Hemoglobin C disease is a blood disorder passed down through families. It leads to a type of anemia, which causes red blood cells to break down earlier than normal.

Hemoglobin C is a problem with hemoglobin, the part of red blood cells that carry oxygen. It is a type of hemoglobinopathy. The disease is caused by problem with a gene called beta globin.

The disease most often occurs in African Americans. You are more likely to develop hemoglobin C disease if someone in your family has had it.

Most people do not have symptoms. Occasionally, jaundice may occur. Some persons with this disease may develop gallstones that require treatment.

Physical examination reveals an enlarged spleen.

Tests that may be done include:

• Complete blood count
• Hemoglobin electrophoresis
• Peripheral smear
• Serum hemoglobin

Usually no treatment is needed. Folic acid supplementation may help your body produce normal red blood cells and improve the symptoms of the anemia.

People with hemoglobin C disease can expect to lead a normal life.

Complications include episodes of pain, hip problems, vision problems, and gallbladder disease.

Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of hemoglobin C disease.

Genetic counseling may be appropriate for high-risk couples who wish to have a baby.

Goldman L, Ausiello D. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 2004.

Noble J. Textbook of Primary Care Medicine. 3rd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2001.