Chapter 1, My Early Life

The progressive development of man is vitally dependent on invention. It
is the most important product of his creative brain. Its ultimate purpose
is the complete mastery of mind over the material world, the harnessing of
the forces of nature to human needs. This is the difficult task of the
inventor who is often misunderstood and unrewarded. But he finds ample
compensation in the pleasing exercises of his powers and in the knowledge
of being one of that exceptionally privileged class without whom the race
would have long ago perished in the bitter struggle against pitiless
elements. Speaking for myself, I have already had more than my full
measure of this exquisite enjoyment; so much, that for many years my life
was little short of continuous rapture. I am credited with being one of
the hardest workers and perhaps I am, if thought is the equivalent of
labour, for I have devoted to it almost all of my waking hours. But if
work is interpreted to be a definite performance in a specified time
according to a rigid rule, then I may be the worst of idlers.

Every effort under compulsion demands a sacrifice of life-energy. I never
paid such a price. On the contrary, I have thrived on my thoughts. In
attempting to give a connected and faithful account of my activities in
this story of my life, I must dwell, however reluctantly, on the
impressions of my youth and the circumstances and events which have been
instrumental in determining my career. Our first endeavours are purely
instinctive promptings of an imagination vivid and undisciplined. As we
grow older reason asserts itself and we become more and more systematic
and designing. But those early impulses, though not immediately
productive, are of the greatest moment and may shape our very destinies.
Indeed, I feel now that had I understood and cultivated instead of
suppressing them, I would have added substantial value to my bequest to
the world. But not until I had attained manhood did I realise that I was
an inventor.

This was due to a number of causes. In the first place I had a brother who
was gifted to an extraordinary degree; one of those rare phenomena of
mentality which biological investigation has failed to explain. His
premature death left my earth parents disconsolate. (I will explain my
remark about my "earth parents" later.) We owned a horse which had been
presented to us by a dear friend. It was a magnificent animal of Arabian
breed, possessed of almost human intelligence, and was cared for and
petted by the whole family, having on one occasion saved my dear father's
life under remarkable circumstances.

My father had been called one winter night to perform an urgent duty and
while crossing the mountains, infested by wolves, the horse became
frightened and ran away, throwing him violently to the ground. It arrived
home bleeding and exhausted, but after the alarm was sounded, immediately
dashed off again, returning to the spot, and before the searching party
were far on the way they were met by my father, who had recovered
consciousness and remounted, not realising that he had been lying in the
snow for several hours. This horse was responsible for my brother's
injuries from which he died. I witnessed the tragic scene and although so
many years have elapsed since, my visual impression of it has lost none of
its force. The recollection of his attainments made every effort of mine
seem dull in comparison. Anything I did that was creditable merely caused
my parents to feel their loss more keenly. So I grew up with little
confidence in myself.

But I was far from being considered a stupid boy, if I am to judge from an
incident of which I have still a strong remembrance. One day the Aldermen
were passing through a street where I was playing with other boys. The
oldest of these venerable gentlemen, a wealthy citizen, paused to give a
silver piece to each of us. Coming to me, he suddenly stopped and
commanded, "Look in my eyes." I met his gaze, my hand outstretched to
receive the much valued coin, when to my dismay, he said, "No, not much;
you can get nothing from me. You are too smart."

They used to tell a funny story about me. I had two old aunts with
wrinkled faces, one of them having two teeth protruding like the tusks of
an elephant, which she buried in my cheek every time she kissed me.
Nothing would scare me more then the prospects of being by these
affectionate, unattractive relatives. It happened that while being carried
in my mother's arms, they asked who was the prettier of the two. After
examining their faces intently, I answered thoughtfully, pointing to one
of them, "This here is not as ugly as the other."

Then again, I was intended from my very birth, for the clerical profession
and this thought constantly oppressed me. I longed to be an engineer, but
my father was inflexible. He was the son of an officer who served in the
army of the Great Napoleon and in common with his brother, professor of
mathematics in a prominent institution, had received a military education;
but, singularly enough, later embraced the clergy in which vocation he
achieved eminence. He was a very erudite man, a veritable natural
philosopher, poet and writer and his sermons were said to be as eloquent
as those of Abraham a-Sancta-Clara. He had a prodigious memory and
frequently recited at length from works in several languages. He often
remarked playfully that if some of the classics were lost he could restore
them. His style of writing was much admired. He penned sentences short and
terse and full of wit and satire. The humorous remarks he made were always
peculiar and characteristic. Just to illustrate, I may mention one or two
instances.

Among the help, there was a cross-eyed man called Mane, employed to do work
around the farm. He was chopping wood one day. As he swung the axe, my father,
who stood nearby and felt very uncomfortable, cautioned him, "For God's sake,
Mane, do not strike at what you are looking but at what you intend to hit."

On another occasion he was taking out for a drive, a friend who carelessly
permitted his costly fur coat to rub on the carriage wheel. My father reminded
him of it saying, "Pull in your coat; you are ruining my tire."

He had the odd habit of talking to himself and would often carry on an animated
conversation and indulge in heated argument, changing the tone of his voice. A
casual listener might have sworn that several people were in the room.

Although I must trace to my mother's influence whatever inventiveness I possess,
the training he gave me must have been helpful. It comprised all sorts of
exercises - as, guessing one another's thoughts, discovering the defects of some
form of expression, repeating long sentences or performing mental calculations.
These daily lessons were intended to strengthen memory and reason, and
especially to develop the critical sense, and were undoubtedly very beneficial.

My mother descended from one of the oldest families in the country and a line of
inventors. Both her father and grandfather originated numerous implements for
household, agricultural and other uses. She was a truly great woman, of rare
skill, courage and fortitude, who had braved the storms of life and passed
through many a trying experience. When she was sixteen, a virulent pestilence
swept the country. Her father was called away to administer the last sacraments
to the dying and during his absence she went alone to the assistance of a
neighbouring family who were stricken by the dread disease. She bathed, clothed
and laid out the bodies, decorating them with flowers according to the custom of
the country and when her father returned he found everything ready for a
Christian burial.

My mother was an inventor of the first order and would, I believe, have achieved
great things had she not been so remote from modern life and its multifold
opportunities. She invented and constructed all kinds of tools and devices and
wove the finest designs from thread which was spun by her. She even planted
seeds, raised the plants and separated the fibres herself. She worked
indefatigably, from break of day till late at night, and most of the wearing
apparel and furnishings of the home were the product of her hands. When she was
past sixty, her fingers were still nimble enough to tie three knots in an
eyelash.

There was another and still more important reason for my late awakening. In my
boyhood I suffered from a peculiar affliction due to the appearance of images,
often accompanied by strong flashes of light, which marred the sight of real
objects and interfered with my thoughts and action. They were pictures of things
and scenes which i had really seen, never of those imagined. When a word was
spoken to me the image of the object it designated would present itself vividly
to my vision and sometimes I was quite unable to distinguish weather what I saw
was tangible or not. This caused me great discomfort and anxiety. None of the
students of psychology or physiology whom i have consulted, could ever explain
satisfactorily these phenomenon. They seem to have been unique although I was
probably predisposed as I know that my brother experienced a similar trouble.
The theory I have formulated is that the images were the result of a reflex
action from the brain on the retina under great excitation. They certainly were
not hallucinations such as are produced in diseased and anguished minds, for in
other respects i was normal and composed. To give an idea of my distress,
suppose that I had witnessed a funeral or some such nerve-wracking spectacle.
The, inevitably, in the stillness of night, a vivid picture of the scene would
thrust itself before my eyes and persist despite all my efforts to banish it. If
my explanation is correct, it should be possible to project on a screen the
image of any object one conceives and make it visible. Such an advance would
revolutionise all human relations. I am convinced that this wonder can and will
be accomplished in time to come. I may add that I have devoted much thought to
the solution of the problem.
I have managed to reflect such a picture, which i have seen in my mind, to the
mind of another person, in another room. To free myself of these tormenting
appearances, I tried to concentrate my mind on something else I had seen, and in
this way I would often obtain temporary relief; but in order to get it I had to
conjure continuously new images. It was not long before I found that I had
exhausted all of those at my command; my 'reel' had run out as it were, because

I had seen little of the world -- only objects in my home and the immediate
surroundings. As I performed these mental operations for the second or third
time, in order to chase the appearances from my vision, the remedy gradually
lost all its force. Then I instinctively commenced to make excursions beyond the
limits of the small world of which I had knowledge, and I saw new scenes. These
were at first very blurred and indistinct, and would flit away when I tried to
concentrate my attention upon them. They gained in strength and distinctness and
finally assumed the concreteness of real things. I soon discovered that my best
comfort was attained if I simply went on in my vision further and further,
getting new impressions all the time, and so I began to travel; of course, in my
mind. Every night, (and sometimes during the day), when alone, I would start on
my journeys -- see new places, cities and countries; live there, meet people and
make friendships and acquaintances and, however unbelievable, it is a fact that
they were just as dear to me as those in actual life, and not a bit less intense
in their manifestations.

This I did constantly until I was about seventeen, when my thoughts turned
seriously to invention. Then I observed to my delight that i could visualise
with the greatest facility. I needed no models, drawings or experiments. I could
picture them all as real in my mind. Thus I have been led unconsciously to
evolve what I consider a new method of materialising inventive concepts and
ideas, which is radially opposite to the purely experimental and is in my
opinion ever so much more expeditious and efficient.

The moment one constructs a device to carry into practice a crude idea, he finds
himself unavoidably engrossed with the details of the apparatus. As he goes on
improving and reconstructing, his force of concentration diminishes and he loses
sight of the great underlying principle. Results may be obtained, but always at
the sacrifice of quality. My method is different. I do not rush into actual
work. When I get an idea, I start at once building it up in my imagination. I
change the construction, make improvements and operate the device in my mind. It
is absolutely immaterial to me whether I run my turbine in thought or test it in
my shop. I even note if it is out of balance. There is no difference whatever;
the results are the same. In this way I am able to rapidly develop and perfect a
conception without touching anything. When I have gone so far as to embody in
the invention every possible improvement I can think of and see no fault
anywhere, I put into concrete form this final product of my brain. Invariably my
device works as I conceived that it should, and the experiment comes out exactly
as I planned it. In twenty years there has not been a single exception. Why
should it be otherwise? Engineering, electrical and mechanical, is positive in
results. There is scarcely a subject that cannot be examined beforehand, from
the available theoretical and practical data. The carrying out into practice of
a crude idea as is being generally done, is, I hold, nothing but a waste of
energy, money, and time.

My early affliction had however, another compensation. The incessant mental
exertion developed my powers of observation and enabled me to discover a truth
of great importance. I had noted that the appearance of images was always
preceded by actual vision of scenes under peculiar and generally very
exceptional conditions, and I was impelled on each occasion to locate the
original impulse. After a while this effort grew to be almost automatic and I
gained great facility in connecting cause and effect. Soon I became aware, to my
surprise, that every thought I conceived was suggested by an external
impression. Not only this but all my actions were prompted in a similar way. In
the course of time it became perfectly evident to me that I was merely an
automation endowed with POWER OF MOVEMENT RESPONDING TO THE STIMULI OF THE SENSE
ORGANS AND THINKING AND ACTING ACCORDINGLY. The practical result of this was the
art of teleautomatics which has been so far carried out only in an imperfect
manner. Its latent possibilities will, however be eventually shown. I have been
years planning self-controlled automata and believe that mechanisms can be
produced which will act as if possessed of reason, to a limited degree, and will
create a revolution in many commercial and industrial departments. I was about
twelve years of age when I first succeeded in banishing an image from my vision
by wilful effort, but I never had any control over the flashes of light to which
I have referred. They were, perhaps, my strangest and [most] inexplicable
experience. They usually occurred when I found myself in a dangerous or
distressing situations or when i was greatly exhilarated. In some instances i
have seen all the air around me filled with tongues of living flame. Their
intensity, instead of diminishing, increased with time and seemingly attained a
maximum when I was about twenty-five years old.

While in Paris in 1883, a prominent French manufacturer sent me an invitation to
a shooting expedition which I accepted. I had been long confined to the factory
and the fresh air had a wonderfully invigorating effect on me. On my return to
the city that night, I felt a positive sensation that my brain had caught fire.
I was a light as though a small sun was located in it and I passed the whole
night applying cold compressions to my tortured head. Finally the flashes
diminished in frequency and force but it took more than three weeks before they
wholly subsided. When a second invitation was extended to me, my answer was an
emphatic NO!

These luminous phenomena still manifest themselves from time to time, as when a
new idea opening up possibilities strikes me, but they are no longer exciting,
being of relatively small intensity. When I close my eyes I invariably observe
first, a background of very dark and uniform blue, not unlike the sky on a clear
but starless night. In a few seconds this field becomes animated with
innumerable scintillating flakes of green, arranged in several layers and
advancing towards me. Then there appears, to the right, a beautiful pattern of
two systems of parallel and closely spaced lines, at right angles to one
another, in all sorts of colours with yellow, green, and gold predominating.
Immediately thereafter, the lines grow brighter and the whole is thickly
sprinkled with dots of twinkling light. This picture moves slowly across the
field of vision and in about ten seconds vanishes on the left, leaving behind a
ground of rather unpleasant and inert grey until the second phase is reached.
Every time, before falling asleep, images of persons or objects flit before my
view. When I see them I know I am about to lose consciousness. If they are
absent and refuse to come, it means a sleepless night. To what an extent
imagination played in my early life, I may illustrate by another odd experience.

Like most children, I was fond of jumping and developed an intense desire to
support myself in the air. Occasionally a strong wind richly charged with oxygen
blew from the mountains, rendering my body light as cork and then I would leap
and float in space for a long time. It was a delightful sensation and my
disappointment was keen when later I undeceived myself. During that period I
contracted many strange likes, dislikes and habits, some of which I can trace to
external impressions while others are unaccountable. I had a violent aversion
against the earing of women, but other ornaments, as bracelets, pleased me more
or less according to design. The sight of a pearl would almost give me a fit,
but I was fascinated with the glitter of crystals or objects with sharp edges
and plane surfaces. I would not touch the hair of other people except, perhaps
at the point of a revolver. I would get a fever by looking at a peach and if a
piece of camphor was anywhere in the house it caused me the keenest discomfort.
Even now I am not insensible to some of these upsetting impulses. When I drop
little squares of paper in a dish filled with liquid, I always sense a peculiar
and awful taste in my mouth. I counted the steps in my walks and calculated the
cubical contents of soup plates, coffee cups and pieces of food, otherwise my
meal was unenjoyable. All repeated acts or operations I performed had to be
divisible by three and if I missed I felt impelled to do it all over again, even
if it took hours. Up to the age of eight years, my character was weak and
vacillating. I had neither courage or strength to form a firm resolve. My
feelings came in waves and surges and variated unceasingly between extremes. My
wishes were of consuming force and like the heads of the hydra, they multiplied.
I was oppressed by thoughts of pain in life and death and religious fear. I was
swayed by superstitious belief and lived in constant dread of the spirit of
evil, of ghosts and ogres and other unholy monsters of the dark. Then all at
once, there came a tremendous change which altered the course of my whole
existence.

Of all things I liked books best. My father had a large library and whenever I
could manage I tried to satisfy my passion for reading. He did not permit it and
would fly in a rage when he caught me in the act. He hid the candles when he
found that I was reading in secret. He did not want me to spoil my eyes. But I
obtained tallow, made the wicking and cast the sticks into tin forms, and every
night I would bush the keyhole and the cracks and read, often till dawn, when
all others slept and my mother started on her arduous daily task.

On one occasion I came across a novel entitled 'Aoafi,' (the son of Aba), a
Serbian translation of a well known Hungarian writer, Josika. This work somehow
awakened my dormant powers of will and I began to practice self-control. At
first my resolutions faded like snow in April, but in a little while I conquered
my weakness and felt a pleasure I never knew before -- that of doing as I
willed.

In the course of time this vigorous mental exercise became second to nature. At
the outset my wishes had to be subdued but gradually desire and will grew to be
identical. After years of such discipline I gained so complete a mastery over
myself that I toyed with passions which have meant destruction to some of the
strongest men. At a certain age I contracted a mania for gambling which greatly
worried my parents. To sit down to a game of cards was for me the quintessence
of pleasure. My father led an exemplary life and could not excuse the senseless
waste of my time and money in which I indulged. I had a strong resolve, but my
philosophy was bad. I would say to him, 'I can stop whenever I please, but it it
worth while to give up that which I would purchase with the joys of paradise?'
On frequent occasions he gave vent to his anger and contempt, but my mother was
different. She understood the character of men and knew that one's salvation
could only be brought about through his own efforts. One afternoon, I remember,
when I had lost all my money and was craving for a game, she came to me with a
roll of bills and said, 'Go and enjoy yourself. The sooner you lose all we
possess, the better it will be. I know that you will get over it.' She was
right. I conquered my passion then and there and only regretted that it had not
been a hundred times as strong. I not only vanquished but tore it from my heart
so as not to leave even a trace of desire.

Ever since that time I have been as indifferent to any form of gambling as to
picking teeth. During another period I smoked excessively, threatening to ruin
my health. Then my will asserted itself and I not only stopped but destroyed all
inclination. Long ago I suffered from heart trouble until I discovered that it
was due to the innocent cup of coffee I consumed every morning. I discontinued
at once, though I confess it was not an easy task. In this way I checked and
bridled other habits and passions, and have not only preserved my life but
derived an immense amount of satisfaction from what most men would consider
privation and sacrifice.

After finishing the studies at the Polytechnic Institute and University, I had a
complete nervous breakdown and while the malady lasted I observed many
phenomena, strange and unbelievable...


Chapter 2

I shall dwell briefly on these extraordinary experiences, on account of their
possible interest to students of psychology and physiology and also because this
period of agony was of the greatest consequence on my mental development and
subsequent labours. But it is indispensable to first relate the circumstances
and conditions which preceded them and in which might be found their partial
explanation.

From childhood I was compelled to concentrate attention upon myself. This caused
me much suffering, but to my present view, it was a blessing in disguise for it
has taught me to appreciate the inestimable value of introspection in the
preservation of life, as well as a means of achievement. The pressure of
occupation and the incessant stream of impressions pouring into our
consciousness through all the gateways of knowledge make modern existence
hazardous in many ways. Most persons are so absorbed in the contemplation of the
outside world that they are wholly oblivious to what is passing on within
themselves. The premature death of millions is primarily traceable to this
cause. Even among those who exercise care, it is a common mistake to avoid
imaginary, and ignore the real dangers. And what is true of an individual also
applies, more or less, to a people as a whole.

Abstinence was not always to my liking, but I find ample reward in the agreeable
experiences I am now making. Just in the hope of converting some to my precepts
and convictions I will recall one or two.

A short time ago I was returning to my hotel. It was a bitter cold night, the
ground slippery, and no taxi to be had. Half a block behind me followed another
man, evidently as anxious as myself to get under cover. Suddenly my legs went up
in the air. At the same instant there was a flash in my brain. The nerves
responded, the muscles contracted. I swung 180 degrees and landed on my hands. I
resumed my walk as though nothing had happened when the stranger caught up with
me. "How old are you?" he asked, surveying me critically.

"Oh, about fifty-nine," I replied, "What of it?"

"Well," said he, "I have seen a cat do this but never a man." About a month ago
I wanted to order new eye glasses and went to an oculist who put me through the
usual tests. He looked at me incredulously as I read off with ease the smallest
print at considerable distance. But when I told him I was past sixty he gasped
in astonishment. Friends of mine often remark that my suits fit me like gloves
but they do not know that all my clothing is made to measurements which were
taken nearly fifteen years ago and never changed. During this same period my
weight has not varied one pound. In this connection I may tell a funny story.

One evening, in the winter of 1885, Mr. Edison, Edward H. Johnson, the President
of the Edison Illuminating Company, Mr. Batchellor, Manager of the works, and
myself, entered a little place opposite 65 Firth Avenue, where the offices of
the company were located. Someone suggested guessing weights and I was induced
to step on a scale. Edison felt me all over and said: "Tesla weighs 152 lbs. to
an ounce," and he guessed it exactly. Stripped I weighed 142 pounds, and that is
still my weight. I whispered to Mr. Johnson; "How is it possible that Edison
could guess my weight so closely?"

"Well," he said, lowering his voice. "I will tell you confidentially, but you
must not say anything. He was employed for a long time in a Chicago slaughter-
house where he weighed thousands of hogs every day. That's why."

My friend, the Hon. Chauncey M. Dupew, tells of an Englishman on whom he sprung
one of his original anecdotes and who listened with a puzzled expression, but a
year later, laughed out loud. I will frankly confess it took me longer than that
to appreciate Johnson's joke. Now, my well-being is simply the result of a
careful and measured mode of living and perhaps the most astonishing thing is
that three times in my youth I was rendered by illness a hopeless physical wreck
and given up by physicians. MORE than this, through ignorance and
lightheartedness, I got into all sorts of difficulties, dangers and scrapes from
which I extricated myself as by enchantment. I was almost drowned, entombed,
lost and frozen. I had hair-breadth escapes from mad dogs, hogs, and other wild
animals. I passed through dreadful diseases and met with all kinds of odd
mishaps and that I am whole and hearty today seems like a miracle. But as I
recall these incidents to my mind I feel convinced that my preservation was not
altogether accidental, but was indeed the work of divine power. An inventor's
endeavour is essentially life saving. Whether he harnesses forces, improves
devices, or provides new comforts and conveniences, he is adding to the safety
of our existence. He is also better qualified than the average individual to
protect himself in peril, for he is observant and resourceful. If I had no other
evidence that I was, in a measure, possessed of such qualities, I would find it
in these personal experiences. The reader will be able to judge for himself if I
mention one or two instances.

On one occasion, when about fourteen years old, I wanted to scare some friends
who were bathing with me. My plan was to dive under a long floating structure
and slip out quietly at the other end. Swimming and diving came to me as
naturally as to a duck and I was confident that I could perform the feat.

Accordingly I plunged into the water and, when out of view, turned around and
proceeded rapidly towards the opposite side. Thinking that I was safely beyond
the structure, I rose to the surface but to my dismay struck a beam. Of course,
I quickly dived and forged ahead with rapid strokes until my breath was
beginning to give out. Rising for the second time, my head came again in contact
with a beam. Now I was becoming desperate. However, summoning all my energy, I
made a third frantic attempt but the result was the same. The torture of
suppressed breathing was getting unendurable, my brain was reeling and I felt
myself sinking. At that moment, when my situation seemed absolutely hopeless, I
experienced one of those flashes of light and the structure above me appeared
before my vision. I either discerned or guessed that there was a little space
between the surface of the water and the boards resting on the beams and, with
consciousness nearly gone, I floated up, pressed my mouth close to the planks
and managed to inhale a little air, unfortunately mingled with a spray of water
which nearly choked me. Several times I repeated this procedure as in a dream
until my heart, which was racing at a terrible rate, quieted down, and I gained
composure. After that I made a number of unsuccessful dives, having completely
lost the sense of direction, but finally succeeded in getting out of the trap
when my friends had already given me up and were fishing for my body. That
bathing season was spoiled for me through recklessness but I soon forgot the
lesson and only two years later I fell into a worse predicament.

There was a large flour mill with a dam across the river near the city where I
was studying at the time. As a rule the height of the water was only two or
three inches above the dam and to swim to it was a sport not very dangerous in
which I often indulged. One day I went alone to the river to enjoy myself as
usual. When I was a short distance from the masonry, however, I was horrified to
observe that the water had risen and was carrying me along swiftly. I tried to
get away but it was too late. Luckily, though, I saved myself from being swept
over by taking hold of the wall with both hands. The pressure against my chest
was great and I was barely able to keep my head above the surface. Not a soul
was in sight and my voice was lost in the roar of the fall. Slowly and gradually
I became exhausted and unable to withstand the strain longer. Just as I was
about to let go, to be dashed against the rocks below, I saw in a flash of light
a familiar diagram illustrating the hydraulic principle that the pressure of a
fluid in motion is proportionate to the area exposed and automatically I turned
on my left side. As if by magic, the pressure was reduced and I found it
comparatively easy in that position to resist the force of the stream. But the
danger still confronted me. I knew that sooner or later I would be carried down,
as it was not possible for any help to reach me in time, even if I had attracted
attention. I am ambidextrous now, but then I was left-handed and had
comparatively little strength in my right arm. For this reason I did not dare to
turn on the other side to rest and nothing remained but to slowly push my body
along the dam. I had to get away from the mill towards which my face was turned,
as the current there was much swifter and deeper. It was a long and painful
ordeal and I came near to failing at its very end, for I was confronted with a
depression in the masonry. I managed to get over with the last ounce of my
strength and fell in a swoon when I reached the bank, where I was found. I had
torn virtually all the skin from my left side and it took several weeks before
the fever had subsided and I was well. These are only two of many instanced, but
they may be sufficient to show that had it not been for the inventor's instinct,
I would not have lived to tell the tale.

Interested people have often asked me how and when I began to invent. This I can
only answer from my present recollection in the light of which, the first
attempt I recall was rather ambitious for it involved the invention of an
apparatus and a method. In the former I was anticipated, but the later was
original. It happened in this way. One of my playmates had come into the
possession of a hook and fishing tackle which created quite an excitement in the
village, and the next morning all started out to catch frogs. I was left alone
and deserted owing to a quarrel with this boy. I had never seen a real hook and
pictured it as something wonderful, endowed with peculiar qualities, and was
despairing not to be one of the party. Urged by necessity, I somehow got hold of
a piece of soft iron wire, hammered the end to a sharp point between two stones,
bent it into shape, and fastened it to a strong string. I then cut a rod,
gathered some bait, and went down to the brook where there were frogs in
abundance. But I could not catch any and was almost discouraged when it occurred
to me dangle the empty hook in front of a frog sitting on a stump. At first he
collapsed but by and by his eyes bulged out and became bloodshot, he swelled to
twice his normal size and made a vicious snap at the hook. Immediately I pulled
him up. I tried the same thing again and again and the method proved infallible.

When my comrades, who in spite of their fine outfit had caught nothing, came to
me, they were green with envy. For a long time I kept my secret and enjoyed the
monopoly but finally yielded to the spirit of Christmas. Every boy could then do
the same and the following summer brought disaster to the frogs.
In my next attempt, I seem to have acted under the first instinctive impulse
which later dominated me, -- to harness the energies of nature to the service of
man. I did this through the medium of May bugs, or June bugs as they are called
in America, which were a veritable pest in that country and sometimes broke the
branches of trees by the sheer weight of their bodies. The bushes were black
with them. I would attach as many as four of them to a cross-piece, rotably
arranged on a thin spindle, and transmit the motion of the same to a large disc
and so derive considerable 'power.' These creatures were remarkably efficient,
for once they were started, they had no sense to stop and continued whirling for
hours and hours and the hotter it was, the harder they worked. All went well
until a strange boy came to the place. He was the son of a retired officer in
the Austrian army. That urchin ate May-bugs alive and enjoyed them as though
they were the finest blue-point oysters. That disgusting sight terminated my
endeavours in this promising field and I have never since been able to touch a
May-bug or any other insect for that matter.

After that, I believe, I undertook to take apart and assemble the clocks of my
grandfather. In the former operation I was always successful, but often failed
in the latter. So it came that he brought my work to a sudden halt in a manner
not too delicate and it took thirty years before I tackled another clockwork
again.

Shortly thereafter, I went into the manufacture of a kind of pop-gun which
comprised a hollow tube, a piston, and two plugs of hemp. When firing the gun,
the piston was pressed against the stomach and the tube was pushed back quickly
with both hands. the air between the plugs was compressed and raised to a high
temperature and one of them was expelled with a loud report. The art consisted
in selecting a tube of the proper taper from the hollow stalks which were found
in our garden. I did very well with that gun, but my activities interfered with
the window panes in our house and met with painful discouragement.

If I remember rightly, I then took to carving swords from pieces of furniture
which I could conveniently obtain. At that time I was under the sway of the
Serbian national poetry and full of admiration for the feats of the heroes. I
used to spend hours in mowing down my enemies in the form of corn-stalks which
ruined the crops and netted me several spankings from my mother. Moreover, these
were not of the formal kind but the genuine article.

I had all this and more behind me before I was six years old and had passed
through one year of elementary school in the village of Smiljan where my family
lived. At this juncture we moved to the little city of Gospic nearby. This
change of residence was like a calamity to me. It almost broke my heart to part
from our pigeons, chickens and sheep, and our magnificent flock of geese which
used to rise to the clouds in the morning and return from the feeding grounds at
sundown in battle formation, so perfect that it would have put a squadron of the
best aviators of the present day to shame. In our new house I was but a
prisoner, watching the strange people I saw through my window blinds. My
bashfulness was such that I would rather have faced a roaring lion than one of
the city dudes who strolled about. But my hardest trial came on Sunday when I
had to dress up and attend the service. There I met with an accident, the mere
thought of which made my blood curdle like sour milk for years afterwards. It
was my second adventure in a church. Not long before, I was entombed for a night
in an old chapel on an inaccessible mountain which was visited only once a year.
It was an awful experience, but this one was worse.

There was a wealthy lady in town, a good but pompous woman, who used to come to
the church gorgeously painted up and attired with an enormous train and
attendants. One Sunday I had just finished ringing the bell in the belfry and
rushed downstairs, when this grand dame was sweeping out and I jumped on her
train. It tore off with a ripping noise which sounded like a salvo of musketry
fired by raw recruits. My father was livid with rage. He gave me a gentle slap
on the cheek, the only corporal punishment he ever administered to me, but I
almost feel it now. The embarrassment and confusion that followed are
indescribably. I was practically ostracised until something else happened which
redeemed me in the estimation of the community.

An enterprising young merchant had organised a fire department. A new fire
engine was purchased, uniforms provided and the men drilled for service and
parade. The engine was beautifully painted red and black. One afternoon, the
official trial was prepared for and the machine was transported to the river.
The entire population turned out to witness the great spectacle. When all the
speeches and ceremonies were concluded, the command was given to pump, but not a
drop of water came from the nozzle. The professors and experts tried in vain to
locate the trouble. The fizzle was complete when I arrived at the scene. My
knowledge of of the mechanism was nil and I knew next to nothing of air
pressure, but instinctively I felt for the suction hose in the water and found
that it had collapsed. When I waded in the river and opened it up, the water
rushed forth and not a few Sunday clothes were spoiled. Archimedes running naked
through the streets of Syracuse and shouting Eureka at the top of his voice did
not make a greater impression than myself. I was carried on the shoulders and
was hero of the day.

Upon settling in the city I began a four years course in the so-called Normal
School preparatory to my studies at the College or Real-Gymnasium. During this
period my boyish efforts and exploits as well as troubles, continued.

Among other things, I attained the unique distinction of champion crow catcher
in the country. My method of procedure was extremely simple. I would go into the
forest, hide in the bushes, and imitate the call of the birds. Usually I would
get several answers and in a short while a crow would flutter down into the
shrubbery near me. After that, all I needed to do was to throw a piece of
cardboard to detract its attention, jump up and grab it before it could
extricate itself from the undergrowth. In this way I would capture as many as I
desired. But on one occasion something occurred which made me respect them. I
had caught a fine pair of birds and was returning home with a friend. When we
left the forest, thousands of crows had gathered making a frightful racket. In a
few minutes they rose in pursuit and soon enveloped us. The fun lasted until all
of a sudden I received a blow on the back of my head which knocked me down. Then
they attacked me viciously. I was compelled to release the two birds and was
glad to join my friend who had taken refuge in a cave.

In the school room there were a few mechanical models which interested me and
turned my attention to water turbines. I constructed many of these and found
great pleasure in operating them. How extraordinary was my life an incident may
illustrate. My uncle had no use for this kind of pastime and more than once
rebuked me. I was fascinated by a description of Niagara Falls I had perused,
and pictured in my imagination a big wheel run by the falls. I told my uncle
that I would go to America and carry out this scheme. Thirty years later I was
my ideas carried out at Niagara and marvelled at the unfathomable mystery of the
mind.

I made all kinds of other contrivances and contraptions but among those, the
arbalests I produced were the best. My arrows, when short, disappeared from
sight and at close range traversed a plank of pine one inch thick. Through the
continuous tightening of the bows I developed a skin on my stomach much like
that of a crocodile and I am often wondering whether it is due to this exercise
that I am able even now to digest cobble-stones! Nor can I pass in silence my
performances with the sling which would have enabled me to give a stunning
exhibit at the Hippodrome. And now I will tell of one of my feats with this
unique implement of war which will strain to the utmost the credulity of the
reader.

I was practising while walking with my uncle along the river. The sun was
setting, the trout were playful and from time to time one would shoot up into
the air, its glistening body sharply defined against a projecting rock beyond.
Of course any boy might have hit a fish under these propitious conditions but I
undertook a much more difficult task and I foretold to my uncle, to the minutest
detail, what I intended doing. I was to hurl a stone to meet the fish, press its
body against the rock, and cut it in two. It was no sooner said than done. My
uncle looked at me almost scared out of his wits and exclaimed "Vade retra
Satanae!" and it was a few days before he spoke to me again. Other records,
however great, will be eclipsed but I feel that I could peacefully rest on my
laurels for a thousand years.

Chapter 3, How Tesla Conceived The Rotary Magnetic Field

At the age of ten I entered the Real gymnasium which was a new and fairly well
equipped institution. In the department of physics were various models of
classical scientific apparatus, electrical and mechanical. The demonstrations
and experiments performed from time to time by the instructors fascinated me and
were undoubtedly a powerful incentive to invention. I was also passionately fond
of mathematical studies and often won the professor's praise for rapid
calculation. This was due to my acquired facility of visualising the figures and
performing the operation, not in the usual intuitive manner, but as in actual
life. Up to a certain degree of complexity it was absolutely the same to me
whether I wrote the symbols on the board or conjured them before my mental
vision. But freehand drawing, to which many hours of the course were devoted,
was an annoyance I could not endure. This was rather remarkable as most of the
members of the family excelled in it. Perhaps my aversion was simply due to the
predilection I found in undisturbed thought. Had it not been for a few
exceptionally stupid boys, who could not do anything at all, my record would
have been the worst.

It was a serious handicap as under the then existing educational regime drawing
being obligatory, this deficiency threatened to spoil my whole career and my
father had considerable trouble in rail-roading me from one class to another.

In the second year at that institution I became obsessed with the idea of
producing continuous motion through steady air pressure. The pump incident, of
which I have been told, had set afire my youthful imagination and impressed me
with the boundless possibilities of a vacuum. I grew frantic in my desire to
harness this inexhaustible energy but for a long time I was groping in the dark.
Finally, however, my endeavours crystallised in an invention which was to enable
me to achieve what no other mortal ever attempted. Imagine a cylinder freely
rotatable on two bearings and partly surrounded by a rectangular trough which
fits it perfectly. The open side of the trough is enclosed by a partition so
that the cylindrical segment within the enclosure divides the latter into two
compartments entirely separated from each other by air-tight sliding joints. One
of these compartments being sealed and once for all exhausted, the other
remaining open, a perpetual rotation of the cylinder would result. At least, so
I thought.

A wooden model was constructed and fitted with infinite care and when I applied
the pump on one side and actual observed that there was a tendency to turning, I
was delirious with joy. Mechanical flight was the one thing I wanted to
accomplish although still under the discouraging recollection of a bad fall I
sustained by jumping with an umbrella from the top of a building. Every day I
used to transport myself through the air to distant regions but could not
understand just how I managed to do it. Now I had something concrete, a flying
machine with nothing more than a rotating shaft, flapping wings, and; - a vacuum
of unlimited power! From that time on I made my daily aerial excursions in a
vehicle of comfort and luxury as might have befitted King Solomon. It took years
before I understood that the atmospheric pressure acted at right angles to the
surface of the cylinder and that the slight rotary effort I observed was due to
a leak! Though this knowledge came gradually it gave me a painful shock.

I had hardly completed my course at the Real Gymnasium when I was prostrated
with a dangerous illness or rather, a score of them, and my condition became so
desperate that I was given up by physicians. During this period I was permitted
to read constantly, obtaining books from the Public Library which had been
neglected and entrusted to me for classification of the works and preparation of
catalogues.

One day I was handed a few volumes of new literature unlike anything I had ever
read before and so captivating as to make me utterly forget me hopeless state.
They were the earlier works of Mark Twain and to them might have been due the
miraculous recovery which followed. Twenty-five years later, when I met Mr.
Clements and we formed a friendship between us, I told him of the experience and
was amazed to see that great man of laughter burst into tears...

My studies were continued at the higher Real Gymnasium in Carlstadt, Croatia,
where one of my aunts resided. She was a distinguished lady, the wife of a
Colonel who was an old war-horse having participated in many battles, I can
never forget the three years I passed at their home. No fortress in time of war
was under a more rigid discipline. I was fed like a canary bird. All the meals
were of the highest quality and deliciously prepared, but short in quantity by a
thousand percent. The slices of ham cut by my aunt were like tissue paper. When
the Colonel would put something substantial on my plate she would snatch it away
and say excitedly to him; "Be careful. Niko is very delicate."

I had a voracious appetite and suffered like Tantalus.

But I lived in an atmosphere of refinement and artistic taste quite unusual for
those times and conditions. The land was low and marshy and malaria fever never
left me while there despite the enormous amounts of qunine I consumed.
Occasionally the river would rise and drive an army of rats into the buildings,
devouring everything, even to the bundles of fierce paprika. These pests were to
me a welcome diversion. I thinned their ranks by all sorts of means, which won
me the unenviable distinction of rat-catcher in the community. At last, however,
my course was completed, the misery ended, and I obtained the certificate of
maturity which brought me to the cross-roads.

During all those years my parents never wavered in their resolve to make me
embrace the clergy, the mere thought of which filled me with dread. I had become
intensely interested in electricity under the stimulating influence of my
Professor of Physics, who was an ingenious man and often demonstrated the
principles by apparatus of his own invention. Among these I recall a device in
the shape of a freely rotatable bulb, with tinfoil coating, which was made to
spin rapidly when connected to a static machine. It is impossible for me to
convey an adequate idea of the intensity of feeling I experienced in witnessing
his exhibitions of these mysterious phenomena. Every impression produced a
thousand echoes in my mind. I wanted to know more of this wonderful force; I
longed for experiment and investigation and resigned myself to the inevitable
with aching heart. Just as I was making ready for the long journey home I
received word that my father wished me to go on a shooting expedition. It was a
strange request as he had been always strenuously opposed to this kind of sport.

But a few days later I learned that the cholera was raging in that district and,
taking advantage of an opportunity, I returned to Gospic in disregard to my
parent's wishes. It is incredible how absolutely ignorant people were as to the
causes of this scourge which visited the country in intervals of fifteen to
twenty years. They thought that the deadly agents were transmitted through the
air and filled it with pungent odours and smoke. In the meantime they drank
infested water and died in heaps. I contracted the dreadful disease on the very
day of my arrival and although surviving the crisis, I was confined to bed for
nine months with scarcely any ability to move. My energy was completely
exhausted and for the second time I found myself at Death's door.

In one of the sinking spells which was thought to be the last, my father rushed
into the room. I still see his pallid face as he tried to cheer me in tones
belying his assurance. "Perhaps," I said, "I may get well if you will let me
study engineering." "You will go to the best technical institution in the
world," he solemnly replied, and I knew that he meant it. A heavy weight was
lifted from my mind but the relief would have come too late had it not been for
a marvellous cure brought through a bitter decoction of a peculiar bean. I came
to life like Lazarus to the utter amazement of everybody.

My father insisted that I spend a year in healthful physical outdoor exercise to
which I reluctantly consented. For most of this term I roamed in the mountains,
loaded with a hunter's outfit and a bundle of books, and this contact with
nature made me stronger in body as well as in mind. I thought and planned, and
conceived many ideas almost as a rule delusive. The vision was clear enough but
the knowledge of principles was very limited.

In one of my invention I proposed to convey letters and packages across the
seas, through a submarine tube, in spherical containers of sufficient strength
to resist the hydraulic pressure. The pumping plant, intended to force the water
through the tube, was accurately figured and designed and all other particulars
carefully worked out. Only one trifling detail, of no consequence, was lightly
dismissed. I assumed an arbitrary velocity of the water and, what is more, took
pleasure in making it high, thus arriving at a stupendous performance supported
by faultless calculations. Subsequent reflections, however, on the resistance of
pipes to fluid flow induced me to make this invention public property.

Another one of my projects was to construct a ring around the equator which
would, of course, float freely and could be arrested in its spinning motion by
reactionary forces, thus enabling travel at a rate of about one thousand miles
an hour, impracticable by rail. The reader will smile. The plan was difficult of
execution, I will admit, but not nearly so bad as that of a well known New York
professor, who wanted to pump the air from the torrid to temperate zones,
entirely forgetful of the fact that the Lord had provided a gigantic machine for
this purpose.

Still another scheme, far more important and attractive, was to derive power
from the rotational energy of terrestrial bodies. I had discovered that objects
on the earth's surface owing to the diurnal rotation of the globe, are carried
by the same alternately in and against the direction of translatory movement.
From this results a great change in momentum which could be utilised in the
simplest imaginable manner to furnish motive effort in any habitable region of
the world. I cannot find words to describe my disappointment when later I
realised that I was in the predicament of Archimedes, who vainly sought for a
fixed point in the universe.

At the termination of my vacation I was sent to the Poly-Technic School in
Gratz, Styria (Austria), which my father had chosen as one of the oldest and
best reputed institutions. That was the moment I had eagerly awaited and I began
my studies under good auspices and firmly resolved to succeed. My previous
training was above average, due to my father's teaching and opportunities
afforded. I had acquired the knowledge of a number of languages and waded
through the books of several libraries, picking up information more or less
useful. Then again, for the first time, I could choose my subjects as I liked,
and free-hand drawing was to bother me no more.

I had made up my mind to give my parents a surprise, and during the whole first
year I regularly started my work at three o'clock in the morning and continued
until eleven at night, no Sundays or holidays excepted. As most of my fellow-
students took things easily, naturally I eclipsed all records. In the course of
the year I passed through nine exams and the professors thought I deserved more
than the highest qualifications. Armed with their flattering certificated, I
went home for a short rest, expecting triumph, and was mortified when my father
made light of these hard-won honours.

That almost killed my ambition; but later, after he had died, I was pained to
find a package of letters which the professors had written to him to the effect
that unless he took me away from the Institution I would be killed through
overwork. Thereafter I devoted myself chiefly to physics, mechanics and
mathematical studies, spending the hours of leisure in the libraries.

I had a veritable mania for finishing whatever I began, which often got me into
difficulties. On one occasion I started to read the works of Voltaire, when I
learned, to my dismay that there were close to one hundred large volumes in
small print which that monster had written while drinking seventy-two cups of
black coffee per diem. It had to be done, but when I laid aside that last book I
was very glad, and said, "Never more!"

My first year's showing had won me the appreciation and friendship of several
professors. Among these, Professor Rogner, who was teaching arithmetical
subjects and geometry; Professor Poeschl, who held the chair of theoretical and
experimental physics, and Dr. Alle, who taught integral calculus and specialised
in differential equations. This scientist was the most brilliant lecturer to
whom I ever listened. He took a special interest in my progress and would
frequently remain for an hour or two in the lecture room, giving me problems to
solve, in which I delighted. To him I explained a flying machine I had
conceived, not an illusory invention, but one based on sound, scientific
principles, which has become realisable through my turbine and will soon be
given to the world. Both Professors Rogner and Poeschl were curious men. The
former had peculiar ways of expressing himself and whenever he did so, there was
a riot, followed by a long embarrassing pause. Professor Poeschl was a
methodical and thoroughly grounded German. He had enormous feet, and hands like
the paws of a bear, but all of his experiments were skilfully performed with
clock-like precision and without a miss. It was in the second year of my studies
that we received a Gramoe Dyname from Paris, having the horseshoe form of a
laminated field magnet, and a wire wound armature with a commutator. It was
connected up and various effects of the currents were shown. While Professor
Poeschl was making demonstrations, running the machine was a motor, the brushes
gave trouble, sparking badly, and I observed that it might be possible to
operate a motor without these appliances. But he declared that it could not be
done and did me the honour of delivering a lecture on the subject, at the
conclusion he remarked, ÒMr. Tesla may accomplish great things, but he certainly
will never do this. It would be equivalent to converting a steadily pulling
force, like that of gravity into a rotary effort. It is a perpetual motion
scheme, an impossible idea.Ó But instinct is something which transcends
knowledge. We have, undoubtedly, certain finer fibres that enable us to perceive
truths when logical deduction, or any other wilful effort of the brain, is
futile.

For a time I wavered, impressed by the professor´s authority, but soon became
convinced I was right and undertook the task with all the fire and boundless
confidence of my youth. I started by first picturing in my mind a direct-current
machine, running it and following the changing flow of the currents in the
armature. Then I would imagine an alternator and investigate the progresses
taking place in a similar manner. Next I would visualise systems comprising
motors and generators and operate them in various ways.

The images I saw were to me perfectly real and tangible. All my remaining term
in Gratz was passed in intense but fruitless efforts of this kind, and I almost
came to the conclusion that the problem was insolvable.

In 1880 I went to Prague, Bohemia, carrying out my father´s wish to complete my
education at the University there. It was in that city that I made a decided
advance, which consisted in detaching the commutator from the machine and
studying the phenomena in this new aspect, but still without result. In the year
following there was a sudden change in my views of life.

I realised that my parents had been making too great sacrifices on my account
and resolved to relieve them of the burden. The wave of the American telephone
had just reached the European continent and the system was to be installed in
Budapest, Hungary. It appeared an ideal opportunity, all the more as a friend of
our family was at the head of the enterprise.

It was here that I suffered the complete breakdown of the nerves to which I have
referred. What I experienced during the period of the illness surpasses all
belief. My sight and hearing were always extraordinary. I could clearly discern
objects in the distance when others saw no trace of them. Several times in my
boyhood I saved the houses of our neighbours from fire by hearing the faint
crackling sounds which did not disturb their sleep, and calling for help. In
1899, when I was past forty and carrying on my experiments in Colorado, I could
hear very distinctly thunderclaps at a distance of 550 miles. My ear was thus
over thirteen times more sensitive, yet at that time I was, so to speak, stone
deaf in comparison with the acuteness of my hearing while under the nervous
strain.

In Budapest I could hear the ticking of a watch with three rooms between me and
the time-piece. A fly alighting on a table in the room would cause a dull thud
in my ear. A carriage passing at a distance of a few miles fairly shook my whole
body. The whistle of a locomotive twenty or thirty miles away made the bench or
chair on which I sat, vibrate so strongly that the pain was unbearable. The
ground under my feet trembled continuously. I had to support my bed on rubber
cushions to get any rest at all. The roaring noises from near and far often
produced the effect of spoken words which would have frightened me had I not
been able to resolve them into their accumulated components. The sun rays, when
periodically intercepted, would cause blows of such force on my brain that they
would stun me. I had to summon all my will power to pass under a bridge or other
structure, as I experienced the crushing pressure on the skull. In the dark I
had the sense of a bat, and could detect the presence of an object at a distance
of twelve feet by a peculiar creepy sensation on the forehead. My pulse varied
from a few to two hundred and sixty beats and all the tissues of my body with
twitchings and tremors, which was perhaps hardest to bear. A renowned physician
who have me daily large doses of Bromide of Potassium, pronounced my malady
unique and incurable.

It is my eternal regret that I was not under the observation of experts in
physiology and psychology at that time. I clung desperately to life, but never
expected to recover. Can anyone believe that so hopeless a physical wreck could
ever be transformed into a man of astonishing strength and tenacity; able to
work thirty-eight years almost without a day's interruption, and find himself
still strong and fresh in body and mind? Such is my case. A powerful desire to
live and to continue the work and the assistance of a devoted friend, an
athlete, accomplished the wonder. My health returned and with it the vigour of
mind.

In attacking the problem again, I almost regretted that the struggle was soon to
end. I had so much energy to spare. When I understood the task, it was not with
a resolve such as men often make. With me it was a sacred vow, a question of
life and death. I knew that I would perish if I failed. Now I felt that the
battle was won. Back in the deep recesses of the brain was the solution, but I
could net yet give it outward expression.

One afternoon, which is ever present in my recollection, I was enjoying a walk
with my friend in the City Park and reciting poetry. At that age, I knew entire
books by heart, word for word. One of these was GoetheÕs "Faust." The sun was
just setting and reminded me of the glorious passage, "Sie ruckt und weicht, der
Tag ist uberlebt, Dort eilt sie hin und fordert neues Leben. Oh, da§ kein Flugel
mich vom Boden hebt Ihr nach und immer nach zu streben! Ein sch_ner Traum
indessen sie entweicht, Ach, au des Geistes FlŸgein wird so leicht Kein
korperlicher Flugel sich gesellen!" As I uttered these inspiring words the idea
came like a flash of lightening and in an instant the truth was revealed. I drew
with a stick on the sand, the diagram shown six years later in my address before
the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, and my companion understood them
perfectly. The images I saw were wonderfully sharp and clear and had the
solidity of metal and stone, so much so that I told him, "See my motor here;
watch me reverse it." I cannot begin to describe my emotions. Pygmalion seeing
his statue come to life could not have been more deeply moved. A thousand
secrets of nature which I might have stumbled upon accidentally, I would have
given for that one which I had wrested from her against all odds and at the
peril of my existence...

Chapter 4, The Discovery of the Tesla Coil and Transformer
(The Basic Part of Every Radio and T.V.)

For a while I gave myself up entirely to the intense enjoyment of picturing
machines and devising new forms. It was a mental state of happiness about as
complete as I have ever known in life. Ideas came in an uninterrupted stream and
the only difficulty I had was to hold them fast. The pieces of apparatus I
conceived were to me absolutely real and tangible in every detail, even to the
minutest marks and signs of wear. I delighted in imagining the motors constantly
running, for in this way they presented to the mind's eye a fascinating sight.
When natural inclination develops into a passionate desire, one advances towards
his goal in seven-league boots. In less than two months I evolved virtually all
the types of motors and modifications of the system which are now identified
with my name, and which are used under many other names all over the world. It
was, perhaps, providential that the necessities of existence commanded a
temporary halt to this consuming activity of the mind.

I came to Budapest prompted by a premature report concerning the telephone
enterprise and, as irony of fate willed it, I had to accept a position as
draughtsman in the Central Telegraph Office of the Hungarian Government at a
salary which I deem it my privilege not to disclose. Fortunately, I soon won the
interest of the Inspector-in-Chief and was thereafter employed on calculations,
designs and estimates in connection with new installations, until the Telephone
exchange started, when I took charge of the same. The knowledge and practical
experience I gained in the course of this work, was most valuable and the
employment gave me ample opportunities for the exercise of my inventive
faculties. I made several improvements in the Central Station apparatus and
perfected a telephone repeater or amplifier which was never patented or publicly
described but would be creditable to me even today. In recognition of my
efficient assistance the organiser of the undertaking, Mr. Puskas, upon
disposing of his business in Budapest, offered me a position in Paris which I
gladly accepted.

I never can forget the deep impression that magic city produced on my mind. For
several days after my arrival, I roamed through the streets in utter
bewilderment of the new spectacle. The attractions were many and irresistible,
but, alas, the income was spent as soon as received. When Mr. Puskas asked me
how I was getting along in the new sphere, I described the situation accurately
in the statement that "The last twenty-nine days of the month are the toughest."
I led a rather strenuous life in what would now be termed "Rooseveltian
fashion." Every morning, regardless of the weather, I would go from the
Boulevard St. Marcel, where I resided, to a bathing house on the Seine; plunge
into the water, loop the circuit twenty-seven times and then walk an hour to
reach Ivry, where the Company's factory was located. There I would have a wood-
chopper's breakfast at half-past seven o'clock and then eagerly await the lunch
hour, in the meanwhile cracking hard nuts for the Manager of the Works, Mr.
Charles Batchellor, who was an intimate friend and assistant of Edison. Here I
was thrown in contact with a few Americans who fairly fell in love with my
because of my proficiency in Billiards! To these men I explained my invention
and one of them, Mr. D. Cunningham, foreman of the Mechanical Department,
offered to form a stock company. The proposal seemed to me comical in the
extreme. I did not have the faintest conception of what he meant, except that it
was an American way of doing things. Nothing came of it, however, and during the
next few months I had to travel from one place to another in France and Germany
to cure the ills of the power plants.

On my return to Paris, I submitted to one of the administrators of the Company,
Mr. Rau, a plan for improving their dynamos and was given an opportunity. My
success was complete and the delighted directors accorded me the privilege of
developing automatic regulators which were much desired. Shortly after, there
was some trouble with the lighting plant which had been installed at the new
railroad station in Stra§burg, Alsace. The wiring was defective and on the
occasion of the opening ceremonies, a large part of a wall was blown out through
a short-circiut, right in the presence of old Emperor William I. The German
Government refused to take the plant and the French Company was facing a serious
loss. On account of my knowledge of the German language and past experience, I
was entrusted with the difficult task of straightening out matters and early in
1883, I went to Stra§burg on that mission.

Some of the incidents in that city have left an indelible record on my memory.
By a curious coincidence, a number of the men who subsequently achieve fame,
lived there about that time. In later life I used to say, "There were bacteria
of greatness in that old town." Others caught the disease, but I escaped!" The
practical work, correspondence, and conferences with officials kept me
preoccupied day and night, but as soon as I was able to manage, I undertook the
construction of a simple motor in a mechanical shop opposite the rail-road
station, having brought with me from Paris some material for that purpose. The
consummation of the experiment was, however, delayed until the summer of that
year, when I finally had the satisfaction of seeing the rotation effected by
alternating currents of different phase, and without sliding contacts or
commutator, as I had conceived a year before. It was an exquisite pleasure but
not to compare with the delirium of joy following the first revelation.

Among my new friends was the former Mayor of the city, Mr. Sauzin, whom I had
already, in a measure, acquainted with this and other inventions of mine and
whose support I endeavoured to enlist. He was sincerely devoted to me and put my
project before several wealthy persons, but to my mortification, found no
response. He wanted to help me in every possible way and the approach of the
first of July, 1917, happens to remind me of a form of "assistance" I received
from that charming man, which was not financial, but none the less appreciated.
In 1870, when the Germans invaded the country, Mr. Sauzin had buried a good
sized allotment of St. Estephe of 1801 and he came to the conclusion that he
knew no worthier person than myself, to consume that precious beverage. This, I
may say, is one of the unforgettable incidents to which I have referred. My
friend urged me to return to Paris as soon as possible and seek support there.
This I was anxious to do, but my work and negotiations were protracted, owing to
all sorts of petty obstacles I encountered, so that at times the situation
seemed hopeless. Just to give an idea of German thoroughness and "efficiency," I
may mention here a rather funny experience.

An incandescent lamp of 16 c.p. was to be placed in a hallway, and upon selected
the proper location, I ordered the "monteur" to run the wires. After working for
a while, he concluded that the engineer had to be consulted and this was done.
The latter made several objections but ultimately agreed that the lamp should be
placed two inches from the spot I had assigned, whereupon the work proceeded.

Then the engineer became worried and told me that Inspector Averdeck should be
notified. That important person was called, he investigated, debated, and
decided that the lamp should be shifted back two inches, which was the placed I
had marked! It was not long, however, before Averdeck got cold feet himself and
advised me that he had informed Ober-Inspector Hieronimus of the matter and that
I should await his decision. It was several days before the Ober-Inspector was
able to free himself of other pressing duties, but at last he arrived and a two
hour debate followed, when he decided to move the lamp two inches further. My
hopes that this was the final act, were shattered when the Ober-Inspector
returned and said to me, "Regierungsrath Funke is particular that I would not
dare to give an order for placing this lamp without his explicit approval."
Accordingly, arrangements for a visit from that great man were made. We started
cleaning up and polishing early in the morning, and when Funke came with his
retinue he was ceremoniously received. After two hours of deliberation, he
suddenly exclaimed, "I must be going!," and pointing to a place on the ceiling,
he ordered me to put the lamp there. It was the exact spot which I had
originally chosen! So it went day after day with variations, but I was
determined to achieve, at whatever cost, and in the end my efforts were
rewarded.

By the spring of 1884, all the differences were adjusted, the plant formally
accepted, and I returned to Paris with pleasing anticipation. One of the
administrators had promised me a liberal compensation in case I succeeded, as
well as a fair consideration of the improvements I had made to their dynamos and
I hoped to realise a substantial sum. There were three administrators, whom I
shall designate as A, B, and C for convenience. When I called on A, he told me
that B had the say. This gentleman thought that only C could decide, and the
latter was quite sure that A alone had the power to act. After several laps of
this circulus viciousus, it dawned upon me that my reward was a castle in Spain.

The utter failure of my attempts to raise capital for development was another
disappointment, and when Mr. Bachelor pressed me to go to America with a view of
redesigning the Edison machines, I determined to try my fortunes in the Land of
Golden Promise. But the chance was nearly missed. I liquefied my modest assets,
secured accommodations and found myself at the railroad station as the train was
pulling out. At that moment, I discovered that my money and tickets were gone.
What to do was the question. Hercules had plenty of time to deliberate, but I
had to decide while running alongside the train with opposite feeling surging in
my brain like condenser oscillations. Resolve, helped by dexterity, won out in
the nick of time and upon passing through the usual experience, as trivial and
unpleasant, I managed to embark for New York with the remnants of my belongings,
some poems and articles I had written, and a package of calculations relating to
solutions of an unsolvable integral and my flying machine. During the voyage I
sat most of the time at the stern of the ship watching for an opportunity to
save somebody from a watery grave, without the slightest thought of danger.
Later, when I had absorbed some of the practical American sense, I shivered at
the recollection and marvelled at my former folly. The meeting with Edison was a
memorable event in my life. I was amazed at this wonderful man who, without
early advantages and scientific training, had accomplished so much. I had
studied a dozen languages, delved in literature and art, and had spent my best
years in libraries reading all sorts of stuff that fell into my hands, from
Newton's "Principia" to the novels of Paul de Kock, and felt that most of my
life had been squandered. But it did not take long before I recognised that it
was the best thing I could have done. Within a few weeks I had won Edison's
confidence, and it came about in this way.

The S.S. Oregon, the fastest passenger steamer at that time, had both of its
lighting machines disabled and its sailing was delayed. As the super-structure
had been built after their installation, it was impossible to remove them from
the hold. The predicament was a serious one and Edison was much annoyed. In the
evening I took the necessary instruments with me and went aboard the vessel
where I stayed for the night. The dynamos were in bad condition, having several
short-circuits and breaks, but with the assistance of the crew, I succeeded in
putting them in good shape. At five o'clock in the morning, when passing along
Fifth Avenue on my way to the shop, I met Edison with Bachelor and a few others,
as they were returning home to retire. "Here is our Parisian running around at
night," he said. When I told him that I was coming from the Oregon and had
repaired both machines, he looked at me in silence and walked away without
another word. But when he had gone some distance I heard him remark, "Bachelor,
this is a good man." And from that time on I had full freedom in directing the
work. For nearly a year my regular hours were from 10:30 A.M. until 5 o'clock
the next morning without a day's exception. Edison said to me, "I have had many
hard working assistants, but you take the cake." During this period I designed
twenty-four different types of standard machines with short cores and uniform
pattern, which replaced the old ones. The Manager had promised me fifty thousand
dollars on the completion of this task, but it turned out to be a practical
joke. This gave me a painful shock and I resigned my position.

Immediately thereafter, some people approached me with the proposal of forming
an arc light company under my name, to which I agreed. Here finally, was an
opportunity to develop the motor, but when I broached the subject to my new
associates they said, "No, we want the arc lamp. We don't care for this
alternating current of yours." In 1886 my system of arc lighting was perfected
and adopted for factory and municipal lighting, and I was free, but with no
other possession than a beautifully engraved certificate of stock of
hypothetical value. Then followed a period of struggle in the new medium for
which I was not fitted, but the reward came in the end, and in April, 1887, the
TESLA Electric Co. was organised, providing a laboratory and facilities. The
motors I built there were exactly as I had imagined them. I made no attempt to
improve the design, but merely reproduced the pictures as they appeared to my
vision and the operation was always as I expected.

In the early part of 1888, an arrangement was made with the Westinghouse Company
for the manufacture of the motors on a large scale. But great difficulties had
still to be overcome. My system was based on the use of low frequency currents
and the Westinghouse experts had adopted 133 cycles with the objects of securing
advantages in transformation. They did not want to depart with their standard
forms of apparatus and my efforts had to be concentrated upon adapting the motor
to these conditions. Another necessity was to produce a motor capable of running
efficiently at this frequency on two wire, which was not an easy accomplishment.

At the close of 1889, however, my services in Pittsburgh being no longer
essential, I returned to New York and resumed experimental work in a Laboratory
on Grand Street, where I began immediately the design of high-frequency
machines. The problems of construction in this unexplored field were novel and
quite peculiar, and I encountered many difficulties. I rejected the inductor
type, fearing that it might not yield perfect sine waves, which were so
important to resonant action. Had it not been for this, I could have saved
myself a great deal of labour. Another discouraging feature of the high-
frequency alternator seemed to be the inconstancy of speed which threatened to
impose serious limitations to its use. I had already noted in my demonstrations
before the American Institution of Electrical Engineers, that several times the
tune was lost, necessitating readjustment, and did not yet foresee what I
discovered long afterwards, _ a means of operating a machine of this kind at a
speed constant to such a degree as not to vary more than a small fraction of one
revolution between the extremes of load. From many other considerations, it
appeared desirable to invent a simpler device for the production of electric
oscillations.

In 1856, Lord Kelvin had exposed the theory of the condenser discharge, but no
practical application of that important knowledge was made. I saw the
possibilities and undertook the development of induction apparatus on this
principle. My progress was so rapid as to enable me to exhibit at my lecture in
1891, a coil giving sparks of five inches. On that occasion I frankly told the
engineers of a defect involved in the transformation by the new method, namely,
the loss in the spark gap. Subsequent investigation showed that no matter what
medium is employed, _be it air, hydrogen, mercury vapour, oil, or a stream of
electrons, the efficiency is the same. It is a law very much like the governing
of the conversion of mechanical energy. We may drop a weight from a certain
height vertically down, or carry it to the lower level along any devious path;
it is immaterial insofar as the amount of work is concerned. Fortunately
however, this drawback is not fatal, as by proper proportioning of the resonant,
circuits of an efficiency of 85 percent is attainable. Since my early
announcement of the invention, it has come into universal use and wrought a
revolution in many departments, but a still greater future awaits it.

When in 1900 I obtained powerful discharges of 1,000 feet and flashed a current
around the globe, I was reminded of the first tiny spark I observed in my Grand
Street laboratory and was thrilled by sensations akin to those I felt when I
discovered the rotating magnetic field.

Chapter 5.

As I review the events of my past life I realise how subtle are the influences
that shape our destinies. An incident of my youth may serve to illustrate. One
winter's day I managed to climb a steep mountain, in company with other boys.
The snow was quite deep and a warm southerly wind made it just suitable for our
purpose. We amused ourselves by throwing balls which would roll down a certain
distance, gathering more or less snow, and we tried to out-do one another in
this sport. Suddenly a ball was seen to go beyond the limit, swelling to
enormous proportions until it became as big as a house and plunged thundering
into the valley below with a force that made the ground tremble. I looked on
spell-bound incapable of understanding what had happened. For weeks afterward
the picture of the avalanche was before my eyes and I wondered how anything so
small could grow to such an immense size.

Ever since that time the magnification of feeble actions fascinated me, and
when, years later, I took up the experimental study of mechanical and electrical
resonance, I was keenly interested from the very start. Possibly, had it not
been for that early powerful impression I might not have followed up the little
spark I obtained with my coil and never developed my best invention, the true
history of which I will tell.

Many technical men, very able in their special departments, but dominated by a
pedantic spirit and near-sighted, have asserted that excepting the induction
motor, I have given the world little of practical use. This is a grievous
mistake. A new idea must not be judged by its immediate results. My alternating
system of power transmission came at a psychological moment, as a long sought
answer to pressing industrial questions, and although considerable resistance
had to be overcome and opposing interests reconciled, as usual, the commercial
introduction could not be long delayed. Now, compare this situation with that
confronting my turbines, for example. One should think that so simple and
beautiful an invention, possessing many features of an ideal motor, should be
adopted at once and, undoubtedly, it would under similar conditions. But the
prospective effect of the rotating field was not to render worthless existing
machinery; on the contrary, it was to give it additional value. The system lent
itself to new enterprise as well as to improvement of the old. My turbine is an
advance of a character entirely different. It is a radical departure in the
sense that its success would mean the abandonment of the antiquated types of
prime movers on which billions of dollars have been spent. Under such
circumstances, the progress must needs be slow and perhaps the greatest
impediment is encountered in the prejudicial opinions created in the minds of
experts by organised opposition.

Only the other day, I had a disheartening experience when I met my friend and
former assistant, Charles F. Scott, now professor of Electric Engineering at
Yale. I had not seen him for a long time and was glad to have an opportunity for
a little chat at my office. Our conversation, naturally enough, drifted on my
turbine and I became heated to a high degree. "Scott," I exclaimed, carried away
by the vision of a glorious future, "My turbine will scrap all the heat engines
in the world." Scott stroked his chin and looked away thoughtfully, as though
making a mental calculation. "That will make quite a pile of scrap," he said,
and left without another word!

These and other inventions of mine, however, were nothing more than steps
forward in a certain directions. In evolving them, I simply followed the inborn
instinct to improve the present devices without any special thought of our far
more imperative necessities. The "Magnifying Transmitter" was the product of
labours extending through years, having for their chief object, the solution of
problems which are infinitely more important to mankind than mere industrial
development.

If my memory serves me right, it was in November, 1890, that I performed a
laboratory experiment which was one of the most extraordinary and spectacular
ever recorded in the annal of Science. In investigating the behaviour of high
frequency currents, I had satisfied myself that an electric field of sufficient
intensity could be produced in a room to light up electrodeless vacuum tubes.
Accordingly, a transformer was built to test the theory and the first trial
proved a marvellous success. It is difficult to appreciate what those strange
phenomena meant at the time. We crave for new sensations, but soon become
indifferent to them. The wonders of yesterday are today common occurrences. When
my tubes were first publicly exhibited, they were viewed with amazement
impossible to describe. From all parts of the world, I received urgent
invitations and numerous honours and other flattering inducements were offered
to me, which I declined. But in 1892 the demand became irresistible and I went
to London where I delivered a lecture before the institution of Electrical
Engineers.

It has been my intention to leave immediately for Paris in compliance with a
similar obligation, but Sir James Dewar insisted on my appearing before the
Royal Institution. I was a man of firm resolve, but succumbed easily to the
forceful arguments of the great Scotchman. He pushed me into a chair and poured
out half a glass of a wonderful brown fluid which sparkled in all sorts of
iridescent colours and tasted like nectar. "Now," said he, "you are sitting in
Faraday's chair and you are enjoying whiskey he used to drink." (Which did not
interest me very much, as I had altered my opinion concerning strong drink). The
next evening I have a demonstration before the Royal Institution, at the
termination of which, Lord Rayleigh addressed the audience and his generous
words gave me the first start in these endeavours. I fled from London and later
from Paris, to escape favours showered upon me, and journeyed to my home, where
I passed through a most painful ordeal and illness.

Upon regaining my health, I began to formulate plans for the resumption of work
in America. Up to that time I never realised that I possessed any particular
gift of discovery, but Lord Rayleigh, whom I always considered as an ideal man
of science, had said so and if that was the case, I felt that I should
concentrate on some big idea.

At this time, as at many other times in the past, my thoughts turned towards my
Mother's teaching. The gift of mental power comes from God, Divine Being, and if
we concentrate our minds on that truth, we become in tune with this great power.
My Mother had taught me to seek all truth in the Bible; therefore I devoted the
next few months to the study of this work.

One day, as I was roaming the mountains, I sought shelter from an approaching
storm. The sky became overhung with heavy clouds, but somehow the rain was
delayed until, all of a sudden, there was a lightening flash and a few moments
after, a deluge. This observation set me thinking. It was manifest that the two
phenomena were closely related, as cause and effect, and a little reflection led
me to the conclusion that the electrical energy involved in the precipitation of
the water was inconsiderable, the function of the lightening being much like
that of a sensitive trigger. Here was a stupendous possibility of achievement.
If we could produce electric effects of the required quality, this whole planet
and the conditions of existence on it could be transformed. The sun raises the
water of the oceans and winds drive it to distant regions where it remains in a
state of most delicate balance. If it were in our power to upset it when and
wherever desired, this might life sustaining stream could be at will controlled.
We could irrigate arid deserts, create lakes and rivers, and provide motive
power in unlimited amounts. This would be the most efficient way of harnessing
the sun to the uses of man. The consummation depended on our ability to develop
electric forces of the order of those in nature.

It seemed a hopeless undertaking, but I made up my mind to try it and
immediately on my return to the United States in the summer of 1892, after a
short visit to my friends in Watford, England; work was begun which was to me
all the more attractive, because a means of the same kind was necessary for the
successful transmission of energy without wires.

At this time I made a further careful study of the Bible, and discovered the key
in Revelation. The first gratifying result was obtained in the spring of the
succeeding year, when I reaching a tension of about 100,000,000 volts -- one
hundred million volts -- with my conical coil, which I figured was the voltage
of a flash of lightening. Steady progress was made until the destruction of my
laboratory by fire, in 1895, as may be judged from an article by T.C. Martin
which appeared in the April number of the Century Magazine. This calamity set me
back in many ways and most of that year had to be devoted to planning and
reconstruction. However, as soon as circumstances permitted, I returned to the
task.

Although I knew that higher electric-motive forces were attainable with
apparatus of larger dimensions, I had an instinctive perception that the object
could be accomplished by the proper design of a comparatively small and compact
transformer. In carrying on tests with a secondary in the form of flat spiral,
as illustrated in my patents, the absence of streamers surprised me, and it was
not long before I discovered that this was due to the position of the turns and
their mutual action. Profiting from this observation, I resorted to the use of a
high tension conductor with turns of considerable diameter, sufficiently
separated to keep down the distributed capacity, while at the same time
preventing undue accumulation of the charge at any point. The application of
this principle enabled me to produce pressures of over 100,000,000 volts, which
was about the limit obtainable without risk of accident. A photograph of my
transmitter built in my laboratory at Houston Street, was published in the
Electrical Review of November, 1898.

In order to advance further along this line, I had to go into the open, and in
the spring of 1899, having completed preparations for the erection of a wireless
plant, I went to Colorado where I remained for more than one year. Here I
introduced other improvements and refinements which made it possible to generate
currents of any tension that may be desired. Those who are interested will find
some information in regard to the experiments I conducted there in my article,
"The Problem of Increasing Human Energy," in the Century Magazine of June 1900,
to which I have referred on a previous occasion.

I will be quite explicit on the subject of my magnifying transformer so that it
will be clearly understood. In the first place, it is a resonant transformer,
with a secondary in which the parts, charged to a high potential, are of
considerable area and arranged in space along ideal enveloping surfaces of very
large radii of curvature, and at proper distances from one another, thereby
insuring a small electric surface density everywhere, so that no leak can occur
even if the conductor is bare. It is suitable for any frequency, from a few to
many thousands of cycles per second, and can be used in the production of
currents of tremendous volume and moderate pressure, or of smaller amperage and
immense electromotive force. The maximum electric tension is merely dependent on
the curvature of the surfaces on which the charged elements are situated and the
area of the latter. Judging from my past experience there is no limit to the
possible voltage developed; any amount is practicable. On the other hand,
currents of many thousands of amperes may be obtained in the antenna. A plant of
but very moderate dimensions is required for such performances. Theoretically, a
terminal of less than 90 feet in diameter is sufficient to develop an
electromotive force of that magnitude, while for antenna currents of from 2,000-
4,000 amperes at the usual frequencies, it need not be larger than 30 feet in
diameter. In a more restricted meaning, this wireless transmitter is one in
which the Hertzwave radiation is an entirely negligible quantity as compared
with the whole energy, under which condition the damping factor is extremely
small and an enormous charge is stored in the elevated capacity. Such a circuit
may then be excited with impulses of any kind, even of low frequency and it will
yield sinusoidal and continuous oscillations like those of an alternator. Taken
in the narrowest significance of the term, however, it is a resonant transformer
which, besides possessing these qualities, is accurately proportioned to fit the
globe and its electrical constants and properties, by virtue of which design it
becomes highly efficient and effective in the wireless transmission of energy.
Distance is then ABSOLUTELY ELIMINATED, THERE BEING NO DIMINUATION IN THE
INTENSITY of the transmitted impulses. It is even possible to make the actions
increase with the distance from the plane, according to an exact mathematical
law. This invention was one of a number comprised in my "World System" of
wireless transmission which I undertook to commercialise on my return to New
York in 1900.

As to the immediate purposes of my enterprise, they were clearly outlined in a
technical statement of that period from which I quote, "The world system has
resulted from a combination of several original discoveries made by the inventor
in the course of long continued research and experimentation. It makes possible
not only the instantaneous and precise wireless transmission of any kind of
signals, messages or characters, to all parts of the world, but also the inter-
connection of the existing telegraph, telephone, and other signal stations
without any change in their present equipment. By its means, for instance, a
telephone subscriber here may call up and talk to any other subscriber on the
Earth. An inexpensive receiver, not bigger than a watch, will enable him to
listen anywhere, on land or sea, to a speech delivered or music played in some
other place, however distant."

These examples are cited merely to give an idea of the possibilities of this
great scientific advance, which annihilates distance and makes that perfect
natural conductor, the Earth, available for all the innumerable purposes which
human ingenuity has found for a line-wire. One far-reaching result of this is
that any device capable of being operated through one or more wires (at a
distance obviously restricted) can likewise be actuated, without artificial
conductors and with the same facility and accuracy, at distances to which there
are no limits other than those imposed by the physical dimensions of the earth.
Thus, not only will entirely new fields for commercial exploitation be opened up
by this ideal method of transmission, but the old ones vastly extended. The
World System is based on the application of the following import and inventions
and discoveries:

1) The Tesla Transformer: This apparatus is in the production of electrical
vibrations as revolutionary as gunpowder was in warfare. Currents many times
stronger than any ever generated in the usual ways and sparks over one hundred
feet long, have been produced by the inventor with an instrument of this kind.

2) The Magnifying Transmitter: This is Tesla's best invention, a peculiar
transformer specially adapted to excite the earth, which is in the transmission
of electrical energy when the telescope is in astronomical observation. By the
use of this marvellous device, he has already set up electrical movements of
greater intensity than those of lightening and passed a current, sufficient to
light more than two hundred incandescent lamps, around the Earth.

3) The Tesla Wireless System: This system comprises a number of improvements and
is the only means known for transmitting economically electrical energy to a
distance without wires. Careful tests and measurements in connection with an
experimental station of great activity, erected by the inventor in Colorado,
have demonstrated that power in any desired amount can be conveyed, clear across
the Globe if necessary, with a loss not exceeding a few per cent.

4) The Art of Individualisation: This invention of Tesla is to primitive Tuning,
what refined language is to unarticulated expression. It makes possible the
transmission of signals or messages absolutely secret and exclusive both in the
active and passive aspect, that is, non-interfering as well as non-interferable.
Each signal is like an individual of unmistakable identity and there is
virtually no limit to the number of stations or instruments which can be
simultaneously operated without the slightest mutual disturbance.

5) The Terrestrial Stationary Waves: This wonderful discovery, popularly
explained, means that the Earth is responsive to electrical vibrations of
definite pitch, just as a tuning fork to certain waves of sound. These
particular electrical vibrations, capable of powerfully exciting the Globe, lend
themselves to innumerable uses of great importance commercially and in many
other respects. The "first World System" power plant can be put in operation in
nine months. With this power plant, it will be practicable to attain electrical
activities up to ten million horse-power and it is designed to serve for as many
technical achievements as are possible without due expense. Among these are the
following:

1) The inter-connection of existing telegraph exchanges or offices all over the
world;

2) The establishment of a secret and non-interferable government telegraph
service;

3) The inter-connection of all present telephone exchanges or offices around the
Globe;

4) The universal distribution of general news by telegraph or telephone, in
conjunction with the Press;

5) The establishment of such a "World System" of intelligence transmission for
exclusive private use;

6) The inter-connection and operation of all stock tickers of the world;

7) The establishment of a World system -- of musical distribution, etc.;

8) The universal registration of time by cheap clocks indicating the hour with
astronomical precision and requiring no attention whatever;

9) The world transmission of typed or hand-written characters, letters, checks,
etc.;

10) The establishment of a universal marine service enabling the navigators of
all ships to steer perfectly without compass, to determine the exact location,
hour and speak; to prevent collisions and disasters, etc.;

11) The inauguration of a system of world printing on land and sea;

12) The world reproduction of photographic pictures and all kinds of drawings or
records..."

I also proposed to make demonstration in the wireless transmission of power on a
small scale, but sufficient to carry conviction. Besides these, I referred to
other and incomparably more important applications of my discoveries which will
be disclosed at some future date. A plant was built on Long Island with a tower
187 feet high, having a spherical terminal about 68 feet in diameter. These
dimensions were adequate for the transmission of virtually any amount of energy.
Originally, only from 200 to 300 K.W. were provided, but I intended to employ
later several thousand horsepower. The transmitter was to emit a wave-complex of
special characteristics and I had devised a unique method of telephonic control
of any amount of energy. The tower was destroyed two years ago (1917) but my
projects are being developed and another one, improved in some features will be
constructed.

On this occasion I would contradict the widely circulated report that the
structure was demolished by the Government, which owing to war conditions, might
have created prejudice in the minds of those who may not know that the papers,
which thirty years ago conferred upon me the honour of American citizenship, are
always kept in a safe, while my orders, diplomas, degrees, gold medals and other
distinctions are packed away in old trunks. If this report had a foundation, I
would have been refunded a large sum of money which I expended in the
construction of the tower. On the contrary, it was in the interest of the
Government to preserver it, particularly as it would have made possible, to
mention just one valuable result, the location of a submarine in any part of the
world. My plant, services, and all my improvements have always been at the
disposal of the officials and ever since the outbreak of the European conflict,
I have been working at a sacrifice on several inventions of mine relating to
aerial navigation, ship propulsion and wireless transmission, which are of the
greatest importance to the country. Those who are well informed know that my
ideas have revolutionised the industries of the United States and I am not aware
that there lives an inventor who has been, in this respect, as fortunate as
myself, -- especially as regards the use of his improvements in the war.

I have refrained from publicly expressing myself on this subject before, as it
seemed improper to dwell on personal matters while all the world was in dire
trouble. I would add further, in view of various rumours which have reached me,
that Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan did not interest himself with me in a business way,
but in the same large spirit in which he has assisted many other pioneers. He
carried out his generous promise to the letter and it would have been most
unreasonable to expect from him anything more. He had the highest regard for my
attainments and gave me every evidence of his complete faith in my ability to
ultimately achieve what I had set out to do. I am unwilling to accord to some
small-minded and jealous individuals the satisfaction of having thwarted my
efforts. These men are to me nothing more than microbes of a nasty disease. My
project was retarded by laws of nature. The world was not prepared for it. It
was too far ahead of time, but the same laws will prevail in the end and make it
a triumphal success.

Chapter 6.

No subject to which I have ever devoted myself has called for such concentration
of mind, and strained to so dangerous a degree the finest fibres of my brain, as
the systems of which the Magnifying transmitter is the foundation. I put all the
intensity and vigour of youth in the development of the rotating field
discoveries, but those early labours were of a different character. Although
strenuous in the extreme, they did not involve that keen and exhausting
discernment which had to be exercised in attacking the many problems of the
wireless.

Despite my rare physical endurance at that period, the abused nerves finally
rebelled and I suffered a complete collapse, just as the consummation of the
long and difficult task was almost in sight. Without doubt I would have paid a
greater penalty later, and very likely my career would have been prematurely
terminated, had not providence equipped me with a safety device, which seemed to
improve with advancing years and unfailingly comes to play when my forces are at
an end. So long as it operates I am safe from danger, due to overwork, which
threatens other inventors, and incidentally, I need no vacations which are
indispensable to most people. When I am all but used up, I simply do as the
darkies who "naturally fall asleep while white folks worry."

To venture a theory out of my sphere, the body probably accumulates little by
little a definite quantity of some toxic agent and I sink into a nearly
lethargic state which lasts half an hour to the minute. Upon awakening I have
the sensation as though the events immediately preceding had occurred very long
ago, and if I attempt to continue the interrupted train of thought I feel
veritable nausea. Involuntarily, I then turn to other and am surprised at the
freshness of the mind and ease with which I overcome obstacles that had baffled
me before. After weeks or months, my passion for the temporarily abandoned
invention returns and I invariably find answers to all the vexing questions,
with scarcely any effort. In this connection, I will tell of an extraordinary
experience which may be of interest to students of psychology.

I had produced a striking phenomenon with my grounded transmitter and was
endeavouring to ascertain its true significance in relation to the currents
propagated through the earth. It seemed a hopeless undertaking, and for more
than a year I worked unremittingly, but in vain. This profound study so entirely
absorbed me, that I became forgetful of everything else, even of my undermined
health. At last, as I was at the point of breaking down, nature applied the
preservative inducing lethal sleep. Regaining my senses, I realised with
consternation that I was unable to visualise scenes from my life except those of
infancy, the very first ones that had entered my consciousness. Curiously
enough, these appeared before my vision with startling distinctness and afforded
me welcome relief. Night after night, when retiring, I would think of them and
more and more of my previous existence was revealed. The image of my mother was
always the principal figure in the spectacle that slowly unfolded, and a
consuming desire to see her again gradually took possession of me. This feeling
grew so strong that I resolved to drop all work and satisfy my longing, but I
found it too hard to break away from the laboratory, and several months elapsed
during which I had succeeded in reviving all the impressions of my past life, up
to the spring of 1892. In the next picture that came out of the mist of
oblivion, I saw myself at the Hotel de la Paix in Paris, just coming to from one
of my peculiar sleeping spells, which had been caused by prolonged exertion of
the brain. Imagine the pain and distress I felt, when it flashed upon my mind
that a dispatch was handed to me at that very moment, bearing the sad news that
my mother was dying. I remembered how I made the long journey home without an
hour of rest and how she passed away after weeks of agony.

It was especially remarkable that during all this period of partially
obliterated memory, I was fully alive to everything touching on the subject of
my research. I could recall the smallest detail and the least insignificant
observations in my experiments and even recite pages of text and complex
mathematical formulae.

My belief is firm in a law of compensation. The true rewards are ever in
proportion to the labour and sacrifices made. This is one of the reasons why I
feel certain that of all my inventions, the magnifying Transmitter will prove
most important and valuable to future generations. I am prompted to this
prediction, not so much by thoughts of the commercial and industrial revolution
which it will surely bring about, but of the humanitation consequences of the
many achievements it makes possible. Considerations of mere utility weigh little
in the balance against the higher benefits of civilisation. We are confronted
with portentous problems which can not be solved just by providing for our
material existence, however abundantly. On the contrary, progress in this
direction is fraught with hazards and perils not less menacing than those born
from want and suffering. If we were to release the energy of atoms or discover
some other way of developing cheap and unlimited power at any point on the
globe, this accomplishment, instead of being a blessing, might bring disaster to
mankind in giving rise to dissension and anarchy, which would ultimately result
in the enthronement of the hated regime of force. The greatest good will come
from technical improvements tending to unification and harmony, and my wireless
transmitter is preeminently such. By its means, the human voice and likeness
will be reproduced everywhere and factories driven thousands of miles from
waterfalls furnishing power. Aerial machines will be propelled around the earth
without a stop and the sun's energy controlled to create lakes and rivers for
motive purposes and transformation of arid deserts into fertile land. Its
introduction for telegraphic, telephonic and similar uses, will automatically
cut out the statics and all other interferences which at present, impose narrow
limits to the application of the wireless. This is a timely topic on which a few
words might not be amiss.

During the past decade a number of people have arrogantly claimed that they had
succeeded in doing away with this impediment. I have carefully examined all of
the arrangements described and tested most of them long before they were
publicly disclosed, but the finding was uniformly negative. Recent official
statement from the U.S. Navy may, perhaps, have taught some beguilable news
editors how to appraise these announcements at their real worth. As a rule, the
attempts are based on theories so fallacious, that whenever they come to my
notice, I can not help thinking in a light vein. Quite recently a new discovery
was heralded, with a deafening flourish of trumpets, but it proved another case
of a mountain bringing forth a mouse. This reminds me of an exciting incident
which took place a year ago, when I was conducting my experiments with currents
of high frequency.

Steve Brodie had just jumped off the Brooklyn Bridge. The feat has been
vulgarised since by imitators, but the first report electrified New York. I was
very impressionable then and frequently spoke of the daring printer. On a hot
afternoon I felt the necessity of refreshing myself and stepped into one of the
popular thirty thousand institutions of this great city, where a delicious
twelve per cent beverage was served, which can now be had only by making a trip
to the poor and devastated countries of Europe. The attendance was large and not
over-distinguished and a matter was discussed which gave me an admirable opening
for the careless remark, "This is what I said when I jumped off the bridge." No
sooner had I uttered these words, than I felt like the companion of Timothens,
in the poem of Schiller. In an instant there was pandemonium and a dozen voices
cried, "It is Brodie!" I threw a quarter on the counter and bolted for the door,
but the crowd was at my heels with yells, _ "Stop, Steeve!", which must have
been misunderstood, for many persons tried to hold me up as I ran frantically
for my haven of refuge. By darting around corners I fortunately managed, through
the medium of a fire escape, to reach the laboratory, where I threw off my coat,
camouflaged myself as a hard-working blacksmith and started the forge. But these
precautions proved unnecessary, as I had eluded my pursuers. For many years
afterward, at night, when imagination turns into spectres the trifling troubles
of the day, I often thought, as I tossed on the bed, what my fate would have
been, had the mob caught me and found out that I was not Steve Brodie!

Now the engineer who lately gave an account before a technical body of a novel
remedy against statics based on a "heretofore unknown law of nature," seems to
have been as reckless as myself when he contended that these disturbances
propagate up and down, while those of a transmitter proceed along the earth. It
would mean that a condenser as this globe, with its gaseous envelope, could be
charged and discharged in a manner quite contrary to the fundamental teachings
propounded in every elemental text book of physics. Such a supposition would
have been condemned as erroneous, even in Franklin's time, for the facts bearing
on this were then well known and the identity between atmospheric electricity
and that developed by machines was fully established. Obviously, natural and
artificial disturbances propagate through the earth and the air in exactly the
same way, and both set up electromotive forces in the horizontal, as well as
vertical sense. Interference can not be overcome by any such methods as were
proposed. The truth is this: In the air the potential increases at the rate of
about fifty volts per foot of elevation, owing to which there may be a
difference of pressure amounting to twenty, or even forty thousand volts between
the upper and lower ends of the antenna. The masses of the charged atmosphere
are constantly in motion and give up electricity to the conductor, not
continuously, but rather disruptively, this producing a grinding noise in a
sensitive telephonic receiver. The higher the terminal and the greater the space
encompast by the wires, the more pronounced is the effect, but it must be
understood that it is purely local and has little to do with the real trouble.

In 1900, while perfecting my wireless system, one form of apparatus compressed
four antennae. These were carefully calibrated in the same frequency and
connected in multiple with the object of magnifying the action in receiving from
any direction. When I desired to ascertain the origin of the transmitted
impulse, each diagonally situated pair was put in series with a primary coil
energising the detector circuit. In the former case, the sound was loud in the
telephone; in the latter it ceased, as expected, _ the two antennae neutralising
each other, but the true statics manifested themselves in both instances and I
had to devise special preventives embodying different principles. By employing
receivers connected to two points of the ground, as suggested by me long ago,
this trouble caused by the charged air, which is very serious in the structures
as now built, is nullified and besides, the liability of all kinds of
interference is reduced to about one-half because of the directional character
of the circuit. This was perfectly self-evident, but came as a revelation to
some simple-minded wireless folks whose experience was confined to forms of
apparatus that could have been improved with an axe, and they have been
disposing of the bear's skin before killing him. If it were true that strays
performed such antics, it would be easy to get rid of them by receiving without
aerials. But, as a matter of fact, a wire buried in the ground which, conforming
to this view, should be be absolutely immune, is more susceptible to certain
extraneous impulses than one placed vertically in the air. To state it fairly, a
slight progress has been made, but not by virtue of any particular method or
device. It was achieved simply by discerning the enormous structures, which are
bad enough for transmission but wholly unsuitable for reception and adopting a
more appropriate type of receiver. As I have said before, to dispose of this
difficulty for good, a radical change must be made in the system and the sooner
this is done the better.

It would be calamitous, indeed, if at this time when the art is in its infancy
and the vast majority, not excepting even experts, have no conception of its
ultimate possibilities, a measure would be rushed through the legislature making
it a government monopoly. This was proposed a few weeks ago by Secretary Daniels
and no doubt that distinguished official has made his appeal to the Senate and
House of Representatives with sincere conviction. But universal evidence
unmistakably shows that the best results are always obtained in healthful
commercial competition. there are, however, exceptional reasons why wireless
should be given the fullest freedom of development. In the first place, it
offers prospects immeasurably greater and more vital to betterment of human life
than any other invention or discovery in the history of man. Then again, it must
be understood that this wonderful art has been, in its entirety, evolved here
and can be called "American" with more right and propriety than the telephone,
the incandescent lamp or the aeroplane.

Enterprising press agents and stock jobbers have been so successful in spreading
misinformation, that even so excellent a periodical as the *Scientific
American*, accords the chief credit to a foreign country. The Germans, of
course, gave us the Hertz waves and the Russian, English, French and Italian
experts were quick in using them for signalling purposes. It was an obvious
application of the new agent and accomplished with the old classical and
unimproved induction coil, scarcely anything more than another kind of
heliography. The radius of transmission was very limited, the result attained of
little value, and the Hertz oscillations, as a means for conveying intelligence,
could have been advantageously replaced by sound waves, which I advocated in
1891. Moreover, all of these attempts were made three years after the basic
principles of the wireless system, which is universally employed today, and its
potent instrumentalities had been clearly described and developed in America.

No trace of those Hertzian appliances and methods remains today. We have
proceeded in the very opposite direction and what has been done is the product
of the brains and efforts of citizens of this country. The fundamental patents
have expired and the opportunities are open to all. The chief argument of the
Secretary is based on interference. According to his statement, reported in the
New York Herald of July 29th, signals from a powerful station can be intercepted
in every village in the world. In view of this fact, which was demonstrated in
my experiments in 1900, it would be of little use to impose restrictions in the
United States.

As throwing light on this point, I may mention that only recently an odd looking
gentleman called on me with the object of enlisting my services in the
construction of world transmitters in some distant land. "We have no money," he
said, "but carloads of solid gold, and we will give you a liberal amount." I
told him that I wanted to see first what will be done with my inventions in
America, and this ended the interview. But I am satisfied that some dark forces
are at work, and as time goes on the maintenance of continuous communication
will be rendered more difficult. The only remedy is a system immune against
interruption. It has been perfected, it exists, and all that is necessary is to
put it in operation.

The terrible conflict is still uppermost in the minds and perhaps the greatest
importance will be attached to the magnifying Transmitter as a machine for
attack and defence, more particularly in connection with TELAUTAMATICS. This
invention is a logical outcome of observations begun in my boyhood and continued
throughout my life. When the first results were published, the Electrical Review
stated editorially that it would become one of the "most potent factors in the
advance of civilisation of mankind." The time is not distant when this
prediction will be fulfilled. In 1898 and 1900, it was offered by me to the
Government and might have been adopted, were I one of those who would go to
Alexander's shepherd when they want a favour from Alexander!

At that time I really thought that it would abolish war, because of its
unlimited destructiveness and exclusion of the personal element of combat. But
while I have not lost faith in its potentialities, my views have changed since.
War can not be avoided until the physical cause for its recurrence is removed
and this, in the last analysis, is the vast extent of the planet on which we
live. Only though annihilation of distance in every respect, as the conveyance
of intelligence, transport of passengers and supplies and transmission of energy
will conditions be brought about some day, insuring permanency of friendly
relations. What we now want most is closer contact and better understanding
between individuals and communities all over the earth and the elimination of
that fanatic devotion to exalted ideals of national egoism and pride, which is
always prone to plunge the world into primeval barbarism and strife. No league
or parliamentary act of any kind will ever prevent such a calamity. These are
only new devices for putting the weak at the mercy of the strong.

I have expressed myself in this regard fourteen years ago, when a combination of
a few leading governments, a sort of Holy alliance, was advocated by the late
Andrew Carnegie, who may be fairly considered as the father of this idea, having
given to it more publicity and impetus than anybody else prior to the efforts of
the President. While it can not be denied that such aspects might be of material
advantage to some less fortunate peoples, it can not attain the chief objective
sought. Peace can only come as a natural consequence of universal enlightenment
and merging of races, and we are still far from this blissful realisation,
because few indeed, will admit the reality _ that God made man in His image _ in
which case all earth men are alike. There is in fact but one race, of many
colours. Christ is but one person, yet he is of all people, so why do some
people think themselves better than some other people?

As I view the world of today, in the light of the gigantic struggle we have
witnessed, I am filled with conviction that the interests of humanity would be
best served if the United States remained true to its traditions, true to God
whom it pretends to believe, and kept out of "entangling alliances." Situated as
it is, geographically remote from the theatres of impending conflicts, without
incentive to territorial aggrandisement, with inexhaustible resources and
immense population thoroughly imbued with the spirit of liberty and right, this
country is placed in a unique and privileged position. It is thus able to exert,
independently, its colossal strength and moral force to the benefit of all, more
judiciously and effectively, than as a member of a league.

I have dwelt on the circumstances of my early life and told of an affliction
which compelled me to unremitting exercise of imagination and self-observation.
This mental activity, at first involuntary under the pressure of illness and
suffering, gradually became second nature and led me finally to recognise that I
was but an automaton devoid of free will in thought and action and merely
responsible to the forces of the environment. Our bodies are of such complexity
of structure, the motions we perform are so numerous and involved and the
external impressions on our sense organs to such a degree delicate and elusive,
that it is hard for the average person to grasp this fact. Yet nothing is more
convincing to the trained investigator than the mechanistic theory of life which
had been, in a measure, understood and propounded by Descartes three hundred
years ago. In his time many important functions of our organisms were unknown
and especially with respect to the nature of light and the construction and
operation of the eye, philosophers were in the dark.

In recent years the progress of scientific research in these fields has been
such as to leave no room for a doubt in regard to this view on which many works
have been published. One of its ablest and most eloquent exponents is, perhaps,
Felix le Dantec, formerly assistant of Pasteur. Professor Jacques Loeb has
performed remarkable experiments in heliotropism, clearly establishing the
controlling power of light in lower forms of organisms and his latest book,
"Forced Movements," is revelatory. But while men of science accept this theory
simply as any other that is recognised, to me it is a truth which I hourly
demonstrate by every act and thought of mine. The consciousness of the external
impression prompting me to any kind of exertion, _ physical or mental, is ever
present in my mind. Only on very rare occasions, when I was in a state of
exceptional concentration, have I found difficulty in locating the original
impulse. The by far greater number of human beings are never aware of what is
passing around and within them and millions fall victims of disease and die
prematurely just on this account. The commonest, every-day occurrences appear to
them mysterious and inexplicable. One may feel a sudden wave of sadness and rack
his brain for an explanation, when he might have noticed that it was caused by a
cloud cutting off the rays of the sun. He may see the image of a friend dear to
him under conditions which he construes as very peculiar, when only shortly
before he has passed him in the street or seen his photograph somewhere. When he
loses a collar button, he fusses and swears for an hour, being unable to
visualise his previous actions and locate the object directly. Deficient
observation is merely a form of ignorance and responsible for the many morbid
notions and foolish ideas prevailing. There is not more than one out of every
ten persons who does not believe in telepathy and other psychic manifestations,
spiritualism and communion with the dead, and who would refuse to listen to
willing or unwilling deceivers?

Just to illustrate how deeply rooted this tendency has become even among the
clear-headed American population, I may mention a comical incident. Shortly
before the war, when the exhibition of my turbines in this city elicited
widespread comment in the technical papers, I anticipated that there would be a
scramble among manufacturers to get hold of the invention and I had particular
designs on that man from Detroit who has an uncanny faculty for accumulating
millions. So confident was I, that he would turn up some day, that I declared
this as certain to my secretary and assistants. Sure enough, one fine morning a
body of engineers from the Ford Motor Company presented themselves with the
request of discussing with me an important project. "Didn't I tell you?," I
remarked triumphantly to my employees, and one of them said, "You are amazing,
Mr. Tesla. Everything comes out exactly as you predict."

As soon as these hard-headed men were seated, I of course, immediately began to
extol the wonderful features of my turbine, when the spokesman interrupted me
and said, "We know all about this, but we are on a special errand. We have
formed a psychological society for the investigation of psychic phenomena and we
want you to join us in this undertaking." I suppose these engineers never knew
how near they came to being fired out of my office.

Ever since I was told by some of the greatest men of the time, leaders in
science whose names are immortal, that I am possessed of an unusual mind, I bent
all my thinking faculties on the solution of great problems regardless of
sacrifice. For many years I endeavoured to solve the enigma of death, and
watched eagerly for every kind of spiritual indication. But only once in the
course of my existence have I had an experience which momentarily impressed me
as supernatural. It was at the time of my mother's death.

I had become completely exhausted by pain and long vigilance, and one night was
carried to a building about two blocks from our home. As I lay helpless there, I
thought that if my mother died while I was away from her bedside, she would
surely give me a sign. Two or three months before, I was in London in company
with my late friend, Sir William Crookes, when spiritualism was discussed and I
was under the full sway of these thoughts. I might not have paid attention to
other men, but was susceptible to his arguments as it was his epochal work on
radiant matter, which I had read as a student, that made me embrace the
electrical career. I reflected that the conditions for a look into the beyond
were most favourable, for my mother was a woman of genius and particularly
excelling in the powers of intuition. During the whole night every fibre in my
brain was strained in expectancy, but nothing happened until early in the
morning, when I fell in a sleep, or perhaps a swoon, and saw a cloud carrying
angelic figures of marvellous beauty, one of whom gazed upon me lovingly and
gradually assumed the features of my mother. The appearance slowly floated
across the room and vanished, and I was awakened by an indescribably sweet song
of many voices. In that instant a certitude, which no words can express, came
upon me that my mother had just died. And that was true. I was unable to
understand the tremendous weight of the painful knowledge I received in advance,
and wrote a letter to Sir William Crookes while still under the domination of
these impressions and in poor bodily health. When I recovered, I sought for a
long time the external cause of this strange manifestation and, to my great
relief, I succeeded after many months of fruitless effort.

I had seen the painting of a celebrated artist, representing allegorically one
of the seasons in the form of a cloud with a group of angels which seemed to
actually float in the air, and this had struck me forcefully. It was exactly the
same that appeared in my dream, with the exception of my mother's likeness. The
music came from the choir in the church nearby at the early mass of Easter
morning, explaining everything satisfactorily in conformity with scientific
facts.

This occurred long ago, and I have never had the faintest reason since to change
my views on psychical and spiritual phenomena, for which there is no foundation.
The belief in these is the natural outgrowth of intellectual development.
Religious dogmas are no longer accepted in their orthodox meaning, but every
individual clings to faith in a supreme power of some kind.

We all must have an ideal to govern our conduct and insure contentment, but it
is immaterial whether it be one of creed, art, science, or anything else, so
long as it fulfils the function of a dematerialising force. It is essential to
the peaceful existence of humanity as a whole that one common conception should
prevail. While I have failed to obtain any evidence in support of the
contentions of psychologists and spiritualists, I have proved to my complete
satisfaction the automatism of life, not only through continuous observations of
individual actions, but even more conclusively through certain generalisations.
these amount to a discovery which I consider of the greatest moment to human
society, and on which I shall briefly dwell.

I got the first inkling of this astonishing truth when I was still a very young
man, but for many years I interpreted what I noted simply as coincidences.
Namely, whenever either myself or a person to whom I was attached, or a cause to
which I was devoted, was hurt by others in a particular way, which might be best
popularly characterised as the most unfair imaginable, I experienced a singular
and undefinable pain which, for the want of a better term, I have qualified as
"cosmic" and shortly thereafter, and invariably, those who had inflicted it came
to grief. After many such cases I confided this to a number of friends, who had
the opportunity to convince themselves of the theory of which I have gradually
formulated and which may be stated in the following few words: Our bodies are of
similar construction and exposed to the same external forces. This results in
likeness of response and concordance of the general activities on which all our
social and other rules and laws are based. We are automata entirely controlled
by the forces of the medium, being tossed about like corks on the surface of the
water, but mistaking the resultant of the impulses from the outside for the free
will. The movements and other actions we perform are always life preservative
and though seemingly quite independent from one another, we are connected by
invisible links. So long as the organism is in perfect order, it responds
accurately to the agents that prompt it, but the moment that there is some
derangement in any individual, his self-preservative power is impaired.

Everybody understands, of course, that if one becomes deaf, has his eyes
weakened, or his limbs injured, the chances for his continued existence are
lessened. But this is also true, and perhaps more so, of certain defects in the
brain which drive the automaton, more or less, of that vital quality and cause
it to rush into destruction. A very sensitive and observant being, with his
highly developed mechanism all intact, and acting with precision in obedience to
the changing conditions of the environment, is endowed with a transcending
mechanical sense, enabling him to evade perils too subtle to be directly
perceived. When he comes in contact with others whose controlling organs are
radically faulty, that sense asserts itself and he feels the "cosmic" pain.

The truth of this has been borne out in hundreds of instances and I am inviting
other students of nature to devote attention to this subject, believing that
through combined systematic effort, results of incalculable value to the world
will be attained. The idea of constructing an automaton, to bear out my theory,
presented itself to me early, but I did not begin active work until 1895, when I
started my wireless investigations. During the succeeding two or three years, a
number of automatic mechanisms, to be actuated from a distance, were constructed
by me and exhibited to visitors in my laboratory.

In 1896, however, I designed a complete machine capable of a multitude of
operations, but the consummation of my labours was delayed until late in 1897.

This machine was illustrated and described in my article in the Century Magazine
of June, 1900; and other periodicals of that time and when first shown in the
beginning of 1898, it created a sensation such as no other invention of mine has
ever produced. In November, 1898, a basic patent on the novel art was granted to
me, but only after the Examiner-in-Chief had come to New York and witnessed the
performance, for what I claimed seemed unbelievable. I remember that when later
I called on an official in Washington, with a view of offering the invention to
the Government, he burst out in laughter upon my telling him what I had
accomplished. Nobody thought then that there was the faintest prospect of
perfecting such a device. It is unfortunate that in this patent, following the
advice of my attorneys, I indicated the control as being affected through the
medium of a single circuit and a well-known form of detector, for the reason
that I had not yet secured protection on my methods and apparatus for
individualisation. As a matter of fact, my boats were controlled through the
joint action of several circuits and interference of every kind was excluded.

Most generally, I employed receiving circuits in the form of loops, including
condensers, because the discharges of my high-tension transmitter ionised the
air in the (laboratory) so that even a very small aerial would draw electricity
from the surrounding atmosphere for hours.

Just to give an idea, I found, for instance, that a bulb twelve inches in
diameter, highly exhausted, and with one single terminal to which a short wire
was attached, would deliver well on to one thousand successive flashes before
all charge of the air in the laboratory was neutralised. The loop form of
receiver was not sensitive to such a disturbance and it is curious to note that
it is becoming popular at this late date. In reality, it collects much less
energy than the aerials or a long grounded wire, but it so happens that it does
away with a number of defects inherent to the present wireless devices.

In demonstrating my invention before audiences, the visitors were requested to
ask questions, however involved, and the automaton would answer them by signs.
This was considered magic at the time, but was extremely simple, for it was
myself who gave the replies by means of the device.

At the same period, another larger telautomatic boat was constructed, a
photograph of which was shown in the October 1919 number of the Electrical
Experimenter. It was controlled by loops, having several turns placed in the
hull, which was made entirely water-tight and capable of submergence. The
apparatus was similar to that used in the first with the exception of certain
special features I introduced as, for example, incandescent lamps which afforded
a visible evidence of the proper functioning of the machine. These automata,
controlled within the range of vision of the operator, were, however, the first
and rather crude steps in the evolution of the art of Telautomatics as I had
conceived it.

The next logical improvement was its application to automatic mechanisms beyond
the limits of vision and at great distances from the centre of control, and I
have ever since advocated their employment as instruments of warfare in
preference to guns. The importance of this now seems to be recognised, if I am
to judge from casual announcements through the press, of achievements which are
said to be extraordinary but contain no merit of novelty, whatever. In an
imperfect manner it is practicable, with the existing wireless plants, to launch
an aeroplane, have it follow a certain approximate course, and perform some
operation at a distance of many hundreds of miles. A machine of this kind can
also be mechanically controlled in several ways and I have no doubt that it may
prove of some usefulness in war. But there are to my best knowledge, no
instrumentalities in existence today with which such an object could be
accomplished in a precise manner. I have devoted years of study to this matter
and have evolved means, making such and greater wonders easily realisable.

As stated on a previous occasion, when I was a student at college I conceived a
flying machine quite unlike the present ones. The underlying principle was
sound, but could not be carried into practice for want of a prime-mover of
sufficiently great activity. In recent years, I have successfully solved this
problem and am now planning aerial machines *devoid of sustaining planes,
ailerons, propellers, and other external* attachments, which will be capable of
immense speeds and are very likely to furnish powerful arguments for peace in
the near future. Such a machine, sustained and propelled *entirely by reaction*,
is shown on one of the pages of my lectures, and is supposed to be controlled
either mechanically, or by wireless energy. By installing proper plants, it will
be practicable to *project a missile of this kind into the air and drop it*
almost on the very spot designated, which may be thousands of miles away.

But we are not going to stop at this. Telautomats will be ultimately produced,
capable of acting as if possessed of their own intelligence, and their advent
will create a revolution. As early as 1898, I proposed to representatives of a
large manufacturing concern the construction and public exhibition of an
automobile carriage which, left to itself, would perform a great variety of
operations involving something akin to judgment. But my proposal was deemed
chimerical at the time and nothing came of it.
At present, many of the ablest minds are trying to devise expedients for
preventing a repetition of the awful conflict which is only theoretically ended
and the duration and main issues of which I have correctly predicted in an
article printed in the SUN of December 20, 1914. The proposed League is not a
remedy but, on the contrary, in the opinion of a number of competent men, may
bring about results just the opposite.

It is particularly regrettable that a punitive policy was adopted in framing the
terms of peace, because a few years hence, it will be possible for nations to
fight without armies, ships or guns, by weapons far more terrible, to the
destructive action and range of which there is virtually no limit. Any city, at
a distance, whatsoever, from the enemy, can be destroyed by him and no power on
earth can stop him from doing so. If we want to avert an impending calamity and
a state of things which may transform the globe into an inferno, we should push
the development of flying machines and wireless transmission of energy without
an instant's delay and with all the power and resources of the nation.