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Primary hyperparathyroidism

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Contents of this page:

Illustrations

Endocrine glands
Endocrine glands
Parathyroid glands
Parathyroid glands

Alternative Names    Return to top

Parathyroid-related hypercalcemia

Definition    Return to top

Primary hyperparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder in which the body has too much parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Causes    Return to top

The parathyroid glands are located at the front and base of the neck at the four corners of the thyroid gland. The glands produce parathyroid hormone, which controls the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the body.

In primary hyperparathyroidism, enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid glands causes extra parathyroid hormone to be released. This increases calcium levels. The effects of increased calcium are seen in several body systems including the skeletal, gastrointestinal, renal (kidney), muscular, and central nervous system.

The disease is most common in people over 60, but can also be seen in younger adults. Women are more likely to be affected than men. Radiation to the head and neck increases risk. Hyperparathyroidism in childhood is very unusual.

Rarely, the disease is caused by parathyroid cancer.

Symptoms    Return to top

Exams and Tests    Return to top

This disease may cause changes in the results of the following tests:

Treatment    Return to top

Treatment depends upon the severity and cause of the condition. If calcium levels are mildly high, they may simply be monitored, but not treated, unless the kidneys do not work correctly, kidney stones develop, or there is a loss of calcium from bones, which makes them weaker.

Treatment may include:

For severe cases that cause problems, hospitalization may be required. An IV may be used to replace fluids (rehydrate the body). Medications to bring down calcium levels quickly may be given. They include bisphosphonates and calcitonin

Surgery to remove the tumor or removal of excess parathyroid tissue resulting from hyperplasia is necessary for severely high calcium levels or one or more of the following complications are present: kidney stones, pancreatitis, psychiatric disease, or bone demineralization.

Surgery is also recommended for patients less than 50 years of age.

Outlook (Prognosis)    Return to top

The prognosis is good for mild cases. Most cases of primary hyperparathyroidism are mild.

Possible Complications    Return to top

Complications that result from excess calcium deposits within the body:

When to Contact a Medical Professional    Return to top

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if symptoms indicate that primary hyperparathyroidism may be present.

Call your health care provider if signs of complications develop.

Update Date: 8/8/2006

Updated by: Robert Hurd, MD, Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

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