|
Year |
Winner(s)1 |
Awarded for |
|
1963 |
John Eccles
(Australia), Alan Hodgkin (U.K.), and Andrew Huxley (U.K.) |
ionic mechanisms
involved in the communication or inhibition of impulses across
neuron (nerve cell) membranes |
|
1964 |
Konrad Bloch
(U.S.A.) and Feodor Lynen (West Germany) |
work on the
cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism |
|
1965 |
François Jacob
(France), André Lwoff (France), and Jacques Monod (France) |
genetic control
of enzyme and virus synthesis |
|
1966 |
Peyton Rous
(U.S.A.) |
discovery of
tumor-inducing viruses |
| |
Charles Huggins
(U.S.A.) |
hormonal
treatment of prostatic cancer |
|
1967 |
Ragnar Granit
(Sweden), Haldan Hartline (U.S.A.), and George Wald (U.S.A.) |
physiology and
chemistry of vision |
|
1968 |
Robert Holley
(U.S.A.), Har Gobind Khorana (U.S.A.), and Marshall Nirenberg
(U.S.A.) |
interpretation
of genetic code and its function in protein synthesis |
|
1969 |
Max Delbrück
(U.S.A.), Alfred Hershey (U.S.A.), and Salvador Luria (U.S.A.) |
replication
mechanism and genetic structure of viruses |
|
1970 |
Bernard Katz
(U.K.), Ulf von Euler (Sweden), and Julius Axelrod (U.S.A.) |
work on the
storage, release, and inactivation of neurotransmitters |
|
1971 |
Earl Sutherland
(U.S.A.) |
discovery of
cyclic AMP, a chemical messenger that plays a role in the action of
many hormones |
|
1972 |
Gerald Edelman
(U.S.A.) and Rodney Porter (U.K.) |
work on the
chemical structure of antibodies |
|
1973 |
Karl von Frisch
(Austria), Konrad Lorenz (Austria), and Nikolaas Tinbergen (U.K.) |
work in animal
behavior patterns |
|
1974 |
Albert Claude
(U.S.A.), Christian de Duve (Belgium), and George Palade (U.S.A.) |
work in
structural and functional organization of the cell |
|
1975 |
David Baltimore
(U.S.A.), Renato Dulbecco (U.S.A.), and Howard Temin (U.S.A.) |
work on
interactions between tumor-inducing viruses and the genetic material
of the cell |
|
1976 |
Baruch Blumberg
(U.S.A.) and Carleton Gajdusek (U.S.A.) diseases |
new mechanisms
for the origin and transmission of infectious |
|
1977 |
Roger Guillemin
(U.S.A.) and Andrew Schally (U.S.A.)the brain |
discovery of
hormones produced by the hypothalamus region of |
| |
Rosalyn Yalow
(U.S.A.) |
radioimmunoassay
techniques by which minute quantities of hormone may be detected |
|
1978 |
Werner Arber
(Switzerland), Daniel Nathans (U.S.A.), and Hamilton Smith (U.S.A.) |
discovery of
restriction enzymes and their application to molecular genetics |
|
1979 |
Allan Cormack
(U.S.A.) and Godfrey Hounsfield (U.K.) |
development of
the computed axial tomography (CAT) scan |
|
1980 |
Baruj Benacerraf
(U.S.A.), Jean Dausset (France), and George Snell (U.S.A.) |
work on
genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate
immunological reactions |
|
1981 |
Roger Sperry
(U.S.A.) |
functional
specialization of the brain's cerebral hemispheres |
| |
David Hubel
(U.S.A.) and Torsten Wiesel (Sweden) |
work on visual
perception |
|
1982 |
Sune Bergström
(Sweden), Bengt Samuelsson (Sweden), and John Vane (U.K.) |
discovery of
prostaglandins and related biologically active substances |
|
1983 |
Barbara
McClintock (U.S.A.) |
discovery of
mobile genetic elements |
|
1984 |
Niels Jerne
(Denmark-U.K.), Georges Köhler (West Germany), and César Milstein
(Argentina) |
work on immunity
and discovery of a technique for producing highly specific,
monoclonal antibodies |
|
1985 |
Michael Brown
(U.S.A.) and Joseph L. Goldstein (U.S.A.) |
work on the
regulation of cholesterol metabolism |
|
1986 |
Stanley Cohen
(U.S.A.) and Rita Levi-Montalcini (U.S.A.-Italy) |
discovery of
factors that promote the growth of nerve and epidermal cells |
|
1987 |
Susumu Tonegawa
(Japan) |
work on the
process by which genes alter to produce a range of different
antibodies |
|
1988 |
James Black
(U.K.), Gertrude Elion (U.S.A.), and George Hitchings (U.S.A.) |
work on the
principles governing the design of new drug treatment |
M
University, for achievements in cold fusion, in the transmutation of
base elements into gold, and in the electrochemical incineration of
domestic rubbish.