A gum biopsy is a surgery in which a small piece of gingival (gum) tissue is removed for examination.

A painkiller is sprayed into the mouth in the area of the abnormal gum tissue. In some cases, a numbing shot may be used. A small piece of the gum tissue that appears abnormal is removed and checked for problems in the laboratory.

There is no special preparation, although you may be told not to eat for a few hours before the biopsy.

The topical anesthetic should numb the area during the procedure, although some tugging or pressure may be felt. If there is bleeding, the blood vessels may be sealed off with an electric current or laser. This is called electrocauterization. After the numbness wears off, the area may be sore for a few days.

This test is done to determine the cause of abnormal gum tissue.

This test is only performed when there is an abnormality.

• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
• Amyloid
• Oral cancer (for example, squamous cell carcinoma)
• Noncancerous mouth sores (the specific cause can be determined in many cases)

• Bleeding from the biopsy site
• Infection of the gums
• Soreness

Avoid brushing the biopsy area for 1 week.