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PART IV
WRITING THE FINAL COPY

 

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Chapter 19
How Do I Revise, Edit, and Proofread?
The difference between the right word and the nearly right word is the same as that between ightning and the lightning bug.
M
ARK TWAIN
Revising
When you think "revising," think "rewriting." Your first draft rarely says all you want to say, in the best possible way. Experienced writers know that it takes several drafts to convey your meaning clearly. This is especially true when you're writing a research paper, where outside material is used to support your thesis.
Here are some guidelines to follow as you revise:
• Give your writing time to sit and "cool off" between drafts. Problems often become much clearer if you let some time elapse between writing and revision.
• Allow sufficient time for revision. It's not unusual to spend as much time revising as writing—if not more!
• Don't be afraid to make significant changes as you revise. You will likely change the order of paragraphs, delete sections, and add new passages.

 

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• Save successive drafts of your documents in different computer files, such as paper1.doc, paper2.doc, paper3.doc, and so on. You might find a use for deleted material later.
• Share your writing with others. Peer reviewers can often help you spot areas that need revision. Consider their comments carefully.
• If your school or university has a Writing Center, have them help revise your paper, too.
Editing
Use the following checklist as you edit your paper:
____ Is my writing accurate?
____ Are my sentences concise and to the point?
____ Have I included sufficient detail? Does my paper have all the information and explanation I need to support the thesis?
____ Do I prove my thesis?
____ Do I use the level of diction appropriate for my audience?
____ Is my writing coherent? Do I link related ideas with transitions?
____ Does my writing have a clear voice? Is the voice appropriate to the subject and audience?
____ Have I given credit to each source? Have I avoided plagiarism?
____ Is my paper in the correct form, including a title page, outline, Works Cited page, or anything else required by the assignment?
____ Is my writing correct? Have I used the correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation?

 

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Proofreading
As you prepare your final draft, proofread it carefully to catch any typos or other errors. Read your draft aloud, very slowly, saying each word. Use a ruler or piece of paper to guide your eyes to make sure you don't skip any words. Try reading your paper backwards to help you focus on each word. It's also helpful to ask one or more people to proofread your paper as well.
Correcting Misused Words
Too many errors in spelling, punctuation, and grammar can harm an otherwise competent research paper and seriously affect your grade.
Spell checkers are very useful inventions, but they have several shortcomings. They're useless when it comes to homonyms and homophones.
Homonyms are words with the same spelling and pronunciations but different meanings.
Example:
Beam and beam
Homophones are words with the same pronunciation but different spellings and meanings.
Example:
Coarse and course
As a result, you must proofread your paper carefully to catch misused words. This is crucial because it helps you write exactly what you mean. English has a lot (not allot) of these confusing words. Use the following list as a guide as you edit and revise your research paper.
The 60 Most Often Confused Words
1. accept: to take
except: to leave out, to exclude

 

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2. advise: to give counsel
advice: counsel
3. air: atmosphere
err: to make a mistake
4. affect: to influence (verb)
affect: a psychological state (noun)
effect: impact and purpose (noun)
effect: to bring about (verb)
5. a lot: many
allot: to divide
6. altar: a platform on which religious rites are performed
alter: to change
7. allowed: permitted
aloud: out loud, verbally
8. all together: all at one time
altogether: completely
9. allude: to refer to
elude: to escape
10. already: previously
all ready: completely prepared
11. allusion: a reference to a place, event, person, work of art, or other work of literature
illusion: a misleading appearance or a deception
12. among: three or more people, places, or things
between: two people, places, or things
13. amount: things that can't be counted
number: things that can be counted
14. arc: part of the circumference of a circle; curved line
ark: boat
15. are: plural verb
our: belonging to us

 

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16. ascent: a move up
assent: to agree
17. bare: undressed, uncovered
bare: unadorned, plain
bear: fuzzy-wuzzy animal
bear: to carry, to hold
18. base: the bottom part of an object; first, second, or third in baseball; morally low
bass: the lowest male voice; a type of fish; a musical instrument
19. beau: sweetheart
bow: to bend from the waist (verb)
bow: a device used to propel arrows (noun); loop of ribbon (noun); the forward end of a ship (noun)
20. berth: a sleeping area in a ship
birth: being born
21. board: a thin piece of wood; a group of directors
bored: not interested
22. born: native, brought forth by birth
borne: endured (past participle of ''to bear'')
23. bore: tiresome person
boar: male pig
24. brake: a device for slowing a vehicle
break: to crack or destroy
25. bread: baked goods
bred: to cause to be born
26. breadth: the side-to-side dimension
breath: inhalation and exhalation
27. bridal: pertaining to the bride or a wedding
bridle: part of a horse's harness
28. buy: to purchase
by: near or next to

 

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29. capital: the city or town that is the official seat of government; highly important; net worth of a business
capitol: the building housing the seat of government
30. conscience: moral sense
conscious: awake
31. cell: a small room, as in a convent or prison
sell: to trade
32. cent: a penny
scent: aroma
33. cheep: what a bird says
cheap: not expensive
34. deer: animal
dear: beloved
35. do: to act or make (verb)
due: caused by (adjective)
36. draft: breeze; a stage of preparation of written work
draft: to sketch or prepare
37. dye: change color
die: to cease living
38. emigrate: to move away from one's country
immigrate: to move to another country
39. eminent: distinguished
imminent: expected momentarily
immanent: inborn, inherent
40. fare: price charged for transporting a passenger
fair: not biased; moderately large; moderately good
41. faze: to stun
phase: a stage
42. for: because
four: the number 4
43. gorilla: ape
guerrilla: soldier

 

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44. grate: to irritate, reduce to small pieces (verb)
grate: metal lattice (noun)
great: big, wonderful
45. hair: the stuff on your head
heir: beneficiary
46. here: in this place
hear: to listen
47. hours: 60-minute period
ours: belonging to us
48. it's: contraction for "it is"
its: possessive pronoun
49. lay: to put down
lie: to be flat
50. lead: to conduct
lead: bluish-gray metal
led: past tense of "to lead"
51. loose: not tight, not fastened (noun)
loose: to untighten, to let go (verb)
lose: to misplace (verb)
52. meat: animal flesh
meet: encounter; proper
53. peace: calm
piece: part
54. plain: not beautiful; obvious
plane: airplane
55. presence: company, closeness
presents: gifts
56. principal: main; head of a school
principle: rule
57. reed: plants
read: to interpret the written word

 

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58. right: correct
write: to form letters
59. than: comparison
then: at that time
60. their: belonging to them
they're: contraction for "they are"
there: place
Spell it Rite Wright Right
Learning standard spelling rules can serve you well as you proofread your research papers. Here are the basics:
i before e except after c, or as sounded as a as in neighbor and weigh
Examples: Words That Fit the Rule
i before e
except after c
sounded as a
achieve
conceit
neighbor
believe
ceiling
weigh
siege
receive
freight
relief
conceive
reign
grief
deceit
sleigh
chief
deceive
vein
fierce
perceive
weight
fiend
receipt
beige
piece
receive
eight
shriek
 
feint
bier
 
heir
yield
 
surveillance
relieve
 
veil
piece
   

Examples: Words That Don't Fit the Rule
either
neither
foreign
height
leisure
seize
weird
protein
codeine
financier
glacier
counterfeit
 
Fahrenheit
fiery
 

e, i, e, i (no o)
Words with i and e pronounced with a long a sound are always spelled -ei, never -ie.

 

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Examples:
eight
feign
sleigh
vein
neigh
peignoir

If the sound is a long i, the word is usually spelled with the -ei combo, not -ie.
Examples:
feisty
stein
seismic
height
leitmotif
Common Exceptions:
hierarchy
fiery
hieroglyphic
Notice that in each case, the -ie combination is followed by an r.
Last, ie words with a short vowel sound usually spell it -ie rather than -ei.
Examples:
patient
friend
transient
sieve
mischief
handkerchief
Exceptions:
heifer
nonpareil
sovereign
counterfeit
surfeit
The -ceed/-cede Rule
Only three verbs in English end in -ceed:
succeed
proceed
exceed

 

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All the other verbs with that sound end in -cede.
Example
secede
recede
intercede
concede
accede
cede
precede
The -ful Rule
Remember that the sound full at the end of a word is spelled with only one l.
Examples:
Root Word
+
Suffix
=
New Word
care
+
ful
=
careful
grace
+
ful
=
graceful
hope
+
ful
=
hopeful

When the suffix is -ful plus -ly, there are two Is.
Examples:
Root Word
+
Suffix
=
New Word
restful
+
ly
=
restfully
thankful
+
ly
=
thankfully
zestful
+
ly
=
zestfully

-ery or -ary?
Only six commonplace words end with -ery as opposed to -ary:
cemetery
confectionery
millinery
monastery
distillery
stationery (writing paper)
Q Followed by u
This is a nice rule, because it has only one English exception, the lightweight nylon fabric called Qiana. The rule doesn't fit with abbreviations or foreign words, however.

 

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Example:
The abbreviation for quart is qt. (not qut.)
The east Arabia peninsula on the Persian Gulf is Qatar, not Quatar, but that's OK, because the word can also be spelled Katar.
ks and cs
Some words that end in c have a hard k sound. Adding y, i, or e after the final c changes the hard sound to a soft one, creating spelling dilemmas. As a general rule, add a k after the final c when the hard sound becomes soft.
Examples:
Word Ending in C
Adding the K
mimic
mimicked, mimicking, mimicker
traffic
trafficked, trafficking, trafficker
panic
panicked, panicking, panicky

Compound Words
Compound words fall into three categories: open compounds, closed compounds, hyphenated compounds.
Open compounds are written as two words:
Examples:
cedar shingles
night shift
executive secretary

Closed compounds are written as one word:
Examples:
handbook
northeast
homemaker

Hyphenated compounds have a hyphen:
Examples:
comparison-contrast
nurse-practitioner

Warning!
A hyphen is one click of the button (-); a dash is two (--). A hyphen is used within words; a dash is used between words.
Proofreading Symbols
What happens if you have completely finished proofreading your paper, you print it out, and while you're waiting to hand it in, you suddenly spot a few more errors? Don't panic! If there are only a few errors, mark them with the fol-

 

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lowing proofreading symbols rather than retyping an entire page, or racing back to the computer, or interrupting the clerical assistant again.
13504-0154a.GIF
The final chapter contains two model papers. Study them for form, especially how the writers introduce the thesis statement, lay out the points to be covered, move smoothly from point to point, and handle citations.

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