Heart-and-lung transplant is surgery to replace a diseased heart and lungs with a healthy heart and lungs from a human donor.

Heart-and-lung transplant operations have been performed since 1980 in the United States. Since 1995, between 30 and 70 heart-lung transplants are performed each year, according to the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS).

The donated heart and lungs are from a person who has been declared brain-dead, but remains on life-support. Tissue matching helps find the best match of donated organs to the patient.

While the patient is deep asleep with general anesthesia, a cut is made through the breast bone. A heart-lung bypass machine takes over the circulating of the blood, and maintains oxygen levels to the body.

The patient's heart and lungs are removed, and the donor heart and lungs are stitched into place. The heart-lung bypass machine is disconnected. The blood flows through the donor heart and air flows in and out of the donor lungs.

Heart-lung transplant may be recommended for patients with:

• Severely diseased lungs, such as with primary pulmonary hypertension
• Severely damaged heart

Heart-and-lung transplants are not recommended for patients who have poor kidney or liver function, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, or other serious diseases.

Risks for any anesthesia are:

• Reactions to medications
• Problems breathing

• Bleeding
• Infection

• Failure of the transplanted organs
• Rejection of the transplanted organs
• Infection due to anti-rejection (immunosuppression) medications
• Blood clots
• Stroke

A heart-and-lung transplant extends the life of a patient who would otherwise die. The operation is done only when there is a very good chance of success. While long-term outcomes are unknown at this time, the 5 year survival rate is about 40 - 50%.

As with all major organ transplants, the problems are finding a donor, preventing rejection, and the cost of the surgery and medications.

Finding a donor for heart-lung transplant can be difficult. The donated organs must come from a person who has been declared brain-dead, but is still on life-support. The patient who needs the transplant must be healthy enough to survive the surgery.

Preventing rejection is an ongoing process. The body's immune system considers the transplanted organs as invaders, and fights them.

To prevent rejection, organ transplant patients must take anti-rejection drugs such as cyclosporine and corticosteroids that reduce the body's immune response. These drugs also reduce the body's natural ability to fight off various infections.

An long hospital stay should be expected. The recovery period is about 6 months. Frequent check-ups with blood tests and x-rays  will be necessary for years.