In EM theory, use of the del operator produces an electric field E given by E = - Ñ f . An electrical field is also generated by the time rate of change of the magnetic vector potential A, where it is given by E = - dA/dt.

Since the collected energy is also usually the energy dissipated as work, this expression often yields the work performed in the circuit by the energy its charges collected from the impinging S-flow.

One form of displacement current.

One form of displacement current.

A force is defined as a time rate of change of momentum, or F = dp/dt.

Polarization displacement current.

Represents the normal current flow i of charges in a conductor, i.e., i = dq/dt.

...where i = dq/dt in that "load loop" is isolated from the current i = dq/dt in the source loop containing the power source.

The notion is that, even though current cannot pass from the source loop to the load loop, Poynting energy density flow S= E� H can pass. This is in fact the definition of bridging, if in addition the rigid field coupling is broken between energy dissipation (power) in the source loop and energy dissipation (power) in the load loop. In that fashion, overunity operation of the load can readily be achieved.

This does not at all represent the Poynting flow along the circuit, which may be very, very much greater, on the order of 10¹³ times as great.

Instead of just using "q" and assuming it to be unitary, we must include the fact that charge is a system of two coupled component: (i) the mass m_q of the charge q, and (ii) the virtual photon flux exchange (i.e., f _q) of the charge q. In particle physics it is already well-known that there is no symmetry of a mass system anyway, unless the vacuum's exchange with the mass is included. So the expression m_{qf q} captures the vacuum-mass exchange. By continuing to assume that charge is unitary, physics inadvertently holds to the hoary old notion of the luminiferous ether (thin material ether) that permeates all of space. Maxwell and everyone else in his time firmly believed in a material ether, and Maxwell firmly embedded that notion in EM theory. Inexplicably it has not been rooted out to this day, even though the notion of the material ether (not the ether per se!) was destroyed by the Michelson-Morley experiment over 100 years ago. Foundations physicists continue to point out such terrible defects in physics -- and continue to be ignored. We quote Mario Bunge, "A mathematical theory of the dimensions and units of physical quantities," in Problems in the Foundations of Physics, edited by Mario Bunge, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York, 1971, p. 7: "The question 'What are dimensions?' is seen to be ill conceived, for there are two concepts of dimension, namely those of dimension function and dimension value. The correct question is: 'What are [] and d?' " {Note: [] is dimension function, and d is dimension value.}

Quoting ibid., p. 8: "The concept of a unit is one of those scientific notions that has remained obscure for want of a theory and excess of a coarse philosophy. Indeed we know how to manipulate units but we do not seem to know what kind of mathematical object they are. As a consequence units are sometimes confused with dimensions, at other times with standards, and they are often introduced in relation to measurement rather than to concept formulation."

And quoting Mario Bunge, Foundations of Physics, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1967, p. 176: "Different theories of CED are called for, both for charged particles that can to a first approximation be regarded as electromagnetically structureless (e.g., the electron and the m -meson) and for extended systems with a charge distribution and spin (e.g., the proton). If fairly satisfactory classical theories were available they could guide the construction of the corresponding quantum theories. But no such theories are in sight -- partly because it is not usually acknowledged that electrodynamics, both classical and quantal, are in a sad state."

Again, p. 182: "...the best modern physicist is the one who acknowledges that neither classical nor quantum physics are cut and dried, both being full of holes and in need of a vigorous overhauling not only to better cover their own domains but also to join smoothly so as to produce a coherent picture of the various levels of physical reality."

Contrary to conventional physics, we recognize that the local energy density of the ambient vacuum can vary, including seasonally within and close to the solar system, etc. In fact the interplanetary radar probes "ranges" do show precisely such variation in the speed of light, with weekly and monthly and seasonal variations, etc. In order to comply with the terrible dogma in physics with respect to the constancy of c, the scientific staffs average the readings over the entire month. This zeroes out the variations, upholds the notion that space is a fixed type of thing, and that the speed of light in it is also a ruthlessly fixed constant.

The Russians have known and openly printed for nearly a century that the speed of light in a hard vacuum in deep space, far removed from solar and planetary masses, is slower than the speed of light in a hard vacuum near the Earth or any other large charged mass. The jillions of charged particles in the earth have tiny separations, so that looking at the Earth as a collection of tiny dipoles, one sees a collection of enormous Poynting energy density S-flow generators. The intensity of this Poynting flux in the vicinity of a massive planet or sun changes the local energy density of the vacuum itself, increasing it in the vicinity.

EM waves in vacuum are actually longitudinal (sound-type) waves. Just as sound speeds up, say, in steel as a denser medium than air, the EM "sound waves" in the ambient vacuum potential speed up when that vacuum potential's flux density is increased. Consequently light does move a little faster in a hard vacuum on Earth than it does in deep space, because the vacuum itself has higher energy density near the earth than in deep space. The comings and goings and orbitings of planets and the solar mass, etc. do affect the local energy density of the vacuum between the planets, and hence the speed of light through that interplanetary space. So the interplanetary radar does show the periodic variations of the local energy density of vacuum that are induced by these factors. For a critical paper on this, see Bryan G. Wallace, "The Unified Quantum Electrodynamic Ether," Foundations of Physics, 3(3), Sept. 1973, p. 381-388. His discussion of the interplanetary radar measurements of Venus, which did not fit relativity, are particularly interesting, with respect to his finding that the data were simply "averaged" to eliminate the variations and hence the diurnal, lunar, and synodic periodic components actually measured in the variations of the speed of light. See particularly Bryan G. Wallace, "The great speed of light in space cover-up." Scientific Ethics, 1(1), Feb. 1985. p. 2-3; ------"Radar Testing of the Relative Velocity of Light in Space," Spectrosc. Lett. Vol. 2, 1969. p. 361.

In empty space there are always myriads upon myriads of interfering fields and potentials, from charges all over the universe, via Puthoff's cosmological feedback principle [see H.E. Puthoff, "Source of Vacuum Electromagnetic Zero-point Energy," Physical Review A, 40(9), Nov. 1, 1989, p. 4857-4862.] Thus any EM wave traveling through space is always involved in enormously active interferometry. This alone results in violent momentary variations in the speed of that wave, even from 0.01 c to 100.00 c. For a paper showing this kind of "galloping" travel of an EM wave, see William G. Harter, John Evans, Roberto Vega, and Sanford Wilson, "Galloping waves and their relativistic properties," American Journal of Physics, 53(7), July 1985, p. 671-679. While the average speed of the wave is c(g ), where g is the local energy density of the vacuum, the instantaneous speeds of the wave vary violently from instant to instant.

The point is, the speed c is not an "iron dictum" of nature, nor is is an "unchangeable constant"! Nature herself routinely violates that notion (as an example, de Broglie waves from any mass always move at v>c.) EM "surface" waves (so-called transverse oscillations or upheavals and depressions in the magnitude of the local ambient vacuum potential), move at a discretized average speed c(g ). The longitudinal component, if freed from the transverse component, can move much faster because it is a sort of "tunneling" movement. In actual quantum tunneling experiments, e.g., music (Beethoven's 40th symphony) has been transmitted through quantum mechanical tunneling between two separated points at speed v>4c. We discuss superluminal communication elsewhere in this glossary.

A lower case c represents the speed of light in ambient vacuum.

Force per unit electric charge; i.e., force per coulomb. Note that the E-field does not actually exist at a point unless there is a unit point charge (a point coulomb) of positive electric charge located at the point. Hence contrary to classical electrodynamics, communications theory, and whatnot, no electric force field (and no magnetic force field either) exists in the vacuum, at least of the kind prescribed by Maxwell's equations and by the Heaviside-Hertz reduction of Maxwell's equations. These equations and models all still erroneously assume a material ether filling the vacuum, in which case there would be matter and charges, and there would then be force-fields in the vacuum.

Conventionally, this is thought to be defined, analogously to E, by the force it exerts. The force exerted on a point charge moving in the magnetic field B is at right angles to the velocity vector of the charge and also at right angles to B. Actually, the H-field was originally named the magnetic field and the B-field was named the magnetic induction (and is still sometimes called that.) This is an annoyance because it is B which produces or involves the force, and hence B should be named the magnetic field. Other writers have noted this discrepancy, and Sommerfeld called H the magnetic excitation -- which correctly describes its role -- rather than calling it the magnetic field. As the reader can see, lots of things in physics are still untidy! In Kaluza-Klein unified field theory, all electromagnetics is in the 5th dimension, which is wrapped around each and every point in our normal 3-dimensional space. At any rate, further pursuit of this discussion is something which we will pass on to the foundations physicists!

Note we have redefined charge q as q � m_{qf q}. The term f _q captures the vacuum's violent virtual energy interaction with the mass m_q of the charge, which is presently missing in classical EM theory and is an exceeding great flaw of omission. It has been known for decades in particle physics that there exists no equilibrium in mass systems, unless the interaction of the vacuum with the masses is included. It is eerie and inexplicable why this known total glitch in EM theory has not long since been corrected, when every university physics department in the country already knows it is wrong!

The S-flow is actually comprised of an organized, structured flow of virtual photons and itself is not observable. Its interaction with charged particles and magnetic poles, however, is observable by the translation of the charge or pole.

The photon is considered to be (unit-wise) composed of (D E)(D t). However, in our view (as we explain in energy, energy collection, and energy dissipation) energy does not occur in "little chunks" at all. One only has "little chunks" of energy when one is collecting energy. In electromagnetics, the "collection" of energy is actually the ongoing collecting of energy. It is a dynamic, ongoing process whereby a collector such as a charged particle intercepts and interacts with (undergoes virtual photon flux exchange with) an impinging Poynting energy density flow S= E� H. If that Poynting flow is removed, then there is no excess collecting going on. EM energy collection/collecting is always like a rock in a high wind. As long as the wind is blowing on the rock, the rock has a force field on and of it, and wishes to move. It also has "excess collected energy", and a gradient in this "excess collected energy" determined by the wind flow direction. When the wind ceases to blow, the rock goes back to being just a rock, and forgets it had all that excess wind energy collecting and any desire to move.

An action (effect) occurring in a local system, for which no separate local 3-space cause exists, but for which a causal correlation exists between a distant cause and the local effect.

To the local 3-space observer, the effect is baffling. In electromagnetics, action at a distance can be considered a higher topology phenomena, occurring through hyperspace or through subspace, or through "multiply connected spacetime." Action at a distance is absolutely required by quantum mechanics, and experiments establish its truth. Such action was implicitly included in Maxwell's quaternion theory, but was unknowingly discarded by Heaviside, Hertz, and Gibbs when they formulated a much more restricted vector interpretation of Maxwell's theory, after Maxwell's death.

For this specific purpose.

Tentative formulation, not intended toward general application and not yet firm because there is still not a comprehensive, tested demonstration of the "fit" of the model to the complex phenomenology.

Vector magnetic potential.

The A-field is a real field -- not a mathematical convenience as was originally thought -- as detailed in the second volume of Feynman's three volumes of physics. Indeed, it may be separated from the magnetic field, as reported by Feynman, and used for instrumentation effects in the manner patented by Gelinas. When separated, it is often referred to as the "curl-free vector potential," since the B-field is modeled as being created from the A-field. In other words, B is defined as the curl of the magnetic vector potential, if we use B � Ñ � A. The curl-free vector potential is particularly interesting because (1) it is a unique and independent field of nature, (2) its curl produces a magnetic field, (3) its time derivative produces an electric field, and (4) its magnitude does not fall off inversely as the distance squared, but only inversely as the distance.

In mathematics: "A connection on a manifold, whose form is unchanged under affine changes of parameter along curves, e.g., when the original parameter t of a curve g (t) is replaced by t = as + b."

Dictionary of Science and Technology, Academic Press, Christopher Morris (Ed.), 1992. Ugh! We'll let the mathematicians take it from there.

"Transformation on a linear space to itself which can be expressed as the sum of a linear transformation and a fixed vector.

The affine transformations form a group. In the plane, the group is six-dimensional, consisting of translations, rotations, stretchings and shrinkings, reflections, simple elongations and compressions, and simple shear transformations, as well as compositions of these."

Dictionary of Science and Technology, 1992, ibid.

Renowned Israeli quantum physicist and former student of David Bohm.

Co-discoverer of the Aharonov-Bohm effect: Even when the electromagnetic force fields reduce to zero in a charged particle system, the potentials may still exist and interfere to cause real physical effects. Together with Bohm, Aharonov authored a fundamental paper in 1959 which pointed out the primary importance of the potentials rather than the force fields. Indeed, the force fields are only made in and of the charged particle system itself, by interference there of potentials, and do not exist as such in the vacuum. The forcefields are thus not primary electromagnetic causes at all, but are secondary effects due to the interference of potentials in a particular charged particle system. [See Aharonov-Bohm Effect] In his three volumes of physics, Feynman pointed out that the forcefields do not exist as such in the vacuum, and that only the potential for the forcefields exists in vacuum. The primary causative agents for electromagnetics are thus the potentials. This has been proven both theoretically and experimentally in quantum mechanics, but still does not appear in present classical electromagnetic theory taught in universities.

Phenomenon theoretically pointed out in 1959 by Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm whereby interfering electromagnetic potentials can produce effects on charged particle systems, even at a distance and in the absence of the electromagnetic force fields.

Chambers experimentally demonstrated the effect one year later. When E- and B-fields are zero in a region, their potentials still may exist and thus be stable and persistent. Being gradient-free, a force-free potential is not changing; no bleed-in or bleed-off of its magnitude or of its internal structure is occurring. Interference of the potentials produces real electromagnetic effects (energy) in the interference zone, even at a great distance, without transmission of "field energy" per se through the intervening 3-space. [Rigorously, the potential's EM energy can be considered to be hyperspatially transmitted, or subspatially transmitted (tunneled) via the Whittaker internal EM biwave mechanism. See discussions under action at a distance.]

In 1897-8 Stoney showed (in Philosophical Magazine) by physical reasoning that all the disturbances of the ether arising from sources of certain kinds can be resolved into trains of plane waves. This was extended and the general and special equations written by E.T. Whittaker in 1903 in Mathematische Annalen. In 1904 (delivered orally in 1903) Whittaker's second paper dealing with the subject was published in the Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, and showed that scalar EM potential interferometry is in fact what generates the classical EM force fields.

The two Whittaker papers may be interpreted to show a startling hyperspatial arrangement in a potential or EM wave. (1) any wave in a particular 3-space is due to interfering potentials in that space, which is the same as interfering multiwave sets in a hyper-3-space; (2) any single potential in a particular 3-space is due to a single harmonic biwave set in hyper-3-space. And so on ad infinitum, in infinite-dimensional spacetime.Take a single EM potential in a given 3-space. It is decomposable into a hyper-3-space bidirectional EM wave set, in an infinite harmonic phase-locked series. Take any EM wave in that hyper-3-space. It is composed of the interference of two or more scalar EM potentials in a separate 3-space. Each of these potentials is then decomposable into a multiwave pair set again, in yet another 3-space, and so on.

Anything that is composed of virtual particle flux is a potential.

Whittaker's work shows that, contrary to present assumptions in quantum physics, a particular potential has its virtual particle flux formed into a beautiful bidirectional wave structure. The apparent disorder at any local point in the local vacuum potential is due to the constant arrival of myriads of potentials, from charged particles all over the universe. The violent interference and re-interference of these potentials results in the creation of violently changing virtual photons -- or in terms of waves, violently changing EM waves and fields. In other words, the statistical disorder of the vacuum is actually composed of continually and rapidly changing perfect order. [Here we have confronted 3-law Aristotelian logic with its missing 4th law, because at the limit opposites are identical!] The continual violent interferometry results in the zero-point EM fluctuations of vacuum. Each EM fluctuation is completely deterministic, as shown in Puthoff's cosmological feedback mechanism. However, the macroscopic observer has no knowledge of the cause or of the arrival, and of the myriads of interferences that produced the final EM field fluctuation. Hence although the zero-point fluctuations of vacuum are completely deterministic one-by-one, the observer has no information on their causality. Hence to the observer these fluctuations are completely statistical and seemingly without local order. However, because of their hidden determinism, these fluctuations are chaotic rather than random -- contrary to the Gibbs' thermodynamics statistics assumed and adopted by quantum mechanics. That statistics should be changed to an "already chaotic" statistics containing hidden order. This would appear to be the real solution to the recognized major QM problem of the missing chaos.

Since their changes and appearances are completely in one-to-one correspondence to all distant features of the macroscopically ordered universe, then their integration yields macroscopic order. Further, as can be seen, Mach's principle -- so near and dear to the heart of Einstein -- arises directly from the foregoing discussion. In such fashion, integration of statistical quantum changes results in the familiar, ordered macroscopic world. This removes the great error in QM: that heretofore it has failed to predict the ordered macroscopic universe we observe and inhabit.

Part that is analogous.

At root, an analogue of something is a second something that functions in similar fashion to the first something.

180 degrees out of phase (contrary-wise in timing).

The secret of practical antigravity is to form, time-reverse, and thereby expel a gravity-producing potential gradient in the object or mass for which antigravity exhibition is desired, before that potential can interact with the mass.

In other words, the formation of a gravity-producing potential gradient and its interaction with the mass, produces gravitational force in, on, and of that mass.

If we form excess gravity-producing potential gradient in the immediate vicinity of a mass and then sharply expel it without its interaction with the mass, that produces antigravity force on the mass! It does so because, when the excess gravity potential gradient was formed, the local spacetime potential was altered, although the mass had not yet produced G-force because interaction had not occurred. Then when the G-potential gradient was quickly removed without dissipation, the local excited spacetime G-potential gradient was reduced.

Note that EM and G forces can be decomposed into two scalar potentials, per Whittaker 1904. So instead of focusing on forces, we must focus on potentials as more primary. Since all EM potentials are also gravitational because of their trapped energy, we need only consider EM potentials or their analogues.

We have previously discovered that almost all EM reactions in circuits come from the Newtonian 3rd law EM reactions (which were erroneously omitted from electrodynamics by Faraday and Maxwell) in the nuclei. This is also true of events or potential events in the local vacuum potential in which the nucleus is embedded. The nucleus is in a violent "electric circuit" energy exchange with its local vacuum potential. If you suddenly stop doing something that is ongoing in that interaction, or something already potentially looming in that interaction, the nucleus must emit its "reaction" to try to prevent that stopping action, out to the "external circuit" where the stopping action is being initiated, as a special case of the (erroneously) missing 3rd law reaction in electrodynamics. It's rather like having a current running through a coil with lots of turns, and then suddenly opening a set of magneto breaker points in the circuit. Momentarily the coil will react with a large surge of voltage to try to keep the current flowing and prevent the change. While electrodynamics certainly describes this well, it has previously had absolutely no notion of the mechanism that actually generated the sudden EM reaction in the coil, resisting the change. The reaction comes directly from the "nuclei gas" in the conductors and materials of the circuit, not from the Drude electron gas.

Fortunately almost all the mass of an atom is in its nucleus, so we need only consider the nucleus. The conventional photon interaction with atoms is almost always a graviton (photon/antiphoton pair) interaction. In fact, all potentials are made of gravitons that are constantly forming and unforming. So the virtual "photon" flux exchange of the vacuum with mass actually includes both photons and antiphotons, and can be characterized as a graviton flux also

An atom may be regarded as an assemblage of dynamic dipoles, each consisting of a negative charge in the electron shells and a positive charge in the nucleus. When a vacuum virtual graviton approaches the atom, the asymmetry of the dynamic dipoles separates the graviton into photon and antiphoton halves. The photon half by-and-largely interacts with the electron end of a dipole. The accompanying (and now separated) antiphoton "half" by andlargely reaches the nucleus end of the dipole, and interacts with it.

Suppose we have built up an excess of incoming antiphotons, as a special "looming" potential that unless otherwise redirected will reach the nucleus and interact with it. Now suppose that excess incoming antiphoton energy is suddenly reversed just prior to reaching the nucleus and redirected back out into the vacuum, away from the nucleus and without interacting with it. An interesting thing emerges: (i) the potential for excess mass (and the gradient excess gravitational force) in the nucleus was deliberately created and potentialized, but not allowed to deterministically occur (i.e., the "wavefunction did not collapse, so-to-speak), (ii) that "excess gravity potentiality" is actually a real potential in the "external circuit" connected to the nucleus, where the external circuit is that nearby vacuum flux, (iii) that "excess gravitation potentiality" was expelled from the region of the nucleus, without having interacted with the nucleus, (iv) this expulsion engenders the missing Newton's third law reaction from the nucleus, which momentarily and strongly attempts to prevent the change. In other words, the nucleus is suddenly evoked to furnish some of its own gravity force reaction and potential back to the vacuum, in an attempt to resist the sudden interruption and change in its "external circuit," and (v) this "expulsion of some of its normal gravity potential and force from the nucleus, is a priori a production of antigravity potential and antigravity force in, on, and of the nucleus.

Simply put, you can look at it like this. Form a positively changing excess gravity potential in the vacuum adjacent to the nucleus, as its "external circuit". [Remember, that's a dynamic, ongoing thing, and not just a "static formation."] Then sharply repulse that excess gravity potential, away from the nucleus. The ongoing initial action had begun the "circuit" process of furnishing excess gravitation to the nucleus. That was suddenly stopped and reversed. The nucleus was forced to react in order to try to prevent that action, which means it had to furnish some of its own "in processing" gravitational potential out to the interruption region. Well, ejection of some "gravity action" is exactly the same as production of some "antigravity action."

So local antigravitation actually is a fairly straightforward process: (i) formation of the immediately incoming potentiality for increased gravitation and gravitational force in the nucleus, (ii) sudden rejection of that potentiality prior to its consummation in the nucleus as gravitational force therein, and (iii) the subsequent (electrodynamically omitted in error!) Newtonian third law electrogravitational reaction by the nucleus to try to resist the change in its connected external "virtual vacuum flux circuit".

The point is, this is not just a speculative theory, but it has been demonstrated at least once in the laboratory (unfortunately in a device over which I had no control, and whose scientific exposé I also had no control of). The antigravitation theory, however, was and is totally my own. E.g., see Floyd Sweet and T.E. Bearden, "Utilizing Scalar Electromagnetics to Tap Vacuum Energy," Proceedings of the 26th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC '91), Boston, Massachusetts, 1991, p. 370-375. That paper shows the results of Sweet's successful laboratory experiment in which the weight of an object was smoothly and controllably reduced by 90% on the laboratory bench. For a 10% efficient process, it requires about 250 watts to levitate one pound at the earth's surface.

For every particle there exists an "antiparticle" with opposite properties such as the sign of its electrical charge.

Also refers to matter consisting of atoms which are composed of antiparticles (positrons, antiprotons, and antineutrons). Also loosely refers to the antiparticle corresponding to a particle. The antiparticle may be regarded as the particle traveling backward in time, or "phase conjugated." In present physics, the photon is recognized as its own antiparticle.

A counterpart to an ordinary fundamental particle, having identical mass lifetime and spin, but with charge and magnetic moment reversed in algebraic sign.

Note that when the charge is reversed, parity and time are also reversed. Thus, properly, the antiparticle is the phase conjugation of the particle, or just conjugate particle for short.

A time-reversed photon.

In physics presently, the photon is considered its own antiparticle, so that photon and antiphoton are one and the same. In the new approach, that is not quite true. First, one considers that a photon -- as is well known -- has the units of angular momentum. Thus it is made of "energy multiplied by time." We consider that the time-forward photon (i.e. a normal photon), is made of (+D E)(+D t). For some inexplicable reason physicists have neglected the fact that a photon carries an increment of time as well as an increment of energy! In our approach the antiphoton, being a time-reversed entity, must be composed differently. We have tentatively considered the antiphoton to be comprised of (- D E)(- D t). It will probably initially be necessary to take into account the fact that Minkowski geometry treats the T dimension as imaginary rather than simple arithmetic. We haven't had the lengthy time to work all of that out; perhaps one of the better theoreticians or one of the sharp young graduate students will do that and save us the trouble. At any rate, the requirement is that -- in a coupled photon-antiphoton pair (a graviton) -- the energies of photon and antiphoton must add spatially, while electromagnetically the translation forces (actually translation impulses) of photon and antiphoton must cancel or thwart each other. One insists on a strong interpretation of the distortion correction theorem in phase conjugate optics. In other words, we consider the "wave" as composed of photons, while the "antiwave" (phase conjugate replica) emitted by a phase conjugate mirror is composed of antiphotons. And we consider that the distortion correction theorem must apply to the wave's photons, so that the antiphotons are precisely superposing (coupling) and then decoupling as the wave and antiwave pass through each other in perfect spatial superposition. We feel that this "totally in phase spatially but totally antiphased temporally" concept is important; it is well-known, e.g., that in certain cases protons can pass right through other protons, as shown in certain colliding beam experiments.

Radiation emitted from an intensely scattering medium that is of greater intensity than the input radiation.

In other words, the medium gives off more energy than we have to put into it. This has been known since the 1930s and proven experimentally, but no real explanation has been forthcoming prior to now (where we have now explained it).

The radiation coming from an anti-Stokes emission process from an intensely scattering medium, where more energy flux is emitted than is input by the experimenter-operator.

In the past, there has just been "arm-waving" that the excess energy must come from the internal energy of the molecules. There seems to be no explanation at all of where the excess energy of the molecules must come from! Tacit silence on this "apparent" violation of energy conservation is held.

We quote from H.C. Dake and Jack DeMent. (1941) Fluorescent Light and Its Applications, Chemical Publishing Company, Inc., Brooklyn, New York, 1941. p. 51-52: "When a phosphor or other luminescent substance emits light, it gives in most cases an emission according to Stokes' Law. This law states that the wavelength of the fluorescent (emitted) light is always greater than the wavelength of the exciting radiation. It was first observed in 1852 in the memoir "On the Change of Refrangibility of Light," by Sir G.G. Stokes. In terms of energy the relationship states that e em < e ab. While Stokes' Law holds for the majority of cases, it does not hold in certain instances. In some cases the wave length is the same for both the absorbed and the emitted radiation. That is, the efficiency appears to be perfect or unity. This is known as resonance radiation. In other cases Stokes' Law does not hold where the energy emitted is greater than the energy absorbed. This is known as Anti-Stokes emission. In 1935 Prileshajewa showed that there is an energy difference as much as 1.1 v between the exciting light and the fluorescence of aniline vapor. This added energy is attributed to additions from the internal energy of the molecule."

There is no real problem of identifying the source of the excess energy, once one realizes that (i) every dipole is a broken symmetry in the vacuum exchange with the end charges of the dipole, and thus extracts virtual energy from the vacuum, integrates and orders it, and outputs it as Poynting energy density flow S = E� H. One then adds multiretroreflection and multiple passes of the S-flow, so that charges that intercept and collect energy from the S-flow can multiply connect from the same energy flow (on a given pass, only a tiny, tiny fraction -- nominally about 10- 13 -- of the Poynting energy flow is intercepted and interacted with by the collecting particle). Thus multiple collections from the same S-flow can be accomplished, if the S-flow is iteratively rerouted (as by retroreflection or phase conjugate reflection) across the collecting charges again and again.

In this fashion additional energy is collected in the collected volume, which increases the local collected energy density in that volume. In turn this increases the local potential of that volume. In turn that increases the Poynting S-flow from that potential acting as a dipole, because it increases the dipole strength and consequently the magnitude of the dipole's broken symmetry in its vacuum flux exchange.

The inefficiency of the process increases nonlinearly with increasing local potential, and faster than the buildup of local energy density occurs from multipass multicollection. When the inefficiency curve reaches the increasing broken symmetry energy extraction curve, then a point of equilibrium is reached. At that equilibrium point, the rate of energy diffusing out of the multipass region and escaping from the periphery of the system is equal to the rate of extraction of energy from the vacuum and flowing it out into as Poynting S-flow into the multicollection region and collecting it.

So we have described an open thermodynamic system, where there are two inputs of energy flow: (i) that by the operator-experimenter, and (ii) that from the vacuum via the dipolar broken symmetries. At equilibrium condition the total input energy rate is equal to the total energy escaping rate, and the conservation of energy law is rigorously upheld. However, this is an open thermodynamic system far from equilibrium, and so rigorously the nonlinear thermodynamics of such systems applies, rather than the normal equilibrium thermodynamics. As is well-known, the coefficient of performance for such open systems in disequilibrium, may permissibly be overunity, even greatly overunity.

Properly utilized, the overunity anti-Stokes emission can be made very large -- such as COP � 1200 in Patterson's adaptation. Puthoff (Hal is a good friend of mine!), here is the rigorous answer to your cogent "1 watt challenge" to free energy system inventors! The process and its overunity certification already exist in the hard science literature, being known and experimentally demonstrated for at least three decades.

The time-reversal (phase conjugation) of a reference wave.

A phase conjugate replica wave is a time-reversed replica of its referent wave. Hence it is the antiwave of the referent wave.

A scalar potential which is composed of, or partially contains, an artificially assembled bidirectional wave set.

See E.T. Whittaker, "On the Partial Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics," Mathematische Annalen, Vol. 57, 1903, p. 333-355 for proof that a "scalar potential" is actually a harmonic set of hidden bidirectional EM wave pairs. Each wavepair consists of a wave and its antiwave (true time-reversed replica wave).

If the external observer could see the waves in a hidden wavepair, he would see the "wave" going in one direction and the antiwave passing precisely through it in the other direction. In addition to Whittaker's sum set of biwaves, Ziolkowski added the product set in the mid-1980s. E.g., see Richard W. Ziolkowski, "Exact solutions of the wave equation with complex source locations," Journal of Mathematical Physics, 26(4), April 1985, p. 861-863; Rod Donnelly and Richard Ziolkowski, "A method for constructing solutions of homogeneous partial differential equations: localized waves," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A., Vol. 437, 1992, p. 673-692. Particularly see I.M. Besieris, A.M. Shaarawi, and R.W. Ziolkowski, "A bidirectional travelling plane wave representation of exact solutions of the scalar wave equation," Journal of Mathematical Physics, 30(6), 1989, p. 1254-1269.

Another way of defining an artificial potential is: A potential formed by or containing a subset formed by, deliberately summing nonzero force field vectors to a zero vector resultant. [Note that electrodynamicists routinely discard vector systems that sum to a zero resultant; not realizing that in doing so, they are discarding vacuum engines and a vastly extended electrogravitational dynamics!] The vector zero system of infolded nonzero vectors has a deterministic, internal stress pattern that is macroscopic. The type of potential made by the zero summation depends upon the type of force vectors summed. For example, summing electric field vectors to zero produces an electrostatic scalar potential; summing magnetic field vectors to zero produces a magnetostatic scalar potential of vacuum.

All potentials represents local warps or curvatures in vacuum/spacetime, and all artificial potentials contain internal, deterministic templates of nested internal spacetime curvatures. Curvature of spacetime interacts directly upon mass and physical systems embedded in it. Thus these deterministic, internested local spacetime curvatures of the artificial potential represent vacuum engines, or spacetime engines, and the artificial potential is said to be a dimensioned or activated potential. Any system exposed to and placed in such a vacuum spacetime engine, will have these hidden vacuum flux asymmetries interacting upon each and every part of it, down to and including the nuclei, the nucleons, and the quarks in the nucleons.

Change of either the scalar potential f or the vector potential A, but not both, so that a single excess force and a single change of system energy occurs in the system.

This violates the assumed Lorentz condition, and thus excess energy can enter the system, and an excess "free" force appears which can (if the system is adroitly designed) then translate to perform work upon the system to increase its (e.g. kinetic) energy, exhausting the excess regauging energy in the process and restoring symmetry.

In conventional EM theory, Maxwell's equations in potential formulation are in terms of two potentials, f (the scalar potential) and A (the vector potential). When Heaviside retranslated Maxwell's quaternion set of 20 equations in 20 unknowns, he transformed it (in potential form) into two equations where main variables f and A are not separated. Electrodynamicists, who until recently considered the potentials as not even real, but just mathematical figments and conveniences, then simply arbitrarily changed both f and A just precisely so that the extra force appearing in the system by the change of f was countered by an equal and opposite extra force also appearing in the system by the change of A. This type of symmetrical (no net force) regauging is known as the Lorentz condition.

Each asymmetrical (produces a nonzero excess net force) potential change (each half of the two asymmetrical regaugings that comprise the symmetrical regauging) also altered the overall energy of the system. However, that total energy change is "bottled up" as increased stress in the system, because no net translation force is available to be translated and produce excess "free work."

The Lorentz condition is just an assumption that the designer will be such a fool that he will not allow the equilibrium of the system to be broken! In that case, of course, ordinary equilibrium thermodynamics applies, and the system cannot produce COP>1.0. Prior to this Lorentz condition assumption and its absolutely arbitrary regauging, Maxwell's equations do include asymmetrical regauging and therefore open EM systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium; precisely those which violate the Lorentz condition (symmetric regauging) assumption.

Unknowingly the electrodynamicists arbitrarily discarded the entire Maxwellian class of overunity EM engines and circuits -- which class incorporates making a change in one potential(s) such that the Lorentz condition does not hold.

This is standard particle physics, although it appears to be totally missing from classical electrodynamics and it is not considered at all by circuit designers and analysts!

Every electric charge is a broken symmetry in the virtual particle flux exchange between the quantum mechanical (energetic) vacuum and the mass of that electric charge. The dipole is two different such asymmetries. As is well-known in particle physics (not in classical EM theory!) each such broken symmetry must "gate" out some of the vacuum energy. In short, the charge asymmetry "extracts" some vacuum energy from its normal "energetic exchange" with the vacuum flux, and puts it out in some form we call "observable" (capable of being measured; specifically, of being intercepted by electric charges so as to produce a force field across the charge and translate it).

Well, an electrical charge produces a flow of Poynting energy density S = E� H, which we (a little bit mistakenly) call "observable." [Actually it is an organized flow of virtual entities]. The spinning electron has its own magnetic moment and its ownE-field. Since (in one form) also E= - Ñ f , an "extracted and formed S= E� H is output by the charge asymmetry. This output S-flow also produces the f of the charge.

In classical electrodynamics (formed long before the notion of charged particles, atoms, and Poynting energy flow!) it is just recognized that "charge is the source of a potential." Actually charge extracts the energy flow from the vacuum flux, by its asymmetry in that flux, and puts it out as Poynting S-flow. That S-flow contains and carries the E-field, the H-field (spin field), and the f . Also, in particle physics and gauge theory it is well-known that no mass system can be in equilibrium anyway, unless the vacuum-to-mass interaction is incorporated! After CEM was formed, much later the atom was discovered and the electron was discovered. Much later then, particle physics and quantum mechanics came along. CEM theory has never been altered to include the necessary vacuum interaction, although it has been known for decades that CEM is totally wrong in this respect.

Here one poses a question to the sharp young graduate students: Why on earth does every university continue to teach a seriously flawed electrodynamics which does not include the vacuum/mass interaction, when the physics department at the same university knows full well that it must? Why is not such a fundamental and universal issue strongly raised and intensively discussed by our large, tax-exempt scientific organizations at their annual symposia? Why do not the national science foundations demand that serious work be done at all speed, to correct such known scientific deficiencies? What happened to science as the search for physical truth, and replaced it with "status quo" models or -- in some cases -- even dogma? It is an inexplicable mystery to me, and one to which I do not know the answer.

Suppose we run a normal EM wave into a phase conjugating mirror (PCM) with a gain of 1. By ordinary phase conjugate optics, the mirror then emits a backwards-traveling phase conjugate replica wave (PCR wave). According to the so-called "distortion correction theorem," that backwards traveling wave will travel backwards (as seen by the external observer) back over the exact route taken by the previous wave, and it will reappear in space precisely superposed spatially with the previous waves. If you examine the impulse (density) fields (i.e., Edt), then the forward-time wave contains Edt while the backward time wave contains E(- dt), which is just - Edt. So electromagnetically the E-fields seem to cancel, although they are still there and their energy is still there. One thus (simple case) will have a strange kind of standing wave wherein the local energy density of the vacuum varies (e.g., sinusoidally) as a function of distance, but a charged particle placed in it will not be translated! Rigorously, that is a gravitational standing wave. Since change in local energy density is also a curvature of spacetime, that is also a standing sinusoidal wave of the local curvature of spacetime. This is where electromagnetics and gravitation actually meet, and where electromagnetics can be utilized to produce gravitational waves. (Much more complex waves can be produced; this is just the simplest example).

E-fields (and B-fields) being propagated in a pair of opposite waves traveling "through" each other in opposite directions,

...where the two are "locked together" as a wave and its antiwave; i.e., as a "Whittaker biwave pair".

Gating (of energy flow, e.g.) in both directions simultaneously.

A wave and its antiwave, where each wave is moving in an opposite direction (standard assumption in phase conjugate physics).

In short, to the external observer the waves seem to be "moving through" each other; one from left to right, and the other from right to left; or one radially outward and the other radially inward. All scalar potentials were shown by Stoney and Whittaker to be comprised of a harmonic series of such "bidirectional traveling wave pairs."

In the charge-barrier semiconductor functioning, stopping or partially stopping the flow of current in a circuit, or between two points, without stopping the Poynting S-flow.

In ordinary usage, "stopping the progress of."

World renowned physicist and originator of the hidden variable theory interpretation of quantum mechanics.

Together with his student Aharonov, he co-authored a fundamental paper on the Aharonov-Bohm effect wherein interfering electromagnetic potentials can produce effects on charged particle systems, even at a distance and in the absence of the electromagnetic force fields.

A major interpretation of quantum mechanics, formulated by David Bohm and published in Physical Review in 1952.

See David J. Bohm, "A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of 'Hidden' Variables, I and II," Physical Review, 85(2), Jan. 15, 1952, p. 166-179 (Part I); 180-193 (Part II). Bohm's theory makes all the correct predictions and also eliminates many problems in quantum mechanics, such as the "measurement problem" and the -- now alarming -- problem of the missing chaos (i.e., the missing "hidden order.").

Ironically, the prevailing Copenhagen interpretation of the QM theory predicts that the organized macroscopic world does not exist, while Bohm's theory predicts it. [Question to the sharp young graduate student: How can one defend a scientific model which predicts that he himself does not exist? If one keeps one's sense of humor, it would seem that this has to be the greatest scientific faux pas of all time!] It may be that one unconscious reason that most physicists still oppose HVT is that it implies that physical reality can in fact be deterministically engineered. Most physicists would seem to fervently wish physical reality to stay "solid as a brick," with fixed "laws of nature," which can be leisurely discovered and then utilized comfortably, predictably, and sanely. The advent of HVT (which is just a matter of time; for decades the Russians have highly weaponized the HVT area!) dramatically alters our perception of "fixed physical reality" into that of an "engineerable, changeable" physical reality! I tentatively believe that the terrible psychological implications of such a potential development is something that most scientists do not wish to cope with -- we simply do not have the Gestalt for it. On the other hand, the Russian national psychology is such that they do have the Gestalt for it. The Russian energetics -- which I have long referred to as scalar electromagnetics -- basically utilizes the infolded ordering inside the potential to create "direct patterns of vacuum flux", hence vacuum engines. And it also utilizes the quantum potential, including internally structuring the QP, to enable instantaneous action-at-a-distance in multiple simultaneous locations and nodes, with stupendous and automatic energy amplification.

By deterministically "patterning" the internal structuring of the scalar potential, one can directly form such vacuum engines. Whittaker showed in 1904 that any EM field pattern whatsoever can be expressed as two scalar potentials, rather than thecommon f and A representation. This means that any EM wave is simply the "interference" (between the hidden biwave structures) of two scalar potentials, even at a distance. By properly structuring an EM signal (i.e., structuring the two potentials into which it can be decomposed), the resulting EM signal -- appearing normal on the surface -- nonetheless now transports special vacuum engines deliberately designed to perform some particular internal task in mass systems, electronic systems, or humans when it strikes a target at a distance. I refer to this "internal structuring" of the Stoney/Whittaker/Ziolkowski internal biwaves and their products, as dimensioning of the potential(s), and hence of the EM carrier wave. The Russians call it the information content of the field; but our own scientists tend to erroneously interpret that phrase as ordinary spectral analysis. In other words, they erroneously continue to regard EM vacuum engines as if they were ordinary EM signals.

A component or process which passes Poynting S-flow between two isolated circuits, but does not pass dq/dt between them, and which breaks the normal rigidly field-locked power dissipations in the two circuits.

Space itself would appear to be one such bridge.

The function of passing Poynting S-flow between two isolated circuits, but not passing dq/dt between them, while simultaneously breaking any normal rigidly field-locked power dissipations in the two circuits.

Simply a change in the amplitude of the entire potential,

(i.e., to every internal biwave pair comprising it) at some point or in some region of space, as compared to changing the amplitude of only one or a few of the internal biwave pairs of the potential, without changing all the rest.

In electrical theory, a resistor to pass current by (in parallel to) some other component.

If other effects such as use of the overpotential, pumped phase conjugate reflection, quantum wells, quantum tunneling, and charge blocking are added, the function of the bypass resistor becomes extremely complicated.

Electrical charge q is defined as q � mqf q, to first order.

The second term, f _q, can be further broken down into a set of dipoles if the gathering of a virtual charge screen in the vacuum, surrounding the mass of the "bare charge" inside the gathering, is included. At firs t order, f _q can be expressed (particle view) as a change in the local vacuum virtual photon flux (VPF), due to the VPF exchange between vacuum and m_q. The f _q componen t is actually the "electrical charge" and massless of itself, since it is totally a virtual photon flux.

A charged particle of mass is thus a little energy flow generator. It is a broken symmetry in the local VPF, and therefore has an "observable" energy flow output, extracted and gated from the asymmetry in the VPF. This "observable" energy flow outputs the well-known Poynting energy flow S in classical EM, though CEM does not recognize or include this vacuum interaction. It does just assume that the "charge" q is the source of a potential. When originally formed as a concept, q was just a "quantity of electric fluid," like a "cubic centimeter of fluid," etc. The atom and the electron had not yet been discovered.

Anything which contains charges and can move.

Can be an electron, a bunch of electrons fixed in a moving dielectric, etc.

The moving charge (i.e., the current dq/dt) with an S-flow streaming onto it and on beyond, carries its interaction with that S-flow right along with it in the current i = dq/dt. This is what the charge's "excess collected energy" consists of, and this is how the collected/collecting, repeat collected/collecting energy in the circuit is transported to the collected-energy dissipation sites (loads and losses).

Holding charges "pinned" or "trapped" by a barrier or force, so that they do not flow as i = dq/dt.

A process or component or function which blocks the movement of charges q as current dq/dt.

A quantum well which has more charge-blocking action in one direction than the other, and is thus "asymmetric" in its function.

It may also be dynamic, so that it changes in its degree (and/or its direction) of action as a function of time.

Classical EM theory is simply classical electrodynamics.

Quantal Electrodynamics is known as quantum electrodynamics. These are standard terms for standard disciplines.

Ordinary electromagnetics, of the kind used in ordinary EM circuits.

e.g. Primarily refers to Maxwellian electrodynamics as reinterpreted by Heaviside, Gibbs, Hertz, and a few others.

Classical electrodynamics theory.

Essentially Maxwell's electrodynamics at root basis, with the background supporting classical theory.

A system that does not communicate with its environment, and does not exchange energy or matter between system and environment.

Ordinary thermodynamics is applied to a closed (isolated) system or one in equilibrium in its exchange with its environment. A priori, such an equilibrium system can output only what excess energy is input into it and collected by the system. When the system collects the excess input energy, this momentarily breaks the equilibrium (the system is not isolated) and breaks the symmetry (it is an asymmetrical regauging). Subsequent output of that excess collected energy (as power in the loads and losses) from the system is a second, equal and opposite asymmetrical regauging of the system which restores symmetry, equilibrium, and the Lorentz condition.

Occurring or existing together.

Every photon remains perfectly ordered! A conglomerate (group) of photons, however, may be arranged in almost an infinite variety of orderings, groupings, directions, etc. -- which we refer to as templates and as hierarchies (group orderings) of photons.

In a pure energy flow (energy transport), the "herd" of photons is organized along the flow direction. Regardless of how one scatters or "disorders" this patterning of the "herd" or "hierarchical ordering" of photons, not one single bit of the underlying energy and individual photon ordering is lost. So when one "uses" energy (e.g., scatters the hierarchical ordering of a photon herd from a resistor as heat), one does not lose any energy at all, but simply has "scrambled" the hierarchical ordering of the photons into a new herd configuration (which may be varying every which way!). The point here is the real meaning of the fundamental conservation of energy law: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed!

When you "use" one joule of energy to perform one joule of work (say, in a single-pass, scattering), you still have exactly that one joule of energy left. It can still do another single pass joule of work, then another, then another, and so on. If you plan things right, you can use a single joule of work to perform many joules of work, contrary to what we were so strongly taught in the "single-pass, single collection, single dissipation" examples given to us in university as the "law" of God and electrodynamics.

Note that the conventional work-energy theorem assumes single pass, single collection, and single dissipation of a joule of energy to perform a single joule of work. The point is, that is not a limitation of nature, but a limitation of a single process! Nature regularly uses a joule of energy to do multiple joules of work, because after you dissipate or scatter the energy the first time, it's still there and later will be intercepted to do some more work.

Anti-Stokes emission, the Patterson Power Cell, Lawandy's lasing without population inversion, and some gas-filled tubes with anti-Stokes emission are examples of known, validated overunity processes (processes with coefficient of performance greater than unity). These all use multipass, multicollection, multidissipation in iterated manner, to increase dipole asymmetry and therefore produce excess extraction of energy from the vacuum. Patterson's unit, e.g., has been independently measured by universities at efficiencies of some 1200 or so. This absolutely does not violate the laws of physics nor the nonequilibrium thermodynamics of open systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium.

A scalar potential formed without use of artificial substructuring of its internal biwaves and their products.

In other words, one in which it is assumed that its virtual particle flux has no ordering, but is just a randomized flux. This assumption (e.g., of quantum mechanics indirectly) is incompatible by the Whittaker demonstration that (i) a scalar potential is a bunch of bidirectional EM wave pairs, and thus not a scalar entity at all, and (ii) perfect ordering of its wave components exists inside the scalar potential. If one then insists that these hidden EM waves are comprised of hidden photons, then it follows that the photons exist as continually coupling and uncoupling photon/antiphoton pairs, or continually forming and unforming gravitons as the wave and antiwave continually pass through each other.

Ratio of energy out, divided by that portion of the total energy input that is input by the operator or experimenter.

The COP is thus a measure of "efficiency of using the operator or experimenter's input energy" to produce -- or direct the production of -- useful work. Note that he can direct the use of his own input energy, as almost all our present systems do. Better yet, he can also direct the use of some external free flow of energy into the system, so that he gets lots more work out of the system than he has to put in himself. Only a few of our systems -- such as solar cells, sails on sailboats, waterwheels to power mills, and windmills -- are such Maxwell's demons (open systems

Refers to concepts of fields as the curl of some vector potential;

e.g., the B field as the curl of the A-potential, given by B = Ñ � A.

Consideration, or data considered, or information considered, or action considered, or result considered.

A matter wave, conceived by Louis de Broglie.

The quantum mechanics wave associated with a particle of matter, which can give rise to interference effects. An orbital electron in an atom is associated with a standing de Broglie wave on a Bohr orbit. De Broglie waves always move faster than the speed of light, the speed being given by c²/v, where c is the velocity of light in vacuum and v is the velocity of the particle of mass. De Broglie wave velocities thus vary from the speed of light to infinite speed (everywhere at once). In his speech accepting the Nobel Prize, de Broglie emphasized that, since these waves produce real physical effects, they are real and must not be regarded simply as mathematical conveniences.

In space of dimensions greater than four, the rotating of an object or entity away from its line of motion, in the direction of a dimension at right angles to the line of travel in the observer's three-space.

The Lorentz transform in special relativity, e.g., is just a formula for this kind of rotation. The notion is that, if you allow a spacetime of greater than four dimensions, by continuing to rotate ever more away from the original line of travel, the rotated object loses one observable dimension for every orthorotation. Hence with three "departing" orthorotations it becomes a "nonobservable point" to the normal observer, but one that would be moving at speed c³. A single orthorotation would make the 3-dimensional object a two-dimensional plane moving at speed c. In short, a photon is just a particle (such as an electron) that is orthorotated once (toward the time axis). The concept was originally formed to allow a physical modeling grasp on a "mental" object as compared to a "physical" object. Such an approach can be used to model both mind and matter, and such approaches have been used by Russian energetics in that branch of it called psychoenergetics. It is possible to directly engineer the mind, thought, and memory also, but that is the realm of Russian energetics and beyond our consideration in this paper.

The exact arrangement, by plan and deterministic action, of a group of entities.

E.g., of the photons in a "herd" or "group" of them. Or by the virtual photons in the vacuum flux, or comprising a change to that vacuum flux that is called a "potential." I have called this function -- of a deterministic patterning or templating of the virtual flux (particle view) of the potential -- dimensioning the potential.

Literally, "against electric (current),"

...originally coined to mean "opposes the flow or conduct of electric fluid."

Non-conducting material used to oppose or prevent the flow of electric charges. Even empty vacuum exhibits a dielectric resistance. "Dielectric" is also used to refer to a nonconducting material (often used between the metal plates of a capacitor or elsewhere) which can (i) sustain a change in potential across a distance (i.e., an E-field), and (ii) serve as an insulator. Space itself is a dielectric, or at least it is said to exhibit certain dielectric qualities.

A certain primary geometrical physical attribute,

...such as length, used to describe the separational relationships of physical phenomena. By "geometrical" we mean that the "dimension" is considered to "exist" in either the presence or absence of the observable physical phenomenon; however, by agreement the dimension itself is not directly observable. It can be inferred ("measured"), however, by comparative operations of simple devices such as clocks and metersticks, and its simplistic definition is usually given as "that which has measurable magnitude." Prescribed measuring procedures are used to assign magnitudes to these inferred dimensions, using specific scales. Actually, "dimension" just means "fundamental quantity of separation" and "geometry" in the most general sense. The number of dimensions taken in advanced physics usually represents a somewhat arbitrary choice for good modeling fit. In modern Kaluza-Klein theory, for example, it becomes necessary to accept some 10 or 11 dimensions in the usual case. General relativity has incorporated the interaction of the abstract geometry (spacetime) with mass, but has not included the internal structuring of potentials and energy, necessary to complete the GR description as an engineering science. Consequently it has largely remained a nonexperimental discipline, at least in the laboratory.

This is an artificial term I use to mean "forming a pattern or 'template'

(i.e., deliberate form or structure) in the virtual photon flux of the vacuum or of the virtual photon flux comprising a scalar potential."

Dimensioning potentials or signals or carrier waves also involves adding hidden vacuum engines to them. I chose the descriptive term dimensioning because adding such templates (hidden vacuum engine structures) is equivalent to increasingthe EM topology by adding dimensions. Since an EM wave or field or vector potential can be decomposed into two scalar potentials, then by "dimensioning" one or both of the scalar potentials one can "infold" the desired hidden structures or patterns (vacuum engines) inside an EM carrier wave, EM field, or vector potential. So I called this dimensioning those entities. Russian energetics refers to it simply as adding the information content of the field. The importance of the dimensioning concept is that one has not formed mere "signals," instead, one has formed vacuum engines. If a receiving object receives a signal, it may or may not act upon that "signal information." If it receives a vacuum engine, however, the engine (structured local spacetime flux) directly acts upon it. The receiving object has absolutely no choice in that action occurring. The only way in which the action of a vacuum engine (dimensioned carrier entity) can be resisted is to create and simultaneously introduce the exact antiengine for it.

In the simplest case, two separated charges of (usually equal and) opposite sign.

As a general definition, a localized positive charge or charge distribution, and a localized negative charge or charge distribution, such that the net charge summation is zero, but wherein the positive and negative charge distributions do not superpose. We point out, however, that in regular physics electrical charge has no proper definition. Try looking it up in several physics dictionaries. Then check our definition of electrical charge. Each end of the dipole is a broken symmetry in the virtual photon flux of the vacuum, and each end produces a Poynting energy density flow S. Of the two simultaneous flows, one flows outward and the other flows inward.

Occurring in a finite size, fixed as a function of one or more variables.

So long as the same value(s) of the variable(s) are selected, the discretized entity is always the same size. However, if the value(s) of the determining variables are changed, the value of the discretized quantity may change so that it is not a whole number multiple of the former entity. Compare this to a quantized entity, where the values of the variable(s) are held to those wherein the entity will always be a multiple of one of a fixed size.

"If a scalar wave E1(r) propagates from left to right through an arbitrary but lossless dielectric medium, and if we generate in some region of space [say near z = 0] its phase conjugate replica E2(r), then E2 will propagate backward from right to left through the dielectric medium, remaining everywhere the phase conjugate of E1."

Quoted from Amnon Yariv, Optical Electronics, 3rd Edn., Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1985, p. 500-501.

The "free" electrons that have broken loose from their atoms in a conductor, and are thus free to "wander around" and "migrate" -- or flow as current when exposed to an emf.

Also called the electron gas, or Drude electron gas. Named after the German physicist Paul Drude who died in 1906, who formulated Drude's theory of metallic resistance based on EM theory and his own theory of electrons.

Electronic Countermeasures.

Electric Field.

(1) All the laws of physics are equally valid in all inertial frames of reference,

(3) the observable local effects of a gravitational field are indistinguishable from those arising from acceleration of the frame of reference.

The first is called the special relativity principle, the second is called the law of light propagation, and the third is called the equivalence principle. It is now known that postulates (1) and (2) are not independent of each other. Note that the third postulate implies that any local force is due to a "gravitational field" (acceleration of the frame of reference). It also implies that gravitational force has a mechanism, since quantum mechanics assigns a differential operator, operating upon a potential, to create every force. By extended inference, it can be seen that the third postulate also implies that there should exist a method to turn any type of force (field) into gravitational force (field).

The Russian physicist Sakharov has strongly postulated that gravitation is not even a fundamental field of physics, of the kind used by Maxwell in his electrodynamics. Instead, G-field is always comprised of, and made from, other fields and interactions upon them. Indeed, such has always been implicit in general relativity, it just took the courage of a Sakharov to formally propose it. E.g., see A.D. Sakharov, "Vacuum Quantum Fluctuations in Curved Space and the Theory of Gravitation," Soviet Physics Doklady, Vol. 12, No. 11, 1968, p. 1040-1041 [English translation.] Sakharov's article (in Russian) in Doklady. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Vol. 177, 1967, p. 70-71.

Now let us do a little "tinkering" with Einstein's postulates. For the first one, we point out that the notion of an inertial frame now has acquired additional complexity! The "gross translation" effects -- which tends to be what physics ultimately focuses upon -- can remain the same, and yet vacuum engines be buried up inside the inertial frame. Everything translation-wise can remain the same, but now matter can be transmuted and transformed, etc., still right there in an inertial frame. It is as if the notion of "inertial frame" has acquired a higher topology. Special relativity can remain special relativity on the surface, and yet effects occur "within" the objects postulated to exist in this inertial frame. The "inertial frame" itself is now a sort of special "equilibrium case" of a higher topology "frame" notion.

For the second one, that postulate now stands as a "special case" of a far more general postulate. It actually defines (and limits) "light" to bulk changes in the entire vacuum potential magnitude. It only applies to light signals which are "bulk upheaval" disturbances of the vacuum potential (spacetime). Specifically it need not apply to the "inner realm" infolded inside the vacuum potential, other potentials, signal carriers, etc. Superluminal communication is now included in this "hidden variable" communication. So the second postulate needs to be restated to include the present statement as a special case. Notice that the concepts "light" and "speed of light" have now taken on much richer, extended meanings. Light now is not just the "external perturbation wave" in the medium, it can also be an "internal perturbation wave" which does not show on the "surface" at all. It now includes the transmission of an extraordinary "vacuum engine" as well as the usual transmission of just an ordinary signal.

The third postulate has also been dramatically extended and requires revision. As presently stated, the antigravity effect we specify in this glossary has not been included in present physics heretofore. The "gravitational effects and external accelera ted effects" notion is still founded purely on ordinary bulk translation. Now it need not be. For example, the system can appear to be an ordinary system, as judged by normal "external light" observation. Yet its internal vacuum engines can cause l ocal violation of most so-called "laws of nature." The reason a "law of nature" can be violated is that one is now able to violate the premises upon which it is postulated, and which are required to hold if the law is to hold.

So as we've said so many times before, the internal EM dramatically changes the present theories of electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, and general relativity. Further, for the first time it allows an engineering approach which simultaneously crosses, includes, and extends all three disciplines. The approach can be placed into good models, and the models can be tested and verified or falsified.

Mathematical theory of gravitation in which the gravitational force is mathematically described by a curvature in space or spacetime.

In other words, the geometry and its dynamics have become physical agents.

The conventional definition is this: "1. a region in space in which a stationary electric charge experiences a force due to its charge. 2. the electric force per unit test charge." Dictionary of Science and Technology, ibid., p. 720. Well, that definition is very, very flawed. Take part 1. An electric field is not a region in space. Period. That would make field and "region in space" synonymous. The part 1 describes what happens if this field is present at a point in space , and if a charge (with mass) is there. That has nothing to do with what an electric field is; it just tells one thing that it does to charged mass. Further, the force on a particle is not due to its charge; it has that charge always, whether or not there is a force evidenced on it!

Part 2 is a little better. Only problem is, it totally disagrees with part 1! in other words, here it's a "force on a charge", which does not necessarily have to follow from "region of space." Hopefully the reader can now begin to see what terrible difficulties await one who seriously attempts foundations definitions. An additional difficulty is that the very notion of a separate massless force independent of the mass on which it operates, is fictitious. Let us start with the definition of force: F � d/dt(mv). As can be seen, force is a system comprised of (i) a mass component and (ii) a nonmass component. The force is not something separate from the mass, at all! Further, force is not even unitary! It's a system comprised of two coupled components; the mass and a coupled (interacting) gradient in a potential flux. Note that v involves motion through, and interaction with, the virtual flux comprising the vacuum potential. Note that dv/dt involves a gradient in that flux interaction with the mass. Unfortunately mechanics is still using the medieval concept of a "separate force acting upon a separate mass." That is wrong, unless we change the fundamental definition of force itself. See, e.g., Robert Bruce Lindsay and Henry Margenau, Foundations of Physics, Dover Publications, New York, 1963, p. 283, where the authors emphasize that a "field of force" at any point is actually defined only for the case when a unit mass is present at that point.

See Dipole.

A specialist in electrodynamics,

...the physics of the relationships between electric, magnetic, and mechanical phenomena -- and especially a specialist in electrodynamics theory.

Extremely Low Frequency.

Electromagnetics.

The notion that there exist forces in the vacuum, so that the set of forces at a set of spatial points forms a force field.

This ignores the fact that mass is a component of force, and the presence of a force requires the presence of a mass. When Maxwell formed his electrodynamics theory, he and almost everyone else believed a thin material ether pervaded empty space. Thus there was a "material medium" in which electromagnetic fields existed, and so it followed that real forces existed in this material medium, from point to point. Heaviside, Hertz, and Gibbs reduced Maxwell's 20 quaternion equations to the present four, but did not change the force field assumption used by Maxwell. Heaviside detested the "mystical" potentials favored by Maxwell, and believed they were figments of one's imagination. He regarded the forces as the primary EM causes. Yet even while Heaviside et al. were retranslating and topologically reducing Maxwell's theory dramatically, the Michelson-Morley experiment in the 1880s had already destroyed the material ether on which those same force fields were based. For a succinct discussion of potentials versus forcefields as the primary EM causes, see Y. Aharonov and D. Bohm, "Significance of Electromagnetic Potentials in the Quantum Theory," Physical Review, Second Series, 115(3), 1959, p. 485-491. See also Y. Aharonov and D. Bohm, "Further considerations on electromagnetic potentials in the quantum theory," Physical Review, 123(4), Aug. 15, 1961, p. 1511-1524.

Whatever generates electromagnetics, particularly the fields.

Whittaker showed in 1904 that the interferometry of two scalar potentials (i.e., of their hidden multiwave structures) can create all classical EM fields, no matter how complex.

The Russian term for what I have called scalar electromagnetics,

...using artificially constructed Whittaker internal biwave structures to make activated potentials that have specific, desired "vacuum engines."

The activated potential containing these vacuum engine structures is said to have been dimensioned. These potentials can be combined to form EM carrier waves which contain the hidden vacuum engines. These vacuum engines, scalar Whittaker EM interferometry, and activation of vacua and matter are used to perform unified field engineering.

Russian energetics also adds the formation and use of the quantum potential, enabling (i) instantaneous action at a distance with multiple separated target nodes, (ii) essentially limitless direct energy amplification in the assembly of receiving nodes, without additional energy input at the initiating node, and (iii) engineering of hidden variables inside distant targets, instantaneously, without transmission as such through space. In addition, the quantum potential itself can be dimensioned, so that vacuum engines can be instantaneously transmitted into distant targets, altering their local spacetimes to contain the desired engine(s). Note that no intervening barrier can "impede" or "shield" a quantum potential because it does not travel through space as such; it just appears everywhere at once that it will be.

Adding to classical EM theory, general relativity, and quantum mechanics the internal EM energy in the scalar EM potential will generate a superset of each discipline. These three new supersets are unified in their common internal EM energy subset. As a bonus mind, personality, memory, and deep biological cellular and system control are also available, since the internal energy domain is used by biological systems for these living functions. Energetics thus is an engineerable, unified field theory of physics and metaphysics.

Russian energetics is largely still a "secret" science, developed over the last five decades and highly weaponized. In the Russian scheme the overall area is called energetics. It consists of three subsets: (i) energetics, which applies to nonliving systems, (ii) bioenergetics, which applies to the physical bodies, cells, chemistry, genetics, etc. of living organisms, and (iii) psychoenergetics, which applies directly to the minds, personalities, memories, emotions, and perceptions of living systems.

Well, here we have a real bucket of worms. This term is either totally misdefined (as in the nostrum that "energy is the capacity to work") in physics, which defines energy as the "ability to scatter itself or change its own form" which obviously are not identities! A common definition is given as "a quantity that describes the capacity to do work; commonly divided into three major classifications: kinetic (dynamic) energy, potential (static) energy, and radiant (electromagnetic) energy.

E.g., see R.B. Lindsay, "The concept of energy and its early historical development." Foundations of Physics, 1(4), 1971, p. 383-393. Lindsay investigates the concept of energy from its early historical origin. The root of the concept is the notion of invariance in the midst of change. Lindsay covers the concept and its evolvement (or lack thereof!) from ancient times through the 18th century.

The real problem is that the notion of energy implicitly involves the age-old unresolved philosophical problem of change, posed by Heraclitus over 3,000 years ago and unresolved to this day. It cannot be solved within the realm of Aristotelian logic! One way of posing it is something like this, after Heraclitus: "For a thing to change, it must turn into something else. How can a thing be itself and something else also? How can a thing have changed, and yet not have changed?" The problem is that Aristotelian logic has a serious flaw of omission; it actually implicitly assumes a fourth law, which is the age-old philosopher's nightmare that, when a thing is pursued to the limit, it invariably turns into its own oppositive. So in anguish the philosophers spoke of this nightmare as the "accursed necessity for the identity of opposites."

I did resolve the philosophers' nightmare some years ago, by adding a fourth law of logic to the Aristotelian three, which completes and extends Aristotelian logic. E.g., see Appendix III: "A Conditional Criterion for Identity, Leading to a Fourth Law of Logic," in T.E. Bearden, AIDS: Biological Warfare, Tesla Book Company, Chula Vista, California, 1988, p. 428-443. A simple proof of the fourth law is given in the reference. For a much more elegant treatment of a higher topology logic, which is also practical and useful, see G. Spencer Brown, Laws of Form. Julian Press, New York, 1972. For a proper perspective on mathematics and on Aristotelian logic, see Morris Kline, Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty, Oxford University Press, New York, 1980.

What this all means is that, since "energy" involves a logical contradiction in Aristotelian logic, we must "define" energy in two oppositive ways: (i) in the wave view and (ii) in the particle view. However, we point out that the notion of a "moving particle" is the notion of something considered momentarily as fixed (i.e., the particle), but which is immediately thereafter (in time snapshot #2) considered as moving. The notion of a "moving wave" is also a similar thing; i.e., "a wave" momentarily considers the entity as static and not changing (in time snapshot #1), and in the next moment (time snapshot #2) considers it as moving (changing). We can only point out this dichotomy for the reader to reflect upon and hopefully to grasp. The conscious mind is a serial processor; it is extremely fast but still perceives snapshot by snapshot, serially. The problem is in the operation of conscious perception itself, not in nature which is not limited to just serial processing.

The unconscious mind is a massively parallel processor, so it can have many "different slides in the slide projector" at the same time. So with our conscious mind's perception (Aristotelian logic is just a model of that, using single photon interaction as the physical observation mechanism) we see in terms of "either-or". On the other hand, with our unconscious we can also grasp the fact that single snapshot A can be the same thing as a totally different snapshot B, if the rules of "decision as to identity" are changed between snapshot A and snapshot B. Suppose that by "identity" we mean "incapable of being discriminated between." Is a black marble identical to a red marble, e.g.? It is perceived so if you are color blind. It is perceived not to be identical if you are not color blind.

The unconscious (massively parallel) perception can handle both snapshots simultaneously. The conscious mind only can see a single marble at a time, so it will see one or the other. In a third time interval it will recall from memory the first perception, compare it with the memory of the second perception (say, by simple detailed subtraction), and then decide whether object A is perceived to be identical to object B. The unconscious (massively parallel processor) can handle both snapshots at the same time. It can see both the identity of the two, to a color-blind "identity decision process" and also the nonidentity of the two, to a color-sensitive "identity decision process." Again, nature is not limited to the single-snapshot, serial perception process of our conscious (serial) processor!

Unfortunately, in physics and mathematics we seem to still be thoroughly confused on this very perception issue. Brown's work may be the first work to straighten that thing out satisfactorily. My own independent effort was successful but much cruder than Brown's. We bring all this out because when you deeply look into foundations and true definitions, you will directly confront the philosopher's nightmare and your conscious mind will never be able to resolve the problem. Your unconscious can easily resolve it.

Just as a small example, the question of "is it a wave or a particle" once raged as a great debate in physics, and was never resolved. Instead, physicists just finally shook hands and agreed to quit arguing and fighting about it, and accept that the same entity could sometimes act as a particle, and in other cases it could act as a wave, and that as it existed in the present, before observation, it was somehow both a wave and a particle but we couldn't see its true nation (in that fashion). The key, of course, is that the question was posed in "either-or" form (Aristotelian logic form), and it cannot be answered in that reduced logic. Instead, a higher topology logic is required. Brown's logic answers it easily, as does my own four law superset of Aristotelian logic. In the present, e.g., we have masstime and not mass. Just after a photon is emitted, we have mass and not masstime. The latter process consumates "observation." The point is, the true entity does exist in a small increment of time, and is not a spatial entity but is a spatiotemporal entity. If the "interaction" process tears off its "time-tail," it is converted to a "spatial entity" and therefore seems to be a particle. If the "interaction" process does not remove the time-tail, it remains a spatiotemporal entity and therefore seems to be a wave. The concept of particle is 3-spatial concept. The concept of wave involves time also. No wave can exist and "be a wave or wavelike" unless it has some time to "be waving" in!

So we define energy (particle view) as any virtual particle flux, where that automatically considers a single particle in translation as well as multiple particles in their myriad of translations. We define energy (wave view) as any wave flux, where that automatically considers a single wave in translation as well as multiple waves in their myriad of translations. Now note that one is going to have to deal with, and discriminate between, energy, energy flow, energy collection, and collected-energy dissipation.

The passage of energy, in any form, in one direction or generally in one direction.

Note that this flow may be the overall movement of an omnidirectional energy flux, or it may be the movement of waves, or both. If the flow is everywhere the same, or even approximately the same, we often speak of the entire "flow" as just "energy." Often energy flow is also considered to have occurred from a region of more intense energy flux to a region of less intense energy flux, and vice versa. In other words, energy divergence or convergence is also considered as energy flow. As can be seen, the usage of the term "energy flow" is not quite so precisely defined in physics! It isn't going to be, at least not in ordinary Aristotelian logic terms.

The passage of energy flow, in any form, through a unit area, and in any direction (usually all directions).

This includes both passage in a single direction, or passage in multiple directions at once.

In electromagnetics, exposure of an interceptor/collector, e.g., a charged particle, into an impinging Poynting S-flow.

Energy collection is not a thing which "has been accomplished" and finished; instead, it is an ongoing process.

Note now that, if you perform or consider or impose any sort of ordering at all in the energy flow/flux, rigorously you have just implied an energy collection/collecting process. The energy part of a photon, e.g., would seem not to be "energy" per se. Instead, it is an energy collection/collecting, and a time collection/collecting as well. Yet that energy part is energy also! [Not to worry! Energy and energy-collecting, contrasted as oppositives, become identities at the extreme boundary separating the two concepts. That boundary is the photon concept. Aristotelian logic does not apply on the boundary, which violates the Aristotelian law of the excluded middle.] More reasonably, a charged capacitor does not have "stored energy" per se in it, in the sense of "so many chunks of energy called joules". Instead, it has an ongoing energy collection/collecting process, where the asymmetry in the local vacuum flux exchange, of the dipole across the capacitor plates, continually extracts and "gates" a Poynting flow of energy from the capacitor dipole. That S-flow bathes all the trapped charges in the capacitor. The S-flow interaction with the trapped charges creates the E-field and all the rest.

This is a misnomer, broadly used in physics and somewhat erroneous.

There is really no such thing as "energy dissipation" per se. Instead, there is the dissipation of collected/collecting energy, to be more precise. It is the collecting process, not the energy, that is dissipated. Only collected/collecting energy can be dissipated. With that understood, then dissipation of collected energy is simply removing the "collector" from the Poynting energy density flow impinging upon it to cause the collecting process to occur.

There are two ways in which this "collected energy" dissipation can occur: (i) the collector is moved out of the impinging S-stream, or (ii) the S-stream impinging on the collector is reduced to zero. Note that "changing the form" of the energy -- i.e., changing the collector and the type of collecting -- involves both conditions (i) and (ii). Thus energy is dissipated when the collector/collecting is changed. In the conventional, less accurate statement, work is performed when "the form of the energy is changed." That now should be stated as "work is performed when the collector in the S-stream is changed to a different collector, because the first collector must be removed from the S-flow or the S-flow removed from it.

In physics we also consider that "positive" work by a body is work it does on something else, while "negative" work is work done upon the body by something else. We specifically emphasize that collection/collecting need not be a unitary, one-time occurrence! The Poynting S-flow impinging upon a collector roars on by it at something like the speed of light. The S-flow is diminished by only about 10- ¹³ (the nominal energy collecting fraction) as it flows onto, and on beyond a coulomb of charge. If that departing S-flow is then retroreflected or otherwise returned to roar back through again, additional energy collection/collecting can and does occur from it. This can be repeated many times. Also, after the collected fraction of energy is dissipated, we can also retroreflect it back and reuse it again. This too can be repeated many times.

So we must be careful of the present work-energy theorem, which is a special case and assumes only a single pass of the S-flow in the "collection/collection" of energy that "changes form." If we institute additional passes, with additional "collection/collecting of energy, then we can collect and "use" a little more energy from all that enormous S-flow that otherwise would escape us. If we dissipate some of the collected energy, then also intercept the departing dissipated energy flow and return it, we can collect some of the S-flow again and then dissipate that new collection again. And so on. One can permissibly get many joules of "work" from a single joule of energy by iterative retroreflection, iterative collection, and iterative dissipation, without violating the conservation of energy law. This is one of the major secrets of overunity energy processes. It is proven by the overunity anti-Stokes emission from an intensely scattering, optically active medium, as in the Lawandy experiment and in his patented process for lasing without population inversion. It is also proven by Patterson's adaptation of anti-Stokes emission.

Let's do a gedanken experiment, where we do not even apply the nominal 10- ¹³ energy collection fraction. Let's just conventionally say "energy flow," "energy collection," and "energy dissipation," and ignore the "collection fraction." Since we are talking theoretically, we can have a perfect system. So we have a closed system, which we open to input some energy into. The system then opens in the load to dissipate all the energy back to the environment, thereby doing work. Now suppose I passively (i.e., without any input energy of my own, by perfect retroreflection) return all the dissipated energy back to the input once again. We simply let it flow back in, the system collects it again, and then dissipates it again -- giving us the same amount of work we had the first time. Then we do it again. And again. I think you get the picture. The fact that energy can neither be created or destroyed, but only changed, means that the "same energy" can be recycled over and over. One has to have two different actions: one that dissipates the energy so we get some work, and the other that retroreflects and recovers the dissipated energy so that we can recycle it and dissipate it again. In principle, by recycling of energy one can get many joules of work from a single joule of energy. Nature does it every day! Every joule of energy formed at the initial "Big Bang," is still with us. Every joule of it has on the average already performed many joules of work since then. And as we stated, the anti-Stokes emission process is a concrete example and demonstration that the energy recycling process can be accomplished in physical systems, so that the systems permissibly exhibit COP>1.0.

Thermodynamics term representing a measure of a system's capacity to undergo spontaneous change.

Entropy is given by dS = dQ/T, where dS is an infinitesimal change in entropy for a system absorbing an infinitesimal quantity of head dQ at absolute temperature T. In statistical mechanics, entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system and is given by S = k lnP + C, where S is the value of entropy (disorder) for a system in a given state, P is the probability of that state's occurrence, k is a fixed constant, and C is an arbitrary constant. Intuitively, the concept of entropy corresponds to the concept of disorder. We specifically call attention to the fact that the "S" used in representing entropy is not at all the S used for Poynting flow.

An extremely fine substance theorized to exist in lieu of the sheer vacuum of space.

Discussed by Tesla, Einstein, Whittaker, and others. Originally conceived as the luminiferous ether, a thin material fluid pervading all space. Maxwell, e.g., believed in this material ether, and formulated his theory accordingly. Thus he mistakenly provided forces in the vacuum, which requires a material vacuum. I.e., mass is a component of force; there is no force without mass, since F � d/dt(mv). The hoary old medieval notion that the force is separate from the mass that it affects, is completely in error, though still universally utilized in mechanics! Modern field theory knows better, but correction of this massive error in physics has not been accomplished.

Originally, the ether was seen as a ghostly-thin, material, fluid medium postulated to fill space and carry electromagnetic waves, similar to the way in which a gas carries sound waves. Faraday and Maxwell added the assumption that EM fields existed as material taut strings (Faraday's lines of force) with conveniently missing endholders to provide the tension on the strings. The Michelson-Morley experiments eliminated any such material ether, but not a Lorentz-invariant nonmaterial ether (of which vacuum itself is one example, in the modern view). Maxwell's equations were derived from a mechanical ether theory. Einstein once proposed that the vacuum, complete with its electromagnetic fields, should be called the ether. In our own approach we have come full circle back to Einstein's suggestion, since the so-called "fields" are really just potential gradients and operations on them, and thus are included in our use of the vacuum as a giant potential comprised of virtual particle flux.

Today the word "ether" is again acceptable in the literature in context of its modern quantum mechanical meaning. The "ether gas" -- the quantum mechanical vacuum -- is considered to be composed of virtual particles. The particles spontaneously come into being and then vanish so quickly they cannot be individually detected. That is, today the ether is a virtual particle gas -- sort of a gas of "effervescent bubbles", so to speak -- where the individual particles are continually being created and annihilated at a fantastic rate. Ives appears to have derived most of special and general relativity, Newton's laws of motion (relativistic form), and the square law of gravitation from a Lorentz-invariant nonmaterial ether theory. The Russians have secretly applied and advanced the quantum mechanical vacuum theory to produce their present theory of energetics, which is still highly classified and has driven enormous, secret, superweapons development, deployment, and testing for five decades.

Collection by an interceptor/collector of a greater fraction of the Poynting energy flow impinging upon it, than is normal.

Any electric or magnetic charge, e.g., with a Poynting energy density flow impinging upon it, has excess "energy collection" or "energy collecting" upon it, due to the altered vacuum virtual photon flux that is now exchanging with it. In a nominal electric circuit, e.g., a single "pass" of the Poynting flow from the source dipole, along the circuit conductors and across the conduction electrons, causes an "excess energy collection" and subsequent dissipation in the loads (and losses) of about 10- ¹³ of the Poynting energy that actually was extracted by the source dipole from the vacuum and sent down the conductors of the external circuit.

That is a single-pass energy collection fraction. Almost all the Poynting energy flow passed on beyond the circuit "collectors" in one pass-by at essentially the speed of light, on out into deep space and beyond. On the other hand, if the already-passed Poynting flow is retroreflected, so that it returns for another pass along the circuit, then an additional amount of the Poynting energy can be collected again by those sluggish electrons (in the nominal circuit being used as an example, the electrons travel only about 5 or 6 inches per hour longitudinally down the conductors!). So multiretroreflection, multipass, multicollection can be used to provide excess energy and overunity efficiency. This is a change to the present statement of the work-energy theorem, which up to now has assumed single pass, single energy collection. The well-known anti-Stokes emission from certain highly scattering, optically active media, e.g., produces more energy radiating back out of the media than the amount of stimulating radiation energy input into the media.

In mathematics, a set with two binary operations.

Designated addition and multiplication, satisfying the conditions that the set is a commutative group with respect to addition, that the set with the identity of the additive group omitted is a commutative group with respect to multiplication, and that multiplication distributes over addition for all elements in the set. Ugh!

Well, in plain language the fundamental notion is that a "field" is a sort of cleared, level space or place where things can be placed and actions can occur amongst them, to them, on them, and of them. What the "place or space" is, can get a bit complicated, as can what is placed there and what actions are permitted.

In physics, "a region of space marked by a physical property, as gravitational or electromagnetic force or fluid pressure, having a determinable value at every point in the region."

[Webster's II New Riverside University Dictionary.]

Ugh! There are no observable forces in space, regardless of the common practice of assuming such in electrodynamics and much of physics! But maybe we can work with that definition; it's not really too bad. Here one must not think of "space" as emptiness, as mathematicians do, but as a virtual particle flux and a dynamic entity. A field then is a set of entities and their relationships and operations in a region of that kind of space, where the entities and operations are themselves "space stuff". They are all "virtual" in that they are not individually observable. However, their impact upon or interaction with mass -- particularly charged mass -- can be and often is observable, in that we can see some change of the mass (its direction of travel, translation, acceleration, deceleration, rotation, generation of current, etc.). If the entities are point-like and are naively supposed to have magnitude only, or if we only specify their energy density magnitude at each point, then that "marked space region" is said to be a scalar field. If the entities are point-like but have both magnitude and direction, they are said to be a vector field. Further the deponent saith not because even the foundations physicists are in hot water in trying to define this one, and if the deponent saith more he will surely deep fry in hot oil!

A vacuum/spacetime whose virtual particle flux intensity -- and therefore its local energy density -- does not change as a function of spatial position or averaged time.

That is, a flat spacetime is a quantum mechanical vacuum whose virtual particle flux and energy density are constant in magnitude and internal constitution with respect to spatial position and in averaged time. Note that a flat spacetime (vacuum potential) can still contain vacuum engines, and thus still be dimensioned. In that case, contrary to normal physics, the flat spacetime itself will still interact with an embedded object and change it, even though it may not translate it. This dimensioning or activation of the local flat spacetime can result in an otherwise unexpected, seeming violation of one or more laws of nature in the dimensioned region.

The amount of some quantity (such as energy, particles, volume of fluid, etc.) flowing across a given area (usually a unit area perpendicular to the flow) per unit of time.

The term flux density is now more commonly used. Loosely, "flux" refers to the perpendicular flow through an area, while "flux density" refers to the magnitude or intensity (rate) of the flux. In some cases such as a flux of particles of different velocities, the number of particles may be multiplied by the average velocity to give an average flux density that is weighted.

In mechanics, identically the time derivative of momentum.

Simply, changing of mass-motion. One must realize that it is not the mass in motion, but the single undivided quantity "mass-motion" or "mass-velocity" (momentum) that is changed. In present EM theory, force fields are erroneously taken to exist in empty, massless vacuum. However, the mechanical definition is an identity, not an equality. Thus force does not separately exist in contact with a mass, but consists of a changing "mass-motion." Since this force can be induced into and of the mass-motion target at a distance, in the new approach one is confronted with the fact that there is a more fundamental mechanism that produces force itself. This mechanism is coupling of a scalar potential gradient, by and on a spinning charged particle, and the interaction of that particle with the virtual particle fluxes comprising the scalar potential gradient. The induced force consists of the particle's change in mass-motion per unit of time, and contains both a mass component and a massless component.

An effect that exists as a local vacuum virtual particle flux interaction upon and with a unit mass whereby a particular type of matter is affected.

The force field has two components, one the mass and the other massless. In electrodynamics, one normally thinks (erroneously!) of the massless component, and refers to that component alone as "the force field." This considers the "force field" as a separate entity, acting upon a separate "mass." Whether it is logically correct or not, that is the prevailing way physics and electrodynamics uses it! So in this definition, let us momentarily accept the common incorrect usage, for convenience, while pointing out the real definition as we need to.

For example, conventionally the EM force fields can affect and change the state of motion of any charged particle or any magnetic particle. In classical physics, the force fields are considered the primary causative agents; when these fields are zero, then the motion of the particle or system is unaffected. Consequently, conventional EM theory assumes that all the EM phenomenology ceases once the force fields are absent. Today we know that is not true at all, as we explain in this glossary.

Propagation of force-free disturbances in the vacuum flux

(i.e., infolded inside the ambient vacuum potential, or inside a constant DC voltage.) Such "infolded" propagation is not limited to the speed of light, but may even travel in the Coulomb gauge so that it is instantaneous. More usually, it can travel superluminally. Beethoven's 40th symphony, e.g., has been experimentally transferred between two points in a physical circuit by such "quantum tunneling" at over four times the speed of light in vacuum.

A spatial, organized, measured lattice placed in "emptiness" (space, spacetime).

Normally refers to a 3-dimensional, spatial frame. All objects and points in the "universe" or spatial frame are considered to simultaneously coexist at separate, measured points in the frame. Differs from the vacuum in that, rigorously, vacuum has no existing definite lengths and no existing definite time intervals, as these appear only after measurement or detection, and are relative to the observer and to the detection process. The "laboratory frame" is the static reference frame of the observer or measurement. A separate reference frame may be assumed to exist for any fixed or moving object, or centered on any point in another frame. When a type of frame is assumed, the entire class of physical interactions that can occur has been restricted to an assumed set or type. In other words, given the frame, the conventional physics has been assumed. One of the greatest restrictions of an assumed "frame" is to rule out the consideration (existence) of other higher dimensions. Note that, in the new approach, the other higher dimensions are always there and cannot be ruled out in general, but only in some special case. Normal inertial frames, e.g., may still contain vacuum engines, which will not affect the normal translation rules, but may affect any or all of the nontranslation mechanisms, including the very laws of nature in many cases.

Excess energy freely received from an external source by an open system that is not in thermodynamic equilibrium.

To use this free excess energy, it must be collected, transported to a load or loads with minimal losses, and then dissipated in the load(s) to power them, without any substantial portion of the free energy being used to close the system's "gate" through which the excess energy is input to it.

Any open system not in thermodynamic equilibrium, which freely receives excess energy from an external source,

...and collects and utilizes this free excess energy to freely power external loads, so that a permissible system COP>1.0 is achieved, as allowed by the nonlinear thermodynamics of open systems in disequilibrium with their environment.

Implicit in the notion of free electromagnetic energy systems are six key concepts: (1) the local vacuum/spacetime is known to be filled with hidden (i.e., virtual) energy in violent motion, i.e., the local vacuum/spacetime is a violent virtual energyflux and therefore a scalar potential, (2) a broken symmetry -- i.e., some sort of organizing and gating mechanism, such as the common dipole -- in this hidden (virtual) energy flux of the vacuum is utilized as a source, to cohere the virtual energy and divert it as Poynting flow S= E� H, from the broken symmetry initiation point onto the external circuits or load parts of a device, (3) the coherent gated extra virtual energy flow available in the external circuits or load parts couples to (interacts with) the mobile charges in those circuits or load parts, so that gradients developed in the interacting virtual flux form force fields on and of the particle masses, driving the mobile charges along the circuit and through current-impeding circuit components such as loads, (4) in the interaction of the driven charges with the driving virtual energy flux, their spin and erratic motions integrate a tiny "coupling fraction" of the driving virtual energy into observable (i.e., macroscopic field) energy, thus creating the E-fields and B-fields, (5) the current-impeding external components or load parts scatter or dissipate the coherence of the driven charges, and thereby dissipate the collected energy or change the form of the collected field energy, thereby producing useful work, and (6) little or none of the excess collected energy in the circuit is split off and dissipated in the gate (asymmetry component serving as the Poynting S-flow source) to destroy the gate and thereby destroy its asymmetry in the vacuum flux, which is what is extracting and producing the free energy flow.

Refers to something (a component or function) which extracts some part of a flux or flow, compacting it into a stream, and "sending it out."

A moving board wall or gate may be swung into a river, e.g., to divert or "gate" some of the river's flow out into a sluice ditch and on to a waterwheel powering a mill. Similarly, a dipole extracts some of the energy from the vacuum virtual photon flux exchange with the end charges of the dipole, and "gates" (diverts) the extracted portion of energy out from the ends of the dipole as Poynting flows. This creates the scalar potential surrounding each charge, and also the E-fields. Even a "static" dipole does this "gating" of vacuum energy into a Poynting energy flow.

The effect of extracting part of a flux or flow, compacting it into a stream, and "sending it out."

See gate.

In electromagnetism, a possible choice for an electric scalar potential or a magnetic vector potential, that satisfies Maxwell's equations.

Abstract mathematical symmetry of a field, that relates to the freedom to regauge (change the value of ) potentials, without affecting the values of the field quantities.

Note that this arbitrarily eliminates overunity functioning of the regauged system in which the potential(s) exist(s).

A field theory using a field that has one or more gauge symmetries.

The quantum (smallest piece) of the gravitational field.

In the quantum theory of general relativity, the graviton is massless and has spin 2. In the new approach, a graviton is a paired (coupled) photon and antiphoton, each of which has spin one, so that the graviton couplet has spin 2. A scalar potential is comprised of gravitons, not merely photons, since it can be decomposed into a harmonic series of bidirectional wavepairs. In each wavepair, a wave and its antiwave precisely superpose. We insist on a further strong condition: that in the biwave, the photons comprising the wave and the antiphotons comprising the antiwave also must obey the distortion correction theorem. This means that the antiphotons and photons are passing through each other in opposite directions, continually coupling into gravitons and decoupling again.

The phenomenon characterized by the physical attraction of any two material bodies.

Actually, in modern general relativity it is the trapped energy in the masses that produce the gravity potentials. Ideally, the gravitational force between two masses is proportional to the product of the masses divided by the square of the distance between them. In the new approach, one recognizes that mass itself is defined in terms of, and identically consists of, the time derivative of an action flux. [For a force-free fundamental definition of mass, see T.E. Bearden, Quiton/Perceptron Physics: A Theory of Existence, Perception, and Physical Phenomena, National Technical Information System, Report AD-763210, 1973.] A photon flux is also an action flux. A virtual photon flux is an action flux. So the vacuum consists of a gigantic action flux -- which with certain interactions forms mass itself. But since photons are action quanta and photon flux is action flux, and since mass and gravitation are functions imposed on such action flux; then mass, EM, and gravitation become different aspects of the same thing. All of them can be electromagnetically engineered, directly, as indeed can be the flow of time itself. By affecting the flow of time electromagnetically, one is thus able to affect the gravitational force between two objects electromagnetically. Antigravity, for example, can be achieved by a mechanism that is given in this glossary. Hutchinson has demonstrated the levitation of objects weighing up to 60 lbs, albeit sporadically and uncontrollably. At my urgent request, Sweet performed a highly successful antigravity experiment some years ago, reducing the weight of a 6-pound object by 90%, smoothly and controllably, in several smoothly controlled steps. I consider that the experiment tested and validated my approach to an engineerable mechanism for antigravity. For the results of the test, see Floyd Sweet and T.E. Bearden, "Utilizing Scalar Electromagnetics to Tap Vacuum Energy," Proceedings of the 26th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC '91), Boston, Massachusetts, 1991, p. 370-375.

Refers to translating the entire particle in space, rather than internally structuring the particle's potential (massless charge).

The usual gradient in a scalar potential's gross magnitude, as in Ñ f .

Spinning electrons considered as gyroscopes, so that when longitudinally perturbed they can and will laterally precess.

Considering (in a gross first order model) the conduction electrons in the Drude gas in a conductor as little gyros, because they are (i) spinning on an axis, (ii) severely restrained in their ability to move forward longitudinally down the conductor as current, and (iii) much more free to precess laterally in the conductor. Thus when the gyroelectrons in the receiving wire antenna, perturbed by an incoming longitudinal EM wave in the vacuum, are longitudinally perturbed, they precess laterally so that our instruments (which detect electron wiggles, not the incoming vacuum EM wave) do detect "transverse waves." However, they are detecting the transverse gyroelectron precession waves. The old electrodynamicists, long before the electron or the atom was discovered, simply envisioned the incoming EM wave as "waves in the thin material fluid ether" which were "intercepted" as electric fluid waves in the antenna. Hence since their instruments reported that the intercepted "electric fluid" was vibrating transversely, they firmly believed (erroneously) that this proved the ether wave to be transverse also, just as those "taut string waves" that Maxwell and Faraday had believed in. That is the total raison d'etre behind the mistaken notion of the transverse EM wave in the vacuum ether!

Consisting of a fundamental frequency, its first harmonic, its second harmonic, etc.

Those bidirectional EM wavepairs that comprise the scalar potential are indeed "hidden" with respect to our normal "electron translation" (i.e., electron wiggle) detectors and instruments.

A class of quantum mechanical theories which considers that the quantum state of a physical system is not a complete specification after all.

The hidden variables are those extra components of the theorized complete state, which are not contained in the quantum state. Bohm's hidden variables theory is the best known of all of these theories, and makes the same predictions as does the conventional quantum mechanics. In addition, it eliminates the terrible problem of the "missing chaos," eliminates the quantum measurement problem, and it suggests that quantum mechanics can be engineered if the hidden variables themselves can be engineered. In the new approach, one goes a step further by considering hidden EM variables infolded inside the potentials themselves, including inside the quantum potential utilized by Bohm. The advantage of this assumption is that it poses an engineerable interpretation, after work by Stoney, Whittaker, and Ziolkowski. Further, the Russians have utilized this type of EM hidden variable theory, along with the quantum potential, to develop secret advanced weapons. The physics of this area is called energetics.

A system of medical treatment based on the theory that certain diseases can be cured by giving very small doses of substances which in a healthy person would produce symptoms like those of the disease. (Opposed to allopathy).

Homeopathy is based upon formation and use of dimensioned potentials (particularly the potential composed of the extremely rapid "making and breaking" hydrogen bonds in a fluid) containing vacuum engines. Any material or solute, and therefore any molecule, contains its own specific vacuum engine, its own charges, and its own dimensioned potential. Dissolving the material in water, or even using a suspension of it in water, allows the bonding potential in the water to interact with the potential of the solute or suspension. Potentials superpose, and they also diffuse and mix their inner structures (vacuum engines) into each other. So the material or solute diffuses its vacuum engines into the interior of the hydrogen bonding potential, in effect ordering and templating the hydrogen bonding itself! Vigorous shaking of the suspension or solution assures that all the fluid and H-bonding potential is exposed to the solute of suspended particles, so that a thorough exchange of vacuum engines occurs. This process in homeopathy is called potentizing. It's actually just creating the desired internal vacuum engines in the H-bonding potential of the water. Once that's done, there's really no further need for the solute or the suspended particles. By repeatedly diluting the solution to the extreme, then one can reach a point where there is a high probability that not a single molecule of the original solute is remaining in the fluid. Yet in each dilution, shaking can be used to insure the even spread of the vacuum engines through the newly introduced H-bonding potential in the newly introduced water. At the end, there exists an altered fluid whose H-bonding potential now contains the desired vacuum engines. Drinking that water now introduces those vacuum engines into the body fluids, bloodstream, etc. The ingested dilute new vacuum engines will then diffuse through the various potentials of the body, and produce altered chemical functioning of the kind that could have been induced by the chemical or active solute material. The advantage is that the harsh material residue of the chemical or solute is not present in the body, as it is when allopathy is utilized.

Functioning in hyperspace as opposed to 4-dimensional Minkowski space.

Higher topological functioning.

Refers to a space of more than four dimensions, and specifically to those spatial dimensions outside the normal three.

A frame of reference in which force-free bodies move along straight lines, and the postulates of special relativity are valid.

In the new approach, this notion is extended; even in an inertial frame, force-free bodies may move along straight lines, the postulates of special relativity may remain valid, and yet the EM hidden variable may induce other changes in the usual laws of nature due to the action of hidden vacuum engines infolded in the dimensioned local spacetime (vacuum potential).

Refers to:

(i) Bohm's hidden variable theory and the internal dynamics of the hidden variables/entities themselves, and

(ii) to the hidden biwave pairs comprising a scalar potential, with the internal dynamics of those waves such as tuning off harmonic frequency, multiplication, variation of phasing and magnitude, etc.

Also, by Whittaker 1903 the scalar potential can be decomposed into the bidirectional wavepair set in harmonic series. By Whittaker 1904, each of the waves in a biwave pair can be further decomposed into two potentials, so each pair of waves would consist of four potentials. That is, the entire set of internal biwave pairs can be replaced by four times as many internal "partial potentials" as was the number of biwave pairs. Then Whittaker 1903 can be applied once again to break each one of those scalar potentials into new biwave pairs, and so forth and so forth. So the potential can be expressed as waves within waves within waves, or potentials within potentials within potentials, and so on. The neat thing is that each successive infolding (internesting) is a higher dimensional functioning and a higher topology. So one can build (with some little pain!) specific infolded wave patterns that will work in -- say -- the 7th dimension of hyperspace, or the eighth dimension, and so on. This is why I called the internal structuring of a potential (or the two potentials comprising an EM wave) dimensioning the potential or the wave. As a half-baked nuclear engineer whom the Army never let practice his discipline, I wanted some way to directly engineer the nucleus. That has now been found. Unfortunately it has also already been highly weaponized in secrecy by one or more foreign nations. In other words, one can design a signal and assemble it (with some difficulty) that will flip one quark in a nucleon in an atom. That way one can transmute an element either into the next higher element isomer or the next lower element isomer. Using a quantum potential to "transport" the necessary vacuum engines, the effect can be accomplished at a great distance, in multiple targets simultaneously, and the effect is not shieldable. "Jumps" in nuclear transmutation can also be accomplished. The migration of electrons to and from an atom (as in solution, e.g.) makes and negates ions continuously. Thus continually the external potentials and the nuclear potentials intercommunicate. This means that their vacuum engines continually diffuse. Any dimensioning of the external potentials will be passed into the nuclear potentials as a dimensioning action also. If certain conditioning vacuum engines are present in the external potentials, then the slow diffusion into the nuclear potentials begins to affect the nucleons and their interactions, the quarks comprising the nucleons, the particles such as pions continually exchanged between nucleons, etc. The mechanism for nuclear transmutations and production of new species is there! I believe, e.g., and am working to more clearly express, that the major mechanism producing the new nuclear species in cold fusion experiments just such dimensioned potentials, involving the inadvertent dimensioning of potentials comprised of the hydrogen bondings of the water and other factors.

Well, simply take a set of real force vectors that altogether sum to a vector zero resultant.

That "vector zero system" is a zero with respect to forced translation of a particle or mass. It is not an absence per se, but is the presence of specifically hidden and "infolded" real vectors. Two elephants pushing each other to a draw form such a "zero-translating" system. That "zero system" is quite different from two crickets pushing against each other to a draw! Anyone who thinks all zeros are "absences" and who thinks all zeros are equal, is invited to try standing between the crickets and observing how he feels, then standing between the elephants and see how he feels. The latter might be a real bummer. So zeros can differ! And a zero can be a presence of many real things, all still there but "infolded" and "hidden," but just the absence of any one and only one thing. Even in arithmetic, e.g., we are free to pull 5-3-2 right out of 0, or pull out 4-7+8-6-2+5+1+1-3-1/2-1/2 (if I got the arithmetic correct!). And so on. So we have always used the fact that a net zero can have a real internal composition, without detailing it exactly. We teach our schoolchildren to do it, but fail to tell them what they are doing!

When you sum EM force fields to zero, the fields are still there and real. You have altered the energy of the system or volume, and also the potential energy of the system or volume. And you have done it in specific directions, magnitudes, etc. along the "fingers" of the infolded patterns. In short, you have made a specific vacuum engine. Mass, fluid, nuclei, molecules, etc. exposed to that "conditioned vacuum potential" may well undergo physical and chemical and electrical changes. Golden once performed experiments which powerfully conditioned the local vacuum, and all clocks and watches (mechanical, electrical, etc.) in the local area were awry for four days.

With reference to signals, infolding means "placing the signal or modulation or change upon one or more of the internal bidirectional wavepairs comprising the scalar potential.

Since all EM potentials ultimately represent changes to the ambient vacuum potential, one has conditioned or altered the vacuum itself when infolding is utilized. Infolding of EM signals, vectors, and directions produces vacuum engines. By Whittaker's principle and Bearden's corollary, these vacuum engines can be designed to affect matter -- including atomic nuclei, nucleons, etc. -- in any manner desired.

Below sonic.

Frequencies below what the ear can hear. Below about 20 Hertz.

An instrument in which a wave is split into two waves or beams, which after traveling over different paths are subsequently reunited and display interference.

Measurement of wavelengths of light and very small distances and thicknesses,

...for determining indices of refraction, and for analyzing small parts of a spectrum by means of the interference phenomena of light.

Done repeatedly, like picking beans one at a time.

Flow of Cooper pairs (superconducting electron pairs) across a thin dielectric separating two superconducting electrons, in the absence of a voltage drop.

That is, the pair of electrons can "tunnel" through a thin insulating barrier.

The thin dielectric separating two superconducting electrons, with subsequent Josephson tunneling of Cooper pairs.

see Josephson effect.

A measure of energy.

One joule equals one watt for one second. In physics the unit of work or energy in the mks system, being the amount of work done by one newton acting through a distance of one meter, equal to 10,000,000 ergs.

Standard physics.

Current in thin layers.

Thin layers of current. Thin sheets of current.

A device that generates light in which all the photons are exactly in step and produce a coherent beam.

Laser light has one wavelength and is more easily controlled than other kinds of light. Use of a laser to perform interferometry is one way to create holograms; use of a laser to illuminate a hologram is one way to read it. Originally the word "laser" was an acronym that stood for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation." Note that when TiO₂ particles in suspension, with a small amount of fluorescent dye added, are weakly illuminated by a small coherent light source (a laser), a tremendous room-filling output of coherent light emission occurs, by the anti-Stokes emission effect. This is lasing without population inversion, and it is a validated and easily testable overunity process. This is the process patented by Lawandy.

A restriction placed upon the physical mechanisms that can occur under certain broad assumptions as to the background situation and environment.

Actually, in nature there are no such rigidly fixed "laws"; these are only man's synthesis for the behavior of large classes of systems under very general conditions. Any "law of physics" can be violated if the conditions contained in its assumptions are violated. Conservation laws are often touted as "laws of physics." Actually, the conservation laws assume a closed system or one in equilibrium, and a linear spacetime (Lorentz frame). If either or both of these assumptions is locally violated, any or all of the conservation laws can be violated locally, even though the overall global conservation is still upheld. Quite simply, in that case one has opened the system (broken symmetry). In particle physics, broken symmetry already results in violation of one or more of the conservation laws. In leading Russian physics journals, papers are regularly published containing unrestricted general relativity with concomitant violation of any and all conservation laws.

Patents covering and related to anti-Stokes emission (overunity emission of energy) in strongly scattering, optically active media such as TiO2 particles in suspension.

More energy is emitted than one must input to stimulate the effect. It is being hailed as a new form of lasing, without the requirement for population inversion.

The anti-Stokes emission (overunity emission of energy) phenomena in strongly scattering, optically active media.

Refers to a local region of the vacuum, which also refers to the vacuum flux density of that region.

Confined to a small region of a large system or region,

...rather than being extended throughout the system or at a distance.

In EM waves, the longitudinal component of the fields along the direction of travel,

...as opposed to the transverse components at right angles to the direction of travel.

We may divide any electrical field into two components, a transverse component and a longitudinal component.

Of course one or the other may be a zero vector.

Compression wave gradients (differences) in density or pressure,

...considered in a direction from their origin along the direction of primary movement, vs. transverse waves, which act perpendicular to that direction.

In conventional theory, the electric portion of the EM wave is a transverse field oscillation, and the longitudinal component is essentially zero.

In the new "infolded" wave approach, there is no overall transverse gradient in the vacuum potential, but there is an infolded longitudinal gradient which oscillates "inside the vacuum potential." This is rather like a "pressure wave" transmitted under water, without causing a surface wave involving physical upheaval and fall-off of the water. In EM, by analogy the speed of the "bulk upheaval" transverse wave is nominally c, the speed of light in vacuum [but see discussion of galloping waves, for what r eally happens!]. The speed of the pressure wave, under water, may be very much greater than c, because it is a special "tunneling" process and it also involves the galloping wave effect. Experimental measurement of superluminal tunneling velocities -- such as more than 4c -- are already well-known in the literature.

To better visualize this "pressure wave," consider that it is like a sort of "velocity modulation" upon the edge of the conventionally-visualized plane wave front of a traveling transverse wave, except now the plane itself does not move. All the succeeding planes are "bumped" by the velocity modulation of one plane, and so the velocity modulation propagates through (inside) the vacuum potential as a modulated pressure wave, without transverse change of the potential.

Now we have a very special medium! It consists of bidirectional EM wave pairs, one passing through the other. In such a case, it is already known that the speed of a "planar wave front" in the superposition and resulting interference of two oppositely moving waves can in fact greatly exceed the speed of light momentarily, then slow dramatically below than the speed of light, etc., so long as the average velocity is c. This is called the galloping wave effect. [E.g., see William G. Harter et al., "Galloping waves and their relativistic properties, American Journal of Physics, 53(7), July 1985, p. 671-679.]. Since the plane wavefront within the interior can in fact vary its velocity, we are quite free to use this "velocity pulse modulation" effect of wavefront speed variation, to place signal intelligence upon the planar wave front speed variations. So we can transmit hidden pressure waves with intelligence on them, through the interior of the vacuum potential. Further, the restriction to an average velocity of c does not have to apply, and the planar pressure pulses can be transmitted much faster than c. This is the basis of the work Fogal and I are struggling with, in order to achieve superluminal communication. It is also what we have been struggling with in an effort to come up with a communication system that can propagate infolded signals inside the H-bonding potential of the ocean itself, so that high-data-rate communications with deep submarines could be utilized, at any distance, and the huge, gawky, frightfully expensive, and environment-affecting ELF systems be done away with. We also think it should eventually be possible to develop an underwater radar type of system, but it's far too early at this point to try to conceptualize just exactly how it would work.

A "pressure" type of wave, similar to sound, in which the vibrations are along the direction of travel of the wave.

Hence, a wave composed of alternating densifications and rarefactions, where we focus upon the longitidunal component of the changes. In the past we have used the term "scalar waves" to imply longitudinal standing waves, such as in one infolded Stoney-Whittaker wavepair inside the scalar potential. In classical EM theory, the Poynting vector predicts no longitudinal wave of energy from a time-varying, electrically charged source. In fact, even in the ordinary theory, an exact solution of the problem does allow this longitudinal wave, as shown by Keech and Corum, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 20(1), 1981, pp. 63-68. Conventionally, as explained elsewhere in this glossary, the classical electromagnetic wave is modeled as a vector string wave, comprised of transverse vibrations on implicitly assumed material taut strings in the vacuum. In the new approach, such transverse vector force field waves (Hertz waves) do not exist as such in vacuum; instead, two coupled, dynamic scalar potentials exist there. The E and B fields are formed and exist as the these potentials and their gradient coupling to spinning charged detecting mass particles.

Of or in length. Running or placed lengthwise. Opposed to transverse.

Paired north and south magnetic poles of equal strength over microscopic or macroscopic distance.

The act of a change in magnetic field producing an electric field at right angles, which in turn produces electron flow.

Refers to the intrinsic angular momentum, known as spin, of electrons, protons, and neutrons, etc.

The electrons combined in an atom or ion have a resultant angular momentum, that is the combined intrinsic spin of the electrons and the angular momentum due to their motion around the nucleus. There is also a magnetic moment associated with this angular momentum (spin) whenever it is nonzero. Therefore atoms or ions with nonzero spin are magnetic atoms or ions. This is often loosely referred to as "magnetic spin." It is actually the magnetic moment of nonzero spin.

Roughly, the "pole strength" differential between the two poles of a magnetic dipole.

Anyone who wishes may polish this definition.

Currents without mass.

Examples in the standard theory include df /dt, dE/dt, dP/dt, dB/dt, etc.

Brilliant scientist who first formulated the unified theory of electricity and magnetism.

James Clerk Maxwell was born on June 13, 1831 in Edinburgh, Scotland. In 1847 he entered the University of Edinburgh, then transferred to Cambridge in the fall of 1850. After graduation, he stayed on at Cambridge in a research position. He was elected a Fellow of Trinity College and placed on the staff of college lecturers. In 1856 he returned to Scotland, where he took up a Chair of natural Philosophy at Marishal College, Aberdeen. In autumn, 1860 he took a new position as Chair and Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy at King's College, London (a position he held until 1865, at which time he resigned). Maxwell was financially independent. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1861, while at King's College. From 1865 to 1871 he resided at his ancestral Scottish country home, Glenlair, developing his major ideas into book form. Maxwell returned to Cambridge in 1871, where he became the first holder of the Cavendish Chair of Experimental Physics. There he also supervised the construction and operation of Cavendish Laboratory. His treatise on electromagnetism appeared in 1873. He held his position at Cambridge until he died on Nov. 5, 1879 at age 48, of a form of stomach cancer -- the same ailment that had killed his mother when he was a child. [Thanks to Encyclopaedia Britannica!]

Unit of magnetic flux, in the cgs system.

Multiple collection of the same energy flow, by rerouting the passed Poynting energy back around to the collectors for another pass by them, with additional collection.

A common means of "returning" the Poynting flow for additional collection is retroreflection, as in phase conjugate reflection. Since a nominal energy collection fraction on a single pass is only about 10- ¹³, a great many re-passes of the same energy can be returned. Work is done on the collector in each pass. One joule of energy can actually perform many joules of work; this is a change to the usual statement of the work-energy theorem, which assumes single pass, single collection only.

Iteratively retroreflecting the same Poynting energy flow, each time it impinges on and passes by an intercepting collector, so that multiple passes of the same energy flow are made onto and by the collector.

More and more of the passing enormous energy is collected as more and more passes by are made. The collected energy is then dissipated as work in the circuit or device. Such processing can allow overunity EM circuits and devices.

Multiple passes. See multipass retroreflection.

Functioning to produce or involve negentropy.

Reordering previously scattered energy without requiring the operator or experimenter to input energy to do the reordering work (an example is passive retroreflection of scattered EM energy).

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

This law should be extended and restated something like this: "for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction if the causative mechanism of the reaction is allowed to occur and not first redirected away from its target." An example of a violation of Newton's third law as usually stated, is provided by the emission of a phase conjugate replica wave from a phase conjugate mirror material. No matter how powerfully pumped, the PCM does not recoil. The reason is that the antiwave cause of Newtonian third law recoil was intercepted by nonlinear multiwave interaction before it could reach its target nuclei, and rediverted away from the atom and on out of the material. Since the causative mechanism for Newtonian recoil did not occur, the PCM did not recoil.

As used in the paper, refers to Newton's third law reaction created as the recoil of the nucleus of an atom which absorbs an incoming EM longitudinal wave, or emits one.

A substance whose optical properties vary with the intensity of the light.

Most optical substances are very weakly nonlinear, but a great deal of research has been exerted to find materials with stronger nonlinearities. Also, a material which creates and emits the fundamental and additional harmonic frequencies when illuminated with a single frequency. Many nonlinear materials also weakly produce time-reversed (phase conjugate) fundamentals and/or harmonics when illuminated with a fundamental frequency. Such a nonlinear material that creates time reversed waves (phase conjugate replica waves) is said to function as a phase conjugate mirror. The phase conjugate replica reappears in space back along the path in space -- even through a highly distorting medium -- where the input stimulus (signal wave) has traveled or is traveling.

Thus the phase conjugate replica or time-reversed wave normally backtracks its signal wave stimulus to the distant source of that signal wave, even hundreds or thousands of miles away. This "crawfishing" and "concentrating" characteristic is also known as retroreflection. Note that an ordinary EM wave diverges as a function of the radius traveled away from its emission source, while a time-reversed or phase conjugate replica wave will converge as a function of the radius traveled away from its emission source (the mirror), if its stimulus signal wave was emitted from a distant point source. Ideally, a phase conjugate mirror produces a single time-reversed wave in addition to the input signal wave. By stressing (pumping) the mirror with the input of two additional opposing waves (ideally orthogonal to the input or signal wave), the phase conjugate replica wave output by the mirror is amplified, and may contain up to all the energy in the pumping waves.

A conclusion or inference not following from the original argument or premise.

Colloquial term referring to the new thermodynamics of self-organizing systems and structures in disequilibrium with their environment.

Since the 1960s, there has emerged in physics (and in thermodynamics!) a surprising new area: the physics of far-from-equilibrium systems and the self-organization and large-scale ordering of such systems. E.g., a single Bénard cell (a particular self-organizing circulation structure in convection-type systems), may involve the coherent behavior of some 10²¹ molecules, in a region of convection where one would classically expect only randomness. These new physics and thermodynamics interactions are surprisingly being found in a very wide variety of systems and phenomena, including living systems and nonliving systems. The phenomena of interest include dissipative systems in disequilibrium with their environment, but with stability of their own systems and forms. Open systems in disequilibrium with their environment can permissibly achieve COP>1.0, and they can exhibit local negentropy. The physics and thermodynamics of such systems is still rapidly developing. For a good overview, see Gregoire Nicolis, "Physics of far-from-equilibrium systems and self-organization," in The New Physics, edited by Paul Davies, Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 316-347. For a full technical presentation, see G. Nicolis and I. Prigogine, Self-Organization in Nonequilibrium Systems, Wiley, New York, 1977.

In physics, any substance whose response to an external causative or influencing agent is not proportional to the magnitude of the causative agent or influence.

Functioning in a manner prescribed by nonlinear optics and quantum optics,

...particularly with respect to time-reversal effects, use of phase conjugate mirrors, phase conjugate reflection, and pumping for amplified phase conjugate reflection.

To quote Knight, "A phase conjugate mixing device has remarkable optical properties: perfect retroreflection, the complete cancellation of optical aberrations and inhomogeneities in wavefronts, and the ability to reverse an optical beam and return it to its source."

See phase conjugate optics.

Producing or rendering an effect or effect-producing agent at a distance, rather than at the immediate location of the effector.

Extended throughout a large region or system, or to a distant part of a large region or system, rather than being confined to a small region of the large region or system.

Riemannian geometry is the geometry of Riemannian manifolds;

i.e., manifolds having an infinitesimal squared distance ds that is everywhere positive. A non-Riemannian geometry violates this property. [A manifold is a topological space with certain technical characteristics.]

A system that communicates with its environment, and exchanges energy, matter, or both between system and environment.

Refers to switching of optical signals, or switching using optical frequency switching techniques, components, and circuits.

Ordinary transistors in use today.

Such transistors will not perform the Fogal semiconductor special functions.

Simply speaking, a rotation from one direction to a direction at right angles to it.

The Lorentz transform of special relativity, e.g., is a formula for the rotation of an object and all its parts away from its line of motion, as a function of the object's velocity, in a direction toward the time axis. The speed c just represents a full orthogonal turn, so that the intersection of the object with the observer 3-space, along the original line of motion, is zero.

To the observer, the three dimensional object (at speeds less than c) has become a two-dimensional plane moving at speed c. In a space of more than 4 dimensions, the orthorotation may be toward a higher spatial dimension rather than toward the time dimension. As can be seen, such orthorotation is intimately connected with the transformation of an electron or electron/positron pair into a photon, and vice versa. Orthorotations are extremely important when one models the physics of mind and matter interaction, and the physics of a living organisms including both its mind and its physical body -- as in psychoenergetics.

A quantum well which is oscillating in magnitude and sometimes in sign.

Essentially the overpotential (as in an electrode in a solution) is a shift in the Fermi level necessary to allow the electron in the electrode metal to have energies overlapping with vacant acceptor levels in molecules adjacent to the electrode in the solution.

The overpotential effect appears at small "double surfaces" of things in very close contact, particularly in electrochemistry and in solid state physics. The overpotential enables electron transfer, e.g., by tunneling. The overpotential increases with the log of the reaction rate that occurs at the overpotential location.

For a small reaction rate, the overpotential is small; but for a small increase in the overpotential there occurs a dramatic increase of reaction rate. Fogal has utilized the overpotential effect in his semiconductor, to great advantage in accomplishing unusual charge blocking and other special effects.

One of the world experts in the theory and use of the overpotential is Dr. J. O'M. Bockris. E.g., for a short overview pointing out the importance of the overpotential, see Bockris, "Overpotential: a lacuna in scientific knowledge," Journal of Chemical Education, 48(6), June 1971, p. 352-358 (a paper which Bockris graciously sent me some years ago). Quoting from that reference, p. 355: "The formal definition of overpotential is 'the change of potential of the electron-conducting phase when reaction rate across its interface with the ion-conducting phase with which it is in contact is changed from zero to a certain velocity.'" And again, p. 355: "...overpotential... in fact determines what fraction of the energy of the self-functioning cell has to be wasted in making the cell work and deliver energy at a certain power." For a more detailed and wider exposition of the overpotential, its effects, and its uses, see J. O'M. Bockris and A.K.N. Reddy, Modern Electrochemistry, Vol. 1 & 2, Plenum Press, 1970.

More energy out or work out of a system than the operator or experimenter must himself or herself furnish and input.

An open thermodynamic system far from thermodynamic system is permitted to achieve such an overunity performance, so any overunity electrodynamic system must be such. Well-known nonelectromagnetic examples are solar cells, heat pumps, windmills, sails on sailboats, waterwheels for powering watermills, a gliding bird in thermal updrafts, etc. A well-known electromagnetic example is the common solar cell. The common household heatpump has a theoretical COP limit of 8.22, and well-designed units usually achieve some 4.0 or so, so long as the ambient environment does not change too drastically from the design limits. As the environment changes and cools down appreciably, however, most home heat pumps lose efficiency and have to switch onto heating strips, which have a COP � 1.0.

Contrary to prevailing belief, it is certainly possible to have EM systems which are also open thermodynamic systems, far from equilibrium, and freely receiving excess energy (asymmetrically regauging a potential) from an external source, to wit, their violent virtual flux exchange between the vacuum and the system. All EM system are already open systems in the virtual particle flux exchange with vacuum; that is already well-known in particle physics, even though the 130-year-old classical electrodynamics does not even include the vacuum-mass exchange. The only question, then, is how to establish an asymmetry in that vacuum-mass flux exchange. Here again, every electrical charge and every dipole is already just such a broken symmetry in the vacuum flux, as has been known in particle physics for four decades! It takes on the average about 50 years, however, for vital discoveries in one discipline to "cross fertilize" into another discipline. At any rate, the symmetry of every electric power system, in the vacuum flux, is already broken in its source dipole. This rigorously means that, if we simply avoid doing something we are doing in our power systems to restore symmetry as a matter of course, it is possible to utilize the free broken symmetry of the source dipole to provide an overunity EM system.

In 1996 I showed that such overunity EM systems are permitted and prescribed by Maxwell's theory, prior to the arbitrary imposition of symmetrical regauging of the Maxwell equations (i.e., the Lorentz condition). Violation of the Lorentz condition (by asymmetrical self-regauging) is a necessary but not sufficient condition for an overunity EM device. An asymmetric regauging will certainly give us excess free energy in the system, and an excess force to use that energy in translating against a load impedance to do work, if we design the system properly to do just that.

To achieve overunity, in a circuit one must prevent the (presently universal) re-imposition of the Lorentz condition by the use of one-half the excess received energy to drive the return electrons from the load back through the back emf of the source, killing the gate and restoring symmetry, the Lorentz condition, and equilibrium between vacuum flux and system. All our present EM systems are specifically designed to drive those electrons back through the back emf and thus restore symmetry, deliberately asymmetrically self-regauging a second time and deliberately restoring the Lorentz condition, along with deliberately killing the source dipole's asymmetry in the vacuum flux exchange.

A thing that is true, e.g., as shown by experiment, but which violates one or more of the three Aristotelian laws of logic.

Any logic algebra or system has a topology. A paradox in one topology can often be resolved by increasing the topology of the logic. All logical paradoxes in the 3-law Aristotelian logic system are simply fourth-law logic cases in a logical superset, and -- at least hypothetically -- the fourth law can be applied to resolve them. For a discussion and proof of the 4th law correction to Aristotelian logic, see Appendix III: "A Conditional Criterion for Identity, Leading to a Fourth Law of Logic," in T.E. Bearden, AIDS: Biological Warfare, Tesla Book Co., Chula Vista, California, 1988, p. 428-443. Logic has many aspects that often may shock our casual expectations: For example, one of the most advanced axioms in mathematics is called the Axiom of Choice. It is used in the proof of many advanced theorems. Using the Axiom of Choice, it can be shown that it is possible to cut a ball into a finite number of pieces, then reassemble the pieces into two balls of the same size, with no air gaps between pieces! While this seemingly defies all common physical sense (and I've not found anyone who has done it!), it is mathematically correct. For a proof, see Thomas J. Jech, The Axiom of Choice, American Elsevier, New York, 1973, p. 3-6. For a good perspective on Aristotelian logic, see Morris Kline, Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty, Oxford University Press, New York, 1980.

A region of space in which an object experiences not only the ordinary forward flow of time, but an extra induced backwards flow of time, usually a fraction of the time-forward time stream.

One result is to "reduce" time-forward force fields, by a fraction. This is important in bridges, where one must pass Poynting flow onto a follow-on load circuit, but the return current in that circuit must be allowed to circulate back through the load bridge itself, against the inducing back emf. By partially time-reversing the region occupied by the back emf, that back emf is seen as a smaller value by the return current being passed back up through the back emf. The result is that current will circulate in the load loop, powered entirely by the bridging of Poynting flow S = E� H onto the load circuit.

The branch of physics using accelerators to study high-energy particle collisions, to determine properties of atomic nuclei and of the elementary particles themselves.

The intense multiscattering, multipass, multicollection of Poynting energy density flow in an assemblage of palladium-clad spherical bead capacitors, as the palladium adsorbs hydrogen ions from the fluid in which the beads are immersed, and chargesup as a capacitor, thereby becoming a Poynting S-flow generator, and nonlinearly increasing the S-flow as the charge of the capacitors increases.

The Patterson effect yields the Patterson Power CellÒ , a validated overunity power system which has shown COP � 1200 in independent university testing. The Patterson effect is a variation and adaptation of the well-known anti-Stokes emission effect, which for three decades has been validated in physics journals to produce overunity emission in certain intensely scattering active media.

Patented overunity power unit by James Patterson, which has been independently validated to yield COP>1.0.

See James Patterson, "System for Electrolysis of Liquid Electrolyte," U.S. Patent No. 5,372,688, issued Dec. 13, 1994. Filed Dec. 2, 1993. 26 claims, 7 drawing sheets.

Of an entity: its time reversal. For waves, often referred to as wavefront reversal.

A nonlinear material which, when provided with an input wave, emits a phase conjugate replica (time reversed replica) of that input wave.

The input wave is by practice called the signal wave. The time-reversed wave output is by practice called the phase conjugate replica.

That portion of nonlinear optics dealing with multiwave mixing, formation of time-reversed waves, phase conjugate reflection (PCR), phase conjugate mirrors (PCMs), pumping PCMs to amplify their emitted PCRs, nonlinear interferometry, distortion correction, self-targeting, laser tracking, adaptive optics, and so on.

Of a wave: the time-reversed duplicate of the wave.

In nonlinear optics, the process or action of producing a time reversed replica of an input wave.

For a particle, producing its antiparticle. For a cell, dedifferentiating it back to some previous form, genetics and all.

In nonlinear optics, the process or action of producing a time reversed replica of an input wave.

The process of producing a time-reversed wave. A novel form of nonlinear mixing of optical waves, which generates a reflected output wave that precisely retraces the path taken by an input wave. Phase conjugation can compensate for aberrations and distortions in the input. Real time holography can also be produced by applying the phase conjugation process.

In Whittaker decomposition of the scalar potential: The decomposition produces a set of bidirectional wavepairs, as explained previously.

Each of these wavepairs has a given frequency, starting from a fundamental. In other words, the other wavepairs are harmonics of the fundamental wavepair. Further, these are regularly arranged in a lattice, so that "timing" or "phasing" is rigidly locked in place.

In physics, the philosophical and experimental study of physical phenomena,

In physics, the basic action quantum.

Considered to be the basic quantum of the EM field. Well, there's a little problem with that. The photon contains energy and time, and so must also occupy a time interval. The notion of forcefield rigorously contains mass as a component; yet mass is missing from the concept of field as it is applied. The EM field is conceived as a spatial entity only. It may spatially vary as a function of time, of course, but it itself does not occupy time, at least conceptually. These considerations raise some startling difficulties in the ready conclusion that the photon is the fundamental quantum of EM field. If a "piece of the photon" is missing from the field, how can the field be made of photons? How can one get area out of a straight line? I simply pose this problem for the theorists and the foundations physicists, pointing out that it has universally been fashionable for physicists to ignore that the photon carries not only a little increment of energy, but also a little increment of time. My own work has been to look at the dimensional difference between masstime and mass; i.e., between a mass that has just absorbed a photon, and thus must consist of masstime (4-space), and just after that masstime then re-emits the photon, reverting back to mass (3-space). From this one can build, e.g., a mechanism that generates the actual flow of time itself. It is in theory an engineerable mechanism.

The outer ear(s). Of particular interest to us are the tiny little folds in the ear.

Refers to hidden information content of the field, or in the received signal.

Comes from the little folds in the pinna (outer ear). For sound direction and distance sensing, the tiny pinna folds of the outer ear use phase reflection information more than 40 dB below the primary sound signal that strikes the eardrum. In EM signals, we are referring to "hidden" or infolded information deep within a signal from a distant target. In fact everything in the target contributes to the signal emission from it, and all that information is riding "within" the signal, in its deep "pinna" information. The Fogal chip can outfold some of this pinna information, so that information can be recovered from a signal which no other process heretofore could recover. For a dramatic future use, as the Fogal semiconductors and equipment using them are developed, there will emerge detecting units that can see highly detailed structure in the human body, merely from processing the light reflected from the exterior of the body. The details eventually will rival and even surpass that of magnetic resonance imaging, and will be essentially noninvasive.

It is also true that hidden "vacuum engines" can be transmitted back into the body, so that "problems" or disorders can be directly corrected. As an introduction to this type of area, where cellular disease "antiengines" can be created in the body to directly reverse cells and their genetics, curing the disease, see T.E. Bearden, "Vacuum Engines and Priore's Methodology: The True Science of Energy-Medicine, Parts I and II." Explore!, 6(1), 1995, p. 66-76; 6(2), 1995, p. 50-62. A major book on this subject will soon be published. For a presentation for the nonspecialist, see T.E. Bearden, "Hidden Mechanism for Reversal of Diseased Cells to a Previous Healthy State," Resonance, Newsletter of the Bioelectromagnetics Special Interest Group, Mensa, No. 29, Nov. 1995, p. 11-15.

In electromagnetics, the hidden inner Stoney-Whittaker-Ziolkowski infolded EM information inside the scalar potential.

Since an EM wave can be represented as two scalar potentials, then by infolding pinna information inside one or both of the two potentials, it is infolded inside the carrier wave. Thus hidden information can be and is carried by all EM radiation and all EM signals. The Fogal semiconductor for the first time enables the outfolding and processing of some of this information.

Detectors based on use of the Fogal semiconductor, which can outfold, process, and display some of the hidden information inside the scalar potential and inside signal emissions from distant objects.

Electrons held stationary by a magnetic field, or other set of forces that react to "push them back into their positions" whenever they try to move away.

The act of restricting (by restoring forces and fields) movement (particularly of electrons) due to a disturbing magnetic field or other external force.

A solid figure, especially with more than six plane surfaces.

An English physicist who lived from 1852-1914, whose contributions to electromagnetics included the energy flow theory now known as Poynting flow.

He contributed the Poynting theorem, which states that the rate of EM energy loss in a specific region of space is equal to the sum of the dissipation rate (heat loss) flowing across the boundary of the region. Concurrently with Oliver Heaviside, Poynting conceived the notion that energy flowed through space, which previously had not appeared in physics. Heaviside actually published first, but obscurely; Poynting published in a prestigious journal, so the theory came to be known as "Poynting theory." Poynting himself always gave credit to Heaviside for being first. Also, the Heaviside version S = E� H+G was more extensive than Poynting's S = E� H. Heaviside was a recluse; years after his death, in his little garret apartment some papers were discovered beneath the floorboard. Therein Heaviside has used his G term (a closed energy flow, or "trapped energy" term) to represent gravitation, and had worked out a testable theory of electrogravitation. Modern general relativity indeed considers that it is energy -- particularly trapped energy -- that is responsible for generating gravitational field and gravitational potential. Apparently nothing at all was done or has been done with Heaviside's electrogravitational theory. See H.J. Josephs, "The Heaviside papers found at Paignton in 1957," The Institution of Electrical Engineers Monograph No. 319, Jan. 1959, p. 70-76.

Loose term (not rigorous!) used to describe the flow through space of Poynting energy density S = E� H.

Also used to refer to the energy in that flow, for a given area in each second, or for a tube filed with the energy flow for a period of time.

A more rigorous term used to describe the flow through space of Poynting energy density S = E� H.

Loose term (not completely rigorous) used to describe the flow of Poynting energy density S = E� H.

Any dipole or potential difference, which represents a broken symmetry in the vacuum's virtual particle flux, and hence extracts virtual energy from that asymmetry, and gates it out as Poynting energy flow S = E� H.

The interesting thing is that one can directly amplify the Poynting energy flow without work, and my associates and I have filed patent applications on such processes. It is a marvelous thing to discover and realize that energy flow amplification is essentially cost-free, at least after the initial "crank it up there" costs such as switching and static charging are paid! One merely has to amplify the dipolar asymmetry in the vacuum's violent energy exchange with the end charges of the dipole. Such voltage amplification is well-known, but how to use it as an energy amplifier is a new discovery. As we said, patent applications have been filed on this and quite a few other means of Poynting energy flow amplifiers.

The vector S, given as S = E� H, which is used to represent the Poynting energy density flow.

In Heaviside's version, S = E� H + G, where G is an energy circulation flow term of trapped energy flow.

Pumped phase conjugate mirror.

A phase conjugate mirror material which has introduced to it oppositive or "pump" waves. In the phase conjugating process, up to all the energy in the pump waves can be output as the energy in the emitted phase conjugate replica wave. Thus the PPCM is an amplifier, very similar to a triode.

The image or portion of an overall image that is of most interest, and usually the sharpest in focus.

Of or determined by the laws of probability.

Note particularly the somewhat dichotomous use of "determined by -- probability." The entire notion in probability is that the overall result is not individually determined, but that there are multiple outcomes of the experiment, each of which occurs w ith a certain frequency out of a very large number of trials. If a single result always occurs, that is said to be a deterministic change, not a probabilistic change. Unfortunately if one pursues the definition of "probability" in mathematics and logic, o ne eventually finds that it is dichotomous, as was our definition of energy. Ultimately the foundations guys just threw up their hands and said, "Oh, what the heck! Probability is probability, every fool knows that!" The problem cannot be resolved in 3-la w Aristotelian logic; it requires a higher topology logic.

The probability of a simple event is the ratio of the number of times it occurs to the total number of trials (for a large, essentially infinite number of trials).

Note that "trials" constitute things that have occurred (are past). Probability has resisted rigorous logical definition by Aristotelian logic; the reason is that it is an expression of the fourth law, the identity of opposites. Probability is the expr ession of the future (that which has not occurred) in terms of the past (that which has occurred). Since we have been trained to conceive or think of something as if it had just been perceived to occur, then this is the only way we can conceive the future .

But with Aristotelian logic, the future cannot be composed of the past (the law of the excluded middle prevents it!), and probability has no acceptable logical basis. With four-law logic, the future can be modeled in terms of -- and even be identical t o -- the past, and probability has a logical basis. Consider throwing a die to land with one face up. Thinking of the event (as if it has just occurred, in terms of the most recent past), one can conceive six ways of looking at it. In other words, one can conceive of six "most recent pasts." By the fourth law, the total "most recent past" is identical to the "most immediate future," on the common boundary. [The Aristotelian law of the excluded middle actually excludes boundaries and interfaces!] (R ecall, the fourth law violates all three Aristotelian laws). If one therefore collects all six "most recent pasts," they turn into the most immediate future, by the fourth law of logic. One may attempt to argue that only a single one of the events will ac tually occur. Here one counters with the observation that, when it occurs, it is the past, not the future, and then it has not been collected so as to move to the boundary. One also points out that, with the hidden variable approach, in theory it is possi ble to directly engineer those probabilities while the Shrödinger wavefunction is still propagating and has not yet collapse to constitute an "observation." I.e., it is possible to engineer Wheeler's "pre-reality," and determine in advance just which of the outcomes shall occur. [Now, when this type of equipment eventually gets built and is small and portable, just think what one could do in Las Vegas!]

Modulations of the internal bidirectional wavepairs comprising a scalar potential.

This set was added in the mid-1980s by Ziolkowski, to Whittaker's 1903 sum set. When a signal is "infolded" inside the DC potential, it is modulated upon (multiples) one or more of the internal biwave pairs. Ziolkowski's work is necessary to deal with that; Stoney and Whittaker alone do not handle it.

Trivial.

A nonlinear material which:

(i) when provided with an input wave, emits an amplified phase conjugate replica (time reversed replica) of that wave, and

(ii) has additional opposing waves as inputs, so that their energy is transformed into the amplified energy of the time-reversed replica wave.

The word "mirror" is misleading, in that the "mirror" may be just a highly nonlinear material, or be an actual smooth metallic surface containing "hot spots" by heating, etc. In any case, it is the nonlinearities such as the hot spots that produce the phase conjugating action.

The quantum mechanical vacuum, which models the vacuum as an intense flux of virtual particles, each appearing an disappearing in such extreme time intervals as to be unobservable individually.

Violent fluctuations of extremely short duration constantly occur in the QM vacuum flux. Various calculations estimate the energy density (in mass units) as up to 10⁸⁰-10⁹⁰ grams per cubic centimeter, or even greater.

Determination based on quality, usually opposed to quantity determinations.

i) Reduction of some observable quantity to multiples of some small, indivisible unit, or,

ii) expressed in terms of quantum theory.

A single "particle" of the quantity action.

The quantum is always composed of two fundamental quantities (canonical variables), and it is the "fissioning" of the action quantum into two pieces which results in detection of one of the pieces. An indefinite "smear" of part of the two pieces may be simultaneously detected by a linear detector, but never both exactly (Heisenberg uncertainty principle). More recent work has shown that, in a highly nonlinear situation, both canonical variables can be determined simultaneously to any desired degree of accuracy, in which case the Heisenberg uncertainty principle does not hold in its conventional form. This fundamental change in what has been regarded as one of the "sacred laws" of physics has not yet made it into most physics texts.

A quantum mechanical theory in which "... a physical field is considered as a collection of particles and forces, and observable properties of an interacting system are expressed as finite quantities rather than state vectors."

[Dictionary of Science and Technology, ibid.] More simply (after Davies, The New Physics, 1989): "The theory that describes the quantum effects of a classical system of fields defined on space-time and satisfying various partial different ial equations."

A special potential added to the Schrödinger equation, by Bohm in his hidden variable theory of quantum mechanics.

The quantum potential can move instantaneously. In my book Gravitobiology, I published a mechanism by means of which a quantum potential can be created. (There may of course be other QP-creating mechanisms). An iterative, mutually phase c onjugating of EM signals passed back and forth between two objects, or among many of them, is called self-targeting. Extreme self-targeting can produce such a QP or partially produce one, particularly if a dense "pumping" (optical sense) of the pha se conjugate mirror objects occurs. I am presently proposing the QP as a means of direct energy amplification. I.e., if there is "instantaneous travel" between two light-observed points, then to the instantaneous agent there is no length separation or tim e separation between the points. This of course means that in effect the objects now coexist "superposed" on each other in a multiply connected space, at least with some fraction of "coupling". Suppose the coupling fraction is 0.5, and 100 widely separate d nodes are so connected by a common QP. Then if I put in 1 joule per second of energy flow at a given node, there will instantly and simultaneously appear at each of the other 99 nodes one-half joule of energy per second flow. So I can gain quite a bit o f direct energy amplification in this distributed system, and nothing can "shield" the distant nodes. Presently, other than possibly Gabriel Kron, I have not found any other consideration of this "direct amplification of energy at a distance" that is implied by "open paths" nonetheless connected by a multiply connected space. The implications -- in everything from power sources to medicine to weaponry -- are mind-staggering. I believe that weapons based on just this very QP, multiply connected spac e, and direct energy amplification are already developed and on site in one or more nations.

Expression comprised of the sum of four terms, one of which is real and three of which contain imaginary units, and that can be written as the sum of a scalar and a three-dimensional vector.

The algebra of quaternions and their mathematical operations.

Changing the scalar potential or the vector potential, or both.

The "hidden" or "infolded" real vector components,

e.g., of a vector zero summation system.

A group of nonzero, finite vectors which as a system sum to a net translation zero; i.e., which do not translate a resisting mass or charge.

Vectors in three space, without imaginary components.

The dynamics of vacuum engines, or of "internal energy" or "internal work" ongoing in a system or volume of space.

Standard mathematical physics.

The rebound of light or other energy from a surface.

A smooth surface (e.g., a mirror) may produce a specular reflection. A rough surface (e.g., a sheet of paper) produces a diffuse reflection. Actually, in reflection of light, the same light does not rebound; instead, the light incident upon the mirror or surface is absorbed, and new light is re-emitted by that surface. Further, considering reflection from a dielectric, every interior part of the dielectric participates in the reflection. All the internal information about the entire object -- everythin g! -- is there in that reflected light, infolded as the hidden "information content of the field" (Stoney-Whittaker-Ziolkowski structuring inside the two scalar potentials comprising the reflected wave). With the Fogal semiconductor, at least some of that hidden "pinna" information in a sample detection of the reflected light can be outfolded and displayed.

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.

It is the phenomenon that enables a lens to focus light and that makes a stick appear to bend where it dips into water.

A beam of energy directed at a target, which when absorbed by the target will generate a force in and on that target to push it away from the beam projector.

Beams of energy which "push away" their targeted receivers, by inducing a force in the receiver directed away from the source of the beam.

Precisely reversing the path of.

An example is phase conjugate reflection.

Characterized by magnitude only.

In ordinary vector analysis, a quantity completely characterized by magnitude only.

Actually, it contains magnitude and time, because to exist it must steadily exist in time. So we take the smallest increment of observer time we wish to consider, and that is the minimum "length" of the time-tail that the scalar must occupy and have, i n order to even be a "perceived or detected" thing. Before the mathematician jumps in with a nice limiting process to take away the time-tail, if you let that little time interval get too close to zero, then you get too close to eliminating the observer h imself, and the entire problem vanishes including mathematics and physics and the observer as well. We challenge any mathematician to demonstrate something that does not exist in time, on paper, in his mind, or otherwise! Be careful of the term "spacelike " in physics! It hides a logical nightmare. This was the very problem I uncovered in Aristotelian logic; the little increments of time to have a "perceived A" or a "perceived B" or to apply an "identity decision criteria" to determine identity or nonident ity, had been left out for lo these 2,000 or so years.

Usually considered synonymous with the electric potential.

Here we have another "logical nightmare."

Anyway, the conventional "definition" of electric potential assumes one knows what a "potential" is already, and goes something like this: "The potential measured by the energy of a unit positive charge at a point, expressed relative to an equipotentia l surface, generally the surface of the earth, that has zero potential." [Dictionary of Science and Technology, ibid., p. 722.]. Well, that is botched. It tells or attempts to tell what the measurement of a potential is, using a unit positiv e charge and a process. A potential cannot be its own magnitude measurement, just as a man cannot be his own weight measurement.

So what do we do? We have to tell what the potential is. This is the problem that so mystified and infuriated Oliver Heaviside, when he altered and diminished Maxwell's equations to rid them of every potential that he could. Heaviside stated tha t the potential was "mystical and ought to be murdered from the theory." He tried to do just that, and conditioned generations of electrodynamicists to believe that the potential had no physical reality at all, but was only a mathematical convenien ce. Nahin expresses Heaviside's view as follows: "In an 1893 letter to Oliver Lodge, Heaviside said of his own work that it represented the 'real and true "Maxwell" as Maxwell would have done it if he had not been humbugged by his vector and scalar potent ials.'" Paul Nahin, Oliver Heaviside: Sage in Solitude, IEEE Press, New York, 1988, p. 134, n. 37.

The concept of potential was developed by Poisson, Green, and others from about 1813 to 1827. Three notions involved in the development of the concept of the potential are: (i) there is the collection or storage of energy in the system, via the collect ion or storage of some entity therein, and this "potential energy" can be released and dynamically used, (ii) the potential is a scalar function whose spatial rate of change is a vector force, and (iii) the dynamics of the stored energy is suspended by th e "storage" or "collecting" entity; in other words it is a sort of "suspended action" waiting to be unleashed. It requires some action to release the leashed energy.

We have to disagree with the second notion, having already discussed the fact that no vector force exists unless mass is present, since mass is a component of force. Here we have a residue of the old "material ether" concept. For the third notion, we n ote that the concept of a "virtual" particle or particle flux means that it cannot become observable unless some interaction is imposed. So we may handle the "third notion" requirement by assuming the potential to be composed of hidden virtual particle fl ux, or hidden wave flux.

Physics basically tries to define the electrical potential as energy per coulomb, or
F = W/Q. That, however, is actually not a definition at all, but rather is an algorithm for calculating the magnitude of the excess energy collection/collecting upon a coulomb of charge, when that coulomb is immersed in the pote ntial F . This now begins to give us a clue. Potential is energy in some fashion. So the entity F must have essentially the same definition as energy! Potential energy, collected energy, stored energy, whatever -- it's energy first and foremost.

Refer to our discussion of the 3-law logical contradiction in the concept of energy. The same logical contradiction must be present in the notion of the potential.

Just as we did for energy, we must define the scalar potential f in two oppositive ways: (i) in the wave view and (ii) in the particle view. So we define pot ential (particle view) as any virtual particle flux. We also define potential (wave view) as any hidden wave flux. Further, we note that the energetic vacuum is composed of a virtual particle flux (particle view) and so it is also a potential. Sinc e the virtual particle flux of the vacuum is extremely intense, the vacuum potential is enormous in magnitude.

We shall also consider any other potential to ultimately be a change to the vacuum potential. Originally, one conceived of a potential occupying the "vacuum as an empty space." Then general relativity made the vacuum into spacetime, geometrized it, and made the geometry itself dynamic and operative -- i.e., energetic. Okay! Then that makes spacetime itself a potential.

We also adamantly dispose of the peculiar and deformed notion that the scalar potential of a point-source charge (at any spatial point that the potential occupies) may be defined as the "work performed upon a unit charge by pushing it in against the E-field of that source charge, to that spatial point." This is an equation and not a definition at all; instead, it is an algorithm for calculating the energy density magnitude of the scalar potential. It is a fine algorithm, but it has nothin g at all to do with what the potential itself is. Again, a man cannot be defined as an algorithm for calculating the magnitude of his height!

Without further discussion, we also somewhat extend the general relativity notion of spacetime as dynamic geometry, as follows: Spacetime � geometry � potential � "trapped " or collected/collecting energy. So when we engineer the potential, we also engineer spacetime and spacetime geometry. Curvature of spacetime, e.g., becomes simply a change in the energy density of the vacuum, from the ambient value. Now when we apply th e hidden EM variable theory of the Stoney-Whittaker-Ziolkowski work, we are engineering and extending (i) electromagnetics, (ii) quantum mechanics, (iii) general relativity, (iv) spacetime, (v) spacetime curvature, and (vi) spacetime geometry.

In collision (processes), in which an incident particle such as a photon, electron, or proton, of known energy or direction or both, collides with another entity, emerging from the collision with a different energy or direction or both.

In quantum mechanics: an equation that describes the propagation of waves associated with subatomic particles, or more generally, that describes the evolution over time of the quantum state of a system.

In a quantum mechanical system, the energy associated with the emission and absorption of virtual particles.

In a classical system, the energy associated with the interaction among parts of the system itself.

(after Davies, The New Physics, 1989): "Spontaneous emergence of order, arising when certain parameters built in a system reach critical values."

The potential created in and of the charge

...(e.g., the electron) by its virtual particle flux exchange with the vacuum.

Also, an asymmetry in the virtual photon flux of the vacuum, caused by the interaction of the charge (e.g., the electron) with the vacuum flux. From here, we note that the self-potential must consist of Poynting flow or flows from the electron, because of the asymmetry. The Poynting flow(s) transport E, H, and f outward from the charge source. However, the charge is not the primary source per se of the potential, but instead is the asymmetric gate in the vacuum flux th at "gates out" the potential and its energy flux. The asymmetry in the vacuum flux is the actual source.

Between two entities, where each acts partially or wholly as a phase conjugate mirror, self-targeting is the iterative phase conjugation or "ping-ponging" and rapid convergence of beams between the two PCMs.

It has a spectacular application in phase conjugate shooting from a spaceborne laser against a rising hostile booster, even several thousand miles distant. First a laser pulse is "bounced off" the distant target, and the reflected pulse returns to the receiver in the laser platform. It carries the movement-induced alteration of the distant target on the pulse it reflected. The next emitted pulse is an amplified phase conjugate replica of that received pulse, and it will backtrack to the same spo t on the rising booster, leading it a bit and converging moderately so that it meets that spot. That spot begins to heat up, increasing its nonlinearity and making it act even more as a PCM. So its reflected signal off the "hot spot" is also a phase conju gate replica of the pulse that it received from the laser. That reflected pulse now will moderately converge its reflected energy upon the distant laser, increasing the return to the laser. The ping-pong continues, so that the laser beam narrows sharply u pon the distant hot spot, and the reflected beam from the hotspot narrows sharply upon the distant laser. This "iterative narrowing ping pong" locks the laser upon the distant hotspot, even though the booster is moving. This process continues for the nece ssary dwell time, until the beam melts through that spot and explodes the hostile booster. The iterative phase conjugating reflection, or "ping ponging" between the target spot and the laser, is called self-targeting.

Essentially "automatically tracked."

The Poynting energy density flow S, where S � E� H + G.

E is the electric field, H is the magnetic field strength, and G is a trapped closed loop flow of energy density.

In nonlinear optics, the input signal (wave) to a phase conjugate mirror (PCM), which stimulates the PCM to emit a phase conjugate replica (PCR) wave in return.

The vector jf , which in a current loop represents the energy unit area per coulomb of flowing charge, per unit of time, that is collected/collecting from the Poynting S-flow and dissipated in that current loop in its load s and losses.

It does not represent the enormous amount of Poynting energy density flow that is flowing along the outside of the circuit conductors, and that is not being collected and therefore not being dissipated.

"Flow of collected-energy density dissipation" in a current loop,

...and therefore to the vector jf in the current loop, which represents the energy per unit area per coulomb of flowing charge, per unit of time, that is being dissipated in that current loop in its loads and losses.

It does not represent the enormous amount of energy that is flowing along the circuit, that is not being collected and therefore not being dissipated.

Refers to the vector jf in a current loop,

...which represents the energy density per coulomb of flowing charge, per unit of time, that is being dissipated in that current loop in its loads and losses.

It does not represent the enormous amount of energy that is flowing along the circuit, but not being collected and therefore not being dissipated. We accent that only intercepted and collected energy can be dissipated!

A parametric oscillator circuit employing solid state devices.

A parametric oscillator is a device that oscillates by rhythmically changing a parameter (such as capacitance or inductance, etc.).

Simple switching between differing values of the parameter is often used to induced the periodic change of the parameter.

The entity represented by the "fused product" of space and time.

Spacetime is also dynamic geometry, in the general relativistic interpretation. We consider spacetime to be a potential, and also geometry, and also vacuum, and also virtual particle flux, and also hidden wave flux.

A cloud of something (such as electrons) in a spatial region.

With reference to space and spatial position.

The intrinsic angular momentum of a particle,

...even when at rest, as if it were a top spinning about an axis, but had to spin 720 degrees before it turned "full circle."

Spin is quantized, and is always described as a half or whole spin, e.g., - 1, - 1/2, 0, 1/2, 1, etc. Spinning charged particles -- such as an electron -- thus demonstrate a magnetic moment, due to the circulation of charge in the spinning. In the nucleus of an atom, the spin of the nucleus is the resultant of the spins of the nucleons (particles comprising the nucleus). Actually spin of particles would appear to be more like an "implosion" to "expl osion" circulation; in other words, it circulates in time as well. It would appear that the spin of a particle is the basic feature that integrates the (disintegrated) flux energy of vacuum flux into observable charge. Apparently all observable fields, ma tter, effects, etc. depend upon this basic mechanism to zip together virtual entities and form observable phenomena.

Source of Poynting energy density flow.

Source of S = E� H flow. The primary source is considered to always be an asymmetry in the virtual particle flux of the vacuum.

(i) a scalar potential (i.e., a difference in potential) exists between the end charges of a dipole,

(ii) that potential (difference) can be mathematically decomposed into a harmonic series of bidirectional EM wave pairs, where each pair consists of an EM wave and its precisely superposed time-reversed twin. Thus a dipole is a "source" or identically is a set of hidden bidirectional waves (wave view).

The transverse wave on a taut string when it is plucked.

The string wave itself stays on the string and does not travel through the slapped medium.

However, Faraday believed that EM fields in vacuum consisted of "material lines of force" which were just such taut material strings, without any endholders. He thought that EM disturbances were simply the transverse disturbances of those "lines of for ce". He profoundly affected Maxwell's thinking, so that Maxwell accepted these physical lines of force. Consequently Maxwell assumed those same "transverse string vibration waves" in his EM wave theory. In eliminating the "stringholders" for the as sumed taut strings, Faraday and Maxwell discarded the Newtonian third law half of electrodynamics! They discarded half the energy and half the wave as well. Consequently today physics has no causative mechanism for Newton's third law, because it threw out the EM mechanism for it over a century ago and never noticed it!

In vector mathematics: a subset of a vector space which is closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication operations.

In physics: Physics often uses the term "space" to refer to spacetime. It also uses the term "space" to refer to the dimensions of space, without the dimensions of time. At any rate, the spatial portion of spacetime is represented mathematically by som e convenient number of dimensions. In the most usual practice, Minkowski spacetime of 3 spatial dimensions and one time dimension is utilized. In the Minkowski space, we now consider that "space" to be a vacuum scalar potential. If we consider the interna l Stoney-Whittaker-Ziolkowski biwave pairs comprising that vacuum potential, we may transmit a signal communication along one or more of these internal biwaves, without changing any of the others. In that case, no overall potential gradient and overall fo rcefield signal appears. That domain that is infolded "inside" the scalar potential is said to be subspace. It may be modeled as a space of n-dimensions, where those dimensions are compacted and not observable to an external observer. Subspace gained grea t popularity from the Star Trek television series, where the spaceships used "subspace communications" to have signals propagate far faster than the speed of light. Ironically, Bill Fogal and I have been working on what we hope will be a concrete realizat ion of just this very "subspace communication system", with infolded signals that move much faster than the speed of light in vacuum.

The movement of signals faster than the speed of light in vacuum,

...and the transmission and reception of such signals and extraction of their transported information.

In a manner or with a speed faster than c, the speed of light in vacuum.

To lay or place on, over, or above something else.

The simple linear addition and subtraction of two or more values.

Superposition is one of the key principles in field theories and in the concept of potentials.

A large set referenced to a small set, where the small set is included in the larger set.

The large set is said to be a superset of the small set. The small set is said to be a subset of the larger set.

The Stoney-Whittaker hidden bidirectional EM wavepairs comprising the scalar potential, and structuring (altering) of same.

A theory or process possesses a symmetry with respect to certain operations performed on it, if those applied operations do not change the theory or process.

In electromagnetics, changing the scalar potential to a different value, and simultaneously changing the vector potential to a different value, just precisely so that the two extra forces (each created by one of the changes) are equal and opposite - - thus canceling with respect to translation and doing net external work.

This "equal and opposite" excess forces from the regauging is known as the Lorentz condition. The end result is that the net force fields of the regauged system remain the same, even though the stress of the system has been increased by t he regauging and the energy of the system has also been changed. Since abstract vector mathematics contains no such thing as "stress" in its background vector space, zero vector resultant system of multiple nonzero vectors are most often simply discarded. Early electrodynamicists symmetrically regauged Heaviside's two "Maxwell" equations (potential form) so as to easily separate the variables. The net effect was to discard that set of the Heaviside/Maxwell equations that prescribed and included open elect rodynamic systems that freely receive and collect energy from the external vacuum, and also obtain a free excess force which then can permissibly utilize that excess energy to translate and produce external work upon the system or externally upon a load. In short, the symmetrical regauging discarded practical overunity electrodynamic circuits and devices, which Maxwell's equations -- even in their Heaviside modified form -- have always prescribed and permitted. Contrast to asymmetrical regauging.

Electrolytic capacitor with a tantalum or sintered-slug anode,

...such as solid tantalum, tantalum-foil electrolytic, and tantalum-slug capacitors.

For the same capacitance, the weight and volume of the tantalum capacitor are less than comparable aluminum electrolytic capacitors. In other words, you can make the little son-of-a-gun smaller, for a given capacitance and charge it must hold.

Refers to those separated points which engage in self-targeting between themselves and some separated signal energy source (as in Fogal's semiconductor).

The effect is to sharply narrow the retroreflected source signal energy from the source onto the separated points by means of the mutual ping-ponging. In this fashion much more energy density from the source can be concentrated on the targeted pinpoint s. In effect, phase conjugate shooting is evoked.

A special mathematical entity which is an element of a vector space such that it represents the tensor product of vector spaces and their duals.

Much of modern physics and advanced electromagnetics is expressed in tensor theory.

Famous American emigré electrical inventor and eccentric whose numerous inventions fueled much of the electrical 20th century.

Tesla produced the AC system, including polyphase systems. From his experiments he knew that the EM wave in vacuum was longitudinal, like sound waves. In spite of his great accomplishments, his eccentricities and grandiose pronouncements did not endear him to electrodynamicists! An example is his acrid comment: "...I showed that the universal medium is a gaseous body in which only longitudinal pulses can be propagated, involving alternating compressions and expansions similar to those produced by so und waves in the air. Thus, a wireless transmitter does not emit Hertz waves which are a myth, but sound waves in the ether, behaving in every respect like those in the air, except that, owing to the great elastic force and extremely small density of the medium, their speed is that of light." Another major example is his statement: "The Hertz wave theory of wireless transmission may be kept up for a while, but I do not hesitate to say that in a short time it will be recognized as one of the most re markable and inexplicable aberrations of the scientific mind which has ever been recorded in history."

Ironically, modern quantum mechanics has almost proven Tesla right that "the universal medium is a gaseous body." Today the modern QM vacuum is very much like a virtual particle gas. And of course the discussions in this present annotated glossary show why I personally am of the opinion that Tesla was also correct in his firm disbelief that those Faraday-Maxwell "taut physical strings without physical holders" filled the ether and provided transverse EM wave oscillations. I also agree with him that the EM wave in vacuum is a longitudinal wave, exactly like a sound wave. I believe that the transverse gyroelectron precession waves that our instruments actually measure in the conductor when it receives an incoming EM wave from the vacuum, proves that the vacuum wave is indeed longitudinal -- else it would seem we must discard the spin of an electron and the theory of gyroscopes. Finally, one should see, e.g., Patrick Cornille, "Inhomogeneous Waves and Maxwell's Equations." Chapter 4 in Essays on the Fo rmal Aspects of Electromagnetic Theory, Aklesh Lakhtakia, Ed., World Scientific, New York, 1993. Cornille clearly shows that Maxwell's equations are directly created by scalar potential interferometry. As he states, this means that EM force field wave s are created by the interference of sound-type scalar potential waves, or "sound creates light." This strongly supports Tesla's original statement that EM waves in the vacuum are actually EM sound waves, much like sound waves i n a gas.

The process of forming the phase conjugate

...(e.g., of a wave or particle or entity or process or vacuum engine.).

We accent that time-reversing an object is not the same thing as "travel into the past" so popularized by science fiction. For time travel to the past, the entire universe and everything in it except the traveler, would have to be time-reversed. That w ould not seem possible by any stretch of the imagination today! On the other hand, time-reversal of a single thing such as a particle or a wave -- or even a group of things such as a group of particles or waves -- is not only feasible but is readily achie vable. A positron is a time-reversed electron, e.g. Becker showed that laughably weak DC electrical trickle currents (picoamperes) across otherwise intractable bone fractures could engender healing of the bone fractures. In investigating the effect, he sh owed that entire cells -- specifically in that case, the red blood cells -- were time-reversed (dedifferentiated) and then fast-forwarded (redifferentiated) into new kinds of cells, genetics and all.

In France in the 1960s and early 1970s, the Priore team showed in laboratory animals that this mechanism (which they nor anyone else understood they were unwittingly evoking) could be used to dramatically reverse and quickly cure terminal tumors, infec tious diseases, arteriosclerosis, and suppressed immune systems. The same approach, if redeveloped, could stop and totally wipe out the emerging major new pandemic of hepatitis C, which nothing will touch at present and which will surpass AIDS infections after the turn of the century. The approach could totally reverse AIDS and eliminate all HIV infection, because it could simply time-reverse HIV-infected cells back to normal cells, genetics and all. In other words, it could readily and cheaply and quickl y eliminate AIDS from the face of the earth. Further, the disease could be eliminated whenever a patient tested positive for HIV infection; there would be no need to wait for debilitation to set in. For coverage in detail, see T.E. Bearden, "Vacuum Engine s and Priore's Methodology: The True Science of Energy-Medicine. Parts I and II." Explore!, 6(1), 1995, p. 66-76; 6(2), 1995, p. 50-62.

A normal wave moving in forward time.

The external observer comfortably sees its forward progress as expected.

A phase conjugate reflected wave, which is a wave moving in reversed time.

Since the external observer "sees" in forward time only, he sees the wave as traveling in the opposite direction as its generatrix wave front is moving.

Invariant under transformation by continuous mappings,

...or related to the properties of geometric shapes and figures that remain invariant under transformation by continuous mappings.

Study of the properties of geometric configurations invariant under transformation by continuous mappings.

A matrix (rectangular array of algebraic or numerical quantities) for replacement of the variables in an algebraic expression by their values in terms of another set of variables.

Used, e.g., in solving equations involving Hamiltonians.

Wave movement perpendicular to its primary direction of principle propagation, as in the movement of a rope in a wavelike motion.

(As opposed to longitudinal).

The completely erroneous notion that EM disturbances in the vacuum are composed of transverse "string waves."

Faraday, e.g., believed that the EM field in the vacuum consisted of his "lines of force" as material taut strings -- erroneously without the necessary holders to put the tension forces on the strings. He thought that when there was an EM disturbance, it was a "plucking" or transverse vibration of these "taut strings." Maxwell also believed in Faraday's material lines of force, and set out to capture them in his electrodynamic theory. He did so by simply assuming the lines (tubes) of force and their tr ansverse "string wave" vibration. This is equivalent to assuming that the electromagnetic vacuum itself is composed of material taut strings, and that additional EM fields are just additional taut material strings.

The modeled component of the electromagnetic field (as in a moving EM wave in vacuum) that is oriented at right angles to the line of motion.

A wave where the medium is undergoing repetitive lateral translations, as a lateral wave in a taut string.

The EM wave is vacuum is erroneously modeled as a transverse "string wave," as a relic from Faraday's original belief that EM fields existed in the (assumed) material ether as physical taut strings. He thus believed that EM disturbances were the distur bances of "pluckings" of these taut strings. Maxwell accepted Faraday's physical lines of force and constructed his electrodynamics mode to specifically include the material ether, the physical "taut strings" lines of force notion, and Faraday's "string w aves" as the electromagnetic vibrations in the ether. This discards half the energy, half the phenomena, half the wave, and Newton's third law causative EM mechanism.

In quantum mechanics, a phenomenon where a particle penetrates and crosses a small region where the opposing potential is greater than the particle's available energy.

The phenomenon is impossible according to classical physics, but occurs nonetheless. Further, the speed of transit through the "tunneling" separation can be superluminal. Tunneling of music between two points has been measured to occur at more than fou r times the speed of light.

A unified theory of physics that is not just an intellectual model but which is also engineerable on the laboratory bench and in actual physical systems.

...Mouth-filling phrase (yes, we sometimes write awkward phrases unintentionally; it's amazing how reasonable such things sometimes sound when you're laboring along at 3:00 a.m. and bleary-eyed as a wet toadstool!)

This notion is held only because the q is not decomposed into its component elements, but treated as if it were an indivisible unit. That is in error! The mass of a fundamental particle at rest is quantized, and the massless charge (self-potential) of the particle is discretized as a function of the background potential (virtual particle flux density) in which it is embedded or to which it is exposed. In our view the definition of a charge q is q � m_{q f q}. The electrical charge should be taken to be the massless f _q component. The definition of charge q_e of an electron is rigorously given by the identity q_e � m_{ef e}. The electrical charge of the electron should be taken to be the massless f _e component.

If a charge (say, an electron) is placed in an additional potential f ₁, then the total massless charge of the electron (i.e., its virtual vacuum flux exchange with mass me) is (f _{e< /SUB>+f 1). As can be seen, the massless charge of the electron (its virtual flux activity) has now changed. The electron is then said to be collecting and to have collected excess energy (which may be either p ositive or negative, depending upon the sign of f 1.). Further, either f e or f 1 or both can be internally and deterministically dimensio ned (structured in Stoney-Whittaker-Ziolkowski fashion). When its massless charge (its own potential f e) is so dimensioned, then the dimensioned electron is said to contain or transport a vacuum engine.}

Particle view: Deterministic internal pattern or template deliberately created in the virtual flux of a scalar potential.

It can also be created in, and transported by, the two scalar potentials that comprise a static or dynamic force field, or a moving EM wave in the vacuum. It can also be created in the local vacuum, in which case it has a "charge-up" creation time and a "discharge time," exhibiting a sort of "time constant" very much like a capacitor charging and discharging. In the wave view, the vacuum engine is a deterministic internal pattern or template deliberately created in the Stoney-Whittaker-Ziolkowski inter nal biwaves and wave products comprising the scalar potential. Again, it can be implanted in the vacuum or in an EM signal as a carrier. The self-energy (scalar potential) portion of any electric charge or magnetic charge can also be a "carrier" that is c onditioned (dimensioned) with a vacuum potential. The process or act of conditioning any of the carriers with vacuum engines is called dimensioning that carrier. Russian energetics refers to the vacuum engines of a dimensioned carrier as the information content of the field.

The virtual particle interaction between the active vacuum and a charged particle.

The charged particle is an asymmetry in this flux exchange interaction, and extracts and gates some of the vacuum energy as a Poynting S-flow. In turn, this S-flow transports and creates in space the E field and the scalar potential f associated with the charged particle. An electrically charged particle is thus a little Poynting energy generator, a source of potential, and a source of E-field. It is a little electrical dynamo, a little free energy genera tor. It is already an open system in disequilibrium with its environment -- the fierce vacuum flux. Its self-energy (potential) and its "fields," plus its Poynting energy flow, are the result of its asymmetry in the vacuum flux exchange.

In the particle viewpoint, the quantum mechanical vacuum identically is a virtual particle flux.

Present physics, however, is prone to refer to the vacuum as (an implied emptiness) containing a virtual particle flux. Energy, vacuum, spacetime, virtual particle flux, and dynamic geometry are all synonyms.

In mathematics, an entity completely characterized by a magnitude and a direction.

In electrical engineering: "Potential postulated in electromagnetic field theory.

Space differentiation (curl) of the vector potential yields the field. Magnetic vector potential is due to electric currents, while electric vector potential is assumed to be due to a flow of magnetic charges." [Chambers Science and Technolog y Dictionary, Peter M.B. Walker (Ed.), Chambers Cambridge, 1988, p. 947. Note that the foregoing is not yet a definition, saying only that it is a postulated potential, then giving some characteristics. Informally, in my view the vector potential is j ust sort of an ordinary scalar potential, every point of which is in motion in something like a swirling fashion. The magnetic vector potential A is most common. There doesn't seem to really be a definition of A; the equation B = Ñ � A is usually (erroneously!) said to "define" the A. So we are left with the question A � ?. Electrodynamicists have no difficulty in calculating t he direction and magnitude of A, and in using it, but so far as I can find there is still no real definition. As an adhoc definition I consider the A-potential to be identically a virtual photon flux of vacuum that is moving as an ensemble a long the direction of the A-vector. Inputs for a more rigorous definition of the form A � (x) would be most welcome! At any rate, the A is known to be quite real and an independent "field" of nature, because when the curl operator is removed from operating on A, the B-field is zeroed but the curl-free A-field can still remain and interfere with the fields of charged particles and magnetic poles to cause real effects in phys ical systems, including at a distance. This latter is known as the Aharonov-Bohm effect.

In ordinary theory, the assigning of a magnitude and a direction (that is, a vector) to each point in a region of space.

The entire set of vectors and their spatial points is called a vector field.

See discussion under zero vector.

An antiphoton that spontaneously appears and disappears, so swiftly that it cannot be individually observed.

A quantum particle that spontaneously appears and disappears, so swiftly that it cannot be individually observed, so that it exists only temporarily.

Nonetheless, the interactions of large numbers of virtual particles with a mass or charge can combine to generate real observable effects. In quantum field theory, all forces of nature are caused by the interaction of the forced mass entity with virtua l particles. Interaction of a mass with virtual photons, e.g., is projected to cause all mechanical and electromagnetic forces.

Interaction with or exchange of, a flux of virtual particles.

Interaction of a mass with virtual particles most often consists of the mass absorbing the virtual particles and re-emitting them.

A flux of virtual photons.

(Hey, how's that for a tautology!) First, see definition and discussion under flux. For electromagnetics, the vacuum can often be modeled as a flux of virtual photons. One gets the virtual charges also, since the photon is considered to a lso consist of a positron-electron pair. That is, the photon is continually separating into a positron-electron pair, which then annihilate each other to form additional photon(s), etc.

The mutual exchange of virtual photons, as between the vacuum and a charged mass, or between two colliding masses.

The emitted photons from one mass are absorbed in the other mass and re-radiated.

The vacuum identically is a flux of virtual particles.

For most electromagnetic cases, it can just be modeled as identically a flux of virtual photons.

Photons which spontaneously appear and disappear in the vacuum so quickly that they cannot be individually observed.

Positive electrons (positrons) which spontaneously appear and disappear in the vacuum so quickly that they cannot be individually observed.

Well-known mathematical physicist, who dramatically extended Stoney's earlier work of 1897-8 and authored two papers in 1903 and 1904 giving the basic theory of scalar electromagnetics (Russian energetics, not including the quantum potential por tion).

In the first paper, Whittaker showed that the scalar EM potential can be decomposed into a harmonic series of bidirectional EM wave pairs. In each pair, one wave is the phase conjugate of the other. [Hence the biwaves are comprised of photon/antiphoton couplets -- i.e., gravitons.] In the second paper Whittaker showed that the interference of two such scalar potentials can and does create all the field energy, patterns, and functions of classical electromagnetics. This second paper initiated what today is loosely referred to as superpotential theory.

Quantum mechanically, no system of interest (including even space itself) can have zero energy.

The zero point energy of the vacuum is the lowest energy vacuum state, with fluctuations taken into account. Even at low energies, quantum fluctuations continually arise, and result in an incessant, extremely rapid, and violent "jittering" of the energ y present. The minimum energy due to these quantum fluctuations is called the zero point energy.

(1) A vector having no length (no magnitude) or specific direction.

(2) Absence of any or all finite vectors.

(3) Resultant of a system of multiple, finite vectors whose vector sum has no specific direction.

Note that the second definition differs drastically from the first. That is, we cannot say that a vector resultant zero has no infolded magnitude, if we consider its components, all of whom have magnitude. See the discussion under "zero." In vector ana lysis, the zero vector axiom states that any vector v plus a zero vector is equal to a zero vector plus v. Note that, being an axiom, this is not proven, but just assumed. We very much disagree with that blanket axiom; it reduces vector analysis to a high ly special single case, where all zero vector systems are to be considered equal, and totally "inactive." In the real world that need not be true at all. There are an infinite number of different zero vector resultant systems, and so zero vectors may diff er, if their infolded component "substructure" is considered. In the real world, things that are vectors very often have energy. The energy is infolded and hidden, so that it represents not only a local curvature of spacetime, but also a structured, deter ministic set (a template) of curvatures of local spacetime. Therefore this zero vector system is actually a vacuum engine. Any mass system placed in such a potential, will be acted upon in its parts by that local vacuum engine. Further, the zero vector resultant system is a "potential," since it does contain "collected internal energy." This potential is obviously an artificial potential, since it is deterministically structured internally.

So between zero vector resultant systems, the "infolded, hidden energies" differ dramatically in

The problem is the vector algebra itself. In the abstract algebra, a "vector space" is regarded as an inert thing, where the only actants are the overall net nonzero vectors, and there is no interaction between an overt vector and a covert set o f vectors. The vector space is not allowed to have an internal realm, stress, hidden engines, or to interact with the vectors representing the physical system. Consequently, for over a century electrodynamicists -- thinking primarily of translation -- hav e routinely discarded such "zero vector systems" as if they represented the total absence of any finite vector. This they do, in the unsuitable assumptions of the vector algebra. This they do not do, in the real world.

The common practice in electrical physics of replacing a zero-summed system of nonzero vectors with a vector zero of "complete absence of vectors" is incomplete, and such did not exist in Maxwell's original quaternion theory. This present practi ce should be changed; it has reduced the topology of electromagnetics far too much, and gutted the most important parts of the theory insofar as an extended electromagnetics is concerned. The vector zero should be replaced with a special organized vector zero system and a scalar potential. The interactions of the "hidden" vectors should be incorporated. By failing to do this, physics excludes the ability to engineer electrogravitation, spacetime, the virtual state, local general relativity, free energy, e ffects at a distance, and the probabilities of the states propagated by the Schroedinger equation. It also excludes unification of all forces.

In the new view, a zero vector may be a system of nonzero vectors that vectorially sum or multiply to zero for translation purposes, but the components may still exist "inside" and dynamically function inside the zero-resultant envelope. This substruct ure can act on nonlinear or resonant systems. Any or all components may be time varying, or none of them may be. The zero vector system may thus be a dynamic vacuum engine. In addition, such a vector zero system is considered to be also a scalar stress po tential, whose magnitude is equal to the sum of the absolute values of the perpendicular components. In addition, a separate type of stress potential may be included for the magnitude of the absolute values of the swirl components (torques). Other associa ted potentials may be included for the system, particularly if the system is in multiple dimensions, if it consists of more than one type of virtual particle flux, if several fluxes intercommute, etc. Such a system can also be designed and created to dete rministically interact with and on the life force itself, the mind, thought, and personality, but that is beyond the scope of this discussion.

A surface or assumed spatial surface in which vectors under consideration interact to sum to a vector zero resultant.

Zero summations of real, nonzero vectors, so that the real vectors are still present but do not cause translation of exposed mass or charges.

With respect to observing/detecting process that depend upon charge translation, the vectors are said to be hidden and infolded -- i.e., with respect to detection by translation. See discussion under zero vector.