-i-ne) Mnesicles (nes'-i-klez), architect (fl. 437 B.C.) Mnesilochus, father-in-law of Euripides (5th century B.C.) Mnester, dancer (fl. 1st century) Mo Ti (mo de), Philosopher of universal love (ca. 450 B.C.) Moab (mo'-ab) Mocenigo, Alvise I, Doge of Venice (1570-77) Mocenigo, Giovanni (fl. 1591) Mocenigo, Tommaso, Doge of Venice (1414-23) Modena, Leo ben Isaac (1571-1648) Modene, Esprit Raymond de Moirmoron, Comte de (fl. 1637) Moeris (mer'-is), Lake Mogul dynasty (1526-1707) Moguls (mo'-gulz) "Mohacs, second battle of" (1687) Mohammed (mo-ham'-ed), Arabian religious leader (570-632) Mohammed I, Sultan (1413-21) Mohammed II, Ottoman Sultan (r. 1451-81) Mohammed III, Ottoman Sultan (1595-1603) Mohammed IV, Ottoman Sultan (r. 1648-91) Mohammed Sokolli, Vizier (1566-79) Mohammed ibn-Abd-al-Wahab (1703?-91) Mohamudgara (mo-ha'-mood-ga-ra) Mohenjo-daro (mo-han'-jo-da'-ro) Moirai (moi'-ri) Moksha (H)- deliverance. Molcho, Solomon (c. 1501-32) Mole, Count Louis-Mathieu (1781-1855) Mole, Mathieu (1584-1656) Molesworth, Robert, 1st Viscount Molesworth (1656-1725) Moliere (Jean Baptiste Poquelin), French dramatist (1622-1673) Molina, Luis (1535-?1601) Molinos, Miguel de (1640-97) Moll, Balthasar (1717-85) Mollien, Francois-Nicolas (1758-1850) Mollwitz, Silesia, battle of (1741) Molmenti, Pompeo Gherardi (1852-1928) Moloch (mo'-lok) Molyneux, Samuel (1689-1728) Molyneux, William (1656-98) Molza, Francesco Maria (1489-1544) Mommsen, (Christian Matthias) Theodor, German historian (1817-1903) Mommu (mo-moo), Emperor of Japan (697-707) Momoyama (mo-mo-ya-ma) Monaldeschi, Giovanni, Marchese (d. 1657) Monboddo, James Burnett, Lord (1714-99) Moncada, Hugo de (c. 1466-1528) Moncey, Bon-Adrien-Jeannot de (1754-1812) Monck, George (1608-70) Moncontour, battle of (1569) Mondeville, Henri de (d. c. 1326) Mondovi, battle of (1796) Monet, Claude, French painter (1840-1926) Monge, Gaspard (1746-1818) Monier-Williams, Sir Monier, English Orientalist (1819-1899) Monina, Jose, see Floridablanca, Conde de Monmouth, James Scott, Duke of (1649-85) Monnier, Sophie de Ruffey, Marquise de (1756-89) Monoecus (mo-ne'-kus) Monsieur, Peace of (1576) Montagna, Bartolommeo (c. 1450-1523) Montagnana, Domenico (1700-40) Montagu (later Wortley), Sidney (d. 1727) Montagu, Basil (1770-1851) Montagu, Basil, Jr. (b. 1793) Montagu, Edward (d. 1775) Montagu, Edward Wortley (1713-16), son of Lady Mary Montagu, Edward, 1st Baron Montagu of Boughton (1562-1644) Montagu, Edward, 1st Earl of Sandwich (1625-72) Montagu, Elizabeth, nee Robinson (1720-1800) Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley (1689-1762) Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, French essayist and philosopher (1533-1592) Montaigu, Comte Pierre-Auguste de (fl. 1743) Montalivet, Jean-Baptiste Bachasson, Comte de (1766-1823) Montalvan, Juan Perez de (1602-38) Montanes, Juan Martinez (1564-1649) Montanus, Phrygian heretic (fl. ca. 156) Montausier, Charles de Sainte-Maure, Duke of (1610-90) Montcalm, Marquis Louis-Joseph de (1712-59) Monte, Giammaria Ciocchi del (1487-1555), see Julius III, Pope Monteagle, William Parker, 4th Baron (1575-1622) Montebello, Federigo Cesi, Marquis of (fl. 1603) Montebello, battle of (1800) Montecucculi, Count Raimondo di (1609-81) Montefeltro, Federigo da (1444-82) Montelupo, Raffaello da (1505-67) Montemayor, Jorge de (1521?-61) Montenegro, Benito Jeronimo Feijoo y (1676-1764) Montenotte, battle of (1796) Montereau, battle of (1814) Montes Claros, battle of (1665) Montespan, Francoise Athenais de Rochecouart, Marquise de (1641-1707) Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brede et de (1689-1755) Montesquiou-Fezensac, Marquis Anne-Pierre de (1739-98) Montessori, Maria (1870-1952) Monteverdi, Claudio (1567-1643) Montfaucon, Dom Bernard de (1655-1741) Montferrand (Auguste Ricard; 1786-1858) Montfleury (Zacharie Jacob: 1640-85) Montgolfier, Etienne (1745-99) Montgolfier, Joseph (1740-1810) Montgomerie, Robert (d. 1609), titular Archbishop of Glasgow Montholon, Comte Charles-Tristan de (1783-1853) Monti, Vincenzo (1754-1828) Montigny, Florent de Montmorency, Baron of (1527-70) Montluc, Bishop of Valence (1572) Montmirail, battle of (1814) Montmorency, Anne de, Constable of France (1493-1567) Montmorency, Charlotte de, Princesse de Conde (b. 1593) Montmorency, Duc Anne de (1493-1567) Montmorency, Duchesse de (fl. 1758) Montmorency, Guillaume de (1530) Montmorency, Henri II, Duke of (1595-1632) Montmorency, Mathieu de (1767-1826) Montmorin, Comte Armand-Marc de (1745?-92) Montpensier, Anne Marie Louise d'Orleans, Duchesse de, "La Grande Mademoiselle" (1627-93) Montpensier, Catherine Marie de Lorraine, Duchess of (1552-96) Montpensier, Gilbert, Count of (d. 1496) Montpensier, Marie de Bourbon de, Duchesse d'Orleans (d. 1627) Montpensier, Mlle. de (fl. 1756) Montrose, James Graham, 1st Marquis and 5th Earl of (1612-50) Montsauge, Jeanne de (fl. 1772) Mook, battle of (1574) Moore, Sir John (1761-1809) Moore, Thomas (1779-1852) Moplah (mo'-pla) Mor, Anthonis (1512?-76) Mora y Gonzaga, Marquis Jose de (1744-74) Morales, Cristobal (c. 1500-53) Morales, Luis de (1510?-86) Morand, Dr. (fl. 1765) Morandi, Antonio (d. 1568) Moratin, Leandro Fernandez de (1760-1828) Moratin, Nicolas Fernandez de (1737-80) Moray, James Stuart, Earl of (1499?-1544) More, Hannah (1745-1833) More, Henry (1614-87) More, Sir Thomas, St. (1478-1535) Moreau, Jacob Nicolas (fl. 1757) Moreau, Jean-Victor (1763-1813) Morel, Bartolome (fl. 1568) Morellet, Andre (1727-1819) Morelli, Cosimo (1732-1810) Morelly (socialist, fl. 1755) Moreri, Louis (1643-80) Moretto da Brescia (Alessandro Bonvicino: c. 1498-1554) Morgagni, Giovanni Battista (1682-1771) Morgan, John Pierpont (1837-1913) Morgan, Lewis Henry, American ethnologist (1818-1881) Morgan, Thomas (d. 1743) Mori Zozen (mor-e zo-zen), Japanese painter (1747-1821) Morland, Samuel (1625-95) Morley, John, Viscount Morley of Blackburn (1838-1923) Morley, Thomas (1557-1603?) Mornington, Garret Wesley, 1st Earl of (1735-81) Mornington, Richard Colley Wellesley, 2d Earl of, later 1st Marquess Wellesley (1760-1842) Moro, Anton Lazzaro (1687-1740) Morone, Andrea (1502) Morone, Cardinal Giovanni (1509-80) Morone, Domenico (1442- c. 1509) Morone, Francesco (1473-1529) Morone, Girolamo (c. 1450-1529) Moroni, Giambattista (c. 1525-78) Morosini, Francesco (1618-94) Morris, Gouverneur (1752-1816) Morris, William, English poet and artist (1834-1896) Morsztyn, Andrzej (17th cent.) Morteira, Saul Levi (c. 1596-1660) Mortemart, Duchesse de (fl. 1690) Mortier, Edouard-Adolphe (1768-1835) Mortimer, Roger de (1287-1330) Morton, James Douglas, 4th Earl of (1525?-81) Morton, John, Archbishop (1420?-1500) Morus, Alexander (fl. 1653) Morzin, Count Maximilian von (fl. 1759) Moscow: burning of (1812) Moses (c. 1200 B.C.) Mosheim, Johann Lorenz von (1694-1755) Mosul, (mo-sool') Moti Masjid (mo'-te mas'-jed) Motif (F)- a characteristic feature or theme. Motley John Lothrop (1814-77) Moto-ori Norinaga (mo-to-o-re no-re-na-ga), (1730-1801), Japanese historian of Shinto legends Motteux, Pierre Antoine (1660?-1718) Motteville, Francoise Bertaut de (1621?-89) Motya (mot'-ya) Mouhot, Henri, French Orientalist (ca. 1858) Moulin, Jean-Francois-Auguste (1752-1810) Moulin, Pierre de (fl. 1652) Moultou, Paul (fl. 1760) Mounier, Jean-Joseph (1758-1806) Mount Abu (a'-boo) Mountjoy, Baron (d. 1534) Mountjoy, Charles Blount, 8th Baron, (1563-1606) Mountstuart, John Stuart, Lord (fl. 1765) Moussinot, Abbe (fl. 1737) Moussorgsky, Modest Petrovich (1835-81) Mozart, Anna Maria, nee Pertl (d. 1778) Mozart, Constanze, nee Weber (1763-1842) Mozart, Franz Zaver Wolfgang (1791-1844) Mozart, Johann Georg Leopold (1719-87) Mozart, Karl Thomas (1784-1858) Mozart, Leopold (in full, Johann Georg Leopold; 1719-87) Mozart, Maria Anna ("Nannerl"; 1751-1829) Mozart, Maria Anna Thekla (1758-1841) Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, Austrian composer (1756-1791) Mridanga (mri-dan'-ga) Mu-ch'i (moo-chi), Chinese painter (10th century) Mucianus, Licinius, general and historian (fl. 1st century) Mudhera (moo-da'-ra) Muesinade Ali (fl. 1571) Muhammad Nur, Sultan (1540) Muhammad bin Tughlak (moo-ham'mad bin toogh'-lak) Sultan of Delhi (1325-1351) Muhammud Salih Tabrizi (17th cent.) Muiron, Colonel (d. 1796) Mukden (mook'-den) Mulai Ismail, Sultan of Morocco (r. 1672-1727) Mulcaster, Richard (1530?-1611) Muler, Geleyn de (d. 1561) Muley Hassan, Prince (1534) Mulgrave, John Sheffield, 3d Earl of (1648-1721) Mulgrave, Sir Henry Phipps, 3d Baron, later 1st Earl of Mulgrave (1755-1831) Mullah (A)- a Moslem scholar. Muller, Adam Heinrich (1779-1829) Muller, August Friedrich (fl. 1725) Muller, Friedrich "Maler" (1749-1825) Muller, Friedrich Max, English philologist (1823-1900) Muller, Friedrich von (fl. 1808) Muller, Hans (1524) Muller, Johann (Regiomontanus; 1436-76) Muller, Johannes Peter (1801-58) Muller, Johannes von (1752-1809) Multan (mool-tan') Mummius Achaicus, Lucius, general (fl. 2nd century B.C.) Mummius, Lucius, Roman statesman and general (fl. 2nd century B.C.) Mumtaz Mahal (moom'-taz ma-hal'), Shah Jehan's wife (died 1631) Munchausen, Baron, German teller of tall tales (Karl Friedrich Hieronymus von Munchhausen; 1720-97) Munda, battle in 45 B.C. Munggenast, Fraz (1724-48) Munggenast, Josef (fl. 1725) Muni (H)- saint. Munnich, Count Christoff von (1683-1767) Munro, Sir Thomas, British general and Colonial administrator (1761-1827) Munster, Sebastian (1489-1552) Munster, Treaty of (1648) Munychia (mu-nik'-i-a) Munychion (mu-nik'-i-on) Munzer, Thomas (1489?-1525) Murad I, Sultan (1359-89) Murad II, Sultan of Turkey (1421-51) Murad III, Ottoman Sultan (1574-95) Murad IV, Ottoman Sultan (1623-40) Murasaki no-Shikibu (moo-ra-sa-ke no-shik-i-boo), Lady, Japanese novelist (978-1031?) Murat, Caroline, nee Maria Carolina Bonaparte (1782-1839) Murat, Joachim (1767-1815), King of Naples (r. 1805-15) Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, Italian archaeologist (1672-1750) Muraviov, Mikhail Nikitch (1757-1807) Murdock, William (1754-1839) Murena, Lucius Licinius, propraetor in Asia (fl. 83-81 B.C.) Murillo, Bartolome Esteban (1617-82) Murner, Thomas (1475-1537) Muro Kyuso (moo-ro ku-zo), Japanese philosopher (fl. 1700) Murray, Alexander, philologist (1775-1813) Murray, James Stuart, Earl of (1531?-70), Regent of Scotland (1567-70) Murray, John, publisher (1778-1843) Murray-Pulteney, Sir James (fl. 1797) Murshidabad (moor-shed'-a-bad) Musa, Antonius, physician (fl. end of 1st century B.C.) Musa, Ibn (moo'-za, ib-n), Arabian mathematician (died ca. 850 B.C.) Musaeus (late 5th cent. B.C.) Musaeus (mu-ze'-us) Musculus, Andreas (1560) Mussato, Albertino (1314) Musschenbroek, Pieter van (1692-1761) Musset, Alfred de (1810-57) Mussolini, Benito, Italian statesman (1883-1945) Mustafa I, Ottoman Sultan (1622-23) Mustafa II, Ottoman Sultan (r. 1695-1703) Mustafa [Mustapha] III, Ottoman Sultan (r. 1757-74) Mustafa, son of Suleiman I, (d. 1553) Musurus, Marcus (c. 1470-1517) Mutahat, Sheik of Arabia Felix (fl. 1571) Mutianus Rufus, Conradus (1471?-1526) Mutsuhito (moot-soo-he-to), Emperor of Japan (1868-1912) Muttu Virappa Nayyak (moot'-too ve-rap'-pa na'-yak), Prince of Madura (early 17th century) Muziano, Girolamo (1528?-92) Mycale (mik'-a-le) Mycenae (mi-se'-ne) Mycerinus (mis-er-i'-us), see Menkaure Myconius, Friedrich (1491-1546) Myconius, Oswald (1488-1552) Myconos (mi'-ko-nos) Mylias (mil'-i-as), Athenian businessman (4th century B.C.) Mylitta (mi-lit'-ta), see Ishtar Mylius, Christlob (1722-54) Myron (mi'-ron), Greek sculptor (fl. ca. 450 B.C.) Myron, tyrant of Sicyon (6th century B.C.) Myrtilus (mu'-ti-lus) Mysia (mish'-i-a) Mysis (mi'-sis) slave of Epicurus (3rd century B.C.) Myslivecek, Josef (1737-81) Mysore (mi-sor') (city) Mytilene (mit'-i-le'-ne) Myus (mi'-us) N - Nabis (na'-bis), tyrant of Sparta (fl. 207 B.C.) Nabonidus (nab-o-ni'-dus), King of Babylon (556-539 B.C.) Nabopolassar (nab-o-po-las'er), King of Babylonia (ca. 625-605 B.C.) Nabu (na'-boo) Nadir Kuli, Shah of Persia (r. 1736-47) Nadir Shah (na'-der sha), Persian conqueror and ruler (1734-1747) Naevius, Cnaeus, dramatist and poet (?-ca. 202 B.C.) Naga (H)- snake. Naga (na'-ga) (dragon god) Nagaoka (na-ga-o'-ka) Nagarjuna (na'-gar-joo'-na), Indian scientist (2nd century B.C.) Nagas (na'-gaz) (tribe) Nagasaki (na-ga-sa-ke) Nagasena (na-ga-sa'-na), Indian sage (ca. 100 B.C.) Naharina (na-ha-re'-na) Naiads (na'-adz) Naigeon, Jacques Andre (1738-1810) Naiki (ni-ke), Japanese hero (ca. 1615) Nakaye Toju (na-ki-ye to-joo), Japanese philosopher (1608-1648) Naksh-i-Rustam (nak'-she-roos-tam') Nala (na'-la) Nalanda (na'-lan-da) Nambudri (nam-boo'-dri) Brahmans Namikawa Tenjin (na-me-ka-wa ten-jen), Japanese philosopher (ca. 1700) Nanak (na'-nak), founder of the Sikhs (ca.1468-1539) Nanda, (nan'-da) Magadhan prince (ca. 523 B.C.) Nandi (H)- the benediction introducing a Hindu drama. Nandi (nan'-de) Nanking (nan'-king, nan-jing) Nannar (nan'-nar) Nanno, beloved of Mimnermus (7th century B.C.) Nantes, Edict of (1598), revocation of (1685) Nanteuil, Robert (1623-78) Nantwich, battle of (1644) Naomi (na'-o-me, na-o'-me) Napier, John (1550-1617) Naples, King of (1735-59), see Charles III, of Spain Napoleon I (1769-1821), Emperor of the French (r. 1804-14, 1815); as consul (1799-1804) Napoleon II (Napoleon-Francois-Joseph-Charles, King of Rome; 1811-32) Napoleon III (Charles-Louis-Napoleon), Emperor of the French (r. 1852-71) Napoleonic France (1800-1815) Napoleonic Wars (1800-1815) Nara (na-ra) Narada (na'-ra-da) Naram-sin (nar'-am-sin'), King of Sumeria and Akkad (2795-2739 B.C.) Narbada (nar-ba-da') River Narbonne-Lara, Comte Louis de (1755-1813) Narcissus (nar-sis'-us), secretary of Claudius (?-54 A.D.) Nardini, Michele (1513) Nardini, Pietro (1722-93) Naruszewicz, Adam (1733-96) Narva, battles at (1700, 1704) Nas, Johann (fl. 1565) Nascimento, Francisco Manoel do (1734-1819) Naseby, battle of (1645) Nash, John (1752-1835) Nash, Richard "Beau" (1674-1762) Nash, Thomas (1567-1601) Nasik (na'-sik) Nasiru-d-din (na'-ser-ood-den'), Sultan of Delhi (fl. 1510) Nasrulla (fl. 1739), son of Nadir Kuli Nassi, Joseph, Duke of Naxos (fl. 1566) Nastika (nas'-ti-ka), philosophies Nathan Ghazati (1644-80) National (Constituent) Assembly (France, 1789-91) National Convention (France, 1792-95) Nattier, Jean-Marc (1685-1766) Naucratis (no'-kra-tis) Naude, Gabriel (1600-1653) Naupactus (naw-pak'-tus) Nauplia (no'-pli-a) Nausicaa (no-sik'-a-a) Nautch (H)- a Hindu temple dancer. Nautch (noch) girls Navagero, Andrea (1483-1529) Navigation Act (England, 1651) Navigation Act of 1663 (England) Naxos (nak'-sos), Joseph Nassi, Duke of (fl. 1566) Nayler, James (1617?-60) Neacles (ne'-o-klez), painter (fl. 3rd century B.C.) Neapolis (ne-ap'-o-lis) Nearches (ne-ar'-kez), tyrant of Elea (5th century B.C.) Nearchus, Macedonian general (4th century B.C.) Neb-sent (neb'-sent), Egyptian lady (ca. 3100 B.C.) Nebo (ne'-bo) Nebuchadrezzar (neb'-uk-ad-rez'-er) II, King of Babylon (605-562 B.C.) Necho (ne'-ko), King of Egypt (reigned 610-594 B.C.) Necker, Jacques (1732-1804) Necker, Suzanne, nee Curchod (1737-94) Necropolis (ne-krop'-o-lis) Needham, John Turberville (1713-81) Needham, Mother (d. 1731) Neefe, Christian Gottlob (1748-98) Neer, Aert van der (1603-83) Neerwinden, battle of (1693) Nefi of Erzurum (d. 1635) Nehemiah, governor of Judea (465-424 B.C.) Nehra, Henriette de (fl. 1784) Neipperg, Count Adam Adalbert von (1775-1829) Neipperg, Marshal Count Wilhelm von (1684-1774) Nejati, Isa (d. 1508) Neleus, philosopher (3rd century B.C.) Nelli, Ottaviano (c. 1370- c. 1445) Nelson, Horatio, later Viscount Nelson (1758-1805) Nemea (ne'-me-a) Nemesis (nem'-e-sis) Nemours, Duc de (fl. 1652) Neobule (ne-ob'-u-le), beloved of Archilochus (7th century B.C.) Neoptolemus (ne'-op-tol'-e-mus) Nepal (ne-pol') Nephelococcygia (nef'-e-lo-kok-sij'-i-a) Nephthys (nef'-this) Nepos, Cornelius, historian and biographer (100-29 B.C.) Nereids (ne'-re-idz) Nergal (ner'-gal) Neri, Saint Philip (1515-95) Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus), Emperor of Rome (r. 54-68) Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus. Originally Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus) (37-68), Roman emperor (r. 54-68) Nero, Tiberius Claudius, noble, father of Tiberius (fl. 1st century B.C.) Nero, son of Agrippina the Elder (fl. 1st century A.D.) Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva) (32-98), Emperor of Rome (r. 96-98) Nesiotes (nes-i-o'-tez), sculptor (5th century B.C.) Nesle, Adelaide de, Duchesse de Lauraguais (1714-69) Nesselrode, Count Karl Robert (1780-1862) Nestor (nes'-tor) Netherlands, kingdom of (1815 ff.) Netherlands, revolt against Spain in (1568-1648) Netsuke (J)- carved knobs for holding a tassel. Netsuke (net-soo-ka) Nette, J. F., architect (fl. 1704) Neubrandenburg, capture of (1631) Neumann, Johann Balthasar (1687-1753) Neumarkt, battle of (1797) Nevers, Duc de (fl. 1703) Neville, Edmund (fl. 1584) Newbery, John (1713-67) Newcastle, Henry Pelham Clinton, 4th Duke of (1785-1851) Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of (1693-1768) Newcomen, Matthew (1610?-69) Newcomen, Thomas (1663-1729) Newman, John Henry, Cardinal, English theologian (1801-1890) newspaper, first (1548) Newson, Colonel (fl. 1650) Newton, Isaac, English philosopher and mathematician (1642-1727) Newton, John (1725-1807) Newton, Sir Isaac, English scientist (1642-1727) Newton, Thomas (fl. 1754), bishop of London Ney, Michel, Marechal (1769-1815) Nicaea (ni-se'-a) Nicanor (ni-ka'-nor), governor of Judea (2nd century B.C.) Nicarete (ni-ka-re'-te), courtesan Niccoli, Niccolo de' (1364-1437) Niccolini, Antonio (1772-1850) Niccolo Pisano (c. 1201-78) Niccolo da Correggio (fl. 1510) Niccolo di Liberatore da Foligno (1430-1502) Nichiren (ni-che-ren), founder of the Lotus Sect (1222-1282) Nicholas I, Czar of Russia (r. 1825-55) Nicholas II, Czar of Russia (r. 1894-1917) Nicholas V (Tommaso Parentucelli), Pope (1447-55) Nicholas V, Antipope (1328) Nicholas of Cusa (1401-64) Nicholas of Lyra (c. 1270-1340) Nicias (nish'-i-as), statesman and general (d. 413 B.C.) Nicodemus, Jewish Pharisee (1st century) Nicolai, Marquise de (fl. 1762) Nicolas de Clemanges (1360?-1434) Nicolaus of Damascus, Greek historian (fl. 1st century B.C.) Nicole, Pierre (1625-95) Nicolini (Niccolo Grimaldi; 1673?-1732?) Nicolle, Gabriel-Henri (1767-1829) Nicomedes (ni-kom'-i-dez) I, King of Bithynia (reigned 278-250 B.C.) Nicomedes II Epiphanes, King of Bithynia (reigned 142-91 B.C.) Nicomedes III Philopator, King of Bithynia (reigned 91-74 B.C.) Nicopolis (ni-kop'-o-lis) Nicosthenes (ni-kos'-the-nez), potter (6th century B.C.) Nicot, Jean (1530?-1600) Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, German historian and philologist (1776-1831) Niebuhr, Carsten (1733-1815), explorer Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn (1757-1841) Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, German philosopher (1844-1900) Nifo, Agostino (1473?-1538) Nigrinus, general of Trajan (?-118) Nihongi (nye-hong-gi) Nijmegen, Treaty of (1678-79) Nike (ne'-ke) Nikko (nyik-ko) Nikolai, Christoph Friedrich (1733-1811) Nikolaus von der Flue (1417-1487) Nikon Bashi (nyik-on ba-she) (Tokyo bridge) Nikon, Patriarch of Moscow (1605-81) Niku (ne'-koo) II, King of Egypt (609-593 B.C.) Nile, battle of the (1798) Nimrud (nim'-rood), see Kalakh Nina (ne'-na) Nineveh (nin'-e-ve) Ning Tsung (ning dzoong), Emperor of China (ca. 1212) Ningirsu (nin-ger'-soo) Ningpo (ning-po) Ninigi (nin-i-ji) Ninil (nin'-il) Ninkarsag (nin-kar'-sag) Ninlil (nin'-lil) Ninsei (nin-sa), Japanese potter (ca. 1655) Niobe (ni'-o-be) Nippon (nip-pon'), see Japan Nippur (nip-poor') Nirvana (ner-va'-na) Nisard, Desire (1806-88) Nishi-Hongwan (nish-e hong-wan) Temple Nishka (H)- a coin often used as an ornament. Nisin (ne-zin) Nithard, Johannes Eberhard (1607-81) Nivander, Pastor (fl. 1582) Nivernois, Louis-Jules Mancini Mazarini, Duc de (1716-98) Niyama (ne-ya-ma) Nizami, Abu Muhammad (1141-1202) Nizzoli, Mario (1498-1576) Noailles, Marechal Duc Adrien Maurice de (1678-1766) Noailles, Louis Antoine, Cardinal de (1651-1729), Archbishop of Paris Noailles, Vicomte Louis-Marie de (1756-1804) Nobili, Roberto de' (1576-1656) Noble, William, physicist (fl. 1673) Nobunaga (no-boo-na-ga), Japanese shogun (1573-1582) Nofretete (no-fra-ta'-ta), wife of Amenhotep IV (fl. 1380-1362 B.C.) Nofrit (no'-frit), wife of Rahotep Nogi, Count Maresuke (no-ge, ma-ra-soo-ka), Japanese general (1849-1912) Noguchi, Hideyo (he-da-yo no-goo-che), Japanese scientist (1876-1928) Noguchi, Yone (yo-na), Japanese poet Nollekens, Joseph (1737-1823) Nom de plume (F)- a pen-name. Nonesuch Palace (1538) Nonnotte, Abbe Claude Francois (1711-93) Noort, Adam van (1557-1641) Noot, Henri van den (1750-1827) Nordberg, Joran Andersson (1677-1744) Nordenflycht, Hedvig (1718-63) Norfolk, Charles Howard, 11th Duke of (1746-1815) Norfolk, Duke of (1473-1554) Norfolk, Thomas Howard III, 4th Duke of (1536-72) Norman conquest (1066) Norman, Robert (fl. 1576) North, Frederick, Lord, 2d Earl of Guilford (1732-92) North, Sir Thomas (1535?-1601) Northbrooke, John (fl. 1577) Northern Seven Years' War (1563-70) Northern War (1410) Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of, Earl of Warwick (1502?-53) Northumberland, Sir Henry Percy, 9th Earl of (1564-1632) Northumberland, Sir Hugh Percy, 2d Duke of (1742-1817) Northumberland, Sir Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of (1528-72) Nostradamus (Michel de Notredame: 1503-66) Notium (no'-ti-um) Nottingham, Daniel Finch, 2d Earl of (1647-1730) Notus (no'-tus) Nouveaux riches-the newly rich. Novalis (Freiherr Georg Friedrich Philipp von Hardenberg; 1772-1801) Novara, Domenico de (1498) Novarmes, Philippe de (fl. 1572) Novatian, Christian schismatic (fl. 3rd century) Novatus, Christian schismatic (fl. 3rd century) Novatus, Marcus Annaeus (Gallio), governor (?-65) Novella d'Andrea (d. 1366) Noverre, Jean-Georges (1727-1810) Novi, Alevisio (1493) Novikov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1744-1818) Novosiltsov, Nikolai Nikolaevich (1761-1836) Novum Ilium (no'-wum il'-i-um) Nubia (nu'-bi-a) Nugent, Dr. Christopher (d. 1775) Numa Pompilius, legendary King of Rome (r. 715-673 B.C.) Numitor, legendary King of Latium (8th century B.C.) Nuncomar (d. 1775) Nunes, Pedro (1492-1577) Nur Jehan (noor ja-han'), Jehangir's wife (ca. 1625) Nut (noot) Nutmose (noot'-moz), Egyptian artist (ca. 1370 B.C.) Nyama (H)- the second stage of Yoga. Nyaya (nya'-ya) philosophy Nyaya Sutra (soo'-tra) Nymphenburg, Bavaria, secret alliance of (1741) Nystad, Peace of (1721) O - Oannes (o-an'-as) Oates, Titus (1649-1705) Obberger, Anthonis van (d. 1611) Objets d'art (L)- art objects. Obrecht, Jakob (c. 1430- c. 1505) Oceanids (o-se'-a-nidz) Oceanus (o-se'-a-nus) Ochino, Bernardino (1487-1564) Ochis, Andreolo de (15th cent.) Ochs, Peter (1752-1821) Ochus (o'-kus), see Artaxerxes III Ochus Ockham, William of (c. 1300-1349) Ockley, Simon (1678-1720) O'Connell, Daniel, Irish orator and politician (1775-1847) Octavia, sister of Augustus (?-11 B.C.) Octavia, wife of Nero (40-62) Octavius, Cnaeus, consul (?-87 B.C.) Octavius, Marcus, tribune (fl. 2nd century B.C.) Odenathus, ruler of Palmyra (?-266) Oderic of Pordenone (1286-1331) Odeum (o-de'-um) Odium literarium (L)- a mutual dislike occasionally noticeable among authors. Odoacer, first barbarian ruler of Italy (434?-493) O'Donnell, Hugh, Lord of Tyrconnel (1571?-1602) O'Donnell, Moritz (b. 1780) Odysseus (o-dis'-us) Odyssey (od'-i-si) Oeben, Jean Francois (1685-1765) Oecolampadius, Johannes (1482-1531) Oedipus (ed'-i-pus) Oehlenschlager, Adam Gottlob (1779-1850) Oeneus (e'-nus) Oenoe (e'-no-e) Oenomaus (e-nom'-a-us) Oenopides (e-nop'-i-dez) of Chios, astronomer (5th century B.C.) Oersted, Hans Christian (1777-1851) Oertel, Abraham (1527-98) Oeser, Adam Friedrich (1717-99) Offenbach, Jacques (1819-80) Ogilvie, John (1580-1615) Oglethorpe, James Edward (1696-1785) Ogodai (o-go-di), Grand Khan of the Mongols (1229-1241) Ogygia (o-jij'-i-a) Ogyu Sorai (og-yoo so-ri), Japanese philosopher (1666-1728) Oikoumene (sc. ge)- the inhabited world. Ojeda Alonzo de (1465?-1515) Ojeda, Alonso de, Spanish explorer (ca. 1470-1508) Okeghem, Johannes (c. 1430-95) Olaf II, King of Norway (1380-87) Olavide, Pablo (1726-1803) Oldcastle, Sir John (1377?-1417) Oldenbarneveldt, Jan van (1547-1619) Oldenburg, Count of (fl. 1594) Oldenburg, Henry (1615?-77) Oldenburg, Peter Friedrich Ludwig, Duke of (1755-1829) Oldfield, Anne (1683-1730) Oldmixon, John (1673-1742), Eng. historian Olesnicki, Archbishop (1447) Olevianus, Kaspar (1536-87) Olgiati, Girolamo (d. 1476) Olgierd, Grand Duke of Lithuania (1345-77) Olier, Jean Jacques (1608-57) Oliva, "Baronne" d' (fl. 1785) Oliva, Peace of (1660) Olivares, Gaspar de Guzman, Count of (1587-1645) Oliverotto, tyrant of Fermo (d. 1502) Olympia (o-lim'-pi-a) Olympias, Queen of Macedonia (d. 316 B.C.) Olympieum (o-lim'-pi-e'-um) Olympus (o-lim'-pus), musician (8th century B.C.) Olynthus (o-lin'-thus) Omar (o'-mar), mosque of, Jerusalem Omar Khayyam (d. c. 1123) O'Meara, Barry Edward (1786-1836) O'More, Rory II (d. 1578) O'More, Rory III (fl. 1620-52) Omura (o-moo-ra), Lord of Nagasaki (16th century) Onan (o'-nan), biblical character Onatas (o-na'-tas), sculptor (5th century B.C.) O'Neill, Hugh, 2d Earl of Tyrone (1540?-1616) O'Neill, Shane (1530?-67) O'Neill, Sir Phelim (1604?-53) Oneiros (o-ni'-ros) Onias III, high priest of Jerusalem (2nd century B.C.) Onna Daikaku (on-na di-ka-koo) Ono Goroyemon (o-no go-ro-ya-mon), Japanese sculptor (ca. 1252) Onomacritus (o'-no-mak'-ri-tus), scholar (520 B.C.) Onslow, Col. George, later 1st Earl of Onslow (1731-1814) Ophir (o'-fer) Opie, Amelia (1769-1853) Oporinus, Johannes (1507-68) Oppenheim, sacked by French (1689) Oppenheimer, Joseph (1692?-1738) Oppenheimer, Samuel (1635-1703) Oppenordt, Gilles Marie (1672-1742) Oppert, Julius, German Orientalist (1825-1905) Oppius, Caius, citizen and friend of Caesar (fl. 1st century B.C.) Oppius, Caius, tribune (fl. end of 3rd century B.C.) Orange, Philibert de Chalon, Prince of (1502-30) Orcagna (Andrea di Cione: fl. 1344-68) Orchomenos (or-kom'-e-nos) Ordener, Michel (1755-1811) Ordonez, Garcia (c. 1500) Ordonnance Criminelle (France, 1670) Oresme, Nicole (c. 1323-82) Oresteia (o'-res-te'-ya) Orestes (o-res'-tez), Pannonian general (?-476) Oriani, Barnaba (1752-1832) Origen (Origines Adamantius), Christian Alexandrian teacher (185?-254?) Orissa (o-ris'-sa) Orkhan, Sultan (1326-59) Orkney, George Hamilton, Earl of (1666-1737) Orleans, Charles, Duke of (1391-1465) Orleans, Gaston Jean Baptiste, "Monsieur," Duc d' (1608-1660) Orleans, Louis Philippe Joseph ("Philippe Egalite"), Duc d', see Chartres, Duc de Orleans, Philippe I ("Monsieur"), Duc d' (1640-1701) Orleans, Louis Philippe, Duc d' (1725-85) Orleans, Louis, Duc d' (1703-52), son of Regent Orleans, Louis, Duke of (d. 1407) Orleans, Louis-Philippe, Duc d' (1725-85) Orleans, Louis-Philippe-Joseph ("Philippe Egalite") Duc d' (1747-93) Orleans, Louise-Marie de Bourbon-Penthievre, Duchesse d' (1753-1821) Orleans, Marguerite de Lorraine, Duchesse d' (d. 1673) Orleans, Marie de Bourbon de Montpensier, Duchesse d' (d. 1627) Orleans, Philippe I, "Monsieur," Duc d' (1640-1701) Orleans, Philippe II, Duc d' (1674-1723), Regent of France (r. 1715-23) Orley, Bernaert van (1492?-1542) Orlov, Alexei Grigorievich (1737-1809) Orlov, Feodor Grigorievich (1741-90) Orlov, Grigori Grigorievich (1734-83) Ormonde, James Butler, 12th Earl of, 1st Duke of (1610-88) Ormonde, James Butler, 2d Duke of (1665-1745) Ormonde, Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of (1532-1614) Orontes (o-ron'-tez) River Oropus (o-ro'-pus) Orpheus (or'-fus) Orry, Jean (1652-1719) Orry, Philibert (fl. 1730-45) Orsini, Alfonsina (1472-1519) Orsini, Battista (d. 1503) Orsini, Clarice (1453-87) Orsini, Francesco, Duke of Gravina (d. 1502) Orsini, Giulio (1503) Orsini, Iacopo (d. 1379) Orsini, Laura (b. 1492) Orsini, Napoleone (1263-1342) Orsini, Paolo (d. 1503) Orsini, Virginio (d. 1497) Orsini-Rosenberg, Count Franz (1723-96) Orta, Garcia d' (c. 1500-c. 1570) Orthagoras (or-thag'-o-ras), tyrant of Sicyon (fl. 676 B.C.) Ortiz, Pablo (1490) Ortoghrul (d. 1288?) Ortygia (or-tij'-i-a) Orzechowski, Stanislas (1515-66) Osaka (o-sa-ka) Osborne, Dorothy, later Lady Temple (1627-1695) Osborne, Thomas (d. 1767), bookseller Osiander, Andreas (1498-1552) Osiris (o-si'-ris) Osler, Sir William (1849-1919) Osman (Othman; 1288-1326) Osorio, Isabel de (fl. 1546), morganatic wife of Philip II of Spain Osroes, King of Parthia (fl. 2nd century) Ossa (os'-a), Mt. Ossory, Lord (fl. 1765) Ostade, Adriaen van (1610-85) Ostade, Isaac van (1621-49) Ostermann, Count Andrei Ivanovich (1686-1747) Ostia (os'-tya) Osuna, Pedro Tellez y Giron, Duke of (1574?-1624), Viceroy of Naples (1616-20) Oswego, Fort, capture of (1756) Othman II, Ottoman Sultan (1617-22) Otho (Marcus Salvius Otho), Roman emperor (32-69) Otho I, Holy Roman Emperor (936-73) Otho III, Holy Roman Emperor (983-1002) Othrys (oth'-ris), Mt. Otricoli (o-trik'-o-le) Otto I the Great, King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor (r. 936-73) Ottoboni, Pietro, Cardinal (fl. 1708) Ottokar II, King of Bohemia (1253-78) Otway, Thomas (1652-85) Oudh (oud) Oudinot, Nicolas-Charles (1767-1847) Oudry, Jean Baptiste (1689-1755) Oughtred, William (1575-1660) Ouvrard, Gabriel-Julien (1770-1846) Ovando, Nicolas de (1460?-1518) Overbeck, Johann Friedrich (1789-1869) Overbury, Sir Thomas (1581-1613) Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso), Roman poet (43 B.C.-A.D. 17?) Oviedo, Gonzalo de (1478-1557) Owen, Robert (1771-1858) Owen, Robert Dale (1801-77) Oxenstierna, Count Axel Gustafsson (1583-1654) Oxford, Edward de Vere, Earl of (1550-1604) Oxford, Robert Harley, 1st Earl of (1689-1711) Oxus (ok'-sus) River Oxyrhynchus (ok'-si-ring'-kus) Oyomei (o-yo-ma), see Wang Yang-ming P - Pacassi, Niccolo (1716-90) Pacchierotti, Gasparo (1744-1821) Pace (L)- with peace; with all respect to, despite, begging the pardon of. Pacello, Domenico (1495) Pache, Jean-Guillaume (1740?-1823) Pacheco, Francisco (1564-1654) Pacher, Michael (1435-98) Paches (pa'-kez), Athenian general (5th century B.C.) Pachomius, St., Egyptian founder of first monastery (292?-346?) Pacification of Ghent (1576) Pacification, Act of (Netherlands, 1576) Pacioli, Luca (c. 1450- c. 1520) Pacte de Famille (1761) Pactolus (pac-to'-lus) River Pactum Mutuae Successionis (1703) Pacuvius, Marcus, tragic dramatist (220-130 B.C.) Padmapani (pad-ma-pa'-ne) Paeonia (pe-o'-ni-a) Paeonius (pe-o'-ni-us) of Mende, sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.) Paeonius of Ephesus, architect (6th century B.C.) Paes, Domingos, Portuguese missionary (fl. 1522) Paes, Pecho (fl. 1588) Paestum (pes'-tum) Paeta, Arria, wife of Caecina Paetus (1st century) Paetus (pe-e'-tus) and Arria (a-re'-a) Paetus, Caecina, aristocrat (?-42) Paganel, Pierre (1745-1826) Paganini, Niccolo (1782-1840) Paget, Arthur (1771-1840) Pagnini, Sante (c. 1470- c. 1538) Pahlavi (pa'-la-ve) Pahlen, Count Peter von (1745-1826) Paine, Thomas (1737-1809) Painter, William (c. 1540-94) Pais, Ettore, Italian historian (b. 1856) Paisiello, Giovanni (1740-1816) Pajou, Augustin (1730-1809) Palaeologus, Zoe (fl. 1472) Palafox y Melzi, Jose (1775-1847) Palaikastro (pal'-i-kas'-tro) Palatinate (Rhineland): devastation of (1674, 1688), War of the (1688-89) Palatine, Elector, see Frederick V (r. 1610-1623); Charles Louis (r. 1648-80) Palatine, Princess, see Charlotte Elisabeth (1652-1722) Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da, Italian composer (1524?-1594) Paley, William (1743-1805) Pali (pa'-le) Palissot de Monteney, Charles (1730-1814) Palissy, Bernard (1510-89) Palla, Battista della (1530) Palladio, Andrea, Italian architect (1518-1580) Pallas (pal'-as), treasurer of Claudius (fl. 1st century) Pallavas (pal'-la-vaz) Pallavicino, Pietro Sforza (1607-67) Palm, Johann Philipp (1766-1806) Palma Giovane (Iacopo Palma the Younger: 1544-1628) Palma Vecchio (Iacopo de Antonio de Negreto: 1480-1528) Palma, Aulus Cornelius, general of Trajan (?-118) Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3d Viscount (1784-1865) Palmezzano, Marco (c. 1456- c. 1543) Pamirs (pa-merz') Pamphilus (pam'-fi-lus), painter (4th century B.C.) Pamphilus, Bishop of Caesarea (?-310) Pamphylia (pam-fil'-i-a) Pamphylians (pam-fil'-yanz) Pan Ho-pan (pan ho-pan), Lady, Chinese bluestocking Panaenus (pa-ne'-nus), painter (5th century B.C.) Panaetius (pa-ne'-shi-us) of Rhodes, Stoic philosopher (ca. 185-110 B.C.) Panaetius of Rhodes, Stoic philosopher (ca. 180-ca. 110 B.C.) Panathenaea (pan'-ath-e-ne-a) Panathenaicus (pan'-a-the-na'-i-kus) Panboeotia (pan'-be-o-shi-a) Panchagavia (pan-cha-ga'-vya) P'an Chao (pan jo), Chinese female scholar (ca. 100) Panchatantra (pan-cha-tan'-tra) Panckoucke, Charles-Joseph (1736-98) Pandavas (pan'-da-vaz) Pandolfini, Agnolo (1360-1446) Pandora (pan-do'-ra) Pandyas (pan'-dyaz) Panegyricus (pan'-e-jir'-i-kus) Panin, Count Nikita Petrovich (1770-1837) Panin, Nikita Ivanovich (1718-83) Panin, Piotr Ivanovich (1721-89) Panini (pa'-ni-ni), Indian grammarian (7th century B.C.) Panionia (pan'-i-o'-ni-a) Panionium (pan'-i-o-ni-um) Panipat (pan'-i-pat) Pankha (H)- a fan. P'an Ku (pan goo), the Chinese Adam P'an Ku, Chinese historian (ca. 100) Pannartz, Arnold (1465) Pannini, Giuseppe (fl. 1762) Pannonius, Janos (1434-72) Panormus (pa-nor'-mus) Pansa, Caius Vibius, consul (?-43 B.C.) Panselinos, Manuel (1535) Pantaleon, Jacques (c. 1200-64), see Urban IV, Pope Panthea, beauty of Antioch (2nd century) Panticapaeum (pan'-te-ka-pe'-um) Pantoja de la Cruz, Juan (1551-1608) Paoli, Pasquale di (1725-1807) Papal Schism (1378-1417) Paphlagonia (paf'-la-go'-ni-a) Paphnutius, Egyptian Bishop of Upper Thebes (fl. 4th century) Paphos (pa'-fos) Papias, Bishop of Hierapolis and writer (fl. 2nd century) Papin, Denis (1647-1712) Papinian (Aemilius Papinianus), jurist (?-212) Pappenheim, Gottfried Heinrich zu, Count (1594-1632) Parabere, Marie Magdeleine de La Vieuville, Comtesse de (1693-1750) Paracelsus (1493?-1541) Paracelsus, Philippus Aureolus (1493?-1541) Pardo, Convention of the (1739) Pare, Ambroise, father of French surgery (1517-1590) Pareja, Juan de (fl. 1650) Parens, David (fl. 1618) Parentucelli, Tommaso (c. 1397-1455), see Nicholas V, Pope Paret y Alcazar, Luis (1746-99) Parganait (par'-ga-nit) (caste of peasants) Pariahs (pa-ri'-az), see Outcastes Paribbajaka (pa-ri-ba'-ja-ka) Parini, Giuseppe (1729-99) Paris, Francois de (1690-1727) Paris, Peace of (1763) Paris, Treaties of: First (1814); Second (1815) Paris, Treaty of (1670) Paris, Treaty of (1782-83) Paris, famous pantomime actor (fl. 1st century) Paris-Duverney, Joseph (1684-1770) Paris-Montmartel, Jean (1690-1766) Park, Anna (fl. 1790) Park, Mungo, Scotch explorer (1771-1805) Parker, Matthew, Archbishop (1504-75) Parker, Samuel, Bishop of Oxford (1640-88) Parker, Sir Hyde (1739-1807) Parler, Heinrich (1361) Parmenides (5th cent. B.C.) Parmenides (par-men'-i-dez) of Elea, Greek philosopher (6th century B.C.) Parmenides, Greek philosopher (5th century B.C.) Parmenio (par-me'-ni-o), Macedonian general (400-330 B.C.) Parmigianino (Francesco Mazzuoli: 1504-40) Parnassus (par-nas'-us), Mt. Parnes (par'-nes) Mts. Paros (pa'-ros) Parr, Catherine (1512-48) Parr, Thomas (1483?-1635) Parrhasius (pa-ra'-shi-us), painter (fl. 400 B.C.) Parry, William (d. 1584) Parshwanath (par'-shwa-nat) Parsons, Robert (1546-1610) Parthenius, Roman freedman (fl. 1st century) Parthenon (par'-the-non) Parthia (par'-thi-a) Partridge, John (1644-1715) Parvati (par'-va-te) (an aspect of Kali) Parvenu (F)- one recently arrived at wealth or place. Parysatis (pa-ris'-a-tis), mother of Artaxerxes II (ca. 400 B.C.) Pasargadae (pa-sar'-gi-de) Pascal, Blaise, French philosopher and mathematician (1623-1662) Pascal, Etienne (d. 1651) Pascal, Jacqueline (1626-61) Pasch, Johan (1706-69) Pasch, Lorenz, the Elder (1702-66) Pasch, Lorenz, the Younger (1773-1805) Pasch, Ulrica (1735-96) Pasenada or Pasenadi (pa-sa'-na-di) Pasion (pa'-si-on), banker (5th century B.C.) Pasiphae (pa-sif'-a-e) Pasiteles, Greek artist in Rome (fl. 60-30 B.C.) Pasquier, Councilor (d. 1794) Pasquier, Etienne (1529-1615) Passau, Peace of (1552) Passek, Lieut. P. B. (fl. 1762) Passerini, Silvio (fl. 1514-27) Passerowitz, Treaty of (1718) Passim (L)- here and there. Passionei, Cardinal (fl. 1754) Pasteur, Louis, French scientist (1822-1895) Paston, Agnes (1450) Paston, John (1421-66) Paston, Margaret (1460) Paston, Sir John II (1442-79) Pastor, Ludwig von (1854-1928) Pataikion (pa-ti'-ke-on), thief (5th century B.C.) Pataliputra (pa'-ta-li-poo'-tra) Patanjali (pa-tan'-ja-le), Indian Yoga teacher (ca. 150 B.C.) Pate (F)- the potter's vessel in its paste form. Pater, Jean Baptiste (1695-1736) Pater, Walter, English essayist and critic (1839-1894) Paterson, William (1658-1719) Patesi (S)- the priest-magistrate of an early Mesopotamian state. Patesis (pa-ta'-zez) Patin, Guy (1601-72) Patinier, Joachim (1485?-1524) Patkul, Johann Reinhold von (1660-1701) Patna (pat'-na), see Pataliputra Paton, Betty (fl. 1785) Patrae (pat-re) Patrick, Saint (389?-461?) Patroclus (pa-tro'-klus) Pattadakal (pat'-a-da-kal) Paul I, Grand Duke, (Pavel Petrovich), Czar of Russia (r. 1796-1801) Paul II (Pietro Barbo), Pope (1464-71) Paul III (Alessandro Farnese), Pope (r. 1534-49) Paul IV (Giovanni Pietro Caraffa), Pope (1555-59) Paul V, Pope (1605-21) Paul of Samosata, Syrian heretic (fl. 2nd century) Paul of the Cross, Saint (Paolo Danei; 1694-1775) Paul the Hermit, Egyptian Christian monk (fl. 3rd and 4th centuries) Paul, Lewis (fl. 1738), inventor of first spinning machine Paul, Saint, Apostle to the Gentiles (?-67?) Paulet, Sir Amias (1536?-88) Paulina, Pompeia, wife of Seneca (1st century) Paulinus, Caius Suetonius, governor and general (fl. 1st century) Paulus Macedonicus, Lucius Aemilius, Roman general (229-160 B.C.) Paulus, Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob, German Protestant theologian (1761-1851) Paulus, Julius, jurist (fl. 2nd and 3rd centuries) Paulus, Lucius Aemilius, consul and general (?-216 B.C.) Pauly, August, German classical philologist (1796-1845) Paumann, Conrad (d. 1473) Pausanias, Greek sophist (fl. 2nd century) Pausanias (po-sa'-ni-as), Greek traveler and topographer (fl. 2nd century) Pausanias, Macedonian officer (fl. 336 B.C.) Pausanius, King of Sparta (fl. 479 B.C.) Pausias (po'-se-as) of Sicyon, painter (4th century B.C.) Pavilliard, Pastor (fl. 1753) Paxos (pak'-sos) Pazmany, Peter (1570-1637) Pazzi, Iacopo de' (d. 1478) Peace of the Church (1668-79) Peacock, Thomas Love (1785-1866) Peary, Robert Edwin, American arctic explorer (1856-1920) Peasants' War (Germany, 1524-25) Pecci, Gioacchino (1810-1903), see Leo XIII, Pope Pechili (ba-je'-le), Gulf of Pechlin, Baron Karl Fredrik von (fl. 1789) Pecock, Reginald (c. 1395-c. 1460) Pecquet, Jean (1622-74) Pecs, University (1367) Pedanius Secundus, prefect (fl. 1st century) Pedasus (ped'-a-sus) Pedersen, Christian (1480?-1554) Pedius, Quintus, painter (fl. reign of Augustus) Pedro (Peter) el Cruel, King of Castile and Leon (1350-69) Pedro I, King of Portugal (1357-67) Pedro II, King of Portugal (r. 1683-1706) Pedro III, King of Portugal (r. 1777-86) Peel, Robert (1750-1830) Peel, Sir Robert, English statesman (1788-1850) Peele, George (1558?-97) Pegasus (peg'-a-sus) Pei (ba), Chinese general (ca. 700) Peiping (ba-bing) Peisistratus (pi-sis'-tra-tus), Athenian tyrant (605-527 B.C.) Peking (ba-jing) Pelasgi (pe-laz-ji) Pelayo, Alvaro (1330) Peleus (pe'-lus) Pelham, Henry (1695?-1754) Pelias (pe'-li-as) Pelion (pe'-li-on) Pella (pel'-a) Pellegrin, Abbe Simon Joseph (1663-1745) Pellegrini, Giovanni Antonio (1675-1741) Pellegrino da Modena (1483-1523) Pellegrino, Francesco (1530) Pellene (pe-le'-ne) Pellos, Francesco (fl. 1492) Pelopidas (pe-lop'-i-das), Theban general (d 364 B.C.) Peloponnesus (pel'-o-po-ne'-sus) Pelops (pe'-lops) Pelusium (pe-lu'-shi-um) Pembroke, Henry Herbert, 2d Earl of (1534?-1601) Pembroke, Mary Herbert, nee Sidney, Countess of (1561-1621) Pembroke, Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of (1584-1650) Pembroke, Sir William Herbert, 1st Earl of (1501?-70) Pembroke, William Herbert, 3d Earl of (1580-1630) Penchant (F)- inclination. Penelope (pe-nel'-o-pe) Peneus (pe-ne'-us) River Penn, Admiral Sir William (1621-70) Penn, William (1644-1718) Penni, Giovanni Francesco (Il Fattore: 1488-1528) Penry, John (1559-93) Pentelicus (pen-tel'-i-kus), Mt. Pentheus (pen'-thus) Penthievre, Louis de Bourbon, Duc de (1725-1793) Peparethos (pe'-par-e'-thos) Pepi (pa'-pe) II, King of Egypt (2738-2644 B.C.) Pepi, Francesco (1501) Pepin the Short, King of the Franks (r. 751-68) Pepusch, Johann Christoph (1667-1752) Pepys, Samuel (1633-1703) Pera, Brutus, aristocrat (?-264 B.C.) Perceval, Spencer (1762-1812) Percier, Charles (1764-1838) Percy, Henry "Hotspur" (1364-1403) Percy, Henry, Earl of Northumberland (1342-1408) Percy, Thomas (1560-1605) Percy, Thomas (1729-1811) Perdiccas (per-dik'-as) II, King of Macedonia (reigned 454-413 B.C.) Peregrinus, Greek Cynic philosopher (?-165) Pereira, Giacomo Rodriguez, later Jacob Rodrigue Pereire (1715-80) Perennis, Praetorian Prefect (?-185) Peres de Andrade, Fernao (1517) Perez, Antonio (1539-1611) Pergammum (pur'-ga-mum) Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista (1710-36) Peri, Jacopo (1561-1633) Periander (per'-i-an-der), tyrant of Corinth (625-585 B.C.) Pericles (per'-i-klez), Athenian statesman (495?-429 B.C.) Periegesis (per'-i-e-je'-sis) (Pausanias) Perier, Florin, (fl. 1648) Perier, Gilberte Pascal (1620-87) Perier, Marguerite (d. 1733) Perioeci (per'-i-e'-si) Permoser, Balthasar (1651-1732) Perotti, Niccolo (1430-80) Perpenna (or Perperna) Vento, Marcus, general (?-72 B.C.) Perpetua, Carthaginian Christian martyr (?-203) Perpetual Edict (1577) Perpetual Edict (Holland, 1667) Perpignan, capture of (1642) Perrault, Charles (1628-1703) Perrault, Claude (1613-88) Perrault, Pierre (1608-80) Perreal, Jean (d. c. 1528) Perrers, Alice (d. 1400) Perrin, Ami (1553) Perrin, Pierre (1620-75) Perronneau, Jean Baptiste (1715-83) Persaeus (per-se'-us), philosopher and writer (3rd century B.C.) Persephone (per-sef'-o-ne) Persepolis (per-sep'-o-lis) Perseus (pur-sus), Last King of Macedonia (reigned 178-168 B.C.) Persius (Aulus Persius Flaccus: A.D. 34-A.D. 62) Pertinax (Publius Helvius Pertinax), Roman emperor (?-193) Perugino, Il (Pietro Vanucci: 1446-1523) Perur (pa'-roor) Peruzzi, Baldassare (1481-1535) Pesach (pa-sak) Peschel, Oskar Ferdinand, German geographer (1826-1875) Peshawar (pa-sha'-war) Pesne, Antoine (1683-1757) Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich (1746-1827) Peter I the Great, Czar of Russia (r. 1682-1725) Peter II (Piotr Alexeevich), Czar of Russia (r. 1727-30) Peter III (Piotr Feodorovich, orig. Karl Friedrich Ulrich of Holstein-Gottorp) Czar of Russia (r. 1762) Peter Martyr (1457-1526) Peter Martyr Vermigli (1500-62) Peter Petrovich (d. 1719) Peter the Lombard (1100?-60) Peter, St., also called Simon or Simon Peter, apostle (?-64?) Peterborough, Charles Mordaunt, 3d Earl of (1658-1735) Peterwardein, battle of (1718) Petion de Villeneuve, Jerome (1756-94) Petit, Abbe (fl. 1750) Petit, Jean Louis (1674-1750) Petit, Jean-Martin (1772-1856) Petit, Vincent (goldsmith: 17th cent.) Petite marmite (F)- a small pot. Petition of Right (1628) Petra (pe'-tra) Petracco dell' Ancisa (d. 1326) Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca), Italian poet (1304-1374) Petre, Lord Robert (fl. 1711) Petre, Sir Edward (1631-99) Petri, Laurentius (1499-1573) Petri, Olaus (1493-1552) Petroni, Lucrezia (d. 1599) Petronius Arbiter, Gaius, Roman author (died A.D. 66) Petrucci, Alfonso (d. 1517) Petrucci, Cesare (1478) Petrucci, Ottaviano de' (1466-1539) Petrucci, Pandolfo, despot of Siena (1497-1512) Petruzzi, Baldassare (1481-1536) Petty, Sir William (1623-87) Petty, Sir William (1737-1805) Peutinger, Konrad (1465-1547) Peyn (pan) Pezay, Alexandre-Frederic-Jacques Masson, Marquis de (1741-77) Pfefferkorn, Johannes (1469-1524) Pforr, Franz (1788-1812) Phaeacian (fe-a-shan) Phaedo (fe-do) of Elis, philosopher (5th-4th century B.C.) Phaedra (fe'-dra) Phaedrus (fe'-drus), Athenian (5th century B.C.) Phaedrus, (1st cent. A.D.) Phaestus (fes'-tus) Phaethon (fa'-e-thon) Phalaris (fal'-e-ris), tyrant of Acragas (c. 570-c. 554 B.C.) Phalerum (fa-le'-rum) Phaon (fa'-on), sailor (7th century B.C.) Phaon, freedman (fl. 1st century) Pharnabazus (far'-na-ba'-zus) Persian general (5th-4th century B.C.) Pharnaces II, King of Pontus (r. c. 63-47 B.C.) Pharos (fa'-ros), at Alexandria Pharsalus (Pharsala), battle in 48 B.C. Pharsalus (far-sa'-lus) Phasis (fa'-sis) Pheidias (fi'-di-as), Greek sculptor (ca. 490-432 B.C.) Pheidias, astronomer (4th-3rd century B.C.) Pheidippides (fi-dip'-i-dez), courier (490 B.C.) Pheidon (fi'-don), King of Argos (748 B.C.) Phelippeaux, Antoine de (1768-99) Pherae (fe'-re) Pherecrates (fe-rek'-ra-tez), dramatist (fl. 438 B.C.) Pherecydes (fer'-e-si'-dez) of Syros, philosopher (fl. 6th century B.C.) Phigalea (fe'-ga-le'-ya) Philae (fi'-le) Philaret (Feodor Nikitich Romanov: 1553?-1633) Philataerus (fil'-a-te'-rus), founder of Pergamene kingdom (3rd century B.C.) Phile, municipal officer of Priene (fl. 1st century B.C.) Philebus (fi-le'-bus) Philemon (fi-le'-mon), Greek comic dramatist (361-263 B.C.) Philibert II, King of Savoy (1480-1504) Philiberte of Savoy, Duchess of Nemours (1498-1524) Philidor, Francois-Andre Danican- (1726-95) Philip (Don Felipe), Duke of Parma (r. 1748-65), 2d son of Philip V of Spain Philip I, King of Spain (1504-06) Philip II, King of France (1180-1223) Philip II, King of Macedonia (382-336 B.C.) Philip II, King of Spain (1556-98), King of Portugal as Philip I (1581-98) Philip III, King of Spain (r. 1598-1621) Philip IV, King of France (1285-1314) Philip IV, King of Spain (r. 1621-65) Philip V, King of France (1316-22) Philip V, King of Macedonia (220-179 B.C.) Philip V, King of Spain (r. 1700-46; earlier, Duke of Anjou) Philip VI, King of France (1328-50) Philip William, Count of Buren (d. 1618) Philip the Arab (Marcus Julius Philippus "Arabs"), Roman emperor (reigned 244-249) Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1363-1404) Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy (1419-67) Philip, Asiarch (fl. 155) Philip, King of the Jews (fl. 1st century) Philip, Landgrave of Hesse (1509-67) Philip, physician (3rd century B.C.) Philippa of Hainaut, wife of Edward III (1314?-1369) Philippi, battle in 42 B.C. Philippine (fil'-i-pen) Islands Philistines (fi-lis'-tinz) Philistion (fi-lis'-te-on), physician (4th century B.C.) Philistius, historian (432-356 B.C.) Phillips, Mrs., London shopkeeper (1776) Phillips, Sir Edward (1630-96?) Philo Judaeus (fi'-lo joo-de'-us), Greek Jewish philosopher (20 B.C.-A.D. 50) Philoctetes (fil'-ok-te'-tez) Philodemus of Gadara, Epicurean philosopher and poet (fl. 1st century B.C.) Philolaus (fi-lo-la'-us) of Thebes, philosopher (b. 480 B.C.) Philomelus (fi-lom'-e-lus), Phocian general (4th century B.C.) Philon (fi'-lon), architect (4th century B.C.) Philon of Byzantium, mechanician (fl. 146 B.C.) Philopoemen (fil'-o-pe-men), general and statesman (252?-183 B.C.) Philoponus, Joannes (fl. 533) Philostephanus (fil'-o-stef'-a-nus) of Corinth, banker (5th century B.C.) Philostratus (170?-245) Philostratus, Flavius, Greek rhetorician and biographer (fl. first half of 3rd century) Philotas (fi-lo'-tas), son of Parmenio (330 B.C.) Philoxenus (fi-loks'-e-nus) painter (fl. 4th century B.C.) Philoxenus, poet (435-380 B.C.) Phintias (fin'-ti-as), Pythagorean (4th century B.C.) Phipps, James (b. 1788) Phlius (fli'-us) Phocaea (fo-se'-a) Phocion (fo'-shi-on), Athenian statesman and general (402-317 B.C.) Phocis (fo'-sis) Phoebe (fe'-be), servant of Julia (1st century B.C.) Phoebidas (fe'-bi-das), Spartan general (4th century B.C.) Phoebus (fe'-bus) Phoenicia (fe-nish'-i-a) Phormio, banker (4th century B.C.) Phradmon, sculptor (5th century B.C.) Phreattys (fre-a'-tis) Phrixus (frik'-sus) Phrygia (frij'-i-a) Phryne (fri'-ne), courtesan (4th century B.C.) Phrynichus (frin'-i-kus), dramatic poet (fl. 6th-5th century B.C.) Phthiotis (thi-o'-tis) Phyla (fi'-la) Phylakopi (fil-o-kop'-e) Pi Kan (be gan), Chinese official (ca. 1140 B.C.) Pi Sheng (be shung), Chinese printer (fl. 1041) Piazzetta, Giovanni Battista (1682-1754) Picander (Christian Fredrich Henrici; 1700-64) Picard, Jean (1620-82) Piccini, Niccolo (1728-1800) Piccinino, Francesco (d. 1463) Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius [Enea Silvio] (1405-64), see Pius II, Pope Piccolomini, Ascanio, Archbishop (1550?-97) Piccolomini, Francesco Todeschini (1459-1503), see Pius III, Pope Pichegru, Charles (1761-1804) Pickering, Timothy (1745-1829) Pico della Mirandola, Antonio (d. 1501) Pico della Mirandola, Caterina (1495) Pico della Mirandola, Gianfrancesco (1470-1533) Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (1463-94) Picton, Sir Thomas (1758-1815) Piece de resistance (F)- the main item. Pien Liang (byan le-ang') Pien-tsai (byan-dzi), Chinese connoisseur (ca. 640) Pieria (pi-er'-i-a) Piero della Francesca (c. 1416-92) Piero di Cosimo (1462-1521) Pierrefonds, Chateau of (c. 1390) Pietro di Murrone (1215-96), see Celestine V, St., Pope Pigage, Nikolaus von (1723-96) Pigalle, Jean-Baptiste (1714-85) Pigot, Thomas (fl. 1673) Piissimi, Vittoria (1576) Pilate, Pontius, Procurator of Judea (fl. first half of 1st century) Pilatre de Rozier, Jean-Francois (1756-85) Pilatus, Leon (fl. 1360-66) Pillement, Jean (1727?-1808) Pillnitz, Declaration of (1791) Pilon, Germain (1535-90) Pinakotheka (pin'-a-ko-t he'-ka) Pinakotheka- picture gallery. Pindar (pin'-dar), poet (522-442? B.C.) Pinel, Philippe (1745-1826) Pinkie Cleugh, Scotland, battle (1547) Pinto, David (fl. 1650) Pinto, Isaac (1715-87) Pintor, Alexander VI's physician (1493) Pinturicchio (Bernardino Betti: 1454-1513) Pinzon, Martin Alonso (1440?-93) Pinzon, Vicente (1460?-?1524) Pio da Carpi, Emilia (d. 1528) Pio, Alberto (1475-1531) Pio, Lionello (d. 1535) Piozzi, Gabriel Mario (1740-1809) Piraeus (pi-re'-us) Piranesi, [Giambattista] Giovanni Battista (1720-78) Pirithous (pi-rith'-o-us) Pirkheimer, Willibald (1470-1530) Pirna, siege of (1756) Piron, Alexis (1689-1773) Pisa, Francisco de (fl. 1612) Pisan, Christine de (1363-1431) Pisanello (Antonio Pisano: c. 1397-1455) Pisani, Vittore (d. 1380) Pishachas (H)- ghosts; goblins. Piso, Caius Calpurnius, conspirator (?-65) Piso, Cnaeus Calpurnius, governor (?-20 A.D.) Piso, Lucius Calpurnius, politician and governor (fl. 1st century B.C.) Pissarro, Camille (1830-1903) Pitakas (pi'-ta-kaz) Pitane (pi-tan'-e) Pitt, Thomas (1653-1726) Pitt, William, the Elder, Earl of Chatham (1708-78) Pitt, William, the Younger (1759-1806) Pittacus (pit'-a-kus), tyrant of Mytilene (650-570 B.C.) Pitti, Luca (c. 1395- c. 1470) Pittoni, Giambattista (1687-1767) Pius II (Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini), Pope (1458-64) Pius III (Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini), Pope (1503) Pius IV (Giovanni Angelo de' Medici), Pope (1559-65) Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti), Pope (r. 1846-78) Pius V, Saint (Michele Ghislieri), Pope (r. 1566-72) Pius VI (Giovanni Angelo Breschi), Pope (r. 1775-99) Pius VII (Luigi Barnaba Chiaramonti), Pope (r. 1800-23) Pizarro, Francisco (1471-1541) Pizzolo, Niccolo (1421-53) Place, Francis (1771-1854) Plains of Abraham, battle of (1759) Planche, John Robinson (1796-1880) Plancus, Lucius Munatius, governor (fl. 1st century B.C.) Plantianus, Praetorian Prefect (fl. 3rd century) Plantin, Christopher (1520?-89) Planudes, Maximus (1260?-?1330) Plassey (plas'-se), battle of (1757) Plataea (pla-te'-a) Platina (Bartolommeo de' Sacchi: c. 1421-81) Plato (pla'-to), Greek philosopher (ca. 427-347 B.C.) Platon (Peter Levshin; 1737-1812) Platonic Academy (1445) Plautus, Ticus Maccius, Roman dramatist (254?-184 B.C.) Playfair, John (1748-1819) Plein air (F)- full air; a theory and school of painting which emphasized the representation of scenes in the open air, as against studio painting. Pleisswitz, Armistice of (1813) Plenciz, Marcus Aurelius (1704-86) Pleyel, Camille (1788-1855) Pleyel, Ignaz (1757-1831) Pliny the Elder (Caius Plinius Secundus), Roman naturalist and encyclopedist (23-79) Pliny the Younger (Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus), author and orator (61-114?) Plotina, Pompeia, wife of Trajan (fl. 1st and 2nd centuries) Plotinus (plo-ti'-nus), Egyptian Neoplatonist (203-270?) Pluche, Abbe Noel Antoine (1688-1761) Plumptre, Anne (1760-1818) Plunket, Oliver, Archbishop of Armagh (1629-81) Plutarch (ploo'-tark), Greek historian and biographer (46?-120?) Pluto (ploo'-to) Plutus (ploo'-tus) Pnyx (niks) Po Chu-i (bo ju-e), Chinese poet and statesman (722-846) Pococke, Edward (1604-91) Pococke, George, Admiral (fl. 1758) Podewils, Count Heinrich von (1695-1760) Podstatsky, Count (fl. 1767) Poe, Edgar Allan, American man of letters (1809-1849) Poggio Bracciolini, Gian [Giovanni] Francesco, Italian scholar (1380-1459) Poisson, Mme. (d. 1745) Poland, Cossack revolt (1648); Swedish war (1621-29) Pole, Geoffrey (1502?-58) Pole, Henry, Lord Montague (1492?-1538) Pole, Margaret, Countess of Salisbury (1473-1541) Pole, Reginald, Cardinal (1500-58) Polemo (Polemon), Antonius, Greek sophist and rhetorician (fl. 2nd century) Poley, Robert (fl. 1593) Polier, Antoine Noe de (1713-83) Polignac, Armand de (1771-1847) Polignac, Duc Jules-Francois de (1745-1817) Polignac, Jules de (1780-1847) Polignac, Melchior de, Cardinal (1661-1742) Polignac, Yolande de Polastron, Duchesse de (1749?-93) Polis (po'-lis) Polish Succession, War of the (1733-35) Politian, Angelus [Angelo Poliziano] (1454-94) Politta, suicide in Nero's reign (1st century) Pollaiuolo, Antonio (1429-98) Pollaiuolo, Simone (Il Cronaca: 1454- c. 1508) Pollias, potter, (6th century B.C.) Pollio, Asinius, orator, poet, and historian (76 B.C.-A.D. 4) Pollio, Vedius, friend of Augustus (?-15 B.C.) Pollux (pol'-uks) (mythology) Pollux, Julius, grammarian (2nd century A.D.) Polo, Marco, Venetian traveler (1254?-1324) Poltawa, battle of (1709) Poltrot de Mere, Jean (1537-63) Polyaegos (pol'-i-e'-gos) Polybius (po-lib'-i-us), Greek historian (ca. 202-125 B.C.) Polycarp, Saint, Bishop of Smyrna and martyr (69?-155) Polycleitus (pol'-i-kli'-tus) Greek sculptor (fl. 452-412 B.C.) Polycrates (po-lik'-ra-tez), tyrant of Samos (r. 535-515 B.C.) Polydorus (pol'-i-do'-rus), sculptor (1st century B.C.) Polygnotus (pol'-ig-no'-tus) of Thasos, painter (fl. 465 B.C.) Polymedes (pol-i-me'-dez), sculptor (archaic period) Polymnestor (pol'-im-nes'-tor) Polymnestus, poet and musician (7th century B.C.) Polymnia (po-lim'-ni-a) Polynices (pol'i-ni'-sez) Polyphemus (pol'-i-fe'-mus) Polyxena (po-lik'-se-na) Polzelli, Luigia (1780-1832) Pombal, Sebastiao Jose de Carvalho e Mello, Marques de (1699-1782) Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de (1721-64) Pompanazzi, Pietro (1462-1525) Pompeia, third wife of Caesar (1st century B.C.) Pompeii, excavations of (1748-63) Pompey the Great (Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus), Roman general and triumvir (106-48 B.C.) Pompey, Sextus (Sextus Pompeius Magnus), commander (?-35 B.C.) Pompignan, Jean Jacques Le Franc, Marquis de (1709-84) Pomponazzi, Pietro (1462-1525), Italian philosopher Pomponne, Simon Arnaud, Marquis de (1618-1699) Ponce de Leon, Juan (1460?-1521) Ponce de Leon, Luis (1527-91) Poncelet, Jean-Victor (1788-1867) Pondicherry (pon-di-cher'-e) Ponet, John (1558) Poniatowski, Prince Jozef Antoni (1763-1813) Poniatowski, Prince Stanislas (1676-1762) Ponsonby, Sir William (1772-1815) Pont-de-Veyle, Antoine de Ferriol, Comte de (fl. 1768) Pontano, Giovanni (1426-1503) Pontchartrain, Louis Phelypeaux, Seigneur de (1643-1727) Ponte, Antonio da (1512-97) Ponte, Giovanni da (1512-97) Ponte, Lorenzo da (Emmanuele Caneglianos 1749-1838) Pontejos, Marquesa de (fl. 1785) Pontelli, Baccio (c. 1450-1492) Pontenuovo, battle of (1769) Pontormo (Iacopo Carrucci: 1494-1556) Pontus (pon'-tus) Pontverre, Pere Benoit de (fl. 1728) Ponzetti, Ferdinando (c. 1437-1527) Poo See (boo sa) Poole, Thomas (1765-1837) Poona (poo'-na) Pope, Alexander, English poet (1688-1744) Poppelmann, Matthaus Daniel (1682-1736) Porcaro, Stefano (d. 1453) Pordenone (Giovanni Antonio de' Sacchi: 1483-1539) Poree, Pere Charles (1675-1741) Pornaia- brothels. Porphyry, Syrian Neoplatonist philosopher (233-304?) Porpora, Niccolo Antonio (1686-1766) Porsena, Lars, chief magistrate of Clusium (fl. 6th century B.C.) Porson, Richard (1759-1808) Porta, Giacomo della (1541-1604) Porta, Giambattista della (1538?-1615) Porta, Guglielmo della (c. 1516-77) Portalis, Jean-Etienne-Marie (1745-1807) Portia, wife of Brutus (1st century B.C.) Portland, William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, 3d Duke of (1738-1809) Portland, sixth Duke of, Wm. John Cavendish-Bentinck (1857-1943) Portobello, capture of (1739) Porus (por'-us) King of India (ca. 325 B.C.) Porzio, Simone (1497-1454) Poseidippus (pos'-i-dip'-us), epigrammatist (ca. 270 B.C.) Poseidon (po-si'-don) Poseidonia (po-si'-do'-ni-a) Poseidonius, Greek Stoic philosopher (135?-51? B.C.) Possevino, Antonio (1534-1611) Possoshkov, Ivan (d. 1726) Postel, Guillaume (1552) Postumius, Aulus, dictator (496 B.C.) Postumus, pretender in Gaul (reigned 258-267) Potala (Po'-ta-la) Potemkin, Grigori Alexandrovich (1739-91) Pothinus, Bishop of Lyons (87-177) Pothinus, vizier of Ptolemy XII (fl. 1st century B.C.) Potidaea (pot'-i-de'-a) Potocki, Antoni (fl. 1744) Potocki, Count Stanislas Felix (1752-1805) Potocki, Prince Ignacy (1750?-1809) Potocki, Waclaw (1622?-97) Potsdam, Edict of (1685) Potter, John (d. 1747), Archbishop of Canterbury (1737-47) Potter, Thomas (d. 1759) Pouilly, M. (fl. 1722), classical scholar Pound, James (1669-1724) Poupin, Abel (1547) Pourbus, Frans, I [the Elder] (1545-81) Pourbus, Frans, II [the Younger] (1599-1622) Pourbus, Pieter (1510-84) Poussin, Gaspard (Gaspard Dughet; 1613-75) Poussin, Nicolas, French painter (1594-1665) Powell, Richard (d. 1646) Powis, William Herbert, 1st Marquis of (1617-96) Poynings' Law (1494) Poynings, Sir Edward (1459-1521) Pozharski, Dmitri Mikhailovich, Prince (1578-1642) Pozzo, Andrea dal (1642-1709) Prades, Jean Martin de (1720-82) Pradon, Nicolas (1632-98) Pradt, Abbe Dominique de (1759-1837) Praesus (pre'-sus) Praetorius, Michael (1571-1621) Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI (1713) Prague, Defenestration of (1618); Treaty of (1635) Prague, siege of (1757) Prajapati (pra-ja'-pa-te') Prakrit (pra'-krit) Prakriti (H)- producer. Prakriti (pra'-kri-te) Prambanam (pram-ba'-nam) Pranayama (H)- the fourth stage of Yoga. Pranayama (pra'-na-ya-ma) Prandtauer, Jakob (1658-1726) Prasiae (pras'-i-e) Praslin, Cesar-Gabriel de Choiseul, Duc de (1712-85) Pratinas (pra'-tin-as), tragic poet (fl. 500 B.C.) Pratt, Sir Charles (1714-94) Pratyahara (H)- the fifth stage of Yoga. Pratyahara (pra'-tya-ha'-ra) Praxagora (praks-ag'-o-ra) Praxagoras, physician (fl. 3rd century B.C.) Praxinoa (praks-in'-o-a) Praxiteles (praks-it'-e-lez), Greek sculptor (385-ca. 320 B.C.) Predis, Ambrogio de (c. 1450-1520) Pressburg, Treaty of (1805) Prestonpans, Scotland, battle of (1745) Previtali, Andrea (c. 1480-1528) Prevost, Abbe (Antoine-Francois Prevost d'Exiles; 1697-1763) Prevost, Abbe Pierre (1751-1839) Prexaspes (prex-as'-pez), son of Cambyses (ca. 525 B.C.) Priam (pri'-am) Priapus (pri-a'-pus) Price, Richard (1723-91) Pride, Thomas (d. 1658) Prie, Jeanne Agnes Berthelot de Pleneuf, Marquise de (1698-1727) Priene (pri-e'-ne) Priestley, Joseph (1733-1804) Prieur, Barthelemy (c. 1540-1611) Prieur, Pierre-Louis (Prieur of the Marne; 1756-1827) Prieur-Duvernois, Claude-Antoine (Prieur of the Cote d' Or; 1763-1827) Prignano, Bartolommeo (1318-89), see Urban VI, Pope Primaticcio, Francesco (1504-70) Pringle, Sir John (1707-82) Prior, Matthew (1664-1721) Priscilla, Montanist heretic (2nd century) Priscus, Helvidius, Stoic philosopher (fl. 1st century) Priscus, Marius, governor in Africa (fl. 1st and 2nd centuries) Pritchard, Hannah, nee Vaughn (1711-68) Prithivi (pri-ti-we) Pro tempore (L)- for the time. Probus (Marcus Aurelius Probus), Roman emperor (reigned 276-282) Proconnesus (pro'-kon-ne'-sus) Procrustes (pro-krus'-tez) Prodicus (pro'-di-kus) of Ceos, Greek philosopher (fl. 5th century B.C.) Proetus (pro-e'-tus) Prokofiev, Sergei (1891-1953) Promachus (pro'-ma-kus), Macedonian general (4th century B.C.) Prometheus (pro-me'-thus) Propertius, Sextus, poet (50?-15? B.C.) Propylaea (prop'-i-le-a) Protagoras (pro-tag'-o-ras), Greek philosopher (481?-411 B.C.) Protege (F)- a person protected and aided by another. Protestant Union (Germany, 1608) Protogenes (pro-toj'-e-nez), Greek painter (fl. 330-300 B.C.) Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1809-65) Provins, Guyot de, medieval poet (ca. 1190) Prud'hon, Pierre-Paul (1758-1823) Prut, Treaty of the (1711) Prynne, William (1600-69) Psamtik (psam'-tik) I, King of Egypt, Prince of Sais (663-609 B.C.) Pseira (si'-ra) Pskov, siege of (1615) Psyche (si'-ke) (Rohde) Ptah (pta) Ptah-hotep (pta-ho'-tep), Egyptian official (ca. 2880 B.C.) Ptolemy (tol'-e-mi) I Soter, King of Egypt (367-285 B.C.) Ptolemy II Philadelphus, King of Egypt (309-247 B.C.) Ptolemy III Euergetes I, King of Egypt (reigned 246-221 B.C.) Ptolemy IV Philopator, King of Egypt (reigned 221-204 B.C.) Ptolemy V Epiphanes, King of Egypt (reigned 204-181 B.C.) Ptolemy VI Philometor, King of Egypt (181-145 B.C.) Ptolemy XI Auletes or Neos Dionysos, King of Egypt (reigned 80-51 B.C.) Ptolemy XII, King of Egypt (reigned 51-47 B.C.) Ptolemy XIII, King of Egypt (reigned 47-43 B.C.) Ptolemy, Claudius, Greco-Egyptian astronomer, geographer, and geometer (fl. 127-151) Publicola, Publius Valerius, consul (?-503 B.C.) Publilia, wife of Cicero (fl. 1st century B.C.) Pucci, Lorenzo (d. 1531) Puccini, Giacomo (1858-1924) Puchberg, Michael (fl. 1788) Pudmini (pud'-mi-ne), Rajput princess (ca. 1303) Pufendorf, Samuel von (1632-94) Pugachev, Emelyan Ivanovich (1726-75) Puget, Pierre (1622-94) Pugnani, Gaetano (1731-98) Puisieux, Mme. de (fl. 1747) Pulakeshin (poo-la-ka'-shin) II, Chalukyan king (608-642) Pulaski, Casimir (1748?-79) Pulaski, Jozef (fl. 1750) Pulci, Luigi (1432-84) Pulgar, Hernando del (1436?-?1499) Pulkar, Isaac ibn- (1320) Pulteney, William, later Earl of Bath (1684-1764) Pumpelly, Raphael, American geologist (1837-1923) Punjab (pan-jab') Punt (poont) Pupienus (Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus), Roman emperor (?-238) Purana Kashyapa (poo-ra'-na ka'-shya-pa), Indian sceptic Purbach, Georg, German astronomer (1423-1461) Purcell, Henry (1658-95) Purchas, Samuel (1575?-1626) Purdah (A)- a screen or curtain; the seclusion of women. Purdah (par'-da) Purusha (H)- person, spirit. Purusha (poo'-roo-sha) Puruvaras (poo-roo'-ra-vaz) Purva-Mimansa (poor'-va me-man'-sa) philosophy Pushkin, Alexander Sergeievich (1799-1837) Pushtimargiya (poosh'ti-marg'-ya) Brahmans P'u Yi (poo ye), now Kang Teh (kang da), Emperor of Manchukuo, last Chinese emperor (born 1906) Puymre (pwim'-re), Egyptian architect (ca. 1500) Pyanepsia (pi'-a-nep'-si-a) Pyanepsion (pi'-a-nep'-si-on) Pydna (pid'-na) (battle, 168 B.C.) Pye, Henry James (1745-1813) Pygmalion (pig-ma'-li-on) Pylades (pil'-a-dez) of Cilicia, artist in pantomime (fl. end of 1st century B.C.) Pylus (pi'-lus) Pym, John (1584-1643) Pyramids, battle of the (1798) Pyrenees, Peace of the (1659) Pyrrha (pir'-a) Pyrrho (pir'-o), Greek philosopher (365-275 B.C.) Pyrrhus (pir'-us) King of Epirus (318-272 B.C.) Pythagoras (pi-thag'-o-ras), Greek philosopher (6th century B.C.) Pythagoras of Rhegium, sculptor (5th century B.C.) Pythagoras, Greek philosopher (fl. 540-510 B.C.) Pytheas (pith'-e-as) of Massalia, navigator and geographer (4th century B.C.) Pythias, wife of Aristotle (4th century B.C.) Pythocleides (pith'-o-kli'-dez), musician and poet (5th century B.C.) Q - Quadratus, Christian apologist (fl. 2nd century) Quadruple Alliance (1718) Quadruple Alliance (1834) Qa'it Bey (1468-96) Qualtenburg, Franz Kressel von (1720-1801) Quantz, Johann Joachim (1697-1773) Quarenghi, Giacomo (1744-1817) Quatre-Bras, battle of (1815) Quercia, Iacopo della (c. 1371-1438) Quesnay, Francois (1694-1774) Quesnel, Pasquier (1634-1719) Quevedo y Villegas, Francisco Gomez de (1580-1645) Qui vive (F)- who lives; who goes there?; alert. Quiberon Bay, battle of (1759) Quietus, Quintus Lusius, general of Trajan (?-118) Quinault, Philippe (1635-88), French Poet Quiney, Thomas (1589-1655) Quintana, Manuel Jose (1772-1857) Quintilian (68) Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus), Roman rhetorician and critic (35?-100?) Quintus Curtius Rufus, Roman historian (fl. 41-54) Quirinius, Publius Sulpicius, governor of Syria (?-21 A.D.) R - Ra or Re (ra or ra) Rabeau, Julienne (1531) Rabelais, Francois, French physician and writer (1490?-1553) Rabindranath Tagore (ra-bind'-ra-nat ta-gor'): Poet and Dramatist (E. J. Thompson) Rabirius, architect (fl. 1st century) Racan, Honorat de Bueil, Marquis de (1589-1670) Rachel, Mlle. (Elisa Felix; 1820-58) Racine, Jean Baptiste, French dramatist, (1639-1699) Raconteurs (F)- story-tellers. Radcliffe, Ann, nee Ward (1764-1823) Radcliffe, John (1650-1714) Radet, Etienne (1762-1825) Radewijnszoon, Floris (1350-1400) Radha (ra'-da) Radishchev, Alexander Nikolaevich (1749-1802) Radziwill, Prince Antoni Henryk (1775-1833) Radziwill, Prince Karol (1734-90) Raeburn, Sir Henry (1756-1823) Raga (H)- a musical motif or melody. Ragas (ra'-gaz) Rahotep (ra-ho'-tep), Egyptian prince (ca. 3100 B.C.?) Rahula (ra'-hoo-la), Buddha's son (ca. 523 B.C.) Rai, Lajpat (ri laj'-pat), Indian reformer Raimondi, Marcantonio (1475?-1534?) Rain, battle of (1632) Rainaldi, Carlo (1611-91) Rainaldi, Girolamo (fl. 1655) Rais (Retz), Baron de (1404?-40) Raj Sing (raj sing), Rana of Mewar (fl. 1661) Raja (H)- king; Maharaja - great king. Rajaraja, Chola king (fl. 1000) Rajarani (ra-ja-ra'-ne) Temple Rajasthan (ra-ja-stan') see Rajputana Rajatarangini (ra-ja-ta-ran'-gi-ni) Rajmahal (raj-ma-hal') Hills Rajputana (raj-poo-ta'-na) Rajputs (raj'-poots) Rakoczy, Francis II (1676-1735) Rakoczy, George II, Prince of Transylvania (r. 1631-48) Raksha (H)- a nocturnal demon. Raleigh, Sir Walter (1552?-1618) Ram Mohun Roy (ram mo'-hun roi), Indian reformer and scholar (1772-1833) Rama (ra'-ma) Raja, Regent of Vijayanagar (fl. 1542-1565) Rama-charita-manasa (ra'-ma-cha'-ri-ta-ma'-na-sa) Ramadan (A)- the ninth month of the Moslem year, during which no food must be taken between sunrise and sunset. Ramadan (ram-a-dan') Ramakrishna (ra'-ma-krish'-na), Indian religious leader (1836-1886) Raman, Chandrasekhara (ra'-man, chan'-dra-sha'-ka-ra), Indian physicist (1888-1970) Ramananda (ra-ma'-nan-da), Indian preacher (ca. 1460) Ramanuja (ra-ma-noo'-ja), Indian saint and sage (ca. 1050) Ramayana (ra-ma'-ya-na) Ramazzini, Bernardino (1633-1714) Rambouillet, Catherine de Vivonne de Savelli, Marquise de (1588-1665) Rameau, Jean Francois (b. 1716), nephew of the composer Rameau, Jean Philippe (1683-1764), composer Rameses (ram'-e-sez) II, King of Egypt (1292-1225 B.C.) Rameses (ram'-e-sez) III, King of Egypt (reigned 1204-1172 B.C.) Rameses IV, King of Egypt (1172-1166 B.C.) Rameshvaram (rsm-ash'-va-ram) Ramesseum (ram-e-se'-um) Ramillies, battle of (1706) Ramirez, Juan (fl. 1760) Ramsay, Allan (1686-1758), poet Ramsay, Allan (1713-84), painter Ramsay, David (fl. 1630) Ramsay, Sir William (1852-1916) Ramus, Petrus (1517-72) Ramusio Map (1534) Ramusio, Giambattista (1485-1557) Rance, Armand Jean Le Bouthillier de (1626-1700) Rancon, M. (fl. 1757) Ranconis, Adelbert (1388) Randolph, Thomas (1523-90) Rangoon (ran-goon') Ranke, Leopold von (1795-1886) Ranofer (ran'-o-fer), Egyptian high priest (ca. 3040 B.C.) Rape of the Leucippidae (lu-si'-pi-de) (Polygnotus) Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio; 1483-1520), Italian painter Raphia (ra-fe'-a) Rapin de Thoyras, Paul de (1661-1725) Rapport (F)- intimate relation. Rashidu'd-Din (c. 1247-1318) Raspe, Rudolph Erich (1737-94) Rastatt, Congress of (1797) Rastatt, Treaty of (1714) Rastrelli, Bartolomeo (1700-71) Rastrelli, Carlo Bartolomeo (d. 1744) Rauch, Christian Daniel (1777-1857) Rauch, Father (fl. 1755) Ravaillac, Francois (1578-1610) Ravan(a) (ra'-van-[a]) Ravi, Jean (1351) Rawalpindi (ra'-wal-pin'-di) Rawley, William (fl. 1624) Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke, English Orientalist and official (1810-1895) Ray, John (1628-1705) Rayas (ra'-yaz) Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3d Baron (1842-1919) Raymond of Sebunde (d. 1437?) Raynal, Guillaume-Thomas-Francois (1713-96) Razumovsky, Alexis (fl. 1742) Razumovsky, Count Andreas Kyrilovich (1752-1836) Reade, Charles (1814-84) Real, Pierre-Francois (1757-1834) Reaumur, Rene Antoine Ferchault de (1683-1757) Recamier, Jeanne-Francoise, nee Bernard (1777-1849) Recamier, Juliette (Jeanne-Francoise-Julie-Adelaide), nee Bernard (1777-1849) Recorde, Robert (1510?-58) Redi, Francesco (1626?-98) Reform Act (England, 1832) Reformation Parliament (Scotland, 1560) Regency (England, 1811-20) Regency, French (1715-23) Regensburg (Ratisbon), Diet of (1630) Regensburg (Ratisbon), Truce of (1684) Regiomontanus (Johann Muller: 1436-76) Regnier, Claude-Ambroise (1746-1814) Regnier, Mathurin (1573-1613) Regulus, Marcus Atilius, general (?-ca. 250 B.C.) Rehnskjoll, Carl (fl. 1709) Reid, James Smith, English classical scholar (1846-1926) Reid, Thomas (1710-96) Reille, Honore-Charles (1775-1860) Reimarus, Elise (fl. 1768) Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, German scholar (1694-1768) Reims, Archbishop of (fl. 1779) Reims, battle of (1814) Reinach, Salomon, French scholar (1858-1932) Reinagle, Ramsay Richard (1775-1862) Reinhold, Erasmus (1511-53) Reinhold, Karl Leonhard (1758-1823) Reinken, Jan or Johann Adam (1623-1722) Rekh-mara (rekh-ma'-ra), Egyptian official (ca. 1500 B.C.) Reland, de (fl. 1721), Orientalist Relief Act of 1793 (Ireland) Religieux (F)- members of religious orders. Religious Wars, French (1562-94) Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn (Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn), Dutch painter (1606-1669) Re'mery-Ptah (ra'-mer-e pta), Egyptian singer Remigius Franyo (fl. 1788) Remond de Saint-Mard, Toussaint (fl. 1720) Remus, twin of Romulus (8th century B.C.) Remusat, Claire de Vergennes, Comtesse de (1780-1821) Remusat, Comte Auguste-Laurent de (1762-1823) Renan, Ernest, French Orientalist, author, and critic (1823-1892) Renata, Cecilia, m. (1637) Ladislav IV, King of Poland Renaudot, Theophraste (1586-1653) Rene of Orange and Nassau (1518-44) Rene, Duke of Anjou (1409-80) Renee of France, Duchess of Ferrara (1510-75) Reni, Guido, Italian painter (1575-1642) Renoir, Pierre-Auguste (1841-1919) Repnin, Nikolai Vasilievich (1734-1801) Repton, Humphry (1752-1818) Requesens, Luis de Zuniga y (1525-76) Request (Netherlands, 1566) Restif de La Bretonne, Nicolas-Edme (1734-1806) Restoration (England, 1660) Restoration (France): First (1814); Second (1815) Restoration, Bourbon (France, 1814/15-1830) Restoration, Stuart (England, 1660-85) Restout, Jean (1692-1768) Reszke, Edouard de, Polish operatic tenor (1856-1917) Retz, Jean Francois Paul de Gondi de, Cardinal (1614-79) Reubeni, David (c. 1490-c. 1536) Reuchlin, Johann [Johannes] (1455-1522) Reutter, Georg (1656-1738) Revolution of 1830 (France) Revolution of 1848 (Germany) Rewbell, Jean-Francois (1747-1807) Rey, Marc-Michel (fl. 1770) Reyniers, Lysbeth, m. (1617) Frans Hals Reynolds, Frances (1729-1807) Reynolds, Richard (fl. 1763) Reynolds, Sir Joshua (1723-92) Rhacotis (ra-ko'-tis) Rhadamanthus (rad'-a-man'-thus) Rhea (re'-a) Rhea Silvia, mother of Romulus and Remus (8th century B.C.) Rhenanus, Beatus (1485-1547) Rheticus, Georg (1514-76) Rhigas Pheraios, Constantine (1757?-98) Rhodae (ro'-di) Rhodes (rodz) Rhoecus (re'-kus), architect and sculptor (fl. 640 B.C.) Riario, Girolamo (d. 1488) Riario, Ottaviano (late 15th cent.) Riario, Pietro (1446-74) Riario, Raffaelle (d. 1521) Ribalta, Francisco de (1555?-1628) Ribbing, Count Adolf Ludvig (1765-1843) Ribeaumont, Eustace de (1347) Ribeiro, Bernardim (1482-1552) Ribeiro, Diogo (1527) Ribera, Jose or Giuseppe (1588-1652) Ribera, Juan de, Archbishop (fl. 1609) Ricardo, David (1772-1823) Riccardi, Niccolo (fl. 1626) Ricci, Lorenzo (1703-75) Ricci, Marco (1676-1729) Ricci, Matteo (1552-1610) Ricci, Scipione de (1741-1810), bishop of Pistoia Ricci, Sebastiano (1659-1734) Riccio (Andrea Briosco: c. 1470-1532) Riccioli, Giovanni Battista (1598-1671) Rich, Barnaby (1540?-1617) Rich, John (1682?-1761) Rich, Penelope, Lady (1562?-1607) Rich, Robert, 2d Earl of Warwick (1587-1658) Rich, Robert, Baron, later 1st Earl of Warwick (fl. 1600) Richard I Coeur de Lion, King of England (r. 1189-99) Richard II, King of England (1377-99) Richard III, King of England (1483-85) Richard of Bury St. Edmunds (1287-1345) Richard, Duke of York (1411-60) Richardson, Jonathan (1665-1745), painter Richardson, Samuel, English novelist (1689-1761) Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis de, Cardinal (1585-1642) Richelieu, Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de (1766-1822) Richelieu, Louis Francois Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de (1696-1788) Richelieu, Marie Elisabeth Sophie de Guise, Duchesse de (d. 1740) Richer, Jean (1630-96) Richman, G. W. (d. 1753), scientist Richmond and Somerset, Duke of (1519-36) Richmond, Charles Lennox, 3d Duke of (1735-1806) Richmond, Charles Stuart, 3d Duke of Richmond (1639-72) Richter, Jean Paul (1763-1825) Richtofen, Ferdinand, Baron von, German geologist and Asiatic traveler (1833-1905) Riddell, Maria (fl. 1793) Ridinger, Johan Elias (1695?-1767) Ridley, Nicholas (1500?-55) Ridolfi, Roberto di (1531-1612) Ridolfo, Carlo (c. 1598-1650) Riemenschneider, Johann (fl. 1730) Riemenschneider, Tilman (c. 1460-1531) Rienzo, Cola di (1313-54) Ries, Ferdinand (1784-1838) Riese, Adam (c. 1489-1559) Riesener, Jean-Henri (1734-1806) Rieux, President de (fl. 1741) Rig (H)- a hymn. Rig-veda (rig-va'-da) Rigaud, Hyacinthe (1659-1743) Righini, Vincente (1756-1812) Rights of Man, Declaration of (1789) Rigot, Claude (1553) Rikyu (rik-u), tea master (ca. 1590) Riley, John (1646-91) Rilke, Rainer Maria (1875-1926) Rimnik, battle of (1789) Rimsky-Korsakov, Ivan (fl. 1778) Rinaldi, Antonio (1709-90) Rinaldo di Capua (c. 1710-c. 1780) Rinuccini, Ottavio (1562-1621) Rion, Captain (fl. 1719) Ripa, Alberto da (d. 1551) Riquet, Pierre Paul de (1604-80) Risampei (re-sam'-pa), Korean ceramic artist (fl. 1605) Rishi (H)- a wise man. Rishis (rish'ez) Risorgimento (Italy, 19th cent.) Rita (ri'-ta) Rivet de la Grange, Dom Antoine (1683-1749) Rivinus, Augustus Quirinus (August Bachmann; 1652-1723) Rivoli, battle of (1796) Riza Kuli (fl. 1740), son of Nadir Riza-i-Abbasi (fl. 1598-1643) Rizzio, David (1533?-66) Rizzo, Antonio (c. 1430-98) Roannez, Duc de (fl. 1670) Rob Roy (Robert Macgregor; 1671-1734) Robbia, Andrea della (1435-1525) Robbia, Giovanni della (1469-1529) Robbia, Girolamo della (1488-1566) Robbia, Luca della (1397-1482) Robecq, Princesse de (d. 1760) Robert III, King of Scotland (1390-1406) Robert of Geneva (c. 1342-94), see Clement VII, Antipope Robert the Wise, King of Naples (1309-43) Robert, Hubert (1733-1808) Roberti, Ercole de' (c. 1450-96) Roberto da Lecce (d. 1483) Robertson, John Mackinnon, British Journalist and scholar (1856-1933) Robertson, WIlliam (1721-93) Roberval, Gilles Personne de (1602-75) Robespierre, Augustin (1764-94) Robespierre, Maximilien de (1758-94) Robinet, Jean Baptiste (1735-1820) Robinson, Henry Crabb (1775-1867) Robinson, Mary (Perdita), nee Darby (1758-1800) Robison, Sir James (fl. 1758) Robsart, Amy (1532?-60) Rocca, John (Albert-Jean; 1788-1818) Rocca, Louis-Alphonse (1812-38) Rocco, Antonio (fl. 1613) Rochambeau, J.-B.-Donatien de Vimeur, Comte de (1725-1807) Rochemont, Sieur de (fl. 1665) Rochester, John Wilmot, 2d Earl of (1647-80) Rochette, Pastor (d. 1761) Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, Marquis of (1730-82) Rocroi, battle of (1643) Rodin, Auguste (1840-1917) Rodney, George Brydges, Admiral (1719-92) Rodrigo d'Aragona, Duke of Sermoneta (1499-1512) Rodriguez, Simon (1534) Rodriguez, Ventura (1754) Roe, Sir Thomas (1581?-1644) Roebuck, John (1718-94) Roederer, Comte Pierre-Louis (1754-1835) Roemer, Olaus (1644-1710) Roentgen, David (1743-1807) Roger de Beaufort, Pierre (1331-78), see Gregory XI, Pope Roger, Abraham, Dutch missionary (fl. 1651) Roger, Pierre (1291-1352), see Clement VI, Pope Rogers, James Edwin Thorold (1823-90) Rogers, Samuel (1763-1855) Roget, Dr. Peter (1779-1869) Roguin, Daniel (fl. 1760) Rohan, Cardinal Prince Louis-Rene-Edouard de (1734-1803), Archbishop of Strasbourg Rohan, Henri, Duke of (1579-1638) Rohan-Chabot, Chevalier de (fl. 1726) Rohrbach, Jacklein (1528) Rojas, Fernando de (1499) Rokycana, Jan (1451) Roland de la Platiere, Marie Jeanne, French Girondist (1734-1793) Roland, Jeanne-Manon, nee Phlipon (1754-93) Rolando, Luigi (1773-1831) Roldan, Pedro (1624-1700) Roldana, Luisa (1656-1704) Rolland, Romain (1866-1944) Rolle, Richard (1290?-1349) Rollin, Charles (1661-1741) Roman Republic (1798) Romanino (Girolamo Romani: 1485-1559) Romano, Gian Cristoforo (c. 1465-1512) Romano, Giulio (1492-1546) Romanovna, Anastasia (1547) Romans, Mlle. de (fl. 1761) Rome, sack of (1527) Romilly, Sir Samuel (1757-1818) Romney, George (1734-1802) Romodanovsky, Prince Feodor (fl. 1690) Romulus Augustulus (Flavius Momyllus Romulus Augustus), Roman emperor in the West (?-476) Romulus, first King of Rome (8th century B.C.) Rondinelli, Giuliano (1498) Ronin (J)- an unattached Samurai. Ronin (ro'-nin), forty-seven Ronsard, Pierre de (1524-85) Roosevelt, Theodore, President of the United States (1858-1919) Roper William (1496-1578) Rosa, Salvator (1615-73) Roscius Gallus, Quintus, comedian (?-62 B.C.) Roscoe, William (1753-1831) Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of (1847-1929) Roselli, Cosimo (1439-1507) Rosenkranz, Karl (1805-79) Rosetta (ro'-zet'-ta) Stone, the Rosh-ha-shanah (rosh ha-sha'-na) Roskilde, Peace of (1658) Rossbach, battle of (1757) Rossellino, Antonio (1427-79) Rossellino, Bernardo (1409-61) Rossetti, Biagio (1495) Rossetti, Dante Gabriel (1828-82) Rossi, Carlo J. (1775-1849) Rossi, Properzia de' (c. 1490-1530) Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio (1792-1868) Rosso, Giovanni Battista de (1494-1540) Rostand, Edmond (1868-1918) Rostopchin, Count Feodor Vasilievich (1763-1826) Rostovtzeff, Michael, American historian (b. 1870) Rothschild, Meyer Amschel, Jewish banker (1743-1812) Rothschild, Nathan Meyer (1777-1836) Rotrou, Jean de (1609-50) Roubillac, Francois (1695-1762) Rouelle, Guillaume Francois (1703-70) Rouelle, Guillaume-Francois (1695-1762) Rouget de Lisle, Claude-Joseph (1760-1836) Roulle, Pierre (fl. 1664) Rousseau, Jacques (1733-1801) Rousseau, Jean Baptiste (1671-1741) Rousseau, Jean Jacques, French philosopher (1712-1778) Rousseau, Jeanette (fl. 1748) Rousseau, Pierre (1750-C. 1792) Rousseau, Suzanne, nee Bernard (d. 1712), mother of Jean-Jacques Roussel, Gerard (d. 1550) Rousset, Francois (fl. 1581) Roustam (1780-1845) Roux, Jacques (d. 1794) Rovere, Francesco Maria della, Duke of Urbino (1508-16) Rovere, Giovanni della (d. 1501) Rovere, Giuliano della (1443-1513), see Julius II, Pope Rovere, Guidobaldo II della, Duke of Urbino (1538-74) Rovere, Leonardo della (d. 1475) Rovereto, battle of (1796) Rovezzano, Benedetto da (1474-1550) Rowe, Nicholas (1674-1718) Rowlandson, Thomas (1756-1827) Roxana (rox-an'-a), wife and sister of Cambyses (ca. 525 B.C.) Roxana, wife of Alexander the Great (d. 310 B.C.) Royal Charter (Bohemia, 1609) Royer-Collard, Pierre-Paul (1763-1845) Rubens, Peter Paul, Flemish painter (1577-1640) Rubliov, Andrei (c. 1370-c. 1430) Rubruquis, Guillaume de, medieval traveler and missionary (fl. 1253) Rucellai, Cosimo (1513) Rucellai, Giovanni (1460) Rucellai, Giovanni (1475-1526) Ruckert, Friedrich (1788-1866) Rudbeck, Governor-General (fl. 1782) Rudbeck, Olof (1660-1740) Rude, Francois (1784-1855) Rudolf I of Hapsburg, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1273-91) Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (1576-1612) Rudolf, Archduke (1788-1831) Rudra (roo'-dra) Rueda, Lope de (1510?-65) Ruffo, Fabrizio, Cardinal (1744-1827) Rufus of Ephesus, Greek physician (fl. 98-117) Rufus, Caesetius, proscribed by Antony (?-43 B.C.) Rufus, Corellius, friend of Pliny the Younger (?-96?) Rufus, Musonius, Stoic philosopher (fl. 1st century) Rufus, Virginius, governor and guardian of Pliny the Younger (14-97) Rugendas, Georg Philippe (1666-1742) Ruisdael, Jacob van (1628?-82) Ruisdael, Salomon van (1600-70) Rukmini (rook-mi-ni) Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count (1753-1814) Rumiantsev, Piotr Alexandrovich (1725-96) Rupee (H)- an Indian coin worth about 32 cents. Rupert III (1400) Rupert, Prince, Count Palatine of the Rhine (1619-82) Rush, Benjamin (1745?-1813) Ruskin, John, English author and art critic (1819-1900) Ruspoli, Francesco Capizucchi, Marchese di (fl. 1710) Russell, Admiral Edward, Earl of Orford (1653-1727) Russell, Bertrand, Earl (1872-1970) Russell, Richard (fl. 1753), English physician Russell, William Lord (1639-83) Rustem Pasha (1550) Rusticus, Quintus Junius, Stoic philosopher (fl. 2nd century) Rut, John (1527) Rutherford, Daniel (1749-1819) Ruthven, Lady Mary, m. (1639) Sir Anthony Vandyck Ruthven, Patrick, 3d Baron Ruthven (1520?-1566) Rutilius Namatianus (416) Ruysbroeck, Jan van (1293-1381) Ruyter, Michel Adriaanszoon de (1607-76) Ryswick, Treaty of (1697) S - Saalfeld, battle of (1806) Sabazius (sa-ba'-zi-us) Sabba, Santi di Cola (fl. early 16th cent.) Sabbatai Zevi (1626-76) Sabellicus (Marcantonio Coccio: 1436-1506) Sabina, Poppaea, wife of Nero (?-65) Sabina, Vivia, wife of Hadrian (?-138) Sabinus, Poppaeus, accused of conspiracy (?-27 A.D.) Sabitu (sa'-bi-too) Sable, Magdelaine de Souvre, Marquise de (1599-1678) Sabran, Comtesse de (b. c. 1695) Sacae (sa'-se) Saccas, Ammonius, Alexandrian Neoplatonist (fl. 3rd century) Sacchetti, Franco (c. 1335-1400) Sacchetti, Giovanni Battista (fl. 1737-64) Sacchetti, Giulio, Cardinal (fl. 1663) Sacchi, Andrea (1599-1661) Sacchini, Antonio (1730-86) Sacharissa (Lady Dorothy Sidney; 1617-84) Sachs, Hans (1494-1576) Sacia (sa'-sha) Sackville, Sir Richard (d. 1566) Sacrobosco, Johannes de (1230) Sacy, Louis Isaac Lemaistre de (1613-84) Sa de Miranda, Francisco de (1485?-1558) Sade, Donatien, Comte (better known as the Marquis) de (1740-1814) Sade, Laura de (d. 1348) Sa'di, Persian poet (Musharrif ud-Din: 1184?-1291) Sadler, Sir Ralph (1507-87) Sadoleto, Iacopo [Jacopo] (1477-1547) Sagredo, Giovanni (1571-1620) Sahu (sa'-hoo) Sa'ib of Isfahan (fl. 1642-66) Saigyo Hoshi (si-gyo ho-she), Japanese poet (1118-1190) Saint-Andre, Andre-Jeanbon (1749-1813) Saint-Andre, Jacques d'Albon de, Marshal (1512-62) Saint-Aubin, Gabriel de (1724-80) Saint-Evremond, Charles de Marguetel de Saint-Denis, Seigneur de (1613?-1703) Saint-Florentin, Louis de (1705-77) Saint-Germain, Claude-Louis de (1707-78) Saint-Germain, Comte de (c. 1700-c. 1784), adventurer Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine (1767-94) Saint-Lambert, Marquis Jean Francois de (1716-1803) Saint-Mauris, M. de (fl. 1775) Saint-Pierre, Abbe de (Charles Irenee Castel; 1658-1743) Saint-Pierre, Jacques Henri Bernardin de, French writer of romance (1737-1814) Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de (1675-1755) Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin (1804-69) Sais (sa-is) Saite (sa'-it) Age (Egypt) Sake (J)- rice wine. Sake (sa-ke) Sakhalin (saK'-a-len') Sakkara (sa-ka'-ra) Sakkarah (sa-ka'-ra) Sakon (sa-kon), Japanese hero (ca. 1615) Saladin (sal'-a-din) (1137-1193), Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1174-93) Salaino, Andrea (fl. 1490-1520) Salamanca, battle of (1812) Salaminia (sal'-a-min'-i-a) Salamis (sal'-a-mis) (island), naval battle in 480 B.C. Salamis, battle of (480 B.C.) Saldanha, Cardinal de (fl. 1758), patriarch of Lisbon Sale, George (1697-1736) Salieri, Antonio (1750-1825) Salim Chisti (sa'-lim chis'-te), Indian statesman and sage (ca. 1590) Sallust (Caius Sallustius Crispus), historian (86-35 B.C.) Salm, Count (fl. 1692) Salm, Count Nicholas von (1529) Salmasius, Claudius (Claude de Saumaise; 1588-1653) Salmeron, Alonso (1515-85) Salo, Gasparo di Bertolotti da (c. 1542-1609) Salome Alexandra, Queen of the Jews (reigned 78-69 B.C.) Salome, daughter of Herodias (1st century) Salomon, Johann Peter (1745-1815) Salonniere (F)- a frequenter of a salon; usually referring to the French salons or drawing-room receptions of the seventeenth or eighteenth centuries. Saltykov, Count Piotr Semionovich (1698?-1772) Saltykov, Sergei (fl. 1751) Salutati, Coluccio de' (1330-1406) Salvi, Giovanni Battista. ("ll Sassoferrato": 1605-85) Salvi, Niccolo (1697-1751) Salviati, Francesco (d. 1478) Salviati, Giovanni (1517) Salviati, Maria (1509) Salvius, leader of slave rebellion (end of 2nd century B.C.) Sama-veda (sa'-ma-va'-da) Samadhi (H)- the eighth stage of Yoga. Samadhi (sa-ma'-di) Samaj (H)- assembly; society. Samaria (sa-ma'-ri-a) Samarkand (sam'-er-kand') Samarra (sa-mar'-ra), battle of (1733) Samgita-ratnakara (san-ge'-ta-rat-na'-ka-ra) Samhita (H)- collection. Sammartini, Giovanni Battista (1701-75) Sammuramat (sa-moor'-a-mat), Queen of Assyria (811-808 B.C.) Samohini (H)- a drug. Samos (sa'-mos) Samothrace (sam'-o-thras) Samson, Hebrew prophet and judge (ca. 1130 B.C.) Samudragupta (sa-mood-ra-goop'-ta), King of Magadha (330-380) Samuel, Hebrew judge (ca. 1025 B.C.) Samurais (sa'-moo-riz) San Bartolomeo, Fra Paolino da, Austrian monk (18th century) San Ildefonso, College of (1499) San Kuo Chih Yen I (san-gwo-je-yan-e) San Roman, Francisco de (1542) Sanchez Coello, Alonso (1530?-88) Sanchez, Francois (1552-1632) Sanctorius (Santorio Santorio: 1561-1636) Sand, George (Amandine Dudevant [Aurore Dupin]; 1803-76) Sandanga (san-dang'-a) Sandby, Paul (1725-1809) Sandrart, Joachim von (1606-88) Sandwich, Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of (1625-72) Sandwich, John Montagu, 4th Earl of (1718-1792) Sang-de-boeuf (F)- (color of) bull's blood. Sangallo the Elder, Antonio da (1455-1534) Sangallo the Younger, Antonio da (c. 1483-1546) Sangallo, Aristotele da (1500) Sangallo, Giovanni Francesco da (1500) Sangallo, Giuliano da (1445-1516) Sangaya (san'-ga-ya), Indian agnostic Sangha (san'-ga) Sanitary Act (1388) Sankhya (san'-kya) philosophy Sankhya-karika (san'-kya-ka'-ri-ka) Sankhya-sutras (soo'-traz) Sanmicheli, Michele (1484-1559) Sannazaro, Iacopo [Jacopo] (1458-1530) Sannyasi (H)- a hermit saint. Sannyasi (san-nya'-se) Sano di Matteo (1420) Sano di Pietro (1405-81) Sansedoni, Porzia (fl. 1765) Sanson, Henri (1767-1840) Sansovino (Andrea di Domenico Contucci: 1460-1529) Sansovino, Iacopo [Jacopo] Tatti (1486-1570) Santa Croce, Francesco di (d. 1484) Santa Cruz, Alvaro de Bazan, Marquis of (1526-88) Santarem, Joao da (1471) Santerre, Antoine-Joseph (1752-1809) Santerre, Jean Baptiste (1658-1717) Santi, Giovanni (c. 1445-94) Santillana, Marquis of (1398-1458) Santo Kioden (san-to, kyo-den), Japanese novelist (1761-1816) Santo, Mariano (b. c. 1490) Sanudo, Marino (1466-1535) Sappho (saf'-o), Greek poet (7th century B.C.) Saratoga, battle of (1777) Sarazin, Jacques (1588-1660) Sardanapalus (sar'-da-na-pa'-lus), ruler of Assyria (c. 822 B.C.) Sardinia (sar-din'-i-a), King of (1730-63), see Charles Emmanuel I Sardis (sar'-dis) Sardou, Victorien (1831-99) Sargon I, King of Akkad and Sumeria (2872-2817 B.C.) Sargon II, King of Assyria (722-705 B.C.) Sari (H)- a silk robe. Sarnath (sar'-nat) Saros (sa'-ros), Gulf of Sarpi, Paolo (1552-1623) Sarti, Giuseppe (1729-1802) Sartine, Gabriel de (1729-1801) Sarto, Andrea del (1487-1531) Sarton, George (1884-1956) Sartre, Jean-Paul (1905) Sas-Bahu (shash-ba'-hoo) Sassanid (sas'-sa-nid) Dynasty Sasseram (sas'-ser-am) Sassetta (Stefano di Giovanni: 1392-1450) Satapatha (sha'-ta-pa-ta) Upanishad Sati (H)- suttee; devoted wife; the burial of a widow with her husband. Satow, Sir Ernest Mason, British diplomat and publicist (1843-1929) Satraps (sa'-traps) Satsuma (sat-soo-ma) Saturnalia (sat'-er-na'-li-a) Saturninus, Antoninus, governor (fl. 1st century) Saturninus, Caius Sentius, governor of Syria (fl. 1st century B.C.) Saturninus, Lucius Appuleius, radical leader (?-100 B.C.) Saturninus, Pompeius, friend of Pliny the Younger (fl. 1st and 2nd centuries) Saul, King of the Jews (1025-1010 B.C.) Saunderson, Nicholas (1682-1739) Saurau, Count Franz von (1760-c. 1830) Saussure, Horace-Benedict de (1740-99) Saussure, Nicolas Theodore de (1767-1845) Saussure, Nicolas de (1709-90) Sautuola, Marcelino de (sou-too-o'-la, mar-thel-e'-no du), Spanish archeologist Sauveur, Joseph (1653-1716) Savage, Richard (1697?-1743) Savant (F)- scholar. Savary, Rene (1774-1833) Savelli, Giambattista (d. 1498) Savelli, Silvio (1501) Savery, Thomas (1650?-1715) Savigny, Friedrich Karl von (1779-1861) Savile, Sir George (1726-84) Savile, Sir Henry (1549-1622) Savitar (sa'-vi-tar) Savitri (sa'-vi-tre) Savoldo, Giovanni Girolamo (c. 1480-1549) Savonarola, Girolamo, Italian monk and reformer (1452-1498) Savonarola, Michele (1384-1464) Savoy, Duke of, see Charles Emanuel II (r. 1638-75); Victor Amadeus II (r. 1675-1732) Sawtrey, William (1401) Saxe, Marechal Comte Hermann Maurice de (1696-1750) Saxe-Coburg, Friedrich Josias, Prince of (1737-1815) Saxe-Gotha, Duke and Duchess of (fl. 1753) Saxo Grammaticus (1150?-1220?) Saye, Lord (1450) Scaevola, Caius Mucius, hero (fl. 6th century B.C.) Scaevola, Publius Mucius, statesman and lawyer (fl. second half of 2nd century B.C.) Scaevola, Quintus Mucius, jurist (?-82 B.C.) Scala, Alberto della, despot of Verona (1277-1301) Scala, Can Grande I della, despot of Verona (1311-29) Scala, Can Grande Il della, despot of Verona (1351-59) Scala, Cansignorio della, despot of Verona (1359-75) Scala, Mastino I della, despot of Verona (1260-77) Scala, Mastino II della, despot of Verona (1329-51) Scaliger, Joseph Justus, French critic and scholar (1540-1609) Scaliger, Julius Caesar (1484-1558), and Joseph Justus (1540-1609) Scamozzi, Vincenzo (1552-1616) Scanderbeg (George Castriota: 1403?-68) Scandile (skan'-di-le) Scarborough, Earl of (fl. 1688) Scarlatti, Alessandro (1660-1725) Scarlatti, Domenico (1685-1757) Scarlatti, Francesco (fl. 1719) Scarlatti, Pietro (1679-1750) Scarlatti, Tommaso (1670?-1760) Scarpa, Antonio (1747-1832) Scarpagnino (Antonio Abbondi: d. 1549) Scarron, Paul (1610-60) Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius, general and governor (fl. 1st century B.C.) Scepsis (skep'-sis) Schack, Mme. (fl. 1791) Schadow, Johann Gottfried (1764-1850) Schadow-Godenhaus, Wilhelm von (1789-1862) Schaemaekers, Peter (1690-1771) Schall von Bell, Johann Adam (1591-1666) Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann David von (1755-1813) Schaumburg-Lippe, Count Wilhelm of (1724-1777) Scheele, Karl Wilhelm (1742-86) Scheibe, Johann Adolf (1708-76) Scheidemann, Heinrich (c. 1596-1654) Scheiner, Christoph (1579?-1650) Schelling, Caroline von, nee Michaelis (1783-1809) Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, German philosopher (1775-1854) Schenkendorf, Max von (1783-1817) Scherer, Barthelemy-Louis-Joseph (1747-1804) Schering, Arnold (b. 1877) Schiavone (Andrea Meldalla: c. 1522-82) Schikaneder, Johann Emanuel (1748-1812) Schiller, Charlotte, nee von Lengefeld (1766-1826) Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von (1759-1805) Schindler, Anton (1795-1864) Schinner, Matthaeus (c. 1470-1522) Schlegel, August Wilhelm von, German philologist (1767-1845) Schlegel, Friedrich, German philosopher and critic (1772-1829) Schleiermacher, Friedrich (1768-1834) Schliemann, Heinrich, German archeologist (1822-1890) Schluter, Andreas [Andres] (1664-1714) Schmidlin, Jacob (d. 1747) Schmidt, Georg Friedrich (1712-75) Schmuzer, Josef (fl. 1752) Schnittberger, Johann (1396-1426) Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Julius (1795-1872) Schobert, Johann (1720?-67) Schoffer, Peter (1425?-1502) Schomberg, Friedrich Hermann, later Frederick Herman, Duke of Schomberg (1615?-1690) Schonberg, Nikolaus von (d. 1537) Schonbrunn, Treaty of (1805) Schonbrunn, Treaty of (1809) Schonemann, Lili (1758-1817) Schongauer, Martin (1445?-1491) Schonkopf, Annette (fl. 1768) Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, American ethnologist (1793-1864) Schopenhauer, Arthur, German philosopher (1788-1860) Schott, Kaspar (fl. 1672) Schrattenbach, Sigismund von, Prince Archbishop of Salzburg (r. 1753-71) Schroder, Friedrich Ludwig (1744-1816) Schroeter, Johanna (fl. 1791) Schroter, Korona (1751-1802) Schubart, Christian Friedrich Daniel (1739-91) Schubert, Franz (1797-1828) Schuller, Georg Hennann (1651-79) Schulz, Johann H. (fl. 1784) Schulz, Johann Peter (1747-1800) Schumann, Robert (1810-56) Schuppanzigh, Ignaz (1776-1830) Schutz, Heinrich (1585-1672) Schuurman, Anna Maria (1607-78) Schwann, Theodore (1810-82) Schwarzenberg, Prince Karl Philipp von (1771-1820) Schweinfurth, Georg August, German-Russian traveler (1836- ) Schweitzer, Albert, Alsatian philosopher, theologian, physician, and musician (1875-1965) Schwerin, Count Kurt Christoph von (1684-1757) Schynvoet, Dutch architect (fl. 1697) Scillus (sil'-us) Scione (si-o'-ne) Scioppius, Caspar (Caspar Schoppe: 1576-1649) Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor, Publius Cornelius, general (ca. 185-129 B.C.) Scipio Africanus Major, Publius Cornelius, Roman general (237-183 B.C.) Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius, son of Scipio Africanus (2nd century B.C.) Scipio Asiaticus, Lucius Cornelius, general (fl. 190 B.C.) Scipio Nasica Corculum, Publius Cornelius (fl. 158 B.C.) Scipio Nasica Serapio, Publius Cornelius, senator (fl. 133 B.C.) Scipio, Calvus Cneius Cornelius, general (?-211 B.C.) Scipio, Publius Cornelius, general, father of Scipio Africanus Major (?-211 B.C.) Scopas (sko'-pas), Greek sculptor (400-ca. 340 B.C.) Scorel, Jan Van (1495-1562) Scot, Reginald (1538?-99) Scott, Alexander John (1768-1840) Scott, Sir Walter, Scotch novelist and poet (1771-1832) Scottish Covenant, First (1557) Scribe, Augustin Eugene (1791-1861) Scribonia, second wife of Augustus (fl. 1st century B.C.) Scroggs, Sir William (1623?-83) Scrovegni, Enrico (1300 f.) Scudery, Georges de (1601-67) Scudery, Madeleine de, "Sappho", French novelist (1607-1701) Scylax (ski'-laks) of Caria, historian (6th-5th centuries B.C.) Scylla (sil'-a) Scyllis, Cretan sculptor (fl. 580 B.C.) Scyros (ske'-ros) Scythia (sith'-i-a) Scythians (si'-thi-anz) Se non e vero e ben trovato (I)- if it is not true it is well invented. Sebastian, King of Portugal (1557-78) Sebastiani, Comte Horace (1772-1851) Sebastiano del Piombo (Sebastiano Luciani: 1485-1547) Sebek (seb'-ek) Second Abdication (1815) Second Coalition (1798) Second Empire, French (1852-70) Second League of Armed Neutrality (1800) Second Restoration (1815) Second Silesian War (1744-45) Second Treaty of Paris (1815) Sedaine, Michel-Jean (1719-97) Seditious Meetings Act (1796) Sedley, Catherine, Countess of Dorchester (1657-1717) Segati, Marianna (fl. 1816) Segesta (se-jes'-ta) Seghers, Daniel (1590-1661) Seghers, Hercules (1585-1645) Seguier, Antoine Louis (1726-92) Segur, Comte Louis-Philippe de (1753-1830) Sei (J)- caste. Sei Shonagon (sa sho-na-gon), Lady, Japanese essayist (ca. 1000) Seignelay, Jean Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de (1651-90) Seisachtheia (si-zak'-thi-a') Seitz, Johann (1717-79) Sejanus, Lucius Aelius, prefect of the Praetorian Guard (?-31 A.D.) Selby, England, Cathedral (c. 1340) Selden, John (1584-1654) Selene (se-le'-ne) Seleucia (se-lu'-shi-a) Seleucus (se-lu'-kus) I Nicator, King of Syria (365-281 B.C.) Seleucus III Soter, King of Syria (reigned 227-223 B.C.) Seleucus IV Philopator, King of Syria (reigned 187-176 B.C.) Seleucus of Babylonia (2nd Century B.C.) Seleucus, astronomer (3rd century B.C.) Selim I, Sultan of Turkey (1512-20) Selim II, Ottoman Sultan (r. 1566-74) Selim III, Ottoman Sultan (r. 1789-1807) Selinus (se-li'-nus) Selkirk, Alexander (1676-1721) Sellasia (se-la'-shi-a) Selva, Giovanni Antonio (1751-1819) Selwyn, George (1718-91) Semele (sem'-e-le) Semiramis (se-mir'-a-mis), see Sammuramat Semler, Johann Salomo (1725-91) Semonides (se-mon'-i-dez) of Amorgos, poet (fl. 650 B.C.) Sen (J)- a Japanese coin, worth one-hundredth of a yen. Senancourt, Etienne de (1770-1846) Sendai (sen-di) Senebier, Jean (1742-1809) Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, Roman philosopher and writer (c. 4 B.C.-A.D. 65) Seneca, Marcus Annaeus, rhetorician (54 B.C.?-A.D. 39) Senefelder, Aloys (1771-1834) Senesino (Francesco Bernardi; 1690?-1750?) Senfl, Ludwig (c. 1492-c. 1555) Senior, Abraham (c. 1410-c. 94) Senkereh (sen'-ker-a) see Larsa Senmut (sen-moot), Egyptian architect (ca. 1500 B.C.) Sennacherib (sen-ak'-er-ib), King of Assyria (705-681 B.C.) Senta, battle of (1697) Sentinum (battle, 295 B.C.) Senusret (sen'-oos-ret) I, King of Egypt (2192-2157 B.C.) Senusret II, King of Egypt (2115-2099 B.C.) Senusret III, King of Egypt (2099-2061 B.C.) Sepoy (se'-poi) Mutiny Seppuku (J)- ritual self-disembowelment. September Massacres (France, 1792) Septennial Act (Britain, 1716) Septimius Severus (Lucius Septimius Severus), Roman emperor (146-211) Serabit-el-khadim (ser-a'-bit-el-ka-dem') Serafinovich (fl. 1716) Serapis (se-ra'-pis) Serbia, revolt of (1804) Sergel, Johan Tobias (1740-1814) Seripando, Girolamo (1493-1563) Seriphos (se-re'-fos) Serlio, Sebastiano (1475-1554) Serre, Suzanne (d. 1748?) Serres, Olivier de (1539-1619) Sertorius, Quintus, general (?-72 B.C.) Servan, Joseph (1741-1808) Servan, Joseph Michel Antoine (1737-1807) Servandoni, Jean Nicolas (1695-1766) Servetus, Michael (1511-33) Servien, Abbe (fl. 1710) Servilia, mistress of Caesar and mother of Brutus (1st century B.C.) Servius Tullius, sixth King of Rome (fl. 6th century B.C.) Sery, Mlle. de (fl. 1692) Sesostris (se-sos'-tris), see Senusret I Sesquipedalia verba (L)- words a foot and a half long. Sesshiu (ses-shu), Japanese painter (1420-1506) Set (set) Seti (sa'-te) I, King of Egypt (1321-1300 B.C.) Seti II, King of Egypt (1214-1210 B.C.) Seto (sa-to) Settlement, Act of, see Act for the Settlement of Ireland (1652); Act of Settlement (1701) Seve, Maurice (1510-64) Seven Years' War (1756-63) Severus (Flavius Valerius Severus), Roman emperor (?-307) Severus, architect (fl. 1st century) Sevigne, Henri, Marquis de (d. 1651) Sevigne, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise of (1626-96) Sexby, Lieutenant Colonel (d. 1657) Sextius, Lucius, tribune and consul (fl. 376-366 B.C.) Sextus Empiricus, Greek philosopher (fl. end of 2nd century) Sextus of Chaeronea, Greek Stoic philosopher (fl. 2nd century) Seydlitz, Friedrich Wilhelm von (1721-73) Seymour, Jane, wife of Henry VIII (d. 1537) Seze, Romain de (1748-1828) Sforza (Muzio Attendolo: 1369-1424) Sforza, Ascanio (d. 1505) Sforza, Battista, Duchess of Urbino (d. 1472) Sforza, Bona (1493-1550) Sforza, Caterina (1463-1509) Sforza, Francesco Maria, Duke of Milan (1522-35) Sforza, Francesco, Duke of Milan (1450-66) Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, Duke of Milan (1466-76) Sforza, Giangaleazzo, Duke of Milan (1476-81) Sforza, Giovanni (d. 1510) Sforza, Lodovico (1451-1508), Duke of Milan (r. 1481-99) Sforza, Maximilian [Massimiliano], Duke of Milan (1512-15) Shabattu (sha'-bat-too) Shabuoth (sha'-voo'-oth) Shaduf (A)- a bucket swung on a pole to lift water. Shadufs (sha'-doofs) Shadwell, Thomas (1642?-92) Shafirov, Peter (fl. 1711) Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of (1621-83) Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of (1671-1713), philosopher Shaftesbury, Earl of (fl. 1745) Shah (sha) Shah Alam, Mogul Emperor (r. 1759-1806) Shah Jehan (ja-han'), Mogul emperor (1628-1658) Shah Rukh (1405-47) Shah Rukh, Persian ruler (r. 1748-96) Shah-Ali (1557) Shakespeare, Hamnet (1585-1596) Shakespeare, John (d. 1601) Shakespeare, Judith (1585-1662) Shakespeare, Susanna (1583-1649) Shakespeare, William, English poet and dramatist (1564-1616) Shakhti (H)- the female energy of a god. Shakti (shak'-te) sects Shakuntala (sha-koon'-ta-la) Shakya-muni (sha'-kya-moo-ni); see Buddha Shakyas (sha'-kyaz) Shalmaneser (shal-ma-ne'-ser) I, King of Assyria (fl. 1267 B.C.) Shalmaneser III, King of Assyria (reigned 859-824 B.C.) Shaman (H)- a magician, or miracle-working priest. Shamans (sha'-manz) Shamash (sha'-mash) Shamash-napishtim (sha'-mash-na-pish'-tim) Shamash-shum-ukin (shoom-oo'-kin), brother of Ashurbanipal (ca. 650 B.C.) Shamashnazir (sha'-mash-na-zer'), Babylonian daughter-merchant Shammai, Jewish rabbi (fl. 1st century B.C.) Shamsi-Adad (sham'-se-a-dad) VII, King of Assyria (824-811 B.C.) Shang (shang) Dynasty Shangtu (shang-doo) Shankar (shan'-kar), Indian dancer Shankara (shan'-ka-ra), Indian philosopher (788-820) Shansi (shan-se) Shantiniketan (shan'-ti-ni-ka'-tan) Shantung (shan toong; Chinese shan doong) Shapur I, King of Persia (reigned 242-271) Sharaku (sha-ra-koo), Japanese engraver (ca. 1790) Sharamgadeva (sharam-ga-da'-va), Indian musical theorist (1210-1247) Sharp, Dr. John (fl. 1686) Sharp, Granville (1735-1813) Shastra (H)- a text-book, treatise. Shat-Azalla (shat-a-zal'-la) Shatrunjaya (sha-troon'-ja-ya) Shaw, George Bernard (1856-1950) Shchedrin, F. F. (1751-1825) Shchedrin, Sylvester Feodorovich (1791-1830) Sheba (she'-ba), Queen of Sheffield, John Baker Holroyd, 1st Earl of (fl. 1780) Sheik-el-Beled (shak-al-ba'-led) Shekel (He)- a coin of the Near East, of varying value. Shelburne, Sir William Petty, 2nd Earl of, later 1st Marquis of Lansdowne (1737-1805) Sheldon, Gilbert (1598-1677), Archbishop of Canterbury (1663-77) Shelley, Charles Bysshe (b. 1814) Shelley, Clara Everina (1817-18) Shelley, Harriet, nee Westbrook (1795-1816) Shelley, Ianthe (1813-76) Shelley, Mary Godwin (1797-1851) Shelley, Percy Bysshe, English poet (1792-1822) Shelley, Percy Florence (1819-89) Shelley, Sir Bysshe (1731-1815) Shelley, Timothy (1753-1844) Shelley, William (1816-19) Shemaya, Jewish rabbi (fl. 1st century B.C.) Shen Nung (shun noong), Chinese emperor (2737-2697 B.C.) Shen Tsung (shun dzoong), Chinese emperor (1573-1620) Shensi (shan-se; differs only in tone from Shansi) Shenstone, William (1714-63) Sheol (she'-ol) Sheppard, John or Jack (1702-24) Sher Shah (shar sha), Mogul emperor (1542-1545) Sheraton, Thomas (1751-1806) Sherbatov, Princess (fl. 1789) Sheremetiev, General (fl. 1702) Sheridan, Elizabeth Ann, nee Linley (1754-92) Sheridan, Frances, nee Chamberlaine (1724-66) Sheridan, Richard Brinsley (1751-1816) Sheridan, Thomas, the Elder (1687-1738) Sheridan, Thomas, the Younger (1719-88) Sheriffmuir, battle of (1715) Sherley, Robert (1581?-1628) Sherley, Sir Anthony (1565-1635?) Sherlock, Thomas (fl. 1729), bishop of London Sheshonk (sha'-shonk) I, King of Egypt (947-925 B.C.) Shi-Ching (shi-jing) Shih Huang-ti (shi hwang-de), Chinese emperor (221-211 B.C.) Shiloh (shi'-lo) Shilpa-shastra (shil'-pa-shas'-tra) Shimabara (shim-a-ba-ra) Shimadzu (shim-ad-zoo) family Shimazu Yoshihiro (shim-ad-zoo yo-shi-he-ro), Japanese ceramic artist (fl. 1596) Shimel (shim'-el), Hebrew warrior (died ca. 974 B.C.) Shimla (shim'-la) Shingon (shin-gon); see Shintoism Shinto (J)- the Way of the Gods; the worship of the national deities and the emperor in Japan. Shintoism (shin'-to-izm) Shippurla (ship-poor'-la), see Lagash Shirley, James (1596-1666) Shirozemon (she-ro-za-mon), Japanese potter (ca. 1229) Shiva (shi'-va) Shivaites (she'-va-itz) Shizutani (she-zoo-ta-ne) Shloka (H)- couplet. Shogun (J)- general; military governor. Shoguns (sho-goonz) Shomu (sho-moo), Emperor of Japan (724-756) Shonzui (shon-zoo-e), Japanese ceramic artist (16th century) Shore, Jane (1445?-?1527) Shore, John (fl. 1711) Shotoku (sho-to-koo), Empress of Japan (ca. 770) Shotuku Taishi (ti-she), Regent of Japan (592-621) Shrewsbury, Charles Talbot, 12th Earl of, later Duke of (1660-1718) Shrewsbury, Elizabeth Talbot, nee Hardwick, Countess of (1518-1608) Shrewsbury, George Talbot, 6th Earl of (1528?-90) Shri Rangam (shre rang'-am) Temple Shu (shoo) Shu-Ching (shoo jing) Shub-ad (shoob'-ad), Sumerian queen (ca. 3500 B.C.) Shubun (shoo-boon), Japanese painter (ca. 1400) Shuddhodhana (shood'-o-da-na), Buddha's father '(6th century B.C.) Shudraka (shoo'-dra-ka) Shudras (shoo'-draz) Shui Hu Chuan (shwe hoo jwan) Shun (shwin), Chinese emperor (2255-2205 B.C.) Shushan (shoo-shan') Shushi (shoo-she); Japanese form of Chu Hsi, q.v. Shute, John (fl. 1563) Shuvalov, P. A. (fl. 1795) Shuvalov, Piotr, Count (d. 1762) Shwasanved Upanishad (shwa-san'-vad oo-pan'-i-shad) Shwe Dagon (shwa da-gon') Sian-fu (se-an-foo) Sibu (se'-boo) Sicels (sis'-elz) Sicinos (si'-kin-os) Sickingen, Franz von (1481-1523) Sicyon (sik'-i-on) Siddhantas (sid-dan'-taz) Siddhartha (sid-dar'-ta); see Buddha Siddons, Sarah, nee Kemble (1755-1831) Siddons, William (fl. 1773; d. 1808) Sidney Smith, Sir William (1764-1840) Sidney, Algernon (1622-83) Sidney, Henry, Earl of Romney (1641-1704) Sidney, Lady Dorothy (1617-84) Sidney, Lady Mary, nee Dudley (fl. 1550) Sidney, Philip (1554-86) Sidney, Sir Henry (1529-82) Sidney, Sir Philip (1554-86) Sidon (si'-don) Siesta (Sp)- a short sleep or rest. Sieyes, Emmanuel-Joseph (1748-1836) Siger de Brabant (1235?-?1281) Sigeum (si-je'-um), Cape Sigismund I, King of Poland (1506-48) Sigismund II, King of Poland (r. 1548-72) Sigismund III (Sigismund Vasa), King of Poland (r. 1587-1632) and King of Sweden (r, 1592-1604) Sigismund, Archduke of Austria (1488) Sigismund, King of Hungary (1387-1437); Holy Roman Emperor (1411-37) Signorelli, Luca (1441-1523) Sigorgne, Abbe (fl. 1765) Sikhs (sex) Silanus, Marcus Junius, poisoned by Agrippina (14-54) Silanus, senator (fl. 1st century B.C.) Silas, colleague of St. Paul (1st century) Silbermann, Andreas (1678-1734) Silbermann, Gottfried (1683-1753) Silenus (si-le'-nus) Silesian Wars (1740-45) Silhouette, Etienne de (1709-67) Silindhra (H)- an Indian flower. Silius, Caius, lover of Messalina (?-48) Siloe, Diego de (d. 1563) Siloe, Gil de (fl. 1475?-?1505) Silva, Antonio Jose da (1705-39) Silva, Samuel da (fl. 1623) Silvester I, Roman Pope (reigned 314-335) Silvestri, Guido Postumo (1479-1521) Simaetha (si-me'-tha) Simeon (Ivanovitch) the Proud (1341-53) Simeon, Bishop of Jerusalem and martyr (87 B.C.?-A.D. 107?) Simmias, philosopher and poet (5th-4th centuries B.C.) Simmons, Samuel (fl. 1667) Simon Maccabeus, Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.) Simon Magus, Samaritan sorcerer (1st century) Simon, Richard (1638-1712) Simon, disciple of Socrates (5th-4th centuries B.C.) Simonides (si-mon'-i-dez) of Ceos, poet (ca. 556-468 B.C.) Simus (si'-mus), Phrygian (4th century B.C.) Sin (sin), Mesopotamian deity Sinai (si'-ni) Sinan, architect (1489?-1587) Sinclair, George (fl. 1685) Sind (sind) Sine qua non (L)- an indispensable condition. Singanpur (sin'-gan-poor') Singlin, Antoine (1607-64) Sinkiang (sin-je-ang') Sinope (sin'-o-pe) Sinuhe (sin-oo-e), Egyptian official and traveler (ca. 2180 B.C.) Siphnos (sef'-nos) Sirach, Joshua ben, Jewish philosopher (2nd century B.C.) Siraj-ud-daula (1728?-57) Sirguya (ser-goo'-ya) Siro the Epicurean, philosopher in Naples (fl. 1st century B.C.) Sirven, Elisabeth (d. 1762) Sirven, Pierre Paul (b. 1709) Sismondi, Jean-Charles-Leonard Simonde de (1773-1842) Sissa (sis'-sa), Brahman, reputed inventer of chess (ca. 500) Sita (se'-ta) Sithium, Miguel (1492) Siwa (se'-wa) Six Articles (Sorbonne, 1663) Six Articles, Act of the (1539) Sixtus II, Roman Pope (257-258) Sixtus IV (Francesco della Rovere), Pope (1471-84) Sixtus V, Pope (Felice Peretti: r. 1585-90) Skanderbeg (George Castriota: c. 1400-68) Skarga, Peter (Peter Pawenski: 1536-1612) Skeat, Walter William, English philologist (1835-1912) Skerrett, Maria (Molly), later Lady Walpole (d.1738) Skirophoria (skir'-o-fo'-ri-a) Skirophorion (skir'-o-fo'ri-on) Slaak River, naval battle in (1631) Slankamen, battle of (1691) Sleidanus, Johannes (1506?-56) Sloane, Sir Hans (1660-1753) Sluter, Claus (d. 1406) Smart, Sir George (1776-1867) Smeaton, John (1724-92) Smellie, William (1697-1763) "Smerdis," pretender to Persian throne (521 B.C.) Smerdis (smar-dis), brother of Cambyses (ca. 525 B.C.) Smith, Adam (1723-90) Smith, Edwin, discoverer of the Edwin Smith Papyrus (1822-1906) Smith, James Edward (fl. 1788) Smith, Mrs. Spencer, (fl. 1809) Smith, Sir William Sidney (1764-1840) Smith, Sydney (1771-1845) Smith, William "Strata" (1769-1839) Smith, William Benjamin, American educator (1850-1934) Smith, William Robertson, Scotch Orientalist (1846-1894) Smollett, Tobias (1721-71) Smyndyrides (smin-di'-ri-dez) of Sybaris (5th century B.C.) Smythson, Robert (1535-1614) Snefrunofr (snef'-roo-no'-fer), Egyptian singer Snell, Willebrord (1591-1626) Snyders, Frans (1579-1657) Soaemias, Julia, daughter of Julia Maesa and mother of Elagabalus (?-222) Soane, John (1753-1837) Sobieska, Maria Clementina (1702-35) social revolution, Britain (1381) Society for Commemorating the Revolution (of 1688) Society of Jesus (1540) Socinus, Faustus (1539-1604) Socinus, Laelius (1525-62) Socrates (sok'-ra-tez), Athenian philosopher (c. 469-399 B.C.) Socrates, brother of Nicomedes III (fl. 1st century B.C.) Soderini, Francesco (1453-1524) Soderini, Pietro (c. 1450-1513) Soderini, Vittorio (1503) Sodoma (Giovanni Antonio Bazzi: 1477-1549) Sodum (sod'-um) Soferim- scholars. Sogdiana (sog-de-a'-na) Soissons, Eugene Maurice de Savoie-Carignan, Comte de (1633-73) Soissons, bishop of (1739-64), see Fitzjames, Duc de Sokokuji (so-ko-koo-je) Solari, Andrea (fl. 1493-1515 or 1520) Solari, Cristoforo (c. 1450- c. 1500) Solari, Santino (fl. 1622) Solario, Pietro (1485) Soler, Antonio (1729-83) Soli (so'-li) Solimena, Francesco (1657-1747) Solinus, Gaius Julius (3d cent.) Solomon, King of the Jews (reigned 974-937 B.C.) Solon (so'-lon), Athenian lawgiver (c. 640-558 B.C.) Soloviev, Sergei Mikhailovich (1820-79) Soltyk, Kajetan (fl. 1766) Solway Moss, battle (1542) Soma (so'-ma) Somadeva (so-ma-da'va), Indian poet (11th century) Somers, John, Baron Somers (1651-1716) Somerset, Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of (1662-1748) Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of (1506?-52) Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of, Lord Protector of England (1547-50) Somerset, Henry (1792-1853) Somerset, Robert Carr, Earl of (d. 1645) Somnath (som'-nat) Somnathpur (som-nat-poor') Somodevilla, Zenon de, Marques de la Ensenada (1702-81) Sonnenfels, Joseph von (1732-1817) Sonno Jo-i (son-no-jo-e) Soor, Bohemia, battle of (1745) Sopdit (sop'-dit) Sophia (1630-1714), Electress, consort of Ernest Augustus of Hanover Sophia Alekseevna (1657-1704), Regent of Russia (1682-89) Sophia Charlotte (1668-1705), Electress, later Queen, consort of Frederick of Brandenburg-Prussia Sophia Dorothea (1687-1757), Queen of Frederick William I of Prussia Sophia Dorothea of Celle (1666-1726), wife of George Louis of Hanover (later George I of England) Sophia Matilda, Princess (1733-1804) Sophocles (sof'-o-klez) Greek dramatist, (496?-406 B.C.) Soranus of Ephesus, Greek writer on medicine (fl. 98-138) Sorel, Agnes (1422?-50), mistress of Charles VII of France Sorel, Albert (1842-1906) Sorte, Cristoforo (1577) Sosias (so'-si-as), potter (6th century B.C.) Sosigenes (fl. 46 B.C.) Sostratus (sos'-tra-tus) of Cnidus, architect (4th-3rd century B.C.) Sosus (so'-sus) of Pergamum, painter Sotades (so'-ta-dez), potter (5th century B.C.) Sothic (so'-thik) cycle Sothis (so'-this), see Sirius Sotion, Pythagorean philosopher (fl. 1st century) Soto, Hernando de (1499-1542) Soubise, Benjamin de Rohan, Seigneur de (1583-1642) Soubise, Charles de Rohan, Prince de (1715-87) Souffle (F)- blown. Soufflot, Jacques-Germain (1713-80) Soult, Nicolas de Dieu, Marshal (1769-1851) Sourdeau, Jacques (c. 1470-c. 1530) Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, 3d Earl of (1573-1624) Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of (1607-67) Southerne, Thomas (1660-1746) Southey, Edith, nee Fricker (d. 1837) Southey, Robert (1774-1843) Southwold Bay, naval battle of (1672) Soyots (so-yotz) Spagna, Lo (Giovanni di Pietro; fl. 1500-1530) Spagno, Lo (Giovanni di Pietro: c. 1470-1528) Spain, Dutch peace (1648); French peace treaty (1659) Spalatin, Georg (1484-1545) Spallanzani, Lazzaro (1729-99) Spanish Succession, War of the (1702-13) Sparta (spar'-ta) Spartacus, slave leader (?-71 B.C.) Spartacus, Thracian revolutionary (fl. 71 B.C.) Spartianus, Aelius, biographer (fl. 4th century) Spee, Friedrich von (1591-1635) Spencer, Gabriel (d. 1598) Spencer, Herbert, English philosopher (1820-1903) Spendius, Campanian slave and rebel leader (fl. 241-237 B.C.) Spener, Philipp Jakob (1635-1705) Spengler, Lazarus (1526) Spengler, Oswald (1880-1936) Spenser, Edmund, English poet (1552?-1599) Speransky, Count Mikhail Mikhailovich (1772-1839) Spercheus (sper'-ki-us) River Sperthias (sper'-thi-us), Spartan (5th century B.C.) Speusippus (spu-sip'-us), philosopher (4th century B.C.) Speyer trial (1520) Sphacteria (sfak-te'-ri-a) Spieghel, Hendrik (1549-1612) Spilimbergo, Irene da (1530) Spinello Aretino (c. 1346-1410) Spinola, Ambrosio de (Ambrogio di Spinola: 1569-1630), Marques de los Balbases Spinoza, Baruch [Benedict], Dutch Jewish philosopher (1632-1677) Spintharus (spin-tha'-rus) of Corinth, architect (6th century B.C.) Spinther, Publius, senator (fl. 1st century) Spitta, Philipp (1841-94) Spohr, Louis (1784-1859) Spontini, Gasparo (1774-1851) Sporades (spor'-a-dez) Islands Sporus, youth married by Nero (1st century) Spottiswoode, John, Archbishop (1565-1639) Sprat, Thomas (1635-1713) Sprengel, Christian Konrad (1750-1816) Sprenger, Jacob [Jakob] (fl. 1474) Spurinna Vestritius, soothsayer (fl. 1st century B.C.) Spurs, Battle of the (1513) Spurstow, William (fl. 1641) Spyck, Hendrik van der (fl. 1671) Squarcialupi, Antonio (d. c. 1475) Squarcione, Francesco (1394-1474) Squillaci, Marchese de' (fl. 1761) Srong-tsan Gampo (srong'-tsan gam'-po?) King of Tibet (629-50) St. Petersburg, Convention of (1757) St. Vincent, Cape, battle of (1797) St.-Germain, Peace of (1570) St.-Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of (1679) St.-Quentin, battle of (1557) Staal de Launay, Mme. de (Marguerite Jeanne de Launay, Baronne de Staal; 1684-1750) Stackelberg, Count Otto von (fl. 1764) Stadion, Count Johann Philipp von (1763-1824) Stael von Holstein, Baron Eric Magnus (1749-1802) Stael, Albert de (1792-1813) Stael, Albertine de, later Duchesse de Broglie (b. 1797) Stael, Auguste de (1789-1827) Stael, Germaine de, nee Necker, Baronne de Stael-Holstein (1766-1817) Stafford, Thomas (d. 1557) Stafford, William Howard, 1st Viscount (1614-80) Stageirus (sta-ji'-rus) Stahl, Georg Ernst (1660-1734) Stair, John Dalrymple, 2d Earl of (1673-1747) Stamitz, Johann (1717-57) Stammel, Josef (1695-1765) Stamp Act (1765) Stanhope, Charles, 3d Earl Stanhope (1753-1816) Stanhope, Col. Leicester Fitzgerald Charles (1784-1862) Stanhope, James, 1st Earl Stanhope (1673-1721) Stanhope, Philip (1732-68), son of Lord Chesterfield Stanislas I Leszczynski, King of Poland (r. 1704-9, 1733-35), titular King of Lorraine and Bar (1737-66) Stanislas II Augustus (Stanislas Poniatowski), King of Poland (r. 1764-95) Stanley, Thomas (1625-78) Stans, Diet of (1481) Starhemberg, Count Georg Adam von (fl. 1753) Starkey, Thomas (c. 1495-1538) Starnina, Gherardo (c. 1354- c. 1408) Starov, Ivan (1743-1808) States-General (France, 1614) States-General (France, 1789) Statira (sta-ti'-ra), sister and wife of Darius III (d. 331 B.C.) Statira (sta-ti'-ra), wife of Artaxerxes II (ca. 380 B.C.) Statius, Publius Papinius, poet (ca. 61-ca. 96) Statute of Apprentices (1563) Statute of Apprentices (England, 1585) Statute of Popular Schools (1786) Staupitz, Johann von (d. 1524) Steele, Sir Richard, English essayist and dramatist (1672-1729) Steen, Jan (1626-79) Steenkerke, battle of (1692) Steevens, George (1736-1800) Stefaneschi, Iacopo Caetani (c. 1270-1343) Stefano da Zevio (c. 1374- c. 1439) Steffens, Henrik (1773-1845) Stein, Baron Josias Gottlob von (1735-93) Stein, Charlotte von, nee von Schardt (1742-1827) Stein, Freiherr Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum (1757-1831) Stein, Fritz von (b. 1773) Stein, Johann Andreas (1728-92) Steindl, Matthias (fl. 1720) Steiner, Sigmund (fl. 1817) Stendhal (Marie Henri Beyle; 1783-1842) Steno, Nicolaus (Niels Stensen: 1638-86) Stensen, Nicolaus, Danish anatomist (1638-1686) Stephen Bathory (1533-86) Stephen Dushan, King of Serbia (1335-46) Stephen I, Roman Pope (reigned 254-257) Stephen II, Pope (r. 752-57) Stephen Lazarevitch, King of Serbia (1389-1427) Stephen of Palecz (1414) Stephen, first Christian martyr (?-30?) Stephenson, George (1781-1848) Sterne, Laurence (1713-68) Sterne, Richard (1596?-1683), Archbishop of York Stertinius, Quintus, physician (fl. 1st century) Stesichorus (ste-sik-o-rus), poet (ca. 640-555 B.C.) Stesilaus (stes'-i-la'-us) of Ceos (5th century B.C.) Stevens, Jonna (fl. 1739) Stevinus (Stevin), Simon (c. 1548-1620) Stewart, Dugald (1753-1828) Stewart, Frances Teresa, Duchess of Richmond and Lennox (1647-1702) Sthenelus (sten'-e-lus) Stifel, Michael (1487-1567) Stilicho, general (?-408) Stillingfleet, Benjamin (1702-71) Stillingfleet, Edward (1635-99) Stilpo (stil'-po), philosopher (380-300 B.C.) Stirling-Maxwell, Sir William (1818-78) Stirner, Max, German individualist (1806-1856) Stjernhjelm, Georg (1598-1672) Stoa Poecile (sto'-s poi'-ki-le) Stobaeus, Joannes, compiler of ancient writings (A.D. 500) Stock, Dorothea (1760-1832) Stock, Minna (1762-1843) Stockach, battle of (1799) Stockholm, Treaties of (1719-20) Stoffels, Hendrikje (d. 1662) Stolberg, Count Christian zu (1748-1821) Stolberg, Count Friedrich Leopold zu (1750-1819) Stormont, David Murray, Lord (1728?-83) Stosch, Baron Philipp von (1690-1757) Stoss, Veit (1440?-1533) Stow, John (1525?-1605) Strabo (stra'-bo), Greek geographer (63? B.C.-A.D. 24?) Strabo of Sardis, Greek anthologist (fl. 50 B.C.) Strachey, John (1671-1743) Strada del Po, Anna Maria (fl. 1730) Strada, Famianus (fl. 1617) Stradella, Alessandro (c. 1645-1682) Stradivari, Antonio; (1644?-1737) Strafford, Sir Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of (1593-1641) Strahan, William (1715-85) Stranitsky, Joseph Anton (d. 1726) Strato (stra'-to) of Lampsacus; Peripatetic philosopher (fl. 288 B.C.) Stratonice (stra-ton'-i-se), wife of Seleucus I (4th-3rd century B.C.) Strauss, David Friedrich, German rationalistic theologian (1808-1874) Strauss, Johann (1804-49) Straw, Jack (1381) Strepsiades (strep-si'-a-dez) Strinasacchi, Regina (1764-c. 1823) Strindberg, August, Swedish dramatist and man of letters (1849-1912) Strode, William (1599?-1645) Stroganov, Aleksandr (fl. 1710) Stroganov, Semen (1581) Strozzi, Alessandra (fl. 1447-65) Strozzi, Bernardo (1581-1644) Strozzi, Ercole (1471-1508) Strozzi, Filippo (1426-91) Strozzi, Giambattista (1530) Strozzi, Lorenzo (1519) Strozzi, Palla (1372-1462) Strozzi, Tito Vespasiano (c. 1422- c. 1506) Struensee, Count Johann Friedrich von (1737-72) Strype, John (1643-1737) Stuart, Bernard, Seigneur d'Aubigny (c. 1447-1508) Stuart, Charles Edward ("Bonnie Prince Charlie"), the Young Pretender (1720-88) Stuart, Esme, 1st Duke of Lennox (1542?-83) Stuart, James Francis Edward ("James III"), the Old Pretender (1688-1766) Stuart, Robert (1371-90) Stubbs, John (1543?-91) Stubbs, Philip (fl. 1583) Sture, Sten, the Younger (1512-20) Sturm, Johannes (1507-89) Sturtevant, Simon (fl. 1612) Styx (stiks) Suard, Jean Baptiste Antoine (1733-1817) Suard, Mme., nee Panckoucke (1750-1830) Suarez, Francisco (1548-1617) Suasso, Isaac (fl. 1688) Subhadda (soo-bad'-da), Buddhist radical (ca. 480 B.C.) Succession, Act of (1534) Suchet, Louis-Gabriel (1772-1826) Suckling, Capt. Maurice (1725-78) Suckling, Sir John (1609-42) Sudbury, Simon, Archbishop (d. 1381) Suderkoping, Diet of (1595) Suetonius (Caius Suetonius Tranquillus; 70?-121?), Roman historian Suffolk, Henry Grey, Duke of (d. 1554) Sugawara (soo-ga-wa-ra) family Sugawara Michizane (mich-i-za-ne), patron saint of Japanese literature (845-903) Suidas, lexicographer (ca. A.D. 970) Suiko (soo-e-ko), Empress of Japan (593-628) Suilius, Publius, delator (fl. 1st century) Sukkoth (sook'-koth) Suleiman (soo'-la-man'), Moslem traveler (9th century) Suleiman I the Magnificent, Ottoman Sultan (r. 1520-66) Suleiman II, Ottoman Sultan (r. 1687-91) Suleiman, son of Orkhan (fl. 1353-61) Sulla, Lucius Cornelius (Felix), Roman dictator (138-78 B.C.) Sully, Duc de (b. 1670) Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, Duc de (1560-1641), minister of Henry IV Sulpicia, poetess (fl. end of 1st century) Sulpicius Rufus, Publius, orator (124-88 B.C.) Sultanpur (sool-tan'-poor') Sulzer, Johann Georg (1720-79) Sumarokov, Alexis Petrovich (1718-77) Sumatra (soo-ma'-tra) Sumeria (soo-me'-re-a) Sun Yat-sen (soon'-yat'-sen'; Chinese swun yun), President of China (1866-1925) Sunderland, Robert Spencer, 2d Earl of (1640-1702) Sung (soong) Dynasty Sung (soong), Chinese censor (ca. 1800) Sung K'ang (soong kang), Chinese pacifist (ca. 320 B.C.) Sung Ping (bing), Chinese philosopher (ca. 425 B.C.) Sung Shan (shan) (mountain) Sung Yueh Ssu (e'-u-soo) Sung, Prince of (ca. 310 B.C.) Sung-shu (shoo) Supremacy, Statute of (1534) Sur Das (soor das), Indian poet (1483-1573) Sura, Lucius Licinius, aristocrat (fl. 1st and 2nd centuries) Surat (soo-rat') Surena, Parthian general (fl. 54 B.C.) Surpa-nakha (soor'-pa-na-ka) Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of (1517?-47) Surya (soor'-ya) Susa (soo'-sa) Susarion, comic poet (fl. 580 B.C.) Sushruta (soosh'-roo-ta), Indian physician (ca. 500 B.C.) Susiana (soo-se-a'-na) Suso, Heinrich (1295-1365) Sussex, Frances Radcliffe, nee Sidney, Countess of (fl. 1588) Sussex, Sir Thomas Radcliffe, 3d Earl of (1526?-83) Sussmayr, Franz Xaver (1766-1803) Sustermans, Justus (1597-1681) Suti (soo'-te), Egyptian architect (ca. 1400 B.C.) Sutras (soot-raz) Suttee (sut-te) Sutton, Daniel and Robert (fl. 1760), English physicians Suvorov, Aleksander Vasilievich (1729-1800) Svarez, K. G. (1780) Svensksund, battle of (1790) Swabian League (1488) Swadeshi (H)- economic nationalism; the exclusive use of native products. Swadeshi (swa-da'-she) Swammerdam, Jan (1637-80) Swaraj (H)- self-rule. Swaraj (swa-raj') Swastika (swa'-sti-ka) Swedenborg, Emmanuel (1688-1772) Sweelinck, Jan Pieterszoon (1562-1621) Sweynheim, Conrad (1465) Swieten, Baron Gottfried van (1734-1803) Swieten, Gerhard van (1700-72) Swift, Jonathan, Irish satirist and churchman (1667-1745) Swinburne, Algernon Charles, English poet (1837-1909) Swineshead, Richard (1337) Sybaris (sib'-a-ris) Sybarites (sib'-a-rits) Sycamina (si-kam'-i-na) Sydenham, Thomas (1624-89) Syene (si-e'-ne) Syennesis (si-en'-e-sis) of Cyprus, physician (5th century B.C.) Sylvester I, Pope (314-35) Sylvius, Franciscus (1614-72) Symmachus, Samaritan Bible translator (fl. late 2nd century) Symonds, John Addington, English man of letters (1840-1893) Synge, John Millington, Irish dramatist (1871-1909) Syros (si'-ros) Systema Brahmanicum (sys-ta'-ma bra-man'-i-cum) Szczekociny, battle of (1794) Szechuan (su-chwan') province Szentgotthard, battle of (1664) Szuma Ch'ien (soo'-ma che-an'), Chinese historian (born 145 B.C.) Szuma Kuang (gwang), Chinese historian (fl. 1076) T - Ta Hsueh (da shu'-uh) Ta-ki (ta-ke), wife of Chou Hsin (ca. 1135 B.C.) Tabi-utul-Enlil (ta-be-oo'-tool-en'-lil) King of Nippur Tabitha, raised from death by Peter (1st century) Taboureau de Reau (fl. 1776) Tabus (ta-booz') Tacitus (Marcus Claudius Ticitus), Roman emperor (ca. 200-276) Tacitus, Caius Cornelius (c. 55-c. 120), Roman historian Tacitus, Cornelius, procurator and father of Tacitus (fl. 1st century) Tafi, Andrea (c. 1250-1320) Tagliacozzi, Gasparo (1546-99) Tagore, Abanindranath (ta-gor', a-ba-nin'-dra-nat), Indian artist Tagore, Davendranath (da-ven'-dra-nat), Indian reformer Tagore, Dwijendranath (dwe-jen'-dra-nat), Indian philosopher Tagore, Gogonendranath (go-go-nen'-dra-nat), Indian artist Tagore, Rabindranath (ra-bin'-dra-nat), Indian poet (1861- ) Tahito (ta-he-to), Japanese poet (665-731) Tahmasp II, Shah of Persia (r. 1730-32) Tai-shan (ti-shan) (mountain) Taiko (ti-ko) Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe, French historian and critic (1828-1893) T'ai-p'ing (ti-ping) Rebellion Taira (ti-ra) family T'ai Tsu (ti dzoo), Chinese emperor (960-976) T'ai Tsung (ti dzoong), Chinese emperor (627-650) T'ai Tsung, Chinese emperor (976-998) T'ai Tsung, Korean emperor (15th century) Taj Mahal (taj' ma-hal') Takamine (ta-ka-me-ne), Japanese scientist Takayoshi (ta-ka-yo-she), Japanese painter (ca. 1010) Talavera, Hernando de (1492) Talavera, battle of (1809) Talbot, Charles (1685-1737), Baron Talbot of Hensol, Lord Chancellor Talbot, John (1388?-1453) Talenti, Francesco (14th cent.) Talikota (ta'-li-ko'-ta) Tallard, Camille d'Hostun, Comte de (1652-1728) Tallemant des Reaux, Gedeon (1619-92) Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice de, Prince of Benevento, French statesman and wit (1754-1838) Talleyrand-Perigord, Helie de (1301-64) Tallien, Jean-Lambert (1767-1820) Tallien, Theresa, nee Cabarrus, later Princesse de Chimay (1773-1835) Tallis, Thomas (1510?-85) Talma, Francois-Joseph (1763-1828) Talmud (tal'-mood) Talon, Omer (1595-1652) Talthybius (tal-thib'-i-us) Tamasp I, Shah of Persia (1524-76) Tambirini, Pietro (1737-1827) Tambroni, Clotilda (1758-1817) Tambura (tam-boo'-ra) Tamerlane (tam'-er-lane) (Timur the Lame; 1336?-1405) Tamil (ta'-mil) language Tammuz (tam'-mooz) Tamura Maro (ta'-moo-ra ma-ro) Japanese general (ca. 800) Tanagra (tan'-a-gra) Tanaquil, wife of the first Tarquin (fl. 6th century B.C.) T'ang (tang) Dynasty Tang (tang) Dynasty Tangut (tan'-goot) Tanjore (tan-jor') Tanka (tan-ka) Tantalus (tan'-ta-lus) Tantra (H)- rule or ritual. Tantras (tan'-tras) Tanucci, Marchese Bernardo di (1698-1783) Tao (dou) T'ao Ch'ien (dow che-an'), Chinese poet (365-427) T'ao Hung-ching (dou hoong jing), Chinese writer (6th century) Taoism (dou'-is-m) Taormina (ta'-or-me'-na) Tao-Te-Ching (dou-da-jing) Taranto (ta'-ran-to) Targum (tar'-gum) Tarpeia, daughter of governor (8th century B.C.) Tarquin (Lucius Tarquinius Priscus), fifth King of Rome (fl. 7th and 6th centuries B.C.) Tarquin the Proud (Lucius Tarquinius Superbus), seventh King of Rome (fl. 6th century B.C.) Tarquin, Sextus, son of Tarquin the Proud (fl. 6th century B.C.) Tarquinius Superbus, Lucius, legendary king of Rome (r. 534-510 B.C.) Tarralba, Eugenio (1528) Tarsus (tar'-sus) Tartaglia, Niccolo (c. 1500-47) Tartarus (tar'-ta-rus) Tartessus (tar-tes'-us) Tartini, Giuseppe (1692-1770) Tashkent (tash-kent') Tasman, Abel Janszoon (1603-59) Tassi, Agostino (1565-1644) Tasso, Bernardo (1493-1569) Tasso, Giambattista (1540) Tasso, Torquato, Italian poet (1544-1595) Tassoni, Alessandro (1565-1635) Tata (ta-ta) Iron and Steel Company Tatars (ta'-terz) Tatishchev, Vasili Nikitich (1686-1750) Tatius, Titus, King of the Sabines (8th century B.C.) Tattwa (H)- reality. Tattwas (tat'twaz) Tauler, Johannes (c. 1290-1361) Tauri (to'-ri) Tauriscus (tor-is'-kus) of Rhodes, sculptor (2nd century B.C.) Tauromenium (tor'-o-me'-ni-um) Taurus, Statilius, general (fl. end of 1st century B.C.) Tausen, Hans (1494-1561) Tavannes, Gaspard de Saulx de, Marshal (1509-73) Tavares de Sequeira, Dr. Eusebio (fl. 1758) Tavernier, Jean Baptiste (1605-89) Tavora, Dom Francisco de Assiz, Marquis of (d. 1759) Tavora, Dom Luis Bernardo de Assiz, "Younger Marquis" of (d. 1759) Tavora, Dona Leonor, Marchioness of (d. 1759) Taxila (ta'-ksi-la) Taylor, "Chevalier" (fl. 1750) Taylor, Brook (1685-1731) Taylor, Dr. John (1711-88) Taylor, Jeremy, English bishop and author (1613-1667) Tcheou-ta-Kouan (che-oo'-ta-gwan), Chinese diplomat (ca. 1275) Tebaldeo, Antonio (1463-1537) Tefnut (tef-noot') Tegea (te'-je-a) Tegner, Esaias (1782-1846) Teiresias (ti-re'-si-as) Teixeira, Pedro (1575?-1640) Tejahpala (ta'-ja-pa'-la) Temple Tekoschet (ta'-ko-shet) Telamon (tel'-a-mon) Telemachus (te-lem'-a-kus) Telemann, Georg Philipp (1681-1767) Telesio, Bernardino (1509-88) Telford, Thomas (1757-1834) Tell Halaf (tel-ha-laf') Tell-Asmar (tel-as-mar') Tell-el-Amarna (tel-el-a-mar'-na) Tell-el-Ubaid (tel-el-oob'-a-id) Teller, Wilhelm Abraham (1734-1804) Tello (tel'lo) Telugu (tel'-oo-goo) (dialect) Temenus (tem'-e-nus) Tempe (tem'-pe), Vale of Tempera (I)- distemper; painting in which the pigments are mixed or "tempered" with an emulsion of egg, usually with the addition of "size" (diluted glue) to secure adhesion. Temple, Dorothy Osborne, Lady (1627-95) Temple, Sir William (1628-99) Tenchi Tenno (ten-che ten-no), Emperor of Japan (668-671) Tencin, Claudine-Alexandrine Guerin, Marquise de (1681-1749) Tencin, Pierre Guerin, Cardinal de (1679-1758) Tenda, Beatrice, Duchess of Milan (d. 1415) Tenedos (ten'-e-dos) Teng Shih (tung shi), Chinese radical (ca. 530 B.C.) Teniers, David, the Elder (1582-1649) Teniers, David, the Younger (1610-90) Tenison, Thomas (1636-1715) Tennis Court Oath (1789) Tennyson, Alfred, Baron, English poet (1809-1892) Tenos (te'-nos) Teos (te'-os) Tepe Gawra (ta'-pa-gor'-a) Terborch, Gerard (1617-81) Tercier, Jean Pierre (1704-67) Terence (190?-159 B.C.) Terence (Publius Terentius Afer), Roman comic dramatist (190-159 B.C.) Terentia, wife of Cicero (fl. 1st century B.C.) Teresa, Saint (1515-82) Teresapol, battle of (1794) Terpander (tur-pan'-der), musician and poet (fl. 7th century B.C.) Terpnos, Nero's musician (fl. 1st century) Terpsichore (turp-sik'-o-re') Terra cotta (I)- baked clay, coated with glaze. Terrance, (184?-159? B.C.) Terray, Abbe Joseph Marie (1715-78) Terror of 1797 Terror, Reign of (1793-94) Tersac, Jean de (fl. 1778) Tertia, sister of Publius Clodius Pulcher and wife of Lucullus (1st century B.C.) Tertia, wife of Cassius and daughter of Servilia, q.v. (1st century B.C.) Tertulla, wife of Crassus (1st century B.C.) Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus), Latin father of the Church (160?-230?) Teschen, Treaty of (1779) Tesselschade, Maria (1594-1649) Tessin, Count Carl Gustav (1695-1770) Tessin, Nicodemus (1654-1728) Test Act (England, 1673) Testa, bishop of Monreale (d. 1773) Testament, Le Grand (Villon: 1461) Testament, Le Petit (Villon: c. 1456) Testelin, 17th-century painter Tetricus, Caius Pesuvius, pretender in Gaul (274) Tetzel, Johann (1465?-1519) Teucrians (tu'-kri-anz) Teuta (tu'-ta), Queen of Illyria (fl. 230 B.C.) Texier, Jean le (1510) Thackeray, William Makepeace (1811-63) Thais (tha'-is), Athenian courtesan (4th century B.C.) Thales (tha'-lez) of Miletus, Greek philosopher and scientist (640-546 B.C.) Thaletas (tha-le'-tas), musician and poet (7th century? B.C.) Thalia (tha-li'-a) Thallus, pagan commentator on Christ (fl. 1st century) Thamasch, Andra (1639-97) Thamos (tha'-mos), King of Egypt (mythical) Thamyris (tham'-i-rus) Thanatos (than'-a-tos) Thapsacus (thap'-sa-kus) Thapsus, battle in 46 B.C. Thargelia (thar-ge'-li-a) Thargelion (thar-ge'-li-on) Thasos (tha'-sos) Theaetetus (the'-a-te'-tus) Theagenes (the-a'-je-nez), tyrant of Megara (fl. 630 B.C.) Theagenes, athlete (6th century B.C.) Theano (the'-a-no), wife of Pythagoras (6th century B.C.) theater, first English (1348) Thebes (thebz) Theile, Johann (d. 1724) Thelwall, John (1764-1834) Themis (the'-mis) Themistocles (the-mis'-to-klez), general and statesman (527?-460? B.C.) Themistonoe (the'-mis-ton'-o-e), courtesan Theobald, Lewis (1688-1744) Theocritus (the-ok'-ri-tus), Greek pastoral poet (fl. 3rd century B.C.) Theodora, wife of Constantine (4th century) Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths (474-526) Theodorus of Cyrene, philosopher (4th-3rd century B.C.) Theodorus of Samos, architect (6th century B.C.) Theodorus of Taras (4th century B.C.) Theodosius I the Great (Flavius Theodosius), Roman emperor (346?-395) Theodosius II, Eastern Roman Emperor (r. 408-50) Theodotion, Bible translator (fl. 2nd century) Theognis (the-og'-nis) of Megara, poet (fl. 6th century B.C.) Theophrastus (the'-o-fras'-tus), Greek philosopher (372-287 B.C.) Theopompus of Chios, historian (b. 380 B.C.) Theopompus, Greek historian (ca. 378-? B.C.) Theoris (the-or'-us), courtesan Thera (the'-ra) Theramenes (the-ram'-e-nez), statesman (d. 403 B.C.) Theresa, Saint (1515-82) Thermopylae (ther-mop'-i-le) Thermus, Marcus Minucius, general (fl. 1st century B.C.) Theron (the'-ron), tyrant of Acragas (5th century B.C.) Thersites (ther-si'-tez) Theseum (the-se'-um) Theseus (the'-sus) Thesmophoria (thes'-mo-fo'-ri-a) Thesmophoriazusae (thes'-mo-fo'-ri-az'-u-se) (Aristophanes) Thespiae (thes'-pi-e) Thespis (thes-pis), poet, originator of tragedy (fl. 535 B.C.) Thespius (thes'-pi-us) Thessalonica (thes'-a-lon'-i-ka) Thessaly (thes'-a-li) Thetis (the'-tis) Thibaudeau, Antoine (1765-1854) Thicknesse, Philip (1720?-92) Thiele, Johann (1685-1752) Thieriot, Nicolas Claude (1696-1772), friend of Voitaire Thierry, Dr. (fl. 1765) Thiers, Louis-Adolphe (1797-1877) Thionville, siege of (1792) Third Coalition (1805) Third Partition Treaty (1797) Third Republic, French (1871-1940) Thirty Years' War (1618-48) Thokoly, Imre, Count (1657-1705) Thomas Aquinas, Saint (c. 1225-74) Thomas a Kempis (1380-1471) Thomas de Thomon, Thomas-Jean (1754-1813) Thomas of Stitny (1390) Thomas, Ambroise (1811-96) Thomas, Antoine-Leonard (1732-85) Thomasius, Christian (1655-1728) Thompson, Horatia Nelson (1801-81) Thomson, James (1700-48) Thomson, Sir Joseph John (1856-1940) Thoreau, Henry David, American philosopher and writer (1817-1862) Thoricus (thor'-i-kus) Thorild, Thomas (1759-1808) Thorn, Peace of (1466) Thornhill, Sir James (1675-1734) Thorpe, Thomas (fl. 1609) Thorwaldsen, Albert Bertel (1770-1844) Thoth (thoth) Thothmes (thoth'-mez) III, King of Egypt (reigned 1515-1461 B.C.) Thou, Jacques Auguste de (1553-1617) Thrace (thras) Thrale (later Piozzi), Hester, nee Lynch (1741-1821) Thrale, Henry (1728-81) Thrasea, Publius Paetus, Stoic philosopher and senator (?-66) Thrasybulus (thras'-i-bu'-lus), patriot and military leader (fl. 411-391 B.C.) Thrasybulus, tyrant of Miletus (6th century B.C.) Thrasyllus (thra-sil'-us), military leader (5th century B.C.) Thrasymachus (thra-sim'-a-kus), Greek Sophist and rhetorician (fl. 5th century B.C.) Throckmorton, Francis (1554-84) Throckmorton, Sir Nicholas (1515-71) Thucydides (thu-sid'-i-dez), Greek historian (ca. 471-399 B.C.) Thugut, Baron Franz de Paula von (1736-1818) Thun, Count von (fl. 1783) Thun, Countess von (fl. 1756) Thurii (thoo'-ri-e) Thuriot de La Roziere, Jacques (1753-1829) Thurloe, John (1616-68) Thurlow, Edward, 1st Baron Thurlow (1731-1806) Thurn, Heinrich von, Count (1567-1640) Thutmose (thut'-moz), Egyptian artist (ca. 1370 B.C.) Thutmose I, King of Egypt (1545-1514 B.C.) Thutmose II, King of Egypt (1514-1501 B.C.) Thutmose III, King of Egypt (1479-1447 B.C.) Thutmose IV, King of Egypt (1420-1412 B.C.) Thyard, Pontus de (1521-1605) Thyestes (thi-es'-tez) Tiamat (tya'-mat) Tibaldi, Pellegrino (1527-96) Tiberius (Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar), Roman emperor (42 B.C.-A.D. 37) Tibet (ti-bet) Tibullus, Albius, poet (ca. 54-19 B.C.) Tickell, Thomas (1685-1740) Ticknor, George (1791-1871) Ticonderoga, battle of (1775) Tieck, Ludwig (1773-1853) Tieffen, Franz (fl. 1703) Tientsin (tint'-sin) Tiepolo, Bajamente (d. c. 1329) Tiepolo, Domenico (1727-1804) Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista [Giambattista] (1696-1770) Tierney, George (1761-1830) Tieum (te'-um) Tigellinus, Sophonius, favorite of Nero (?-69) Tiglath-Pileser (tig'lath-pi-le'-zer) I, King of Assyria (1115-1102 B.C.) Tiglath-Pileser III, King of Assyria (745-727 B.C.) Tigranes the Great, King of Armenia (reigned 94-56 B.C.) Tigris (ti'-gris) River Tilak (ti'-lak), Bal Gangadhar, Indian Nationalist leader (1856-1920) Tillemont, Sebastien Le Nain de (1637-98) Tilley, William (d. 1494) Tillotson, John (1630-94), Archbishop of Canterbury (1691-94) Tilly, Johan Tserclaes, Count of (1559-1632) Tilsit, Peace of (1807) Timachus (tim'-a-kus), sculptor (4th-3rd century B.C.) Timaea, Queen of Sparta (5th century B.C.) Timaeus (ti-me'-us), historian (345-250 B.C.) Timarchus, businessman (5th century B.C.) Time of Troubles (Russia, 1605-13) Timochares (tim-o-ka'-rez), astronomer (3rd century B.C.) Timocreon (ti-mo'-kri-on), lyric poet (fl. 5th century B.C.) Timoleon (ti-mo'-le-un), statesman and general (411-337 B.C.) Timomachus of Byzantium, Greek painter (fl. 1st century B.C.) Timon (ti'-mon) of Athens (fl. 5th century B.C.) Timon of Phlius, Skeptic philosopher (320-230 B.C.) Timoni, Emanuel (fl. 1714) Timophanes (tim-of'-e-nez), revolutionary (4th century B.C.) Timotheus (ti-mo'-the-us), Athenian general (d. 354 B.C.) Timotheus, poet and musician (447-357 B.C.) Timotheus, sculptor (4th century B.C.) Timothy, colleague of St. Paul (1st century) Timur-i-lang (ti-moor'-i-lang'), Turkish conqueror (1336-1405) Tindal, Matthew (1657-1733) Tindareus (tin-da'-re-us) Ting (ding), Duke of Lu (ca. 500 B.C.) Tinnevelly (tin'-ne-vel'-li) Tintoretta (Marietta Robusti: 1560-90) Tintoretto (Domenico Robusti: 1565-1637) Tintoretto, Jacopo [Iacopo] Robusti (1518-94) Tiptoft, John, Earl of Worcester (1427?-70) Tipu Sahib (1751-99) Tiraboschi, Girolamo (1731-94) Tiridates, King of Armenia (fl. 1st century) Tiro, Marcus Tunius, writer and secretary to Cicero (fl. 1st century B.C.) Tirso de Molina (Gabriel Tellez: 1571?-1648) Tirumalai Nayyak (ti'-roo-ma-li na'-yak) Prince of Madura (1623-1659) Tiruvallaver (ti'-roo-val'-loo-var), Indian poet (ca. 950) Tiryns (ti'-rinz) Tischbein, Johann Friedrich August (1750-1812) Tischbein, Johann Heinrich (1722-89) Tischbein, Johann Heinrich Wilhelm (1751-1829) Tissaphernes (tis'-a-fur'-nez), Persian general (d. 395 B.C.) Tissot, Simon Andre (1728-97) Titian (Tiziano Vecelli: 1477-1576) Titus (Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus) (40-81) Roman emperor (r. A.D. 79-81) Titus, colleague who forsook St. Paul (1st century) Tiy (te-e) mother of Amenhotep IV (ca. 1400 B.C.) To no-Chujo (to-no-choo-jo) Toba Sojo (to-ba so-jo), Japanese painter (1053-1140) Tocqueville, Alexis Clerel de (1805-59) Tod, James, British army officer and Orientalist (1782-1835) Todaiji (to-di-je) Temple Togo, Count Heihachiro (to-go, ha-ha-che-ro), Japanese naval hero (1847-1934) Tokugawa (to-koo-ga-wa) Shogunate Tokyo (to-kyo) Toland, John (1670-1722) Toledo, Spain, Archbishop of (1700) Tolentino, Peace Treaty of (1797) Tolentino, battle of (1815) Toleration, Edict of (Austria, 1781) Tolstoy, Count Leo Nikolaievitch, Russian writer and reformer (1828-1910) Tomacelli, Pietro (c. 1335-1404), see Boniface IX, Pope Tome, Narciso (fl. 1721) Tomi (to'-me) Tone, Theobald Wolfe (1763-98) Tooke, John Horne (1736-1812) Topheth (to'-fet) Torah (to'-ra) Toramana (to-ra-ma'-na), Hunnish King (500-502) Torbido, Francesco (c. 1483-1561) Torcy, Jean Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de (1665-1746) Tordesillas, Spain, Treaty of (1494) Torelli, Barbara (1508) Torelli, Giuseppe (c. 1650-1708) Torelli, Ippolita (d. 1520) Torgau, battle of (1760) Torii (J)- gateways. Tornabuoni, Giovanni (1485) Tornabuoni, Lucrezia (1425-82) Torone (tor-o'-ne) Torquatus, Manlius (Caius Nonius Asprenas?), friend of Horace (fl. 1st century B.C.) Torquatus, Titus Manlius Imperiosus, dictator (fl. 363-340 B.C.) Torquemada, Tomas de (1420?-98) Torre, Marcantonio della (1478-1511) Torresano, Andrea (1479) Torricelli, Evangelista (1608-47) Torrigiano, Pietro (1472-1522) Torriti, Iacopo (late 13th cent.) Torstensson, Lennart, Count of Ortala (1603-51) Toru Kojomoto (to-roo ko-jo-mo-to), Japanese engraver (fl. 1687) Tosa Gon-no-kumi (to-sa gon-no-koo-me), Japanese painter (ca. 1250) Toscanelli, Paolo (1397-1482) Toscanini, Arturo (1867-1957) Toson (to-son), Japanese novelist and poet Tott, Baron Francois de (1733-93) Tottel, Richard (1525?-94) Touchet, Marie (fl. 1570) Toulouse, Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, Comte de (1678-1737) Toulouse, Sophie de Noailles, Comtesse de (b. 1688) Tour de force (F)- an act of sudden ability. Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de (1656-1708) Tournehem, Charles Francois Lenormant de (d. 1751) Tournemine, Pere Rene Joseph de (1661-1739) Tourneur, Cyril (1575?-1626) Tournon, Francois de, Cardinal (1489-1562) Tourville, Anne Hilarion de Cotentin, Comte de (1642-1701) Toussaint L'Ouverture, Pierre Dominique (1743-1803) Toussaint, F. V. (fl. 1748) Towneley, Richard (fl. 1662) Townsend, Joseph (1740-1815) Townshend Acts (1767) Townshend, Charles (1674-1738), 2d Viscount Townshend of Raynham Townshend, Charles (1725-67) Toyama, Mitsuru, Japanese nationalist leader (1855- ) Trachis (trak'-is) Traetta, Tommaso (1727-79) Trafalgar, battle of (1805) Traini, Francesco (14th cent.) Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Nerva Trajanus) (52-117), Roman emperor (r. 98-117) Tralles (tral'-ez) Trapezus (trap'-e-zus) Trasimene, Lake (anc. Trasimenus, It. Trasimeno or Perugia), battle in 217 B.C. Travancore (tra'-van-kor') Travendal, Peace of (1700) Travers, Walter (1548-1635) Traversari, Ambrogio (1386-1438) Trebbia, battle of (1799) Trebia (battle, 218 B.C.) Trebizond (treb'-i-zond') Trebonius, Caius, governor and conspirator (?-43 B.C.) Treilhard, Jean-Baptiste (1742-1810) Treitschke, Heinrich von (1834-96) Trelawny, Edward John (1792-1881) Trembecki, Stanislas (1737?-1812) Tremblay, Barthelemy (1578-1629) Trembley, Abraham (1700-84) Tremouille, Louis de la (1459-1525) Trent, Council of (1545-63) Trevelyan, George Macaulay (1876-1962), historian Trevithick, George (1771-1833) Triana, Rodrigo de (1492) Tricca (tre'-ka) Trichinopoly (tri'-chi-nop'-o-li) Tridentine Index (1564) Triennial Acts (England, 1641, 1694) Trier, Archbishop-Elector of (fl. 1788) Trigault, Nicolas (1577-1628) Trionfo, Agostino (1243-1328) Tripartite Code (1514) Triple Alliance (1717) Triple Alliance (1815) Triple Alliance (England, Sweden, United Provinces, 1668) Tripolis (trip'-o'lis) Triptolemus (trip-tol'-e-mus) Trissino, Gian (1478-1550) Tristao, Nuno (1441) Trithemius, Johannes (1462-1516) triumvirate, Catholic (France, 1561) Trivulzio, Gian Giacomo (1441-1518) Troad (tro'-ad) Troesmis (trez'-mus) Troezen (tre'-zen) Troglodytes (trog'-lo-ditz) Troilus (tro'-i-lus) Trolle, Gustav, Archbishop (d. 1535) Tromboncino, Bartolommeo (d. after 1550) Tromp, Cornelis, Admiral (1629-91) Tromp, Maarten Harpertszoon, Admiral (1597-1653) Tron, Niccolo, Doge of Venice (1462-71) Tronchet, Francois-Denis (1726-1806) Tronchin, Jean Robert (1710-93), banker Tronchin, Theodore (1709-81), physician Troost, Cornelis (1697-1750) Tros (tros) Troubetskoy, Dmitri, Prince (fl. 1612) Troy, Jean Francois de (1679-1752) Trtko, Stephen (1353-91) Trudaine de Montigny, Jean-Charles-Philibert (1733-77) Ts'ai Lun (tsi loon), inventor of paper (ca. 105) Tschirnhaus, Count Ehrenfried Walter von (1651-1708) Tschirnhaus, Walter von (1651-1708) Tschoudi, Baron Jean-Baptiste de (b. 1734) Tschudi, Valentin (d. 1555) Tseng Ts'an (dzung tsan), Confucian disciple (ca. 490 B.C.) Tsing-tao (ching dow) Tso-chuan (dwo jwan) Tsoa (tso-a), Chinese general (ca. 740) Tsu Ch'ung-chih (dzoo choong-je) Chinese mathematician (430-501) Tsunayoshi (tsoo-na-yosh-e), Japanese shogun (1680-1709) Tsurayaki (tsoo-ru-ya-ke), Japanese poet (883-946) Tsushima (tsoo-she-ma) Tsze-kung (tsu-koong) Confucian disciple (ca. 500 B.C.) Tsze-loo (tsu-loo), Confucian disciple (ca. 500 B.C.) Tu Fu (doo foo), Chinese poet (712-770) Tubieres, Anne-Claude de, Comte de Caylus (1692-1765) Tuby, Jean Baptiste (1630-1700) Tucker, Josiah (1712-99) Tudela, battle of (1808) Tudor, Margaret (1489-1541) Tukaram (too-ka-ram'), Indian poet (1608-1649) Tull, Jethro (1674-1741) Tullia d'Aragona (1537) Tullia, daughter of Cicero (fl. 1st century B.C.) Tullus Hostilius, third King of Rome (fl. 7th century B.C.) Tullus, Desumius, millionaire (fl. 1st century) Tulp, Nicolaes (1593-1674) Tulsi Das (tool'-se das), Indian poet (1532-1624) Tun-huang (toon hwang) Tungabadra (toon'-ga-ba'-dra) River Tung Cho (toong jo), Boxer general T'ungchow (toong-jo) Tunstall, Cuthbert (1474-1559) Tuqatmish, Tatar Khan (c. 1390) Tura, Cosimo (1430-95) Turbo, Marcius Livianus, general of Trajan (fl. 2nd century) Turckheim, Bernhard Friedrich von (d. 1831) Turenne, Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Marechal Vicomte de (1611-75) Turgenev, Ivan Sergeevich, Russian novelist and dramatist (1818-1883) Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, Baron de l'Aulne (1727-81) Turner, Joseph Mallord William (1775-1851) Turpin, Dick (1706-39) Tuscany, Grand Duke of (r. 1765-90) Tutenkhamon (toot'-angk-a'-men), King of Egypt (1360-1350 B.C.) Tutenkhaton (toot-en-kha'-ton), see Tutenkhamon Tuyll, Isabella van (Isabelle de Charriere, "Zelide"; 1740-1805) Twoshtri (twash'-tri) Tyche (ti'-ke) Tyler, Wat (d. 1381) Tylissus (ti-lis'-us) Tyndale, William (1492?-1536) Tyras (ti'-ras) Tyrconnel, Richard Talbot, Earl of (1630-91) Tyre (tir) Tyrrha (tir'-a) Tyrtaeus (tur-te'-us), elegiac poet (fl. 7th century B.C.) Tyson, Edward (1650-1708) T'zu Hsi (tzu she), Chinese dowager empress (1834-1908) U - Ubaldi, Baldo degli (c. 1327-1400) Uberweg, Friedrich (1826-71) Uccello, Paolo (1397-1475) Uceda, Duke of (fl. 1618) Udaipur (oo-di'-poor) Udall, Nicholas (1505-56) Udayana (oo-da'-ya-na), Indian scientist (ca. 975) Udine, Giovanni da (Giovanni Ricamatore: 1499-1564) Uhland, Johann Ludwig (1787-1862) Uhlfeld, Count von (fl. 1742) Uimala-Kirti (oo-e'-ma-la-ker-te), Buddhist saint Ujjain (ooj-jin') Ukiyoye (oo-ki-yo-ye) engravers Ulacq, Adrian (fl. 1652) Uljaitu, Khan (1305-16) Ulm, Treaty of (1620) Ulm, battle of (1805) Ulpian (Domitius Ulpianus), jurist (?-228) Ulrich, Duke of Wurttemberg (1498-1550) Ulrika Eleanora, Queen of Sweden (r. 1719-20) Ulug-Beg (1394-1449) Uma (oo'-ma), aspect of Kali Uma no-Kami (oo-ma-no-ka-me) Umberto I Biancamano (970?-1050?), Count of Savoy Umzmarkt, battle of (1797) Unger, Georg Christian (1743-1812) Ungut (oon'-goot) Uniformity, Act of (1552) Union, Act of (Britain, 1707) Unkei (oon-ka), Japanese woodcarver (1180-1220) Unwin, Mary (1724-96) Unwin, Rev. Morley (d. 1767) Upanishads (oo-pan'-i-shadz) Uppsala: Synod of (1593) Ur (oor) Ur-engur (oor-en'-goor), King of Ur (ca. 2450 B.C.) Ur-nina (oor-ne'-na), King of Lagash (3100 B.C.) Uraeus (L)- a serpent image symbolizing wisdom and life; usually worn by the Egyptian kings. Urania (u-ra'-ni-a) Uranus (u'-ra-nus) Urartu (oo-rar'-too); see Armenia Urban II (Odo of Lagery), Pope (r. 1088-99) Urban IV (Jacques Pantaleon), Pope (1261-64) Urban V (Guillaume de Grimoard), Pope (1362-70) Urban VI (Bartolommeo Prignano), Pope (1378-89) Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini), Pope (r. 1623-44) "Urbarian Law" (1774) Urbino, Francesco Maria della Rovere, Duke of (1549-1631) Urdu (oor'-doo) Urfe, Honore d', French novelist (1568-1626) Urfi of Shiraz (16th cent.) Urga (oor'-ga) Uriah (u-ri'-a) Hittite general (ca. 900 B.C.) Urquhart, Sir Thomas (1611-60) Ursins, Marie-Anne de La Tremoille, Princesse des (1642?-1722) Ursinus, Zacharias (1534-83) Ursus, Flavius, friend of Statius (fl. 1st century) Uruk (oor'-ook) Urukagina (oor-ook-a-je'-na?), King of Lagash (ca. 2900 B.C.) Uruvela (oor-oo-va'-la) Urvashi (oor-vash'-e) Ushas (oo'-shaz) Usque, Samuel (1550) Ussher, James (1581-1656), Archbishop of Armagh (1625-56) Ussuri (oos-soor'-e) River Usury Bill (England, 1571) Utamaro (oo-ta-ma-ro), Japanese engraver (1753-1806) Utande, Gregorio (17th cent.) Utica (u'-ti-ka) Utrecht (city), Peace of (1713), Union of (1579) Uxbridge, Sir Henry William Paget, Earl of, later 1st Marquess of Anglesey (1768-1854) Uylenborch, Saskia van (d. 1642), wife of Rembrandt Uzbekistan, Persian invasion of (1740) Uzzah (uz'-za) V - Vachaspati (va'-chas-pa'-ti), Indian scientist (850) Vadier, Marc-Guillaume-Alexis (1730-1828) Vadnagar (vad-na'-gar) Vaenius, Otho (fl. 1595) Vaga, Perino del (Pietro Buonaccorsi: 1501-1547) Vaghbata (vag'-bha-ta), Indian medical writer (ca. 625) Vais (d. 1715), Mir of Kandahar Vaishali (vi'-sha-le) Vaisheshika (vi-sha'-shi-ka) philosophy Vaishnavites (vish'-na-vitz) Vaisyas (vi'-shyas) Vajjians (va'-je-ans) Valaze, Charles-Eleonore du Friche de (1751-93) Valdes Leal, Juan de (1630-90) Valdes, Alfonso de (c. 1500-32) Valdes, Juan de (c. 1500-41) Valentinian I (Flavius Valentinianus), Roman emperor in the West (321-375) Valentinois, Comtesse de (fl. 1758) Valentinus, Alexandrian heretic (fl. 160) Valenzuela, Fernando (fl. 1670) Valerian (Caius Publius Licinius Valerianus), Roman emperor (?-260) Valerius Maximus, historian (fl. 1st century) Valla, Lorenzo (c. 1406-1457), Italian humanist Valle, Filippo della (1696-1768) Vallin de La Mothe, Jean-Baptiste (1729-1800) Vallisnieri, Antonio (1661-1730) Vallon, Annette (b. 1767) Vallon, Caroline (b. 1792) Valmiki (val'-me-ki), Indian poet (ca. 100 B.C.) Valmy, battle of (1792) Valori, Francesco (1439-98) Valori, Niccolo (1492) Van Dyke, Sir Anthony, Flemish painter (1599-1641) Van Gogh, Vincent (1853-1890) Vanaprastha (va-na-pras'-ta) Vanbrugh, Sir John (1664-1726) Vancouver, George (1758?-98) Vandal, Albert (1853-1910) Vandamme, Dominique-Rene, French general (1770-1830) Vandeul, Marie Angelique Diderot, Mme. de (b. 1753) Vandyck, Sir Anthony (1599-1641) Vane, "Sir Harry" (1613-62) Vanhomrigh, Hester (Swift's "Vanessa": 1687-1723) Vanini, Guilio Cesare Lucilio (1585-1619) Vanloo, Carle (1705-65) Vanloo, Jean Baptiste (1684-1745) Vanloo, Louis-Michel (1707-71) Vanloo, Michel (1707-71) Vanvitelli, Luigi (1700-73) Vaphio (vaf'-i-o) Varahamihira (va-ra'-ha-mi'-hi-ra), Indian astronomer (505-587) Varala, Treaty of (1790) Varano, Costanza (d. 1447) Varano, Giulio Cesare (d. 1502) Varchi, Benedetto (1503-65) Varin, Jean (1604-72) Varin, Quentin (1575-1627) Varnhagen von Ense, Karl August (1785-1858) Varoli, Costanzo (1543-75) Varro, Caius Terentius, consul and general (fl. 216 B.C.) Varro, Marcus Terentius, Roman scholar (116-27 B.C.) Varuna (va'-roo-na) Varus, Publius Quintilius, governor (?-9 A.D.) Varus, Quintilius, noble (?-42 B.C.) Vasa, Gustavus (1523-60), see Gustavus I Vasanti (va-san'-te) Vasari, Giorgio, Italian artist and biographer of artists (1511-1574) Vashubandu (vash-oo-band'-oo), Buddhist commentator (ca. 320-380) Vasili I, Grand Duke (1389-1425) Vasili II, Grand Duke (1425-62) Vasili III, Grand Duke (1505-33) Vasili IV Shuiski, Czar (1606-10) Vassilchik, Alexis (fl. 1772) Vassy, Massacre of (1562) Vatable, Francois (d. 1547) Vatsyayana (vat-sya'-ya-na) Vauban, Sebastien Le Prestre, Seigneur de (1633-1707) Vaucelles, Truce of (1556) Vauchamps, battle of (1814) Vaudreuil, Louis-Philippe de Rigaud, Comte de (1724-1802) Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, Pierre-Francois de Rigaud, Marquis de (1698-1765) Vaugelas, Claude Favre, Seigneur de (1585-1650) Vaughan, Henry (1622-95) Vauvenargues, Luc de Clapiers, Marquis of (1715-47) Vayu (va'-yoo) Vecchietta (Lorenzo di Pietro: c. 1412-80) Vecinho, Joseph (1490) Vedanta (va-dan'-ta) philosophy Vedas (va'-daz) Veddahs (ved'-daz) Vedic (ved'-ik) Age Vega, Lope de (Lope Felix de Vega Carpio: 1562-1635) Veii (Isola Farnese), war with (405-396 B.C.) Veit, Philipp (1793-1877) Velasquez de Silva, Diego Rodriguez, Spanish painter (1599-1660) Velchanos (vel'-ka-nos) Velde, Adriaen van der (1636-72) Velde, Willem II van der (1633-1707) Velen, Widow van (fl. 1670) Velez de Guevara, Luis (1579-1644) Velia (va'-li-a) Vellano da Padova (1488) Velthuysen, Lambert van (fl. 1670) Vemana (ve-ma'-na), Indian poet (17th century) Venables, Robert (fl. 1654) Vendidad (ven'-di-dad) Vendome, Cesar de Bourbon, Duke of (1594-1665) Vendome, Louis-Joseph de Bourbon, Duc de (1654-1712) Vendome, Philippe de (1655-1727) Vendramin, Andrea, Doge of Venice (1476-78) Venel, Jean Andre (1740-91) Veniero, Sebastiano (fl. 1571) Venner, Thomas (fl. 1661) Ventadour, Duchesse de (fl. 1714) Ventimiglio, Monsignor, bishop of Catania (fl. 1760) Venus Callipyge (ka-lip'-i-je) Veracini, Francesco Maria (c. 1685?-1750) Veratius, Lucius, slaveowner (2nd century) Vercellae (Vercelli), battle in 101 B.C. Vercingetroix, Gallic chief of the Arverni (?-45 B.C.) Verdelin, Mme. de (fl. 1765) Verdelot, Philippe (d. before 1567) Verdi, Giuseppe (1813-1901) Vergara, Francisco, the Younger (1713-61) Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de (1717-87) Vergerio, Pierpaolo (1535) Vergil, Polydore (1470?-1555) Vergniaud, Pierre-Victurnien (1753-93) Verhaecht, Tobias (fl. 1591) Vermeer, Jan (1632-75) Vermigli, Pietro Martire, see Peter Martyr Vermigli Vermond, Abbe Matthieu-Jacques de (d. after 1789) Vernes, Jacob or Jacques (1728-91), Swiss pastor Vernes, Jacques (fl. 1758), Swiss clergyman Vernet, Claude-Joseph (1714-89), French painter Vernet, Isaac (fl. 1750), Swiss banker Verney, Ralph, 2d Earl Verney (fl. 1765) Vernias, Nicoletto (1480) Vernon, Edward, Admiral (1684-1757) Veronese (Caliari), Paolo (1528-88) Verrazano, Giovanni da (1485?-?1528) Verres, Caius Cornelius, governor (?-43 B.C.) Verri, Pietro (fl. 1770) Verrieres, Genevieve Rinteau de (b. 1731) Verrieres, Marie Rinteau de (1728-75) Verrocchio, Andrea del (1432-88) Versailles, Peace of (1783) Versailles, Treaty of: first (1756), second (1757) Vertot, Abbe Rene Aubert de (1655-1735) Verus, Lucius Aurelius (Lucius Ceionius Commodus Verus), Roman emperor (127-169) Verus, Lucius, friend of Hadrian (?-138) Vesalius, Andreas (1514-64) Vesey, Elizabeth (1715?-91) Vespasian (Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus), Emperor of Rome (r. A.D. 69-79) Vespasiano da Bisticci (c. 1421-98) Vespillo, Quintus Lucretius (fl. 1st century) Vespucci, Amerigo (1451-1512) Vespucci, Simonetta (d. 1476) Vesta (ves'-ta) Vesteres, Diet of (1527) Vestris or Vestrice, Marie-Rose, nee Gourgaud-Dugason (1746-1804) Vestris, Gaetan (1729-1808) Vestris, Marie-Rose (1746-1804) Vetter, Conrad (fl. 1594-99) Vettori, Francesco (1513) Viau, Theophile de (1590-1626) Vicente, Gil (1465-1536?) Vichy, Diane de, nee d'Albon (b. 1716) Vico, Giovanni Battista (1668-1744), Italian philosopher Vicq-d'Azyr, Felix (1748-94) Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy (r. 1675-1732), King of Sardinia as Victor Amadeus I (r. 1720-30) Victor Emmanuel I, King of Sardinia (r. 1802-21) Victor I, Roman Pope (ca. 190-198) Victor, Claude (1766-1841) Victor, Sextus Aurelius, writer (fl. 4th century) Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (r. 1837-1901) Victoria, Tomas Luis de (1540?-1611) Vida, Marco Girolamo (1480?-1566) Vidarbha (vi'-dar'-ba) Videhas (vi-da'-haz) Vieira, Antonio (1608-97) Vieira, Francisco (1699-1783) Vielleville, M. de (fl. 1778) Vien, Joseph-Marie (1716-1809) Vienna, Congress of (1814-15) Viete or Vieta, Francois (1540-1603) Vigee-Lebrun, Marie-Anne Elisabeth (1755-1842) Vigniere, Jeanne (fl. 1761) Vignola, Giacomo (Giacomo Barocchio: 1507-1573) Vigny, Alfred de (1797-1863) Vijayanagar (ve'-ja-ya-na'-gar) (city) Vikramaditya Chalukya (vi-kram-a'-dit-ya cha'-look-ya), King of Magadha (1076-1126) Vikramaditya Gupta (vi-kram-a'-dit-ya goop'-ta), King of Magadha (380-413) Viladomat, Antonio (1678-1755) Villa Nova, Countess of (fl. 1644) Villa di Papa Giulio (1553) Villani, Giovanni (1275-1348) Villani, Matteo (d. c. 1363) Villanueva, Juan de (1739-1811) Villars, Claude, Duc de (1653-1734) Villars, Duc Honore Armand de (1702-70) Villars, Marechal Duc Claude de (1653-1734) Villaviciosa, battle of (1710) Villedeuil, Laurent de (fl. 1787) Villemain, Abel Francois (1790-1870) Villeneuve, Pierre de (1763-1806) Villeroi, Francois de Neufville, Marechal Duc de (1644-1730) Villette, Marie Claire Deschamps de Marcilly, Marquise de, later Viscountess Bolingbroke (d. 1750) Villette, Marquis Charles de (1736-93) Villette, Retaux de (1785) Villiers de L'Ile-Adam, Philippe de (1522) Villiers de la Groslaye, Jean (1430-99) Villiers, Elizabeth (1567?-1633) Villoison, Jean-Baptiste d'Ansse de (1753-1805) Villon, Francois (1431-c. 1480) Vimala (vi'-ma-la) Temple Vimeiro, battle of (1808) Vina (ve-na') Vinaya (vi'-na-ya) Vincennes, France, chateau (1364-73) Vincent Ferrer, St. (1350-1419) Vincent de Paul, Saint (1581?-1660) Vincent of Beauvais (c. 1190- c. 1264) Vincente Ferrer, Saint (1350-1419) Vinci, Leonardo (1690-1732), composer Vinci, Leonardo da, see Leonardo Vindex, Caius Julius, legate of Gallia Lugdunensis (fl. 1st century) Vintimille, Pauline Felicite de Nesle, Marquise de (1712-41) Viotti, Giovanni Battista (1753-1824) Vipsania Agrippina, daughter of Agrippa (fl. 1st century B.C.) Virchow, Rudolf, German pathologist (1821-1902) Viret, Peter (1511-71) Virgee-Lebrun, Marie Anne Elisabeth (1735-1842) Virgil (Publius Vergilius [or Virgilius] Maro), Roman poet (70-19 B.C.) Virginia, daughter of Lucius Virginius (5th century B.C.) Virginius, Lucius, plebeian (5th century B.C.) Viriathus, Lusitanian leader (fl. 2nd century B.C.) Virocana (ve-ro-ka'-na) Virtus dormitiva (L)- soporific power. Virupaksha (vi-roo'-pak-sha) Temple Vischer, Hans (1489?-1550) Vischer, Hermann, the Younger (1486?-1517) Vischer, Luise (fl. 1780) Vischer, Paul (d. 1531) Vischer, Peter, the Elder (c. 1460-1529) Vischer, Peter, the Younger (1487-1528) Visconti, Bernabo, lord of Milan (r. 1355-85) Visconti, Bianca Maria, Duchess of Milan (1423-68) Visconti, Filippo Maria, Duke of Milan (1412-47) Visconti, Galeazzo II, lord of Milan (1355-78) Visconti, Gasparo (1461-99) Visconti, Giangaleazzo, lord of Milan (1378-95) and Duke of Milan (1395-1402) Visconti, Gianmaria, Duke of Milan (1402-12) Visconti, Giovanni, lord of Milan (1349-54) Visconti, Matteo I, lord of Milan (1311-22) Visconti, Matteo II, lord of Milan (1354-55) Visconti, Valentina, Duchess of Orleans (1370-1409) Visconti, Violante, Duchess of Clarence (d. 1382) Vishnu (vish'-noo) Vishtaspa (vish-tas'-pa); see Hystaspes Visin, Denis Ivanovich von (1744-92) Vispered (vis'-per-ed) Visscher, Roemer (d. 1620) Vitali, Tommaso (fl. 1666) Vitart, Nicolas (fl. 1657) Vitelleschi, Giovanni (d. 1440) Vitelleschi, Mutio (1563-1645) Vitelli, Vitellozzo (d. 1502) Vitellius (Aulus Vitellius Germanicus), Roman emperor (15-69) Vitez, Janos (1408-72) Viti, Timoteo (1467-1523) Vitoria, battle of (1808) Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus, Roman architect and engineer (1st century B.C.) Vitry, Philippe de (1291-1361) Vittoria, Alessandro (1525-1608) Vittorino da Feltre (1378-1446) Vivaldi, Antonio (c. 1675-1741) Vivarini, Alvise (c. 1447- c. 1504) Vivarini, Antonio (1415-70) Vivarini, Bartolommeo (c. 1432- c. 1500) Vivasvat (vi-vas'-vat) Vivekananda, Swami (ve-va-kan'-an-da, swa'-me) (Narendranath Dutt), Indian philosopher (1863-1902) Vives, Juan Luis (1492-1540) Vivian, Charles (d. 1822) Viviani, Vincenzo (fl. 1654) Vladivostok (vla-di-vos-tok') Voetius, Gisbert (1588-1676) Vogel, Henriette (d. 1811) Vogler, Abt Georg Josef (1749-1814) Voiture, Vincent (1598-1648) Volger, Abt Georg Josef (1749-1814) Volland, Louise Henriette ("Sophie"; 1717-84) Volney, Comte de, Constantin Francois de Chasseboeuf, French skeptical author (1757-1820) Vologases III, King of Parthia (fl. 2nd century) Vologases IV, King of Parthia (?-209) Vologases V, King of Parthia (?-227?) Vologesus (vol-o-je'-zus) V, King of Parthia (209-222) Volta, Alessandro, Count (1745-1827) Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet de), French writer (1694-1778) Volterra, Daniele da (1509-56) Vondel, Joost van den (1587-1679) Vorontsov, Mikhail Ilarionovich (1714-67) Vorontsova, Elizaveta (fl. 1760) Vorst, Peter van der (1536) Vos, Cornelis de (1585-1651) Vos, Paul de (c. 1600-c. 1654) Voss, Johann Heinrich (1751-1826) Voss, Julie von (d. 1789) Vossius, Dionysius (fl. 1630) Vossius, Gerard (1577-1649) Vossius, Isaac (Isaac Voss: 1618-89) Vouet, Simon (1590-1649) Voyer, Marc-Rene d'Argenson, Marquis de (1722-82) Vriendt, Cornelis de (1514-75) Vries, Simon de (1633?-67) Vulso, Cnaeus Manlius, general (fl. 2nd century B.C.) Vyasa (vya'-sa), the Indian Homer Vyd, Jodocus (1432) W - Wackenroder, Wilhelm Heinrich (1773-98) Wagakusha (wa-ga-koo-sha) scholars Wagner, Richard, German composer (1813-1883) Wagniere, Jean-Louis (1739-after 1787) Wagram, battle of (1809) Wake, William (1657-1737), Archbishop of Canterbury (1716-37) Wakeman, Sir George (fl. 1680) Walcheren expedition (1809) Waldeck, Count George Frederick of (fl. 1654) Waldegrave, James, 2d Earl Waldegrave (1715-63) Waldemar IV, King of Denmark (1340-75) Waldo, Peter (1180) Waldseemuller, Martin (c. 1470-1518) Waldstein, Count Ferdinand von (1762-1823) Waldthauser, Conrad (1374) Walewska, Countess Marie Laczynska (1789-1817) Walker, John (1770-1831) Walker, Robert (d. 1658?) Wall, English physicist (fl. 1708) Wallace, Alfred Russel, English biologist and naturalist (1822-1913) Wallace, Robert (fl. 1750), Scottish clergyman Wallenstein (Waldstein), Albrecht von (1583-1634) Waller, Edmund (1606-87) Wallingford, Richard (c. 1292-1335) Wallington, Nehemiah (fl. 1642) Wallis, Samuel (1728-95) Walpole, Horace, 4th Earl of Orford, English author (1717-1797) Walpole, Horatio, Baron Walpole of Wolterton (1678-1757), brother of Sir Robert Walpole, Maria (Molly), Lady, nee Skerrett (d. 1738), 2nd wife of Sir Robert Walpole, Sir Robert, 1st Earl of Orford (1676-1745), statesman Walsh, John (fl. 1711) Walsingham, Alan de (1321) Walsingham, Petronilla Melusina, Countess of, later Countess of Chesterfield (c. 1693-1778) Walsingham, Sir Francis (1530?-90) Walter, Lucy (1630?-58) Walther, Johann (1496-1570) Walther, Johann Gottfried (1684-1748) Walton, Izaak (1593-1683) Walworth, William (d. 1385) Walwyn, William (c. 1648) Wan Li (wan-le), Emperor of China (1573-1620) Wang An-shih (wang an-shi), Chinese socialist statesman (fl. 1070) Wang Chen (1314) Wang Chieh (wang je'-uh), Chinese printer (fl. 868) Wang Hsi-chih (wang she-ji), Chinese caligrapher (ca. 400) Wang Mang (wang mang), Chinese emperor (5-25) Wang Shu-ho (wang shoo-ho), Chinese medical writer (ca. 300) Wang Wei (wang wa), Chinese painter (699-759) Wang Yang-ming (wang yang-ming), Chinese philosopher (1472-1528) War of 1812, Anglo-American War of 1812, Franco-Russian War of Devolution (1667-68) War of the Mantuan Succession (1628-31) War of the Spanish Succession (1701-13) Warburton, William (1698-1779) Ward, John (fl. 1662-81) Ward, Lester Frank, American sociologist (1841-1913) Ward, Samuel (d. 1643) Ware, Isaac (d. 1766) Warens, Francoise-Marie de La Tour, Baronne de (1699-1762) Warham, William, Archbishop (1450?-1532) Waring, Jane (fl. 1695) Warner, William (1558?-1609) Warsaw, Confederation of (1573) Warsaw, Pact of (1745) Warton, Joseph (1722-1800) Warton, Thomas (1728-90) Warwick, Ambrose Dudley, Earl of (1528?-90) Warwick, John Dudley, Earl of (1549-53) Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of (1428-71) Washington, George (1732-99) Watelet, Claude-Henri (1718-86) Waterland, Daniel (1683-1740) Waterloo, battle of (1815) Watson, Charles, Admiral (fl. 1757) Watson, William (1715-87) Watt, James, Scottish inventor (1736-1819) Watteau, Jean Antoine, French painter (1684-1721) Wattignies, battle of (1793) Wayneflete, William of (1395?-1486) Webbe, Samuel (1740-1816) Weber, Aloysia (1761?-1839) Weber, Carl Maria von (1786-1826) Weber, Franz Anton von (1734-1812) Weber, Fridolin (fl. 1778) Weber, Josepha (1758-1819) Weber, Karl Maria von (1786-1826) Webster, John (1580?-1625?) Webster, Lady Frances (fl. 1813) Wedgwood, Josiah, English potter (1730-1795) Wedgwood, Thomas (1771-1805) Weenix, Jan II (1640?-1719) Wehe, Jakob (1525) Wei (wa) (state) Wei Sheng (wa shung) Weigall, Arthur, British Egyptologist (1880-1934) Weigant, Friedrich (1525) Weishaupt, Adam (1748-1830) Weismann, August, German zoologist (1834-1914) Weisweiler, Adam (d. 1809) Wellington, Sir Arthur Wellesley, Duke of (1769-1852) Welsch, Maximilian von (1671-1745) Welser, Markus (1558-1614) Wen T'ien-hsian (wun ti-an'she-ang), Chinese patriot and scholar (ca. 1260) Wen Ti (wun de), Chinese emperor (179-157 B.C.) Wen Wang (wun wang), Chinese emperor (fl. 1123 B.C.) Wenceslaus III, King of Bohemia (1305-1306) Wenceslaus IV, King of Bohemia (1378-1419) Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Emperor (1378-1400) Wendover, Roger (d. 1236) Wenham, Jane (fl. 1712) Wentworth, Peter (1530-96) Werckmeister, Andreas (1645-1706) Werff, Adriaen van der (1659-1722) Werner, Abraham Gottlob (1749-1817) Werner, Gregor (d. 1766) Werner, Johannes (1468-1528) Werner, Zacharias (in full, Friedrich Ludwig Zacharias; 1768-1823) Wertheimer, Samson (1658-1724) Werve, Claus de (1411) Wesel, Johan von (1410-81) Wesley, Charles (1707-88) Wesley, John (1703-91) Wesley, Samuel (1662-1735), father of John Wesley Wesley, Samuel II (1690-1739) Wessel Gansfort, Johann (1420?-89) West Prussia, conquest of (1626) West, Benjamin (1738-1820) West, Richard (d. 1742) Westley, Bartholomew (d. 1670) Westley, John (1636-78) Westminster Abbey, London (1376-1517) Westminster Convention (1689) Westminster, Treaty of (1674) Westminster, Treaty of (England-Prussia, 1756) Westmorland, Charles Neville, 6th Earl of (1543-1601) Weston, Sir Richard (1577-1635) Westphal, Joachim (1510-74) Westphalia, Peace of (1648) Westphalia, kingdom of (1807-13) Weyden, Rogier van der (1399?-1464) Whale, Robert (fl. 1725) Wharton, Thomas, Earl of (1648-1715) Whately, Richard (1787-1863) Whichcote, Benjamin (1609-83) Whistler, James Abbott MacNeill, American etcher and painter (1834-1903) Whiston, William (1667-1752) Whitbread, Samuel (1758-1815) White Mountain, battle of the (1620) White Terror (France, 1795) White Terror (France, 1815) White, ex-priest, author (fl. c. 1666) Whitefield, George (1714-70) Whitehead, Alfred North (1861-1947) Whitelocke, Bulstrode (1605-75) Whitgift, John, Archbishop (1530?-1604) Whitman, Walt, American poet (1819-1892) Whitworth, Charles Whitworth, Baron, later Earl (1752-1825) Whytt, Robert (1714-66) Wieland, Christopher Martin, German poet and novelist (1733-1813) Wier, Johann (1518-88) Wilberforce, William (1759-1833) Wilbye, John (1574?-1638) Wilcke, Johan Carl (1732-96) Wild, Jonathan (1682?-1725) Wilde, Oscar O'Flahertie Fingal Wills, Irish poet and dramatist (1856-1900) Wilhelm Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1728) Wilhelm Ernst, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1717) Wilhelm of Hanau, ruler of Hesse-Cassel (r. 1785-1803) as landgrave, (r. 1803-21) as elector Wilhelmine, Margravine of Bayreuth (1709-1758), sister of Frederick II Wilkes, John (1727-97) Wilkinson, John (1728-1808) Wilkinson, Mr. (fl. 1737) Willaert, Adrian (1480-1562) Willander, Johan (fl. 1782) Wille, Ambrose (fl. 1566) Wille, Johann Georg (1715-1807) Willemer, Johann Jakob von (1760-1838) Willemer, Marianne von, nee Jung (1784-1860) William Frederick, Prince (1776-1834), Duke of Gloucester William I of Orange and Nassau (William the Silent: 1533-84) William I the Conqueror, King of England (1066-87) William I, King of the Netherlands (r. 1815-40) William II of Orange, Dutch Stadholder (r. 1647-50) William II, Emperor of Germany (r. 1888-1918) William III of Orange, Dutch Stadholder (r. 1672-1702) and King of England (r. 1689-1702) William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel (r. 1567-92) William IV, Stadholder of Holland (r. 1747-51) William V, Stadholder of Holland (r. 1751-95) William of Occam [Ockham] (c. 1300-49) William, Count of Henneberg (1525) William, Prince of Orange (1533-84) Williams (London printer; fl. 1763) Williams, Anna (1706-83) Williams, Edward (d. 1822) Williams, Roger (1603?-83) Willis, Thomas (1621-75) Willoughby, Sir Hugh (d. 1554) Willughby, Francis (1635-72) Wilmington, Sir Spencer Compton, Earl of (1673?-1743) Wilson, Richard (1714-82) Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas (1777-1849) Wilson, Thomas Woodrow, President of the United States (1856-1924) Wimpheling, Jakob (1450-1528) Winchester, Cardinal (1431) Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, German archeologist and art historian (1717-1768) Winckler, Hugo, German Assyriologist (died 1913) Windsor Castle: Round Tower (1344) Winstanley, Gerrard (1609?-1660?) Winter, Thomas (1572-1606) Wishart, George (1513?-46) Wissowa, George, German classical philologist (1859-1931) Withering, William (1741-99) Witsen, Burgomaster of Amsterdam (fl. 1698) Witt, Cornelis de (1623-72) Witt, Jacob de (fl. 1650) Witt, Jan de (1625-72) Wittenweier, battle of (1638) Wittgenstein, Ludwig Adolf Peter (1769-1843) Witz, Conrad (c. 1400-c. 1447) Woffington, Peg (1714?-66) Wolf, Friedrich August (1759-1824), classical philologist Wolf, Jerome (1575) Wolfe, James (1727-59) Wolff, Baron Christian von (1679-1754) Wolff, Caspar Friedrich (1733-94), biologist Wolff, Christian von, German philosopher and mathematician (1679-1754) Wolfgang Ernest, Count of Isenburg-Ronneburg (fl. 1601) Wolfgang, Count of Isenburg-Ronneburg (fl. 1585) Wolgemut, Michael (1434-1519) Wollner, Johann Christian von (1730?-1800) Wollstonecraft, Mary (1759-97) Wolseley, Sir Charles (fl. 1672) Wolsey, Thomas, Cardinal (1475?-1530) Wolstein, Dr. (fl. 1791) Wolzogen, Frau Henrietta von (fl. 1782) Wood, Anthony (1632-95) Wood, John (c. 1705-1754) Wood, John, Jr. (d. 1782) Wood, Robert (fl. 1750) Wood, William (1671-1730), ironmaster Woodfall, Henry Sampson (1739-1805) Woodward, Henry (1714-77) Woodward, John (1665-1728) Woolston, Thomas (1669-1733) Woosung (woo'-soong) Worcester, Edward Somerset, 2d Marquis of (1601-67) Worcester, battle of (1651) Worde, Wynkyn de (d. 1534?) Wordsworth, Ann, nee Cookson (1747-78) Wordsworth, Christopher (1774-1846) Wordsworth, Dorothy (1771-1855) Wordsworth, John (1741-83) Wordsworth, John (1772-1805) Wordsworth, Mary, nee Hutchinson (1770-1859) Wordsworth, Richard (1768-1816) Wordsworth, William, English poet (1770-1850) Wortley Montagu, Edward (1678-1761), husband of Lady Mary Wotton, Sir Henry (1568-1639) Wotton, William (1666-1727) Wouwerman, Philips (1619-68) Wren, Christopher (1632-1723) Wren, Sir Christopher (1632-1723) Wright, Capt. John Wesley (1769-1805) Wu Shu (woo shoo), Chinese encyclopedist (947-1002) Wu Tao-tze (woo dow-dzu), Chinese painter (born ca. 700) Wu Ti (woo de), Chinese emperor (140-87 B.C.) Wu Wang, Chinese emperor (1122-1115 B.C.) Wu Yi (woo ye), Chinese emperor (1198-1194 B.C.) Wu-tai-shan (woo-di-shin), 742 Wullenwever, Jurgen (1488?-1537) Wurmser, Count Dagobert Sigismund von (1724-97) Wurzburg, battle of (1796) Wyatt, James (1746-1813) Wyatt, John (fl. 1738) Wyatt, Sir Thomas (1503?-42) Wyatt, Sir Thomas the Younger (1521?-54) Wycherley, William (1549) Wycherley, William (1640?-1716) Wyclif, John (c. 1320-1384) Wykeham, William of (1324-1404) Wyttenbach, Thomas (1508) X - "Xanadu" (kan'-a-doo) Xanthippe (zan-thi'-pe), wife of Socrates (ca. 470-400 B.C.) Xanthippus, father of Pericles, Athenian general (fl. 479 B.C.) Xanthus (zan'-thus), historian (fl. 450 B.C.) Xavier, St. Francis, Apostle of the Indies (1506-1552) xenelasia (zen'-e-la'-zhi-a) Xeniades (zen-i-a-dez) of Corinth, merchant (fl. 4th century B.C.) Xenocrates (ze-nok'-ra-tez), philosopher (396-314 B.C.) Xenophanes (ze-nof'-a-nez), Greek philosopher and poet (fl. 536 B.C.) Xenophon (zen'-o-fon), Greek historian and general (445-355 B.C.) Xenophon, athlete (5th century B.C.) Xerxes (zurk'-sez) I, King of Persia (reigned 485-465 B.C.) Xerxes II, King of Persia (425 B.C.) Ximenes (Francesco Jimenez de Cisneros: 1437-1517) Ximenes, Marquis Augustin Marie de (1726-1817) Xuthus (zu'-thus) Y - Yahu (ya'-hoo); see Yahveh Yahveh (ya'-va) Yahweh (ya'-we) Yajnavalkya (yaj'-na-val-kya) Yajur-veda (yaj'-oor-va'-da) Yaki (J)- wares. Yama (ya'-ma) Yami (ya'-me) Yang Chu (yang joo), Chinese Epicurean philosopher (fl. 390 B.C.) Yang Kwei-fei (gwa-fa) (died 755) Yang and yin (yang, yin) Yang-tze (yang-dzu) River Yankovich, Theodor (fl. 1786) Yano Yeitoku (ya-no ya-to-koo), Japanese sculptor (ca. 1590) Yao (you), Chinese emperor (2356-2255 B.C.) Yaqub II of Morocco (1269-86) Yashts (yash-t-s) Yasna (yas'-na) Yasumaro (ya-soo-ma-ro) Japanese historian (ca. 712) Yedo (ya-do); see Tokyo Yeishin Sozu (ya-shin so-zoo), Japanese painter (ca. 1017) Yemen (yem'-en) Yen (J)- a Japanese coin, normally worth about fifty cents. Yen Hwuy (yan hwe), Confucian disciple (ca. 500 B.C.) Yersin, Alexandre (1863-1943) Yoga (yo'-ga) Yogis (yo'-gez) Yokohama (yo-ko-ha-ma) Yomei (yo-ma), Emperor of Japan (died 586) Yoni (yo'-ni) Yorck von Wartenburg, Johann David Ludwig (1759-1830) Yoritomo (yor-i-to-mo), Japanest dictator (1186-1199) Yoritomo, Japanese shogun (13th century) York, Frederick Augustus, Duke of (1763-1827) Yorktown, battle of (1781) Yoshimasa (yosh-i-ma-za), Japanese shogun (1436-1480) Yoshimitsu (yosh-i-mit-soo), Japanese shogun (1387-1395) Yoshimune (yosh-i-moo-ne), Japanese shogun (1716-1745) Yoshiwara (yosh-i-wa-ra) Young, Arthur (1741-1820) Young, Edward (1683-1765) Young, Thomas (1587-1655) Young, Thomas, English philosopher and scholar (1773-1829) Yozei (yo-za), Emperor of Japan (877-949) Ysaac, Heinrich (c. 1450-1517) Yu (u), Chinese emperor (2205-2197 B.C.) Yu Tze (yoo-dzu), Chinese philosopher (ca. 1250 B.C.) Yuan (yoo-an') Dynasty; see Mongol Dynasty Yuan Chwang (yoo-an' chwang'), Chinese traveler in India (7th century) Yuan Shi-kai (yoo-an' shi-ki), President of China (1848-1916) Yudishthira (yoo-dish-te'-ra) Yuga (yoo'-ga) Yun Kan (un kan) Yun Men (yoon mun) Yung Lo (yoong lo), Chinese emperor (1403-1425) Yuri Danielovitch, Prince of Moscow (1303-25) Yvon, Abbe Claude (1714-91) Z - Zaccaria, Antonio Maria, St. (1502-39) Zachau, Friedrich Wilhelm (1663-1712) Zacuto, Abraham (c. 1450-c. 1510) Zacynthos (za-kin'-thos) Zagreus (za'-grus) Zagros (za-gros) Mountains Zaleucus (za-lu'-kus) of Locri, Greek lawgiver (fl. 660 B.C.) Zama (za'-ma) (battle of, 202 B.C.) Zamojski, Jan (1541-1605) Zamora, Council of (1313) Zapater, Goya's friend (fl. 1788) Zapolya, John (1487-1540) Zapouna (za-poo'-na) Zarathustra (za-ra-thus'-tra), Median sage (660-583 B.C.) Zarcillo y Alcaraz, Francisco (1707-81) Zasius, Ulrich (1461-1536) Zatov, Nikita (b. 1641) Zavadovsky, Piotr (fl. 1776) Zbynek, Archbishop (1408) Zebedee, father of apostles James and John (1st century) Zechariah (zek-a-ri'-a), Hebrew prophet (ca. 520 B.C.) Zedekiah (zed-e-ki'-a), King of Judah (597-586 B.C.) Zedlitz, Karl Abraham von (1731-93) Zeiller, Johann (fl. 1757) Zeiten, Count Hans Ernst Karl von (1770-1848) Zela, battle in 47 B.C. Zell, Ulrich (d. c. 1507) Zeller, Eduard, German theologian and philosopher (1814-1908) Zelter, Karl Friedrich (1758-1832) Zen (zen) Zenale, Bernardino (1436-1526) Zend-Avesta (zend-a-ves'-ta) Zengoro Hozen (zen-go-ro ho-zen), Japanese potter (died 1855) Zeno (ze'-no), Greek Stoic philosopher (ca. 336-264 B.C.) Zeno of Tarsus, Stoic philosopher (3rd century B.C.) Zeno, Apostolo (1668-1750) Zeno, Battista (d. 1501) Zeno, Eleatic philosopher (fl. 475 B.C.) Zenobia, Septimia, Queen of Palmyra (?-after 272) Zenodorus, Greek sculptor (fl. 1st century) Zenodotus (zen-od'-o-tus) of Ephesus, grammarian and critic (fl. 280 B.C.) Zephaniah (zef-a-ni'-a), Hebrew prophet (ca. 630 B.C.) Zephyr (zef'-er) Zephyrinus, Roman Pope (ca. 198-ca. 218) Zerubbabel (zer-ub'-a-bel), Hebrew prince (fl. 520 B.C.) Zeus (zus) Zeuxis (zuk'-sis), Greek painter (fl. 430 B.C.) Ziegesar, Silvie von (fl. 1810) Zielence, battle of (1792) Zierikzee, siege of (1576) Ziethen, Johann (Hans) Joachim von (1699-1786) Ziggurat (Assyrian-Babylonian)- a tower of superimposed and diminishing stories, usually surrounded by external stairs. Ziggurats (zig'-goo-ratz) Zimmermann, Dr. Johann Georg (1728-95) Zizka, Jan (1360?-1424) Zoffany, John (1733-1810) Zola, Emile, French novelist (1840-1902) Zolkiewski, Stanislas (1547-1620) Zophar (zo'-far) Zorich, Simon (fl. 1777) Zorndorf, battle of (1758) Zoroaster (zo'-ro-as'-ter), (6th cent. B.C.) see Zarathustra Zoser (zo'-ser), King of Egypt (ca. 3150 B.C.) Zosimus, Greek historian (fl. 5th century) Zrinyi, Miklos (1620-64) Zubov, Platon (b. 1764) Zubov, Valerian (b. 1765) Zuccaro, Federigo (1543-1609) Zuccaro, Taddeo (1529-66) Zuccaro, Teberigo (1543-1609) Zuccato, Sebastiano (15th cent.) Zuniga, Juan de (fl. 1568) Zuravno, Treaty of (1676) Zurbaran, Francisco de (1598?-1664) Zurich, battle of (1799) Zurita y Castro, Jeronimo (1512-80) Zutphen, battle of (1586) Zwicker, Daniel (fl. 1658) Zwilling Gabriel (1521) Zwingli, Huldreich (1484-1531) Zwingli, Ulrich (1484-1531) --------------------------------------------------------- Electronically Enhanced Text Copyright 1991 - 1996 World Library, Inc.