Hashes of Hashes (Programming Perl)

9.4. Hashes of Hashes

A multidimensional hash is the most flexible of Perl's nested structures. It's like building up a record that itself contains other records. At each level, you index into the hash with a string (quoted when necessary). Remember, however, that the key/value pairs in the hash won't come out in any particular order; you can use the sort function to retrieve the pairs in whatever order you like.

9.4.1. Composition of a Hash of Hashes

You can create a hash of anonymous hashes as follows:

%HoH = (
    flintstones => {
        husband   => "fred",
        pal       => "barney",
    },
    jetsons => {
        husband   => "george",
        wife      => "jane",
        "his boy" => "elroy",  # Key quotes needed.
    },
    simpsons => {
        husband   => "homer",
        wife      => "marge",
        kid       => "bart",
    },
);

To add another anonymous hash to %HoH, you can simply say:

$HoH{ mash } = {
    captain  => "pierce",
    major    => "burns",
    corporal => "radar",
};

9.4.2. Generation of a Hash of Hashes

Here are some techniques for populating a hash of hashes. To read from a file with the following format:

flintstones: husband=fred pal=barney wife=wilma pet=dino

you could use either of the following two loops:

while ( <> ) {
    next unless s/^(.*?):\s*//;
    $who = $1;
    for $field ( split ) {
        ($key, $value) = split /=/, $field;
        $HoH{$who}{$key} = $value;
    }
}

while ( <> ) {
    next unless s/^(.*?):\s*//;
    $who = $1;
    $rec = {};
    $HoH{$who} = $rec;
    for $field ( split ) {
        ($key, $value) = split /=/, $field;
        $rec->{$key} = $value;
    }
}

If you have a subroutine get_family that returns a list of key/value pairs, you can use it to stuff %HoH with either of these three snippets:

for $group ( "simpsons", "jetsons", "flintstones" ) {
    $HoH{$group} = { get_family($group) };
}

for $group ( "simpsons", "jetsons", "flintstones" ) {
    @members = get_family($group);
    $HoH{$group} = { @members };
}

sub hash_families {
    my @ret;
    for $group ( @_ ) {
        push @ret, $group, { get_family($group) };
    }
    return @ret;
}
%HoH = hash_families( "simpsons", "jetsons", "flintstones" );

You can append new members to an existing hash like so:

%new_folks = (
    wife => "wilma",
    pet  => "dino";
);
for $what (keys %new_folks) {
    $HoH{flintstones}{$what} = $new_folks{$what};
}

9.4.3. Access and Printing of a Hash of Hashes

You can set a key/value pair of a particular hash as follows:

$HoH{flintstones}{wife} = "wilma";

To capitalize a particular key/value pair, apply a substitution to an element:

$HoH{jetsons}{'his boy'} =~ s/(\w)/\u$1/;

You can print all the families by looping through the keys of the outer hash and then looping through the keys of the inner hash:

for $family ( keys %HoH ) {
    print "$family: ";
    for $role ( keys %{ $HoH{$family} } ) {
         print "$role=$HoH{$family}{$role} ";
    }
    print "\n";
}

In very large hashes, it may be slightly faster to retrieve both keys and values at the same time using each (which precludes sorting):

while ( ($family, $roles) = each %HoH ) {
    print "$family: ";
    while ( ($role, $person) = each %$roles ) {
        print "$role=$person ";
    }
    print "\n";
}

(Unfortunately, it's the large hashes that really need to be sorted, or you'll never find what you're looking for in the printout.) You can sort the families and then the roles as follows:

for $family ( sort keys %HoH ) {
    print "$family: ";
    for $role ( sort keys %{ $HoH{$family} } ) {
         print "$role=$HoH{$family}{$role} ";
    }
    print "\n";
}

To sort the families by the number of members (instead of ASCIIbetically (or utf8ically)), you can use keys in a scalar context:

for $family ( sort { keys %{$HoH{$a}} <=> keys %{$HoH{$b}} } keys %HoH ) {
    print "$family: ";
    for $role ( sort keys %{ $HoH{$family} } ) {
         print "$role=$HoH{$family}{$role} ";
    }
    print "\n";
}

To sort the members of a family in some fixed order, you can assign ranks to each:

$i = 0;
for ( qw(husband wife son daughter pal pet) ) { $rank{$_} = ++$i }

for $family ( sort { keys %{$HoH{$a}} <=> keys %{$HoH{$b}} } keys %HoH ) {
    print "$family: ";
    for $role ( sort { $rank{$a} <=> $rank{$b} } keys %{ $HoH{$family} } ) {
        print "$role=$HoH{$family}{$role} ";
    }
    print "\n";
}


9.3. Arrays of Hashes		9.5. Hashes of Functions