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Chapter 12 The java.lang Package |
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Chapter 12 The java.lang Package |
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java.lang.System
java.lang.Object
None
None
JDK 1.0 or later
The System class provides access to various information about the operating system environment in which a program is running. For example, the System class defines variables that allow access to the standard I/O streams and methods that allow a program to run the garbage collector and stop the Java virtual machine.
All of the variables and methods in the System class are static. In other words, it is not necessary to create an instance of the System class in order to use its variables and methods. In fact, the System class does not define any public constructors, so it cannot be instantiated.
The System class supports the concept of system properties that can be queried and set. The following properties are guaranteed always to be defined:
|
Property Name |
Description |
|---|---|
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file.encoding |
The character encoding for the default locale (Java 1.1 only) |
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file.encoding.pkg |
The package that contains converters between local encodings and Unicode (Java 1.1 only) |
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file.separator |
File separator ('/' on UNIX, ' \' on Windows) |
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java.class.path |
The class path |
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java.class.version |
Java class version number |
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java.compiler |
The just-in-time compiler to use, if any (Java 1.1 only) |
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java.home |
Java installation directory |
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java.vendor |
Java vendor-specific string |
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java.vendor.url |
Java vendor URL |
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java.version |
Java version number |
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line.separator |
Line separator(' \n' on UNIX, ' \r\n' on Windows) |
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os.arch |
Operating system architecture |
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os.name |
Operating system name |
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os.version |
Operating system version |
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path.separator |
Path separator (':' on UNIX, ',' on Windows) |
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user.dir |
User's current working directory when the properties were initialized |
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user.home |
User's home directory |
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user.language |
The two-letter language code of the default locale (Java 1.1 only) |
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user.name |
User's account name |
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user.region |
The two-letter country code of the default locale (Java 1.1 only) |
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user.timezone |
The default time zone (Java 1.1 only) |
Additional properties may be defined by the run-time environment. The -D command-line option can be used to define system properties when a program is run.
The Runtime class is related to the System class; it provides access to information about the environment in which a program is running.
public final class java.lang.System extends java.lang.Object {
// Constants
public static final PrintStream err;
public static final InputStream in;
public static final PrintStream out;
// Class Methods
public static void arraycopy(Object src, int srcOffset,
Object dst, int dstOffset, int length);
public static long currentTimeMillis();
public static void exit(int status);
public static void gc();
public static Properties getProperties();
public static String getProperty(String key);
public static String getProperty(String key, String default);
public static SecurityManager getSecurityManager();
public static String getenv(String name); // Deprecated in 1.1
public static native int identityHashCode(Object x); // New in 1.1
public static void load(String filename);
public static void loadLibrary(String libname);
public static void runFinalization();
public static void runFinalizersOnExit(boolean value); // New in 1.1
public static void setErr(PrintStream err); // New in 1.1
public static void setIn(InputStream in); // New in 1.1
public static void setOut(PrintStream out); // New in 1.1
public static void setProperties(Properties props);
public static void setSecurityManager(SecurityManager s);
}
The standard error stream. In an application environment, this variable refers to a java.io.PrintStream object that is associated with the standard error output for the process running the Java virtual machine. In an applet environment, the PrintStream is likely to be associated with a separate window, although this is not guaranteed.
The value of err can be set using the setErr() method. The value of err can only be set if the currenly installed SecurityManager does not throw a SecurityException when the request is made.
Prior to to Java 1.1, err was not final. It has been made final as of Java 1.1 because the unchecked ability to set err is a security hole.
The standard input stream. In an application environment, this variable refers to a java.io.InputStream object that is associated with the standard input for the process running the Java virtual machine.
The value of in can be set using the setIn() method. The value of in can only be set if the currenly installed SecurityManager does not throw a SecurityException when the request is made.
Prior to to Java 1.1, in was not final. It has been made final as of Java 1.1 because the unchecked ability to set in is a security hole.
The standard output stream. In an application environment, this variable refers to a java.io.PrintStream object that is associated with the standard output for the process running the Java virtual machine. In an applet environment, the PrintStream is likely to be associated with a separate window, although this is not guaranteed.
out is the most commonly used of the three I/O streams provided by the System class. Even in GUI-based applications, sending output to this stream can be useful for debugging. The usual idiom for sending output to this stream is:
System.out.println("Some text");
The value of out can be set using the setOut() method. The value of out can only be set if the currenly installed SecurityManager does not throw a SecurityException when the request is made.
Prior to to Java 1.1, out was not final. It has been made final as of Java 1.1 because the unchecked ability to set out is a security hole.
public static void arraycopy(Object src, int src_position, Object dst, int dst_position, int length)
The source array.
An index into the source array.
The destination array.
An index into the destination array.
The number of elements to be copied.
If the values of the src_position, dst_position, and length arguments imply accessing either array with an index that is less than zero or an index greater than or equal to the number of elements in the array.
If the type of value stored in the src array cannot be stored in the dst array.
If src or dst is null.
This method copies a range of array elements from the src array to the dst array. The number of elements that are copied is specified by length. The elements at positions src_position through src_position+length-1 in src are copied to the positions dst_position through dst_position+length-1 in dst, respectively.
If src and dst refer to the same array, the copying is done as if the array elements were first copied to a temporary array and then copied to the destination array.
Before this method does any copying, it performs a number of checks. If either src or dst are null, the method throws a NullPointerException and dst is not modified.
If any of the following conditions are true, the method throws an ArrayStoreException, and dst is not modified:
If any of the following conditions are true, the method throws an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, and dst is not modified:
Otherwise, if an element in the source array being copied cannot be converted to the type of the destination array using the rules of the assignment operator, the method throws an ArrayStoreException when the problem occurs. Since the problem is discovered during the copy operation, the state of the dst array reflects the incomplete copy operation.
The current time as the number of milliseconds since 00:00:00 UTC, January 1, 1970.
This method returns the current time as the number of milliseconds since 00:00:00 UTC, January 1, 1970. It will not overflow until the year 292280995.
The java.util.Date class provides more extensive facilities for dealing with times and dates.
The exit status code to use.
If the checkExit() method of the SecurityManager throws a SecurityException.
This method causes the Java virtual machine to exit with the given status code. This method works by calling the exit() method of the current Runtime object. By convention, a nonzero status code indicates abnormal termination. This method never returns.
This method causes the Java virtual machine to run the garbage collector in the current thread. This method works by calling the gc() method of the current Runtime object.
The garbage collector finds objects that will never be used again because there are no live references to them. After it finds these objects, the garbage collector frees the storage occupied by these objects.
The garbage collector is normally run continuously in a thread with the lowest possible priority, so that it works intermittently to reclaim storage. The gc() method allows a program to invoke the garbage collector explicitly when necessary.
A Properties object that contains the values of all the system properies.
If the checkPropertiesAccess() method of the SecurityManager throws a SecurityException.
This method returns all of the defined system properties encapsulated in a java.util.Properties object. If there are no system properties currently defined, a set of default system properties is created and initialized. As discussed in the description of the System class, some system properties are guaranteed always to be defined.
The name of a system property.
The value of the named system property or null if the named property is not defined.
If the checkPropertyAccess() method of the SecurityManager throws a SecurityException.
This method returns the value of the named system property. If there is no definition for the named property, the method returns null. If there are no system properties currently defined, a set of default system properties is created and initialized. As discussed in the description of the System class, some system properties are guaranteed always to be defined.
The name of a system property.
A default value for the property.
The value of the named system property, or the default value if the named property is not defined.
If the checkPropertyAccess() method of the SecurityManager throws a SecurityException.
This method returns the value of the named system property. If there is no definition for the named property, the method returns the default value as specified by the def parameter. If there are no system properties currently defined, a set of default system properties is created and initialized. As discussed earlier in the description of the System class, some system properties are guaranteed to always be defined.
A reference to the installed SecurityManager object or null if there is no SecurityManager object installed.
This method returns a reference to the installed SecurityManager object. If there is no SecurityManager object installed, the method returns null.
Deprecated as of JDK 1.1
The name of a system-dependent environment variable.
The value of the environment variable or null if the variable is not defined.
This method is obsolete; it always throws an error. Use getProperties() and the -D option instead.
New as of JDK 1.1
An object.
The identity hashcode value for the specified object.
This method returns the same hashcode value for the specified object as would be returned by the default hashCode() method of Object, regardless of whether or not the object's class overrides hashCode().
A string that specifies the complete path of the file to be loaded.
If the checkLink() method of the SecurityManager throws a SecurityException.
If the method is unsuccessful in loading the specified dynamically linked library.
This method loads the specified dynamically linked library. This method works by calling the load() method of the current Runtime object.
A string that specifies the name of a dynamically linked library.
If the checkLink() method of the SecurityManager throws a SecurityException.
If the method is unsuccessful in loading the specified dynamically linked library.
This method loads the specified dynamically linked library. It looks for the specified library in a platform-specific way. This method works by calling the loadLibrary() method of the current Runtime object.
This method causes the Java virtual machine to run the finalize() methods of any objects in the finalization queue in the current thread. This method works by calling the runFinalization() method of the current Runtime object.
When the garbage collector discovers that there are no references to an object, it checks to see if the object has a finalize() method that has never been called. If the object has such a finalize() method, the object is placed in the finalization queue. While there is a reference to the object in the finalization queue, the object is no longer considered garbage collectable.
Normally, the objects in the finalization queue are handled by a separate finalization thread that runs continuously at a very low priority. The finalization thread removes an object from the queue and calls its finalize() method. As long as the finalize() method does not generate a reference to the object, the object again becomes available for garbage collection.
Because the finalization thread runs at a very low priority, there may be a long delay from the time that an object is put on the finalization queue until the time that its finalize() method is called. The runFinalization() method allows a program to run the finalize() methods explicitly. This can be useful when there is a shortage of some resource that is released by a finalize() method.
New as of JDK 1.1
A boolean value that specifies whether or not finalization occurs on exit.
If the checkExit() method of the SecurityManager throws a SecurityException.
This method specifies whether or not the finalize() methods of all objects that have finalize() methods are run before the Java virtual machine exits. By default, the finalizers are not run on exit. This method works by calling the runFinalizersOnExit() method of the current Runtime object.
New as of JDK 1.1
A PrintStream object to use for the standard error stream.
If the checkExec() method of the SecurityManager throws a SecurityException.
This method sets the standard error stream to be this PrintStream object.
New as of JDK 1.1
A InputStream object to use for the standard input stream.
If the checkExec() method of the SecurityManager throws a SecurityException.
This method sets the standard input stream to be this InputStream object.
New as of JDK 1.1
A PrintStream object to use for the standard output stream.
If the checkExec() method of the SecurityManager throws a SecurityException.
This method sets the standard output stream to be this PrintStream object.
A reference to a Properties object.
If the checkPropertiesAccess() method of the SecurityManager throws a SecurityException.
This method replaces the current set of system property definitions with a new set of system property definitions that are encapsulated by the given Properties object. As discussed in the description of the System class, some system properties are guaranteed to always be defined.
A reference to a SecurityManager object.
If a SecurityManager object has already been installed.
This method installs the given SecurityManager object. If s is null, then no SecurityManager object is installed. Once a SecurityManager object is installed, any subsequent calls to this method throw a SecurityException.
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Method |
Inherited From |
Method |
Inherited From |
|---|---|---|---|
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clone() |
Object |
equals(Object) |
Object |
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finalize() |
Object |
getClass() |
Object |
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hashCode() |
Object |
notify() |
Object |
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notifyAll() |
Object |
toString() |
Object |
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wait() |
Object |
wait(long) |
Object |
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wait(long, int) |
Object |
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, ArrayStoreException, InputStream, NullPointerException, Object, PrintStream, Process, Runtime, SecurityException, SecurityManager, UnsatisfiedLinkError
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| StringIndexOutOfBoundsException |  |
Thread |
