For both men and women, pain can occur in the pelvic area during or soon after sexual intercourse. It can happen at any time during sex -- for example, at the time of penetration, erection, or ejaculation. Eventually, if pain from intercourse is ongoing, you could lose interest in any sexual activity.

The medical term for this is dyspareunia.

• Intercourse too soon after surgery or child birth
• Vaginal dryness or inadequate lubrication (for example, from insufficient foreplay)
• Menopause (vaginal lining loses its normal moisture and becomes dry)
• Vaginal infection
• Reaction to the latex of a diaphragm or condom 
• Prostatitis -- inflammation of the prostate
• Genital irritation from soaps, detergents, douches, or feminine hygiene products
• Herpes sores, genital warts, or other sexually transmitted diseases
• Urinary tract infections
• Endometriosis
• Vaginismus -- involuntary contraction of the vaginal muscles; this may be a result of ongoing painful intercourse as well as a cause
• Ill fitting diaphragm
• Sexual abuse or rape
• Hemorrhoids
• Certain medications

For painful intercourse in women after pregnancy:

• Wait at least 6 weeks after childbirth before resuming sexual relations.
• Be gentle and patient.

For vaginal dryness/inadequate lubrication:

• Try water-based lubricants.
• If you are going through menopause and lubricants don't work, talk to your doctor about estrogen creams or other prescription medications.

For painful intercourse caused by prostatitis:

• Soak in a warm bath.
• Drink plenty of fluids, but avoid alcohol and caffeine.
• Take acetaminophen or ibuprofen.
• Take antibiotics as prescribed.

For hemorrhoids, try stool softeners. Antibiotics may be required for urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, or vaginal infections.

Other causes of painful intercourse may require prescription medications or, rarely, surgery.

Sex therapy may be helpful, especially if no underlying medical cause is identified. Guilt, inner conflict, or unresolved feelings about past abuse may be involved which need to be worked through in therapy. It may be best for your partner to see the therapist with you.

Call your doctor if:

• Home remedies are not working.
• You have other symptoms with painful intercourse, like bleeding, genital lesions, irregular periods, discharge from penis or vagina, or involuntary vaginal muscle contraction.

If you are a victim of a sexual assault, report the crime to the police and go to the emergency room immediately. Get a trusted friend to accompany you. DO NOT change, bathe, shower or even wash your hands before the ER evaluation. The temptation to do so will be great, but it is important to not lose any evidence in order to help find, charge, and convict the perpetrator.

Your doctor will take your medical history and perform a physical examination.

Medical history questions may include:

• When did the pain begin or has intercourse always been painful?
• Is intercourse painful every time that it is attempted?
• Is it painful for your partner as well?
• At what point during (or after) intercourse does the pain begin? Upon entry/penetration? During ejaculation?
• Where, specifically, is the pain?
• Does anything make the pain better?
• Do you have any other symptoms?
• What are your attitudes towards sex in general?
• Have you had a significant traumatic event in the past (rape, child abuse, or similar)?
• What medications do you take?
• What illnesses, diseases, and disorders are you being treated for?
• Have you had a significant emotional event recently?
• Have you ever had pain-free sex with this partner? With any partner?

It may be best to see the doctor together with your partner. Physical examination may include a pelvic examination (for women), a prostate examination (for men), and a rectal examination. If a physical problem is suspected, appropriate tests will be ordered.

Antibiotics, painkillers, or hormones are amongst the treatment options that may be considered.

• Good hygiene and routine medical care will help to some degree.
• Adequate foreplay and stimulation will help to ensure proper lubrication of the vagina.
• The use of a water-soluble lubricant like K-Y Jelly may also help. Vaseline should not be used as a sexual lubricant because it is not compatible with latex condoms (it causes them to break), it is not water soluble, and it may encourage vaginal infections.
• Practicing safe sex can help prevent sexually transmitted diseases.

National Institutes of Health. National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference statement: management of menopause-related symptoms. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(12 Pt 1):1003-1013.

Klein MC, Kaczorowski J, Firoz T, Hubinette M, Jorgensen S, Gauthier R. A comparison of urinary and sexual outcomes in women experiencing vaginal and Caesarean births. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2005; 27(4): 332-339.

Mahutte NG. Medical management of endometriosis-associated pain. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2003; 30(1): 133-150.