The David Flynn Collection

Thomas Horn

Defense Publishing

Crane, MO

The David Flynn Collection

Defense Publishing

Crane, MO 65633

©2012 by Thomas Horn

The following materials: Temple at the Center of Time; Cydonia: The Secret Chronicles of Mars; and articles An Occult Translation of the Roswell Event: Countdown to 2012 and Discovery of Vast, Prehistoric Works Built by Giants?: The Geoglyphs of Teohuanaco included in this collection are original works by David Flynn.

All rights reserved. Published 2012.

Printed in the United States of America.

ISBN 13: 978-0-9856045-0-9

A CIP catalog record of this book is available from the Library of Congress.

Cover illustration and design by Daniel Wright.

Table of Contents:

Introduction

A Note from Tom Regarding The Temple at the Center of Time

Temple at the Center of Time

Introduction

Chapter One: Principia Apocalyptica

Chapter Two: Clavis Temporalis

Chapter Three: The “Temporal” Nautical Mile

Chapter Four: The Line and the Plummet

Chapter Five: A Line Over Jerusalem

Chapter Six: A Previous Attempt

Chapter Seven: The Ark of Time

Chapter Eight: The Location of the Ark of the Covenant

Chapter Nine: The Dome of the Spirits

Chapter Ten: Experimentum Crucis

Chapter Eleven: The City of Light

Chapter Twelve: British Sacred Measurement

Chapter Thirteen: The Sacred Cubit Recorded in the Earth

Chapter Fourteen: A Third of Time

Chapter Fifteen: Six hundred, Three Score and Six

Chapter Sixteen: Rome

Chapter Seventeen: Newton’s Prediction

Chapter Eighteen: The Threshing Floor of Heaven

Chapter Nineteen: America

Chapter Twenty: Conclusion

Appendix

Remembering David Flynn

A Note from Steven Quayle

Cydonia: The Secret Chronicles of Mars

Introduction

Chapter One: The Secret Chronicles of Mars

Chapter Two: The Union of Heaven and Earth

Chapter Three: Cydonian Foundations of Rome

Chapter Four: The Fallen Ones

Chapter Five: A Coin for Charon

Chapter Six: The Key of Isis

Chapter Seven: The Star-Covered World

Chapter Eight: The Altars of Mars

Chapter Nine: The Shattering of Krypton

Chapter Ten: The New Atlantis

Chapter Eleven: Mars: The Philosopher’s Stone

Chapter Twelve: The Golden Fruit of Ares

Chapter Thirteen: Alchemists of Astronomy

Chapter Fourteen: The Arrows of Ares

Chapter Fifteen: The Pillars of Witness

Chapter Sixteen: The Return of the Golden Age

Chapter Seventeen: The Future Tyrant of Tyre

About the Author

Articles

An Occult Translation of the Roswell Event: Countdown to 2012

Discovery of Vast, Prehistoric Works Built by Giants?: The Geoglyphs of Teohuanaco

Introduction

On the one hand I completely know in the core of my being that there will always be another wonderful and awe inspiring discovery of God’s power and glory waiting for me. Even though I live forever they will never run out.

—David Flynn (Newton2012) to Treva (Prisca Sapientia) on the Watcher Forum, 2010

As identical twins, Dave and I not only shared the same DNA, we shared history together. One unique aspect of our childhood was the UFO activity going on in Montana, especially around Great Falls.

While living in Helena in the late 70s, people would talk about UFOs and cattle mutilations. Occasionally, we would get the chance to ask someone who had lived in Great Falls about what they might have seen. Most would relate that they considered what they experienced as normal, everyday occurrences.

That uncommon atmosphere influenced Dave’s insatiable curiosity. He was always hungry for real information and read a lot of nonfiction in grade school. I remember seeing him go to the library and check out encyclopedias rather than the type of things kids his age would usually take home to read.

In high school, some of the books he found interesting and would talk about were Mystery Stalks the Prairie, which documented the strange cattle mutilations going on in northern Montana and A Compilation of Strange Phenomenon, which listed accounts of anomalous objects found during various archaeological digs like giant human skeletal remains or an intricate gold chain discovered embedded in a block of newly quarried marble.

One of our high school history teachers brought in a retired Air Force officer who gave a talk about incidents that occurred in 1967 and 1975 where entire “flights” of Minuteman ICBMs were simultaneously and inexplicably shut down immediately after UFOs were sighted in the vicinity of Malmstrom Air force base.

In addition to the stories that we heard about the goings on around Great Falls, our dad told us a story that he had heard from Dr. Jesse Marcel Jr. while they happened to be working at the same hospital. When Jesse was a kid, his dad came home very late one night and woke everybody up to show them some parts that he had gathered from the site of a crashed spaceship.

Dad related the story to us in a very matter-of-fact style. Nothing suggested that Jesse’s account might have been an exaggeration or just a story. It was just two colleagues, Dr. Flynn and Dr. Marcel, having a conversation.

Of course, this was back in 1979. It wasn’t until after Stanton Friedman’s Crash at Corona: The Definitive Study of the Roswell Incident and TOP SECRET/MAJIC came out in 1996 that the Roswell Event became as well-known throughout the world as it is today.

We were raised as Catholics and Dave believed in God from an early age. However, in high school, he became born again and found it increasingly difficult to attend Mass with the type of understanding he was gaining in his new Christian walk.

Interestingly, he wanted to understand the various aspects of the religion that we had been raised in and started reading the Catholic Encyclopedia. At times, he would marvel at certain tenants of the faith that no one seemed to question. Around this time, he also started to read work by Hal Lindsey and Josh McDowell. More Than A Carpenter (McDowell) was a book that Dave liked so well that he gave a copy to our dad for his birthday one year.

He would explain to me that much of what he had considered to be truth in the past was simply false and it was up to him to do the job of separating the error from the truth. For Dave, the essential way to do this was to learn everything he could about the motive behind the error being injected into the story. He considered the nature and history of God’s interaction with mankind the most vitally important subject that he could study. To him, the omission of parts of the story insulted his intellectual integrity. The questions of certain historical omissions, doctrinal conflicts in Catholicism, and the reality of UFO phenomena could have created dissonance in the understanding of his Christian faith. But for Dave, it didn’t. Instead, it became a challenge for him to find out what the whole truth of the matter was. The search for the missing truth became his life’s quest.

Dave would talk about the importance of being able to gather information. Only, the information he searched for required the understanding of many different intellectual genres. The study of history, astronomy, mathematics, geometry, physics, geology, mythology, and etymology were necessary in the acquisition of this understanding. In other words, the more Dave understood facts from the world of the verifiable, the easier he was able to discern the world of the esoteric.

The introduction that he wrote for his first book, Cydonia: The Secret Chronicles of Mars, illustrates Dave’s understanding of the origin and philosophy of knowledge that he realized was key.

Does knowledge spring solely from the mind of man, or can it come from a source beyond the human intellect? The earliest civilizations believed that gnosis or “knowing” was the foundation of all religion and described knowledge as having descended, “from the heavens.” Ancient mystery religions preserved a legend of the origin of human knowledge. When heaven and earth joined together, the gods descended to earth. The gods taught the art of civilization: government, agriculture and science, inventions that we in modern times hold to be the most human. The beings that came down to earth possessed the knowledge of the universe: the whole continuum of what can be known.[1]

One of the first publications Dave and I did while we were both studying at the University of Montana was the flyer that he called “Answers.” In it, Dave wrote: “ANSWERS will provide reasons behind UFO activity and establish a resource for the unraveling of the complicated dis-information that has clouded understanding of this vital subject from its beginnings by exploring ancient Hebrew and Greek texts from the renowned compilations of the Holy Bible.”

I remember printing all the “Answers” flyers up at the Computer Science department’s copy machine and putting them up on the university bulletin boards and people’s cars.

Soon after we printed “Answers,” the Internet became the major area to illustrate new ideas, so we created our first website. David immediately decided to call it the “Watcher.” He poured all the work he had been accumulating from his research into it. Eventually, people started to call and invite him to discuss the material on various radio talk shows and TV documentaries.

For the first time in history, the information on the Watcher site revealed who and what the UFO alien phenomenon truly was, linking the whole thing back to the Watchers. The information was exciting to reveal.

Early on, a lot of the material that Dave put out was showing up in others people’s work on the Internet and in various publications without any credit given to Dave. Some people were beginning to take his ideas and research but express them without an understanding of the whole picture or with some New-Age, atheistic twist. The Watcher website even appeared briefly on ABC Nightly News after the Heaven’s Gate cult committed mass suicide during the passage of comet Hale Bopp, as if it was somehow a part of the new phenomenon of emerging religious cults that believed in or worshipped aliens.

Dave would marvel, “Do people not realize that they are living in the greater Renaissance? Could you imagine how much Isaac Newton would have loved to be able use a computer, the Internet, or bring up Google Earth? On one hand, people today have the greatest repository of knowledge in history, freely at their disposal. With powerful resources like online concordances, Germatria, and the Blue Letter Bible, no one needs the classical education that used to be required to understand Latin, Hebrew, or Greek. Yet, people today seem more ignorant than they did two hundred years ago!”

It was around this time that Dave started putting less into the website and decided to write his first book, Cydonia: The Secret Chronicles of Mars.

During the summer of 1998, our father was diagnosed with a brain tumor, Giloblastoma Multiforme. The prognosis for this type of cancer was the worst possible. The average life expectancy for anyone experiencing symptoms was six months.

Although he was living and working in Helena at the time, Dave spent every weekend with our dad and was the only one of the brothers who happened to be with him at the end, praying by his bedside. Dave never got over the sadness of our dad’s passing, those last few moments being especially difficult for him.

While he was writing Cydonia, Dave would email or call me and tell me about the latest portions he had completed. It seemed as if every time we talked I would sense a marvelous explosion of light in my head. One day he called and told me how Steven Quayle had called him and said, matter-of-factly, “God told me to get your book published.” Dave said that he didn’t know who Steve was and didn’t tell anyone about the book, but at the same time, he wasn’t surprised that the Spirit would have instructed Steve in such a manner. Dave often told me that the things he was writing weren’t a product of his own learning or intellect, but given to him by the Spirit.

In addition to taking quintessential portions of prior work from his website and illustrating them in his new book, Dave explored the genesis and history of the interaction between the angelic Watchers and man, the Earth /Mars connection, and their connection to present day UFO activity.

Part of Dave’s intro to Cydonia, the Secret Chronicles of Mars reads:

Through time and the change of culture the symbols of the mysteries have endured, incorporated into the dogma of alchemy, Gnosticism, theurgy, philosophies and religions. They have surfaced in modern society as emblems of trade, war and nationality. Though letters and words are abundant in our society, the illiterate cannot understand them. Only through instruction of their meaning can one use them to communicate. The same is true of the symbols of the ancient mystery religions and the monuments of Cydonia. Their true meaning must be established before counterfeit revelation takes hold of the entire earth…this is the goal of my book.[2]

Dave’s wife, Brenda, helped get his manuscript ready and sent it to Steve. She also sent a copy to Richard Hoagland. Hoagland was so impressed with what he read that after the book was published, he went and met Dave in Roswell during Dave’s first lecture.

On August 14, 2002, an enigmatic crop circle appeared east of Winchester England, next to the Crabwood Forest. Brenda almost immediately noticed the resemblance to a logo I generated and put on the Watcher website for a computer consulting side business that I started while finishing graduate school. The Crabwood event, as it was later known, became a focus of Dave’s research. He saw that in addition to the obvious ASCII code message in the glyph, there was much more information that had been overlooked. The glyph was pointing to Roswell.

Dave wrote:

While the Crabwood Glyph may or may not be created by THEM, the numbers within the design itself triggered a discovery proving that ROSWELL WAS NOT RANDOM. The location of Roswell New Mexico is one of the few places on earth where the longitude divided by the latitude is almost exactly the mathematical constant PI. In fact, just north of Roswell proper there is a “line” on the map where the longitude divided by the latitude is exactly 3.141592. This line on the map of New Mexico where the longitude divided by the latitude, equaling PI, ALSO corresponds to the location of the legendary “three crash sites” of the Roswell event of 1947.[3]

Dave gave his next lecture in Roswell again and included his findings concerning the Crabwood glyph. He was also inspired to write one of the most ground-breaking articles ever written on the meaning of Roswell, “An Occult Translation of the Roswell Event,” which appeared on Tom Horn’s website.[4]

In light of everything that has transpired since 2002, more things have occurred to me about the Crabwood glyph and its enigmatic message, which seemed to convey a threat to anyone who might be against the message of the fallen Watchers. The names of the areas where it appeared also convey meaning. One of Dave’s favorite books in high school was Bullinger’s The Witness of the Stars. In it, Bullinger described Cancer (the Crab) as the “Enfolding of the redeemed” and as he put it, “The meanings of these star names surely tell us of the redeemed untold thousands held safely together by our blessed redeemer King.”

The road that was nearest to the crop circle also had similar meaning. Old Sarum road was an ancient pathway to the city of Sorbiodunum, which was the site of the earliest settlement of Salisbury, England. The name is believed to be derived from the Celtic language name for “the fortress by a gentle river.” This area so happens to be 19.47 nautical miles from where the Crabwood glyph was laid down.

People familiar with Dave’s work will immediately recognize the significance of this number. I recognize the similarity to the ancient meaning of what is now called the constellation of Cancer with its proximity to the Ouroboros.

Unfortunately, the literal meaning of cancer turned out to be a part of Dave’s experience. However, this true meaning brings me happiness, knowing that Dave is a part of the “all who are held safely together by our blessed redeemer King.”

Dave started writing Temple at the Center of Time almost immediately after his first book. The time we spent together talking about each new revelation that he was writing about was truly awe-inspiring.

Part of Dave’s intro to Temple at the Center of Time reads:

A belief that the ancients held unusual scientific knowledge, of which only fragments remain today, was held by many great philosophers and scientists who participated in the “scientific revolution.” Though research by these men led to great discovery, many were convinced that they were merely scratching the surface of an immense but lost pristine knowledge (prisca sapientia) somehow reflected in the architecture and remains of ancient civilizations.

In “Temple at the Center of Time: Investigations of Sacred Dimension, Revealed in Prophecy, the Temple of Jerusalem, and the Ark of the Covenant, from the works of Isaac Newton,” David Flynn uncovers what is sure to be heralded as one of the greatest discoveries of all time.

Many books have investigated whether Newton believed that an original pure knowledge existed. Some conclude that he did in fact search for it, but that is the whole of their investigation. A few have written that Newton actually discovered “something” and try to fit his existing research into a prisca sapientia of their own design, claiming his beliefs fit modern realms of philosophy or eastern religions, but these speculations are not upheld by the body of his work. Although Newton had solved riddles of space, time, gravity, light and invented mathematics to predict the motion of objects, this was not the “priscia sapienta.” Since the time of Newton, no one has revealed the true form and nature of the original knowledge, or from whence it came… until now.

For the first time in history, “Temple at the Center of Time” uncovers what Newton was looking for and, in so doing, proves that pivotal events in history are unquestionably connected in time and space to Jerusalem.

Newton didn't know it. The key was right in front of him.[5]

In September of 2011, Dave called me at work. I guess it might have been a “twin” thing, but I had a wave of fear overcome me when I heard him just say the word, “Hi.” I knew there was something wrong immediately.

He said that he had just woken up after sleeping for more than three days straight. This was after enduring excruciating headaches and explosive vomiting for over two weeks. All this time, he was still going to work, interacting with people who obviously saw his symptoms, but no one suggested that he go to a clinic and get checked out. After much encouragement, I convinced him to go an urgent care center near his home. The doctor sent him back home with a prescription for migraine headaches!

Dismayed at the lack of help he was getting, my mother contacted a radiologist in Helena. He was a former colleague of our dad and the same guy who coincidently had diagnosed his brain cancer. He offered to get Dave into the MRI center the next day. My youngest bother Pete drove from Missoula and picked Dave up from his home and we met later at the MRI center. Three minutes after Dave went in, the radiologist instructed us to take Dave to St. Pat’s in Missoula. Like our father, Dave had a huge Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) malignant primary brain tumor. His neurosurgeon expressed surprise that Dave was still as lucid and physically asymptomatic as he was, apart from his severe headaches.

The doctor recommended that he get surgery as soon as possible to remove the mass. The prognosis, if Dave didn’t have surgery, was not good: less than two months.

Dave underwent surgery successfully and elected to pursue alternative therapy to radiation and chemo at the Tustin Longevity center in southern California. He knew too well the path that he would have to endure after experiencing what his father went through. During his last four months, we spent as much time together as possible. We never talked about his condition, but rather spent time listening to music and talking about the Word. Dave would play Beethoven, Scarlatti, Solar, Bach, and Mozart sonatas on his piano most evenings while his brothers sat around by his fireplace and talked. He remained at his home in Helena until he passed on Sunday, January 22, 2012.

Dave was truly a proponent of independent thought. History has proven that much of the time, what is commonly accepted by the majority is not entirely correct. New ideas begin in the minds of independent thinkers and are usually slowly accepted. Institutions generally do not create or discover things that truly advance the knowledge of mankind; great discoveries are the realm of the individual.

Dave always ended his emails and comments on the Watcher forum with the blessing, “May you live forever.” He always told me that eternal life began with the end of our present life. It is a simple concept, yet one that he realized was important for me to hear. My greatest wish for anyone who reads Dave’s work is the same: may you live forever.

And to my beloved brother, best friend, the person with whom I shared perfect verbal semantics and life understanding, I know you live forever and I look forward to seeing you again.

—Mark Flynn

March 9, in the year of our Lord, 2012

Anecdote 1

Dave gave me his complete library and I have started reading some of his cherished books. I started with The Temple: Its Ministry and Services as They Were at the Time of Jesus Christ. The Temple and the work done within was a continual oracle of the powerful work of salvation for us accomplished once and for all time through Jesus’ death and resurrection. I read up to the explanation of the history and illustration of how the morning and evening rituals were done. The occasion of the ending of the morning sacrifice jumped out at me. The part that got my attention was this:

The priests, who were ranged on the steps to the Holy Place, now lifted their hands above their heads, spreading and joining their fingers in a peculiar mystical manner. One of their number, probably the incensing priest, repeated in audible voice, followed by the others, the blessing in [Numbers 6:24–26]. “Jehovah bless thee and keep thee: Jehovah make His face shine upon thee, and be gracious unto thee. Jehovah lift up His continence upon thee, and give thee peace.” To this the people responded, “Blessed be the Lord God, the God of Israel, from everlasting to everlasting.” In the modern synagogues the priestly blessing is divided into three parts; it is pronounced with a disguised voice and veiled faces, while the word “Lord” is substituted for the name of “Jehovah.” Of course, all this was not the case in the Temple. But if it had been the duty of [Zechariah], an incensing priest for the day, to lead in the priestly blessing, we can all the better understand the wonder of the people as “he beckoned unto them, and remained speechless [Luke 1:22],” while they waited for his benediction.[6]

Zechariah had been unable to speak as a result of the angel Gabriel rendering him dumb because of his doubt.

During Dave’s final minutes, I was woefully unprepared. I started to pray over him. “May the Lord bless and keep you. May His face shine upon you…” and I stopped there. The incredible sad intensity of the moment was too much. I wasn’t ready for him to leave. I couldn’t find the strength. I couldn’t finish it because it felt to me like it was an admission that he truly was living his last minutes and I wanted him to stay around. At the time, I didn’t remember where it was from. I had a vague but incorrect idea that it was located in Psalms.

I have a better understanding of why I said only part of the blessing. The most important event in all the universe was mirrored daily at the Temple at the center of time and space. In every essential manner it typified God’s infinite mercy, pointing to our salvation through His Son. In a sense, all the work at the Temple was done by the priests with the people looking on in front of the Holy place, projected towards the Holy place. This ended with a reversal of this directional intent via the priestly blessing towards the people of Israel.

Dave knew the importance of the Temple and what it actively represented. The person and God that knew Dave looked upon him at the end of his life and work in such a similar and perfect way.

It happened later that the minister that led Dave’s funeral closed with the same prayer. I didn’t suggest that he use it beforehand.

Anecdote 2

Dave had a sensitive ability to notice the very subtle. I remember our dad saying to him, “Most people would have simply walked by the dinosaur footprint in the rock that you noticed and picked up. But not you. You have a gift.”

Dave would spend hours outside looking for arrowheads in the prairies or for fossils in the sandstone canyons where we lived east of Billings.

Once, Dave put a bunch of actively hatching Boxelder bug (Boisea trivittatus) eggs that he found stuck to some of the leaves on a small branch and left them in a jar under the tree where he found them. Later that evening there was a terrific thunderstorm. I remember how upset Dave was because his bugs were still outside.

Dave had a love and fascination with all the natural world around him, even things like Boxelder bug nymphs.

Anecdote 3

Dave lifted weights in high school and started to become extremely strong. He mentioned to some of his friends the amount of weight he happened to be bench-pressing and the word got out that he would prove it to anyone who might think he was exaggerating.

On the day that he agreed to prove it, an entourage of believing and disbelieving kids gathered around during lunch and everyone went to the football players’ weight room. One of the smallest kids went through one of the side windows and unlocked the door. Without doing any warm-ups, Dave put three forty-five-pound plates on each side of the bar and benched it for three or four repetitions, which was very impressive at the time.

Dave was well-liked by everyone he knew, but with having the reputation of bench-press strength attached to his name, occasionally various young tough-guy individuals would challenge him to fight. The only time he accepted was when one of the guys had beat up one of Dave’s friends, so it was more an act of righteous retribution on Dave’s part.

We all went up to a sandy area near one of the big blue water towers south of town to watch. He won the fight easily, really overpowering the other kid. This was especially impressive since we were all intimidated by his opponent. Later, I saw a letter that Dave had written to the guy, witnessing the truth of Jesus Christ and apologizing to him.

Vita Info

David Eric Flynn was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1962. His mother, Marjorie, was a Registered Nurse and his Father, Alan, a Radiologist.

Dave was the second oldest (by 10 minutes) of five brothers: Mark (his identical twin), Dan, Pat, and Pete.

From Chicago, his family moved north to Madison, Wisconsin, and then back while Alan was first completing his residency at Presbyterian St. Luke’s and then as a captain in the Air Force.

In 1968, the family moved to Billings, Montana.

In Billings, he attended Highland Elementary, Kate Frat Memorial, Lockwood Junior High, and Central High.

His family moved to Helena, Montana in 1979, where he attended Helena High.

Dave graduated from the University of Montana in 1993.

Dave married Brenda Johnson in 1987. He has two children, Tyce and Alex.

A Note from Tom Regarding The Temple at the Center of Time

I remember the first time I met David Flynn. It was the early days of the Internet and I had just started a little email newsletter that would eventually become the Raiders News Network. He introduced himself to me via email and to his Watchers Website, which I would poor over for many hours in the years ahead. I watched as his breakthrough material started popping up on shows like the PAX Television program Encounters: What is Really on Mars, on Coast-to-Coast AM, on Strange Universe, as well as in books, including the best-selling 1996 UFOs- and Genesis-6-themed book Alien Encounters by popular Christian researchers Dr. Chuck Missler and Dr. Mark Eastman.

As David and I became friends and colleagues throughout the late 90s and 2000s, I observed the steady evolution of his work, realizing that here was a man who often viewed the world in a way the rest of us could barely discern. On more than one occasion I was amazed by his ability to peel back the onion layers in order to discover what lay hidden deep inside a mystery. I mentioned to my wife and staff on more than one occasion how much he reminded me of the character George Malley (played by John Travolta) in the 1996 movie Phenomenon, which depicted a good-natured man whose life is suddenly changed when he sees a strange flash of light just before his thirty-seventh birthday. Almost immediately he becomes aware of “phenomena,” which everyday people do not see or comprehend. “He predicts an earthquake over the course of the following days, and starts to experience an extraordinary form of genius-level intelligence, easily absorbing vast amounts of information, formulating new, revolutionary ideas,” Wikipedia notes of George Malley.[7] Like this movie character, the world around David Flynn could not help be intrigued with his insights into Bible prophecy, sacred geometry, symbolism, numerology, and gematria, which seem to spring forth for our generation with brilliant perceptiveness, building for David a worldwide following of people who appreciated him so much. Sadly for us all (and ironically, also like the movie character), David was stricken with an aggressive brain tumor that took his life this past January 22nd, 2012.

I still recall the day David emailed me and said, “Tom, I think I may have found something important.” As he described what would later become the basis of his bestseller Temple at the Center of Time: Newton’s Bible Codex Finally Deciphered and the Year 2012, I realized that not since his work on Cydonia: The Secret Chronicles of Mars and his breakthrough articles on Mt. Hermon, Roswell and the year 2012 (both included in this book) had David broke through to such fresh ground. He needed to carefully guard what he discovered, I thought. You see, I had witnessed too many times when David’s work was used by other so-called experts (sometimes word-for-word) who neglected to give him credit. David never made a fuss about such things, but it bothered me deeply, and I told him so. In fact, the day he emailed me about his Temple discovery, I called and spoke with him on the phone. I listened as he described his findings and how he was considering sharing the discovery with a celebrity speaker who had stolen his material before. I suggested instead that he put the information down in a book and, at least once, take credit for his labor. I don’t think David worried much about “getting credit,” modest as he was, but he agreed to let me publish the unique treatise (which discloses, among other things, knowledge of time and space that obsessed Sir Isaac Newton) that ultimately has become what many consider to be his Magnum Opus—Temple at the Center of Time: Newton’s Bible Codex Finally Deciphered and the Year 2012.

I know you will be blessed reading this insightful work, as I was just to know the man who discovered it.

—Thomas Horn

Temple at the Center of Time

Author’s Note

All geographic distance calculations in this book are based on the 1909 Federal Aviation International Sphere Model, the standard for international aeronautic and avionic navigation for nearly a century. The (FAI sphere) is most closely based on the sacred methods of measuring distances on the earth from antiquity (measure along a great circle on a sphere with a mean radius of 3,958.75 statute miles) and agrees with the numeric systems found in the ancient texts of the Bible.

Introduction

I suspect that my theories may all depend upon a force for which philosophers have searched all of nature in vain.

—Isaac Newton

During the formation of modern science and philosophy of the 17th century, the highest achievement lay not in the realm of discovery, but in rediscovery. The Renaissance began at the end of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, when Constantinople fell to the Turkish Ottoman Empire. Volumes of Classical Greek manuscripts were made available to Western Europe for the first time, brought by waves of Greek refugees.[8] One of the greatest philosophical influences transferred to Western Europe from Constantinople was the work of the Neo-Platonists. This philosophy continued the ideas of Plato, who believed that all the workings of knowledge and civilization had been conveyed to humanity from a divine source, and was not conceived by the mind of man.[9] Through a series of disasters on a world scale, civilization and the knowledge that had produced it was lost.

Whereas just when you and other nations are beginning to be provided with letters and the other requisites of civilized life, after the usual interval, the stream from heaven, like a pestilence, come pouring down, and leaves only those of you who are destitute of letters and education; and so you have to begin all over again like children…Plato, The Timaeus.[10]

Further in this work is the story of Atlantis, the greatest and oldest civilization the world has ever seen, that had disappeared “in a single day and night of misfortune.” There exist no earlier sources of the legend of Atlantis besides the work of Plato. Timaeus was one of the most copied and widespread of Plato’s works in the Renaissance. In the Neo-Platonic philosophy, the story of Atlantis was considered allegory with underlying truth, or in some cases, a true historical account. It provided the intellectual framework from which the Neo-Platonists searched for lost knowledge. The Neo-Platonist manuscripts of Hippolytus, Proclus, Arisophanes, Plutarch, Apuleius, and many others from antiquity developed the theme that knowledge had been given to man from a divine source. Through its misuse resulting in the corruption of mankind, it was lost by a subsequent judgment from heaven.

Neo-Platonic views of the time also sought to link the celestial and natural world with the divine, an idea borne out of a reawakening to the scientific value of the ancient texts of the Greeks. Ancient religious, scientific, and esoteric works were reassessed within in the context of Judaic-Christian thought.

Historically, the Scientific Revolution was united with an Occult Renaissance, the vestiges of which can be seen even today within the names of established branches of modern science. For example, chemistry originated from alchemy, (the dark art) from the Arabic word meaning “from Egypt” or from the land of Kemet, meaning “darkness.”[11] Men like Heinrich Agrippa, John Dee, Kercher, Descarte, and later Leibnez and Newton created amalgamations of the religious and natural world, a world divinely ordained and regulated.

Theologians of the Renaissance proposed that because all natural mechanisms of creation originated from God, the resolution of these aspects through natural magic would validate Christianity. Ideas stemming from pure occult writing contained in various ancient sources were deemed compatible with the hidden knowledge in the ancient texts of scripture. This transition of thinking from the realm of occult and religious, to one of pure science was one of the hallmarks of the age. Geometers, mathematicians, chronologists, philosophers, and theologians of the age searched the texts of the ancients for the “lost pure knowledge” or prisca sapienta that would merge all sciences.[12]

Late medieval thinkers such as Descartes, Francis Bacon, and John Dee were obsessed with re-obtaining the prisca sapientia. They poured over the records of antiquity to recover it, believing that the ancients had distilled the essence of it in mathematical truths or some in a symbolic language.

In 1657, the English scholar Robert Turner published Ars Notoria, which purported to contain the pure knowledge of the ancients. The key to understanding the nature of lost knowledge, according to Turner, who had borrowed from earlier works, was the prayers of King Solomon, builder of the first temple of Jerusalem. In the forward of the text, Turner’s editor explains that, “It is called the Notory Art because in certain brief notes it teacheth and comprehendeth the knowledge of all arts.”[13] In practical application, Ars Notoria did little to produce a pure science, but it did reveal the direction in which the intellects of the Scientific Revolution were searching in order to recover it. They viewed the Biblical account of King Solomon as a tantalizing glimpse of knowledge that had once been and might be recovered by any man that was deemed worthy by God. Solomon was regarded as having obtained the pure science through divine providence. Many of the Late Medieval and Renaissance intellects patterned themselves after Solomon, learning as much as possible about the ancient Hebrew language and rituals. The languages of other ancient civilizations were considered important to the quest as well. The more ancient the language, the closer it may have been to the original and purest expression of knowledge. Suspecting that the ancient Greek geometers had once possessed part of this whole, Rene Descartes, one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution, wrote:

We have sufficient evidence that the ancient geometers made use of a certain “analysis” which they applied in the resolution of their problems.…These writers, I am inclined to believe, by a certain baneful craftiness, kept the secrets of this mathematics to themselves. Acting as many inventors are known to have done in the case of their discoveries, they have perhaps feared that their method being so very easy and simple, would if made public, diminish, not increase public esteem. Instead they have chosen to propound, as being the fruits of their skill, a number of sterile truths, deductively demonstrated with great show of logical subtlety, with a view to winning an amazing admiration, thus dwelling indeed on the results obtained by way of their method, but without disclosing the method itself—a disclosure which would have completely undermined that amazement.[14]

Groups of Jewish mystics living in France and Spain during the 12th and 13th centuries believed that all the mysteries in the universe could be derived from names, phrases, and especially numbers contained in the writing of Moses.[15]

Through this reasoning, they developed a tradition of Kabbalah, meaning “received” or “revelation.” Its adherents believed that the highest knowledge of ancient Scripture was dispensed by God and received by men of sufficient scholarship and character. This knowledge was passed down to generations through tradition. The fundamental books of Kabbalah were the Bahir (brightness) and Heichalot (Palaces) from the 1st century AD, and the Zohar (radiance) from the 13th century. These included the ideas of the Jewish sages Isaac the Blind and Nahmanides and were also based on earlier works such as the traditions of Enoch.[16]

Following the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492, the mystic writings of Judaism were distributed and translated throughout Europe. Works previously not available to European intellects were suddenly attainable, albeit for extensive sums of money. Of these, one of the most significant was the Hebrew Talmud, a collection of scholarly works on the Old Testament that were compiled in the 6th century AD; it also had many texts from much earlier periods, some that dated from the 2nd century AD[17] The Talmud explained that generations of humanity were molded, one out of another, in successive catastrophes. In the rabbinical concept of the “Seven Earths,” the generation inhabiting the Fourth Earth built the tower of Babel but went on to the Fifth Earth when men became oblivious of their former origin and language. Their generation was called “the people who lost their memory.” The Fifth Earth was called “the generation of oblivion.” In the Hebrew Tractate Sanhedrin 109a it is said that, “The place where the tower once stood retains the peculiar quality of inducing a total loss of memory in anyone who passes it.”[18]

The Neo-Platonic philosophers of the 4th century AD wrote commentaries on the works of Plato and myth from Egypt that addressed the same ideas. The belief in a lost world language that retained the essence of all knowledge played a fundamental part in this school of thought.[19] They tied the loss of the pure knowledge and its recovery with the “messenger to the gods.” In his Commentary on the Timaeus of Plato, Proclus wrote, “The deity Hermes was responsible for distinguishing and interpreting things, recalling to memory the sources of intellect.”[20] Macrobius wrote similarly concerning the Roman version of the same deity, stating that “We know Mercury to have power over the voice and over speech, he recalls all what had been forgotton.”[21]

John Dee for example, wrote a treatise on what he called the “one symbol,” or Monas Hieroglyphica, that was published in 1564. Dee believed that he wrote the secret of all knowledge in this work through the divine providence of God: “[I am] the pen merely of [God] Whose Spirit, quickly writing these things through me, I wish and I hope to be.”[22] Dee’s “monad” was, in essence, the sign of Mercury.

Fig. 1. Image by author based on John Dee’s Monas Hieroglyphica (Cambridge: C. H. Josten Ambix Journal XII,1964), 2.

In the late medieval period of Europe, Hebrew mystics began to address the mercurial theme of lost knowledge.[23] They focused primarily on the etymological source of the earliest name for the Roman god Mercury in Egyptian myth, Thoth or Tahuti. The sages explained that the name “Thoth” is a combination of the last letter of the Hebrew alphabet, tawv, and the word for promise, oath.[24] The letter tawv has the literal meaning, “a mark or sign.”[25] A “tau-oth” or “tah-ut” was therefore a symbol connected with divine promise.

The Semitic (Hebrew and Phoenician) and Egyptian cultures were in contact with each other from greatest antiquity. When the Israelites entered the Promised Land, which was also called Canaan/Phoenicia, at the end of the Exodus, ca. the 14th century BC, the area extended from the border of Egypt to the south to the edge of the mountains of Ararat in the north. The core theology of Egypt (the Osiris, Isis, and Horus myth) incorporated the city Byblos on the coast of Phoenicia as central to its narrative. “Byblos” is the origin of the Latin word for book, Bible, and the phonetic alphabet is so called because of its establishment in Phoenicia. Renaissance theologians believed that Moses was the inventor of the first “sound-based” script in the ancient world. They derived this understanding from the writings of Eupolemus ca. 158 BC that states: “Moses was the first wise man to teach the alphabet to the Jews who transferred them to the Phoenicians and the Phoenicians passed to the Greeks.”[26] In Genesis, the first man marked with the sign of God’s promise to protect him was Cain, and the Lord said to him,

What have you done? The voice of the blood of your brother cries to me from the ground.…You shall be a vagabond and a fugitive on the earth. And Cain said to the Lord, My punishment is greater than I can bear.…And it will be that anyone who finds me shall kill me. And the Lord said to him, If anyone kills Cain, he shall be avenged sevenfold. And the Lord set a mark on Cain, so that anyone that found Cain should not kill him. (Genesis 4:10–15)

According to this etymology, the first wisdom spread throughout the earth by the exile Cain, the one closest to the origin of humanity in his purest and divine sense. The Omniscient God had spoken to him directly as He had spoken to Adam and Eve. Similarly, in Egyptian cosmology, Thoth was not only the inventor of writing but also the “lord of time” and “he whom reckons years and measures the earth.”[27]

The Egyptian ankh, meaning life, was closely associated with Thoth. The ancient circle-cross glyph of mercury and the combination of the Greek letters (the consonant tau and vowel omega) forming the word t-auw loosely resemble it and have similar meaning. Both are related to the tauv mark of Cain as a symbol that “preserved his life.”

Fig. 2. Image by author

The Jewish sages explained that Cain built the first city and therefore was the founder of civilization. Cain named this city Enoch after his first son (Genesis 4:16–17). Also according to the sages, the names of Enoch’s grandson and great grandson, Mehujael and Methusael (man smitten by Elohim and man who is of Elohim) shows that for a time the knowledge of Elohim, the name of God recorded in Genesis, was preserved, but soon disappeared. Their reasoning was that the lineage of Cain had died in the flood. However, the human race survived through Noah and his family descended from Seth, Adam’s third son. The Mystics focused on the two Enochs that lived before the great deluge of Noah. The first, the son of Cain, had transferred the sacred knowledge from Eden into the first civilization that was later destroyed due to its corruption and evil. The second Enoch, from the line of Seth, preserved the pure knowledge apart from this corruption. This body of knowledge had been incorporated in ancient structures geometrically. Its decipherment needed a key thought to exist in a universal language that was lost. Ironically, the event that caused its loss corresponded with the development of writing and the birth of civilization. Although biblical chronology renders it impossible for Noah to have met Enoch from the line of Seth, he would have known Methuselah, Enoch’s son. Methuselah lived for 967 years. There was a belief among biblical scholars that Noah would have possessed the learning of Enoch, particularly because it had been recorded in writing. In 1614, Walter Raleigh’s The Historie of the World in Five Bookes gave this explanation:

…It is very probable that Noah had seen and might preserve this book. For it is not likely, that so exquisite knowledge therein (as these men had) was suddenly invented and found out, but left by Seth to Enoch, and by Enoch to Noah, as hath been said before. And therefore if letters and arts were known from the time of Seth to Enoch, and that Noah lived with Methusalem, who lived with Adam, and Abraham lived with Noah, it is not strange (I say) to conceive how Moses came to the knowledge of the first Age, be it by letters, or by Cabala and Tradition, had the undoubted word of God need of any other proof than self-authority.[28]

Regardless of whether Noah preserved the written knowledge of Enoch, or the knowledge was recorded in some other fashion, the name Enoch in the Old Testament was of prime importance to the medieval and Renaissance thinkers in the search for a universal language. There was a special geometry expressed in the letters, chronology, and meaning of Enoch’s life on earth. Occult mystics referred to themselves as “initiates” of the ancient sciences. The Hebrew name Enoch was itself a word meaning “initiated” or “experienced.”[29] He lived for exactly 365 years, a number equaling the days in a solar year.

The books Polychronicon of the Medieval Alchemist Ranult Higdon (AD 1350), the Cooke Manuscript (AD 1410), as well as the Antiquities of the Jews by Flavius Josephus recorded the knowledge from Enoch of Seth’s line that was preserved geometrically in the architecture of ancient temples. This was especially the case for the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt and the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem.

Within this Judaic-Christian framework, the intellects of 17 th century Europe searched for the prisca sapientia. The Cambridge Neo-Platonists in England maintained the tradition of philosophy inter-related with theology as well. Through their establishment in Britain at the highest academic institution of the time, the progress of several centuries towards the attainment of knowledge was preserved. The Cambridge Neo-Platonists included many notable intellects of the occult and scientific renaissance, men like Henry More, John Smith, Ralph Cudworth, and Benjamin Whichcote. The University of Cambridge’s motto, “From this place, we gain enlightenment and precious knowledge,” produced scientific geniuses whose theories are still used in modern academics. These were notably Isaac Newton, Lord Kelvin, James Clerk Maxwell, and Lord Rayleigh.[30]

Isaac Newton, the greatest of the natural philosophers was in close association with the Cambridge Neo-Platonists. They influenced his views concerning the physical laws manifested in the universe. In fact, it was by embracing their tenet of the existence of an original pure knowledge that he produced his greatest works.

Many books have investigated whether Newton believed that an original pure knowledge existed. Some conclude that he did in fact search for it, but that is the whole of their investigation. A few have written that Newton actually discovered “something” and try to fit his existing research into a prisca sapientia of their own design, claiming his beliefs fit modern realms of philosophy or Eastern religions, but these speculations are not upheld by the body of his work. Although Newton had solved riddles of space, time, gravity, light, and invented mathematics to predict the motion of objects, this was not the priscia sapienta. Since the time of Newton, no one has revealed the true form and nature of the original knowledge, or from whence it came; that is the greatest question of all.

Some of Newton biographers have speculated that the evidence for Newton’s search for the “key” to all things was demonstrated by the sheer vastness of his works. The biographer Gale Christianson described Newton’s motivation for studying alchemy as having been a means to an end, and that Newton was searching alchemy for a symbolic key that could unlock the prisca sapientia from the writing of the ancients. He concluded also that, “The theological manuscripts [in Newton’s collection] reveal that he no less ardently pursued a parallel religious wisdom or prisca theologia…”[31]

Dr. Christianson makes a good point; the volume of Newton’s work does show his dedication to both the, “pure thought” and the “pure words of God”; however, the majority of Newton’s works were theological. Newton produced three times as many theological papers than scientific. These manuscripts consistently recorded Newton’s belief in the author of creation as one and the same as the author of the Law and prophecy contained in the Bible. This one tenet is also the most pervasive in all of Newton’s scholarly manuscripts.

A strange condition remains; despite the resolve in which Newton searched for the prisca theologia and the prisca sapientia, he did not leave any direct assertions concerning the matter. If he had discovered a unifying theme to “all thought,” or realized the direction towards which such a value might be found, he seems to have left no explanation.

However, it can be demonstrated that Newton did rediscover the prisca sapienta and imbedded this information within his writings in his addressing the laws of creation. In this way, Newton intended that his discoveries would be revealed in a future age; an age in which we presently exist.

Chapter One: Principia Apocalyptica

Isaac Newton came further in understanding the physics of time and space than any man in his age, which is why his mathematical and natural philosophical works are considered the foundation of scientific exploration to this day. Yet, Newton’s investigation of the primary causes of nature was consistently fashioned in relationship to the theological framework of the ancient Hebrews. His vast research on chronology and interpretation of biblical prophecy was as brilliant as his work in physics. According to John Locke, “Mr. Newton is really a very valuable man, not only for his wonderful skill in mathematics, but in divinity also, and his great knowledge is the Scriptures, wherein I know few his equals.”[32]

Within the empirical scientific work for which he is most famous, Principia Mathematica, Newton wrote of the inseparability of the order of time and space from the existence of God:

The true God is a living, intelligent, and powerful being. His duration reaches from eternity to eternity; His presence from infinity to infinity.…He governs all things and knows all things that are or can be done. He is not eternity and infinity, but eternal and infinite; he is not duration or space, but he endures and is present. He endures forever, and is everywhere present; and, by existing always and everywhere, he constitutes duration and space. This most beautiful system of the sun, planets, and comets could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful Being.…He is omnipresent not virtually only, but also substantially; for virtue cannot subsist without substance. In him are all things contained and moved.[33]

It had not been realized until fairly recently that Newton wrote far more concerning theology, philosophy, and even alchemy than he did in natural philosophy. The family of the Earl of Portsmouth inherited Newton’s vast collection of writing and stored it in the library of Cambridge University. These papers were held in Cambridge until 1936 when they were purchased in auction from John Maynard Keynes.[34] Many biographers up until that time avoided mention of Newton’s esoteric interests. This was borne not only out of the lack of information concerning their existence, but also to the negative impact they might have on his reputation as a scientist or the veracity of his most famous works.

Within these papers, it was apparent that Newton believed the ancient mathematicians possessed methods for calculating the exact dimensions of the Earth. Newton also reasoned that they purposely obscured these methods in their works. In researching the ancient Greek attempts to solve the prediction of location for objects in motion, Newton wrote, “But they accomplished it by certain simple proportions, judging that nothing written in a different style was worthy to read, and in consequence concealing the analysis by which they found their constructions.”[35] The revolution of science that Newton single-handedly achieved in Principia was primarily that the laws of motion and gravity, and the nature of space and time, had not manifested apart from his belief in the immutable truths of the Bible. From its pages, Newton found the path towards discovery in the natural universe. By his own words, the Bible was his source of inspiration for every theory that he conceived.

Newton believed that the code of civil and religious truth that God gave to Moses on Mount Sinai also contained the physical laws of creation. Because the central focus of the Torah was the “Ark of the Law” and later the temple that housed it, Newton reasoned that the unifying theory of dimension should also be contained within both. He understood that this creational blueprint was not only embedded within the structure of the law presented in Exodus, but also echoed in the works of the ancients having lived closer to the time of the Exodus. This was also the consenting view of the Renaissance Neo-Platonists with whom Newton had been associated.

In 1593, the Spanish biblical scholar Arias Montano proposed that the proportion of creation was concealed in weights and measures given to the Hebrews by God through Moses.[36]

In 1690, the independent minister Thomas Beverley wrote concerning the dimensions of a future temple of Jerusalem, described in the book of the prophet Ezekiel:

And as Number, Weight, and Measure are so Essentially necessary to All the Great Things, that are perform’d in the World, as to Astronomy, Observation of the Heavens, and their Course, Geometry, Architecture, Statics, Navigation, Survey, Experimental Philosophy, and to all Commerce, and Traffick, and even mutual Cohabitation of Mankind; So under these Measures in this Vision are shaded the Sublimity of the Divine Communion with his Saints, and Servants; and of Angels, and Saints one with Another; and those Lines of Communication signified by Jacobs Ladder, Gen. 28.12. between the New Heaven, and the New Earth.[37]

It was in awareness of this principle that the British architect Sir Christopher Wren (1632–1723) wrote, “Architecture aims at Eternity; and therefore, is the only thing incapable of modes and fashions in its principles.”[38]

An overview of Newton’s scientific works reveals a consistent incorporation of thought from ancient Jewish sages, prophetic studies, Bible chronology, and history. He studied the writings of the Jewish sages before producing his theories of natural philosophy. While a student at Cambridge, Newton learned Hebrew from Isaac Abendana, the first person to translate the Mishnah, a treatise on the five books of the Old Testament, into Latin.[39] He was also able to read the early mystic works of Jewish scholars through his access to the Latin commentaries on the Hebrew Scriptures at the Cambridge library. The works of Moses Mamonides were especially considered the greatest teacher of Judaism. His writings, the Mishneh Torah (1180) and the Guide of the Perplexed (1190), are still the foremost Jewish studies of the Old Testament in existence. Maimonides was the greatest theologian of Rabbinic Judaism, and his influence ranged beyond Jewish thought to influence Christians like Saint Thomas Aquinas and Newton himself. The biographer John Maynard Keynes described Newton as “rather a Judaic monotheist of the school of Maimonides.”[40]

The importance of the ancient Hebrew religion as the original form of God’s communication to humanity was central to Newton’s search for clarity of universal laws:

So then the first religion was the most rational of all others till the nations corrupted it. For there is no way (with out revelation) to come to the knowledge of a Deity but by the frame of nature.[41]

This belief had been reinforced not only through Newton’s familiarity with the works of ancient Jewish sages, but also by the writings of Francis Van Helmont (1614–1698), whose books were housed at the library of Cambridge where Newton taught as a professor. Helmont believed that great and undiscovered knowledge existed in the original Hebrew versions of the Old Testament, as he explicates in The Language of the Prophets:

Is there no key to be found with which the Mysteries of Scripture might be opened? And forasmuch as the Old Testament was written in Hebrew and that it cannot be translated into another language so as to retain its own proper force and energy, may not we therefore suppose that in the Hebrew language (as we consider the same to be a living language) this key is to be found?[42]

Newton understood the words of God in prophecy as a reflection of the design in God’s creation. He expressed these views within his theological studies and works of chronology, history, and natural philosophy, each of which was incredibly vast. However, due to his strong rejection of the Trinity—a belief considered heretical in the “Trinitarian” Church of England, and one that Newton occasionally wrote of within his theological research—these biblical works from several decades of his life remained a secret. Newton may have intended that this research would surface after his death, leaving the providence of God to decide its fate. However, his interest in cryptograms in nature paralleled his pursuit of the riddle of prophecy. The code that unlocked all prophetic writing was a topic that Newton explored extensively. He wrote:

He that would understand a book written in a strange language must first learn the language.…Such a language was that wherein the Prophets wrote, and the want of sufficient skill in that language is the main reason why they are so little understood. John did not write in one language, Daniel in another, Isaiah in a third and the rest in others peculiar to themselves, but they all write in one and the same mystical language.…For the language of the Prophets, being Hieroglyphical, had affinity with that of the Egyptian priest and Eastern wise men, and therefore was anciently much better understood in the East than it is now in the West. I received also much light in this search by the analogy between the world natural and the world politic. For the mystical language was founded in this analogy, and will be best understood by considering its original.[43]

This opinion was not exclusively Newton’s, however. For example, in 1657 Robert Turner wrote of knowledge of a “key” in his work Ars Notoria, a book of orations and prayers that Solomon had allegedly used upon the altar in the temple in Jerusalem. Apart from being an unusually esoteric and occult work, it reveals an overriding view of philosophers of the time that the language of the Hebrews contained a supernatural power that could unlock the secrets of nature. A brief explanation was inserted in a footnote by the publisher in 1657:

It is called the Notory Art because in certain brief notes it teacheth and comprehendeth the knowledge of all arts.…It being a Science of so Transcendent a purity, that it hath its Original out of the depth and profundity of the Chaldee, Hebrew, and Grecian Languages; and therefore cannot possible by any means be explicated fully in the poor Thread-bare Scheme of our Language.[44]

Newton devoted his entire life in the quest of a pure science and theology. If he had discovered the prisca sapientia, and further evidence will show that he did, he would not have resorted to leaving such a discovery in the hands of the unworthy. It is likely a unifying theory of the laws of creation with the laws of God would be best suited to a code. This form of writing and encryption, in Newton’s reasoning, was the modality in which the Bible itself had been written. As God revealed the Law of Moses to men with supernatural power, and its words revered and protected, a unifying law of creation should be presented in like manner. Similarly, the dispensation to men of such a powerful truth would only take place with the full intent and providence of God; Newton, however, would not write of its discovery openly. He would seal it within his papers exploring the laws and the creation of God. These vast works, ranging from chronology, natural philosophy, and theology suggested its presence, visible only to those given the eyes to see.

It is not without precedent then, that Keynes made this statement concerning Newton’s view of reality:

He regarded the universe as a cryptogram set by the Almighty—just as he himself wrapped the discovery of the calculus in a cryptogram when he communicated with Leibniz [emphasis added]. By pure thought, by concentration of mind, the riddle, he believed, would be revealed to the initiate. He did read the riddle of the heavens. And he believed that by the same powers of his introspective imagination he would read the riddle of the Godhead, the riddle of past and future events divinely foreordained.[45]

Here, Keynes highlights one of the most significant and overlooked aspects of Newton’s work: an obsession with the cryptography of God’s design of the natural world.

The methods of encryption that Newton employed display the same genius that was manifested in his theories of gravity, light, and motion.

Newton encrypted his discovery of calculus to Leibnez due to fear that others less skilled in mathematics might plagiarize it. His first open statement of calculus was inserted in the appendix of Optics, published in 1704. Later, Newton added a copy of a letter that he sent to Leibniz in 1676, in Principia (the Scholium to Book II, Section II, Proposition VII) in order to establish the date of his discovery. He wrote:

I cannot proceed with the explanation of the fluxions [the calculus] now, I have preferred to conceal it thus: 6accdae13eff7i3l9n4o4qrr4s8t12vx.

This encryption defined the meaning of calculus by giving the number of different letters in a Latin sentence: Data aequatione quotcunque fluentes quantitates involvente, fluxiones invenire: et vice versa.

Newton waited twenty years before giving this translation of this anagram, which in English reads: “Given an equation involving any number of fluent quantities, to find the fluxions: and vice versa.”[46]

The code lists the number of times each letter appears in the Latin sentence in alphabetical order. Newton’s technique for encrypting the discovery of calculus manifests in a distinctive framework. Only a reader sufficiently familiar with the mathematical topic and Latin could understand it. However, it awaited interpretation by the one who made it. This was akin to the methods in which Newton ascribed man’s discernment of prophecy, about which he explained:

God gave the Prophecies of the Old Testaments, not to gratify men’s curiosities by enabling them to foreknow things, but that after they were fulfilled they might be interpreted by the event; and his own Providence, not the Interpreters, be then manifested thereby to the world. For the event of things predicted many ages before, will then be a convincing argument that the world is governed by providence.[47]

Newton held an exception to this belief, however. He believed that certain prophecies were opened through divine providence at appointed times for the benefit of the true Church on earth. He searched for the timing of prophetic events from the past in order to establish the scene of prophetic fulfillment in his time:

That the benefit which may by understanding the sacred Prophecies and the danger by neglecting them is very great and the obligation to study them is as great may appear by considering the like case of the Jews at the coming of Christ. For the rules whereby they were to know the Messiah were the prophecies of the Old Testament. And these our Saviour recommended to their consideration in the very beginning of His preaching and afterward commanded the study of them for that end saying.… Hypocrites can ye discern the face of the sky but can ye not discern the signs of the times.[48]

This statement seems to contradict Newton’s statement that prophecy was not given to predict future events. However, he was convinced that the end of days was upon the earth in his lifetime, and therefore, the formula for the correct interpretation of prophecy was satisfied. This drove him to establish a chronology for events that was soon to be fulfilled. In keeping with the pattern of prophetic encryption in the Bible, Newton wrote his interpretations within the same framework.

The greatest Hebrew cryptographer in antiquity was a subject of several books that Newton wrote during his lifetime: the prophet Daniel. In 1733, six years after Newton’s death, only one of his studies of the Bible was published, Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John. It was in this book that Newton revealed the motivation for his research of prophecy:

He who denies Daniel’s prophecies, undermines Christianity, which is founded on Daniel’s prophecies concerning Christ.…For Daniel’s Prophecies reach to the end of the world; and there is scarce a prophecy in the Old Testament concerning Christ, which doth not in something or other relate to his second coming. If divers of the ancients, as Irenaeus, Julius Africanus, Hippolytus the martyr, and Apollinaris Bishop of Laodicea, applied the half week to the times of Antichrist; why may not we…[49]

In casual reading, this statement displays Newton’s faith in the veracity of the Bible, especially the writing of the prophet Daniel. There are many biographical works of Newton explaining his pursuit of natural philosophy in the direction that was shaped by his theological beliefs. However, Newton had a much loftier goal in his pairing of the theological world with the philosophical. Every intellectual work that he achieved was in effort to understand the prophecies of God for the time and manner of the return of Christ.

Newton believed, as did the great body of early church scholars up until his age, that the book of Daniel contained the most time-centered prophecies in the Bible. In the Prophecies of Daniel, Newton wrote, “Daniel is most distinct in order of time, and easiest to be understood, and therefore in those things which relate to the last times, he must be made the key to the rest.” Flavius Josephus, in his 1st century AD work The Antiquities of the Jews, wrote that Daniel “was not only wont to prophecy future things, as did other prophets, but he also fixed the time at which these would come to pass.”[50]

Newton wrote Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John several years after his discoveries of light, gravity, and time. The reinforcement of his previous scientific works with the theological were not so much a change in his thinking but a statement of his frame of mind during the most productive and inspired time in his life—and the most tragic.

Expectations of the End of Days

After Newton graduated from the Trinity College at Cambridge in the spring of 1665, the university was closed because of an outbreak of the bubonic plague, known historically as the Great Plague. Over the course of two years, the plague killed nearly 100,000 people in Europe. The death toll in London alone was 70,000, nearly 15 percent of the city’s population. Although the Great Fire of London destroyed much of the city in 1666, it also killed most of the rats and fleas that carried the plague bacteria. In Britain, many religious minds of the time viewed the plague and the destruction of London as fulfillment of the prophecies in the Book of Revelation. The number of the year 1666 also stood as an ominous sign of the end for many prominent theologians of the time.

Between 1642 and 1661, England experienced three civil wars over the governing of the British Isles. During this time, King Charles I was replaced by the first Republican government of Britain until the coronation of Charles II in 1661. A major influence of the Republican government between these Kings was the religious-political movement of the Fifth Monarchists from 1649 to 1661. The Fifth Monarchists took their name from the belief that the four world powers, outlined in the prophecies of Daniel 2:4: Assyria, Persia, Greece, and Rome had ended and the Fifth Monarchy, and that of the saints under Jesus Christ, would soon be at hand.[51] The proponents of this view produced many books of this prophetic interpretation that circulated throughout England even after the re-establishment of Charles II. Their apocalyptic expectations for the year 1666 were well established during Newton’s education at Cambridge.

During the seventeenth century, the view of the apocalypse changed from an allegory to the life of man and the reward of heaven, to a literal expectation of the return of Christ to establish his kingdom. This view was popularized by John Foxe’s Book of Martyrs, which was published in 1563. Foxe believed that the millennium had begun at the conversion of Constantine in AD 312 and that the Second Coming and Last Judgment of Christ were imminent.[52] The writings of Martin Luther contributed to the 17th century view of English theologians that the Pope was the Antichrist and that England would be the divine tool in the overthrow of Rome.[53]

In 1642, Henry Archer’s book The Personal Reign of Christ Upon Earth predicted the second coming of Christ in 1666. This exegesis of the prophecies of Daniel and the Revelation of St. John was followed by other books from English authors like John Tillinghast, Peter Sterry, and John Rogers in the 1650s also claiming that the year 1666 was a likely date for the return of Christ.[54] The Arabic numerals of 1666 represented a statement of the mark of the beast in Revelation, according to Mr. Francis Potter’s book, published in England in 1642, An Interpretation of the Number 666.[55]

Joseph Mede (1586–1638), a prominent Anglican professor of Greek at Cambridge, endorsed Potter’s book and wrote considering Potter’s theory of 1666, “If it be not a truth…it is the most considerable probability that I have ever read in that kind.”[56]

Joseph Mede was the greatest theological influence of Isaac Newton. He possessed a compilation of Mede’s works published in 1665, which included Clavis Apocalyptica (Key to the Revelation) and Heaven Upon Earth.[57] It would be hard for Newton to disregard the prophetic interpretations of the events of 1665 and 1666, especially when considering the contemporary prophecies that came before them. The fire of London was actually predicted by an obscure British author named Walter Gostelo in 1658 who wrote,

The coming of God in Mercy, in Vengence; beginning with fire, to convert of to consume, at this so sinful city London: Oh! London, London. If fire make not ashes of the city, and thy bones also, conclude me a liar forever!…[T]he decree is gone out, repent, or burn, as Sodom and Gomorrah![58]

In addition, astronomical portents heralded the plague and London fire, as recorded in this historical account from Hamburg, Germany in December 1664:

The great Comet lately seen here, appears no longer with us; but here is now another, much less then the former, rising Southeast, and setting North-West. They write from Vienna by the last [mail], of a great Comet seen there also, shewing itself first from the East, and pointing toward Hungary. There has been likewise seen in the air the appearance of a Coffin, which causes great anxiety of thought among the people. We have had our part here of the Comet, as well as other Places, besides which, here have been other terrible Apparitions and Noises in the air, as Fires, and sounds of Canon, and Musket-shot.[59]

And from London:

A blazing star or comet appeared for several months before the plague, as there did the year after another, a little before the fire.…The comet before the pestilence was of a faint, dull, languid colour, and its motion very heavy, Solemn, and slow; but the comet before the fire was bright and sparkling, or, as others said, flaming, and its motion swift and furious; and accordingly, one foretold a heavy judgment, slow but severe, terrible and frightful, as was the plague; but the other foretold a stroke, sudden, swift, and fiery as the conflagration.…The apprehensions of the people were likewise strangely increased by the error of the times; in which, I think, the people, from what principle I cannot imagine, were more addicted to prophecies and astrological conjurations, dreams, and old wives’ tales than ever they were before or since. Whether this unhappy temper was originally raised by the follies of some people who got money by it—that is to say, by printing predictions and prognostications—I know not; but certain it is, books frighted them terribly, such as Lilly’s Almanack, Gadbury’s Astrological Predictions, Poor Robin’s Almanack, and the like; also several pretended religious books, one entitled, Come out of her, my People, lest you be Partaker of her Plagues; another called, Fair Warning; another, Britain’s Remembrancer; and many such, all, or most part of which, foretold, directly or covertly, the ruin of the city.[60]

During Newton’s last few months as an undergraduate at Trinity College, he studied amidst the apocalyptic fervor that pervaded the country. He recorded his observation of the comet of 1664–65 in a notebook, and on December 23,1664, he wrote, “I observed a comet whose rays were round her, yet her tail extended itself a little towards the east and parallel to the ecliptic.”[61]

For two years during the fearsome plague and the fire of London, he lived with his mother at his home in Woolsthorpe, England. It was during this time, termed by biographers as “the two miraculous years,” that Newton developed every revolutionary scientific work for which he is famous. It is a distinct possibility that the productivity of Newton’s miraculous years stemmed from his conviction that the end of the age was upon the earth. From his viewpoint of prophetic interpretation, a framework that he inherited from Joseph Mede, Henry Archer, and many other theologians, the time for research would have soon come to an end. Any scientific advances that could be made necessarily had to be done in earnest. For Newton, every theoretical revelation that he achieved stood as verification of Daniel’s prophecy as reads in Dan12:4: “Even to the time of the end…knowledge shall be increased.” Newton viewed the book of Daniel as a missive extending through time to him, addressed to his intellect, a mind divinely inspired to value and solve its riddles. The body of these scientific accomplishments as being concentrated within the plague years was explained much later in a letter Newton wrote to the scholar Pierre Des Maizeaux in 1718:

In the beginning of the year 1665, I found the Method of approximating series & the Rule for reducing any dignity of any Binomial into such a series. The same year in May I found the method of Tangents of Gregory & Slusius, & in November had the direct method of fluxions & the next year in January had the Theory of Colors & in May following I had entrance into the inverse method of fluxions. And the same year I began to think of gravity extending to the orb of the Moon & (having found out how to estimate the force with which a globe revolving within a sphere presses the surface of the sphere) from Kepler’s rule of the periodical times of the Planets being in sesquialterate proportion of their distances from the centers of their Orbs, I deduced that the forces which keep the Planets in their Orbs must be reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centers about which they revolve: and thereby compared the force requisite to keep the Moon in her Orb with the force of gravity at the surface of the earth, and found them answer pretty nearly. All this was in the two plague years of 1665 and 1666. For in those days I was in the prime of my age of invention & minded Mathematics & Philosophy more than at any time since.[62]

In the decades that followed, Newton’s research turned away from the scientific, and towards questions of biblical interpretation, prophecy, and chronology. The study of the events preceding the return of Christ would take precedence in Newton’s intellectual focus. He did not abandon the topic even until his death. He wrote of the duty presented to him having been molded by the times:

Why should we not think that the Prophesies which concern the latter times into which we are fallen were in like manner intended for our use that in the midst of Apostacies we might be able to discern the truth…and consequently that it is also our duty to search with all diligence into these Prophesies.[63]

Newton returned to Cambridge in 1667 and remained as a lecturing Professor of Mathematics for twenty-nine years. During this period, Newton published his scientific works developed during the upheaval of 1665 and 1666 and began intensive study of biblical prophecy.

In 1696, Newton moved to London to begin a new job as the Warden of the Royal Mint. It had become apparent to Newton over the passing years that the return of Christ he had anticipated early in his career was less imminent. However, Newton retained his belief of the time-dependant nature of Daniel’s prophecies and their eventual manifestation in the world. Toward the end of his life, knowing that he was not of the generation that would see the fulfillment of end time prophecy, Newton concentrated on the clear interpretation of its chronology. This work was dedicated to theologians of the future. All that was left for Newton, as a summation of his great theological work, was to supply the direction in which others were to proceed after his death, the manner of which followed the design of Daniel’s prophecies. “As for you, Daniel, obscure the matters and seal the book until the time of the End: let many muse and let knowledge increase” (Daniel 12:4).

In this version of Daniel 12:4, from a literal translation of Hebrew based on the Targum that Newton used in his studies of Daniel, the mode of communication to a future audience was described. Comprehension of the prophecy was dependent on time and the providential influence of God.[64]

Believing that his theological and chronological works would serve the investigations of scholars in the future, and that they addressed the same theme as the prophecies of Daniel, Newton recorded them in like manner. The information in these works extended far beneath the surface. Only those wise enough to discern the clues would be awarded the secret of understanding in the time of the end.

[A]bout the time of the end, in all probability, a body of men will be raised up, who will turn their attention to the prophecies, and insist upon their literal interpretation in the midst of much clamor and opposition.[65]

Chapter Two: Clavis Temporalis

For as the few and obscure Prophecies concerning Christ’s first coming were for setting up the Christian religion, many and clear Prophecies concerning the things to be done at Christ’s second coming are not only for predicting, but also for effecting a recovery and re-establishment of the long-lost truth.

—Issac Newton, Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse

of St. John[66]

In the book Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended, Newton laid the timeline of events and reigns of kings for Greece, Egypt, Assyria, Babylonian, and Persia in six chapters. In chapter four, he dealt with the fall of Babylon, and explained the timing of the destruction of the temple of Jerusalem and the line of kings of the Medes and Persians. In the midst of this order of events, Newton inserted, “The Kingdom of Babylon was numbered and finished and broken and given to the Medes and Persians.”[67] This was a statement given by the prophet Daniel in answer to the riddle that had stricken King Belshazzar on the eve of the fall of Babylon. It was distinctly time-oriented.

On the surface, it seems that Newton inserted it in Chronology to establish Babylon’s fall within the chronicles of the Jews. He did not mention the prophetic implications of the event, a subject he meticulously examined in Observations and other works where he also defined the parallels of the Revelation with the Book of Daniel. However, both these prophetic books, according to Newton, hinged on the fall of Babylon.[68] The fall of Babylon, the rebuilding of the temple of Jerusalem, and even the name of Babylon’s conqueror, Cyrus, was predicted more than 160 years before these events by the prophet Isaiah: 44:28:

Thus saith of Cyrus, he is my shepherd, and shall perform all my pleasure: even saying to Jerusalem, Thou shalt be built: and to the temple, Thy foundation shall be laid. (Isaiah 44:28)

The designation by God of Cyrus as “my shepherd” was a messianic title that distinguished him as a gentile type of Christ. “For Jacob my servant’s sake, and Israel mine elect, I have even called thee by thy name: I have surnamed thee, though thou hast not known me” (Isaiah 45:4).

The implications were that both Cyrus and Christ would be irresistible conquerors of Israel’s enemies (Isaiah. 45:1; Revelation 19:19–21) and both would restore Jerusalem and especially the temple. This was Newton’s thematic bridge between the Revelation of John and the prophecies of Daniel.[69]

Babylon

Plinii the Elder wrote that Babylon was, for a long time, the most famous city in the world, and according to Herodotus, Babylon displayed many of the mightiest works of mortals concentrated in one spot on earth.[70] Its walls were reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world, and it was from there that the treasure of Solomon’s temple was removed before being burned and razed to the ground by the Babylonians ca. 587 BC.[71] The Jews that survived the war and were deemed useful, were exiled to Babylon. In ca. 539–540 BC, the King of Babylon, Belshazzar, made a great feast for thousands of his nobles. This feast toasted his gods with the golden vessels that his predecessor, Nebuchadnezzar, had removed from the Temple of Solomon.[72] During their festivities, he and his guests witnessed a frightening omen:

In the same hour came forth the fingers of a man’s hand, and wrote over the candlestick upon the plaster of the wall of the king’s palace: and the king saw part of the hand that wrote.[73]

Fig. 3. Image by author based on Daniel 5. The inscription on the wall has been interpreted by Rabbinic scholars to have been written from top down, starting from the right and moving to the left, confusing the magi, who normally read from right to left. However, the words were known at the time as common monetary values, so that the descriptive aspects of the words, though intact, may not have been realized.

The terrified King consulted his wise men, an elite group of mystics and scholars gathered from the farthest reaches of his kingdom:

Any man who can read the writing and reveal its meaning shall be clothed with purple, and have a chain of gold around his neck. And he shall rule third in the kingdom. Then all the king’s wise men came in, but they could not read the writing, or make the meaning known to the king. [74]

Newton understood the Magi of Babylon and their prowess for solving riddles. Once again, Keynes provides insight with respect to the “Babylonian” focus of Newton’s cryptology, stating that Newton:

looked on the whole universe and all that is in it as a riddle, as a secret which could be read by applying pure thought to certain evidence, certain mystic clues which God had laid about the world to allow a sort of philosopher’s treasure hunt to the esoteric brotherhood. He believed that these clues were to be found partly in the evidence of the heavens and in the constitution of elements (and that is what gives the false suggestion of his being an experimental natural philosopher), but also partly in certain papers and traditions handed down by the brethren in an unbroken chain back to the original cryptic revelation in Babylonia.[75]

Newton was an expert in the history of the Babylonian Magi, knowing they had been in direct contact with the Prophet Daniel. Those Magi brought to Babylon from Egypt had also encountered traditions of the Prophet Joseph. In fact, the rulers of their respective countries of exile appointed both Hebrew prophets chief of the Magi. In the chapter preceding the description of the Temple of Solomon, Newton included the wise men’s resume:

At that time [of the founding of Babylon by the Assyrians] Sabacon the Ethiopian invaded Egypt, and made great multitudes of Egyptians fly from him into Chaldæa, and carry thither their Astronomy, and Astrology, and Architecture, and the form of their year, which they preserved there in the Æra of Nabonassar: for the practice of observing the Stars began in Egypt in the days of Ammon…But Astrology was invented in Egypt by Nichepsos, or Necepsos, one of the Kings of the lower Egypt, and Petosiris his Priest, a little before the days of Sabacon, and propagated thence into Chaldæa, where Zoroaster the Legislator of the Magi met with it: so Paulinus, Quique magos docuit mysteria vana Necepsos: And Diodorus, they say that the Chaldæans in Babylonia are colonies of the Egyptians, and being taught by the Priests of Egypt became famous for Astrology. And Diodorus, they say that the Chaldæans in Babylonia are colonies of the Egyptians, and being taught by the Priests of Egypt became famous for Astrology.[76]

Despite the world renown of the Magi, the Bible records that Daniel was master over them all. He had been appointed over the horoscopists, conjurers, Chaldeans, and fortunetellers by Belshazzar’s father, Nebuchadnezzar.[77] Daniel had interpreted a dream that not only troubled Nebuchadnezzar greatly, but that the king had also forgotten.

The dream was of an image of a man with a head of gold, the arms and shoulders of silver, torso of brass, legs of iron, and feet of iron mixed with clay. Daniel explained it as a symbol of all the great empires of the world from Babylon until the “End of days.” The Queen remembered Daniel’s interpretation of this dream, and the esteem that Nebuchadnezzar had for him and his god, as “a revealer of secrets” (Dan. 2:47), saying, “An excellent spirit, and knowledge, and understanding, explaining of dreams, and revealing of hard sentences, and the unraveling of knots [emphasis added] were found in Daniel.”[78]

Here again was the theme of cryptography and God’s design of time as Daniel explained the meaning of the writing:

And this was the writing that was written: MINA, MINA, TEKEL, UPARSIN. This is the meaning of the thing: A MINA, God has numbered your kingdom, and finished it. A TEKEL, You are weighed in the balances and found lacking. UPARSIN, you kingdom is divided, and given to the Medes and Persians.[79]

While Daniel explained the writing to the King, the Medes had already diverted the river Euphrates that ran through Babylon into a canal up river. That same evening, the armies of Cyrus had entered through the river conduit under its great walls. Belshazzar was killed and the great city passed into the rule of Darius the Mede. The next year, in 538 BC, the Persian King Cyrus the Great released the Jews from their captivity of seventy years to Jerusalem and arranged for the rebuilding of the temple.[80]

Newton had been employed as an authority of the standards of weight and measure for currency in Britain during his work on the Observations upon Daniel. He was appointed Warden of the Royal Mint in 1696, and in 1699 he was given the position of Master of the Royal Mint of Britain based on his knowledge of ancient standards of weight and measure. For him, it would have been abundantly clear, with respect to his dual understanding of both the ancient languages of the Bible and his profession, that the words MENE MENE TEKEL UPARSIN, were actually monetary values. These are described as the standards of weight for use in Ezekiel’s future temple in Jerusalem: “And the shekel (TEKEL) [shall be] twenty gerahs: twenty shekels, five and twenty shekels, fifteen shekels, shall be your maneh (MINA).”[81] The numeric quantity represented were units of ancient Chaldean weights and measures.

The gerah was the smallest proportion of weight used in Babylonian commerce at the time. Mene (1,000 gerahs), Mene (1,000 gerahs), Tekel (20 gerahs), and the Peres, to divide the Mene (500 gerahs) equals 2,520.[82]

Despite the fact that Newton would have clearly recognized this feature in Daniel’s interpretation of the writing, he made no mention of it in his Chronology, though this number surfaces again in both the prophecies of Revelation and Daniel, leaving the reader to wonder why it was disregarded.

With respect to Newton’s intention of providing direction for the future revealing of prophecy, leaving out such an integral point stands in bold relief. He may have intended it as a clue to deciphering the underlying meaning of his Chronology. In fact, the number 2,520 is the key to Newton’s hidden prophetical direction, and the metaphysical design of prophecy and time itself. It is a theory of the prisca sapientia that Newton intuitively believed existed, but did not have the resources or data to investigate. He did, however, anticipate that the means for its proof lay in the future.

Throughout Chronology, Newton assigned the dates of civilizations not based on the Christian calendar, which started at the birth of Christ, but the Nabonassar era (AN—Anno Nabonassari) was considered the inception of the Neo-Babylonian Dynasty. This was the point that King Nabonassar founded his kingdom in Babylon in 747 BC. The Greek astronomer Claudius Ptolemaeus and later astronomers used this point in chronological calculations, but the era was not used by the Babylonians or, for that matter, the average British subject.[83]

The omission of Julian dates was consistent throughout Newton’s Chronology. He stated that the fall of Babylon occurred in the year of Nabonassar 209 or 210. (The Julian date corresponding to the start of Nabonassar’s reign is 747 BC—209 or 210 would be 539 or 540 BC.) The reader would need to be familiar with this timetable to find the correspondence with the birth of Christ. The full interpretation of the text of Chronology, especially chapter four, with its focus on Babylon, was left to one skilled in the application of various eras as well as the history of the Bible. Any further interpretation was dependent on the reader having comprehensive understanding of the subject in advance. Chapter five was dedicated solely to the measure of lengths of the Temple of Solomon, in a book dedicated to the measure of time.

What was Newton’s Intention?

According to the Jewish sages, the specific location of God’s temple on the Earth was as important as its internal geometry. This was because no man had established the site for its construction, but it had been given by the law of God. Ezekiel 43:12 states,

This is the law of the temple: The whole area surrounding the mountaintop is most holy. Behold, this is the law of the temple.[84]

Because God had set the location for the temple, the divine proportion evident within its architecture would have also manifested in its placement relative to everything around it. The temple of Jerusalem was the only building ever known to be directly designed by the Almighty; the same was also the designer of creation itself.

[Its dimensions]…were made clear by the writing from the hand of the Lord concerning it, all the work to be done according to the plan. (1 Chronicles 28:11–19)

The Ark had found a permanent resting place there as the focal point of the temple and of Jerusalem and Israel, and not from man’s point of view, but God’s. Through this reasoning, its location on earth intersected time and dimension. Newton’s study of its measurements within his Chronology underscored his belief that God had somehow inserted this metaphysical property within the geometry of the temple of Jerusalem.

Returning to the Book Chronology

After describing the kings and events of Babylon, Newton abandoned sequences altogether, and instead focused upon the linear dimensions of Solomon’s temple. He produced a meticulous drawing of the temple’s courts, rooms, and gates calibrated to the “sacred cubit.”[85]

Fig. 4. Reprinted from Isaac Newton’s The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended (London: 1728),11. The Newton Project—University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007, www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk.

Newton opens chapter five with, “THE Temple of Solomon, being destroyed by the Babylonians, it may not be amiss here to give a description of that edifice.”[86]

By inserting a geometrical study of the Temple of Solomon in a masterful work otherwise not wavering from a precise historical order of ancient nations, the variation stands out in bold relief. Newton seems to be directing the reader to look more closely at the temple’s relationship to time and chronology. From the perspective of one not well-versed in 17th century thought pertaining to the prisca sapatientia, this deviation from the tone of his book seems unrelated and even unnecessary, but this is clearly not the case.

In an earlier book, A Dissertation upon the Sacred Cubit of the Jews and cubits of the several nations, Newton opened with this statement:

To the description of the Temple belongs the knowledge of the sacred cubit: to the understanding of which the knowledge of the cubits of the several nations will be conductive.[87]

Newton held the divine dimensions within the Temple of Solomon equal with the physical order of God’s creation, an order that was preserved in the length of the sacred cubit. Newton included statements of the temple’s design in context with the form and fulfillment of prophecy in his work Lexicon Propheticum, (Dictionary of Prophecy), in which he says, “This structure commends itself by the utmost simplicity and harmony of all its proportions.”[88]

When Newton wrote this study, his acquaintance with the Jewish books on the dimension and supernatural properties of the first and second temples had already been well established. The Library at Cambridge held a copy of the book, Sha’ar Ha-Heshek[89] of Yohanan Alemanno, which was a study of the wisdom of King Solomon and its deposit in the temple of Jerusalem. Alemanno described the temple as a microcosm of heaven in its design and rituals. The book of Rabbi Abraham Portaleone of Mantua, Shilte Ha- Gibborim, also at Cambridge, described the temple’s building and ritual were in relation to all known architectural and scientific skills.[90]

In the late 1500s, the Spanish Jesuits Hieronymo Prado and his student Juan Bautista Villalpando wrote Explanationes in Ezechielem, in which he described the dimensions of Ezekiel’s temple in relation to the platonic structure of music, the order of the heavens and the design of creation. This work brought into focus the Renaissance idea of the temple as a microcosm of God’s creation, embodying the order of the universe. This study was inserted in the London Polyglot Bible that Newton owned.[91]

Newton also studied Synopsis Mathematica (1626), the work of Father Marin Mersenne, which explored the math and number contained in the temple as well as the Ex Talmudis Babylonici Codice Middoth that detailed the architecture of the temple from the Babylonian Talmud.[92] Along the same lines of reasoning portrayed in these early works, Newton described the visions of John in Revelation as a microcosm of earth and heaven:

In the Apocalypse the world natural is represented by the Temple of Jerusalem & the parts of this world by analogous parts of the temple: as heaven by the house of the temple; the highest heaven by the most holy; the throne of God in heaven by the Ark; the Sun by the bright flame of the fire of the Altar, or by the face of the Son of Man shining through this flame like the Sun in his strength; the Moon by the burning coals upon the Altar convex above & flat below like an half Moon; the stars by the Lamps; thunder by the song of the Temple & lightning by the flashing of the fire of the Altar; the Earth by the Area of the courts & the sea by the great brazen Laver. And hence the parts of the Temple have the same signification with the analogous parts of the world.[93]

Later in the same work, Newton furthered the idea of the temple’s universal symbolism to address the structure and timing of prophecy, underscoring the significance of each vision of John as dependent upon its temple orientation.

Within its context, Newton connected the secret for interpreting the book of Revelation to the temple itself. However, Newton did not give a clear explanation of why the temple of Jerusalem was the key to prophetic interpretation. Although he did encrypt the key:

For it was revealed to Daniel that the prophesies concerning the last times should be closed up & sealed until the time of the end: but then the wise should understand, & knowledge should be increased. Dan 12.4, 9, 10. And therefore the longer they have continued in obscurity, the more hopes there is that the time is at hand in which they are to be made manifest. If they are never to be understood, to what end did God reveal them?…I suspect there are still more mysteries to be discovered. And as Mr. Mede laid the foundation & I have built upon it: so I hope others will proceed higher until the work be finished.[94]

Newton had specifically addressed the statement “the wise will understand” to those with the knowledge of biblical history; even modern Sunday Bible students know that the wisest man of the Old Testament was King Solomon, for God told him:

Behold, I have done according to thy words: And God said unto [Solomon]…lo, I have given thee a wise and an understanding heart; so that there was none like thee before thee, neither after thee shall any arise like unto thee.[95]

Newton’s comment ends with, “Mr. Mede laid the foundation & I have built upon it.” Solomon also built the first temple of God in Jerusalem.

Many scholars—even before Newton—believed that the geometry of the future temple of Jerusalem and the “heavenly city of Jerusalem” of Revelation possessed some key to the unfolding of prophecy itself. God as a “divine geometer” pervaded early Christian thought. This was the belief that both the natural creation and architecture of the temple were from the same designer. The temple was, then, a microcosm of the universe in which God’s structure of time was represented both symbolically and geometrically. The Bible records that the Israelites constructed of two temples, the first built by Solomon and the second by Zerubbabel. In Revelation, Daniel and John mention a third future temple existing at the second coming of Christ. Some theologians believe that Ezekiel described this third temple in chapter 40 through the end of his book. Still others contend that Ezekiel’s temple is in fact a fourth temple that will be built after the great cataclysms described in Revelation. However, theologians are in agreement that Ezekiel’s temple is designated for the 1,000 years of peace after the return of Christ, termed the “millennium” in Christianity.

By virtue of the temple being set in that future time, it was suspected of also containing a geometric framework of the prophecies of Christ’s return. Many theological researchers of Newton’s time focused primarily on the temple of Ezekiel for this reason. However, Newton deemed the sacred proportion of each to be equally instructive and valuable in the search for priscia sapientia. He compared Ezekiel’s future temple with Solomon’s from 1 Kings 6 and the second temple from descriptions of Flavius Josephus and the Talmud in order to reconcile their proportions into a complete prophetic symmetry. In Lexici Prophetici Partem Secundum, Newton wrote,

So now we must consider the world of the Israelites, & the meaning of its parts and ceremonies must be explained. And before anything else we must take a look at the Sanctuary in which these deeds of the law were enacted, and which had a three-fold form: The Tabernacle until the time of Solomon, the first Temple until the Babylonian captivity, and the second Temple until the captivity under the Romans. We must look at the shape of these three if we wish to follow the meaning correctly.[96]

Origen, considered the first to formulate the concept of biblical interpretation in the form of analogy, wrote,

If one wished to obtain means for a profounder contemplation of the entrance of souls into divine things…let him peruse at the end of Ezekiel’s prophecies the visions…and let him peruse also from the Apocalypse of John what is related of the city of God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and of its foundations and gates.[97]

As a Neo-Platonist himself, Origen assumed that his readers would investigate the prophecies in Ezekiel within the context of God as the “divine geometer.” He combined the Neo-Platonic tenet “all is number” from Pythagoras with the numeric texts of the Old Testament. Consistent with this view, the temple of Ezekiel and John’s city of Jerusalem were primarily “architectural” treatises.

Theological visionaries before Newton took Origen’s suggestion a step further. The temple was a consistent subject in works of astrology/astronomy up through the ages, and various models of Ezekiel’s temple were mapped out according to the text that revealed its geometric proportion as a representation of the distance of planets in their orbit from the sun.[98]

These ideas were founded on an inclusive biblical theme. Though every ancient civilization claimed establishment by a god, Israel claimed its God created not only the universe itself, but every other god. The God of Israel personally gave the design of His temple to King David and transferred the pattern for the furnishings of the temple to Moses at Mount Sinai. It took a labor force of 150,000 men, the most skilled masons and artisans from Phoenicia seven years to build the temple. Some of the largest building stones of all time were laid in its foundations. The cost of the construction was an immense 3,000 tons of gold and 30,000 tons of silver set aside by King David. Knowing that the temple was to be God’s dwelling place on earth and the repository of the Ark of the Covenant, King Solomon did not take the preparations of the temple’s dedication lightly.

The ancients regarded the area where the temple stood as an intersection between dimensions set by God. It was a place on Earth that constituted a divine and central “pivot” from where God interacted with mankind. Jerusalem was known as Ur Salem, “City of Peace,” before Abraham. As stated in the Old Testament in Hebrews 11:8–11, “For he [Abraham] looked forward to the city, which has foundations, whose builder and maker is God.”[99]

The early Neo-Platonic and Jewish literature was very clear concerning Jerusalem’s supernatural location. The description of Jerusalem as a terrestrial center point, “situated in the center of the world,” is found in Philo’s Legatio ad Gaium.[100] The Babylonian Talmud states,

The world is like a human eyeball. The white of the eye is the ocean surrounding the world, The iris is this continent, The pupil is Jerusalem, And the image in the pupil is the Holy Temple.[101]

Flavius Josephus described Jerusalem as the “navel” of Judea and said that “Jerusalem, as the seat of royalty, is supreme, exalted over all the adjacent region, as the head over the body.”[102]

These statements from history aided Newton in his studies of the temple’s prophetic centrality, an idea further reinforced in his mind through his investigations of ancient languages. Newton’s fluency in ancient Greek, Hebrew and Latin helped him a great deal, granting him understanding that the word “temple” was related to “time.”

For example, “temple” in Latin has the meaning:
[tempus, tempor, time.]
[templum,a space marked out, a building dedicated to a god, temple.]
[tempora pl., the fitting or appointed time,].[103]

In the same way the word temple is related to words associated with time itself, the dimensions of the temple are related to the divine “template” of God for the fulfillment of prophecy. In addition, the metaphorical quality of the phrases, the Ark of the Temple, and Arc of the Temporal are not coincidental. The etymology of these words stemmed from the occult/theological views leading up to the age of the Renaissance. It was common for scientific constructs to be paired with the words that best suited them from the ancient religious Greek and Hebrew texts. In the same manner of the linguistic transfer from the religious to the scientific, it is probable that the Ark of God and His temple were inspirational in Newton’s ideas of movement through time.

In modern understanding, time is explained as a point between two eternities that is dependent upon motion to be perceived. This concept was represented in a common Hebrew saying hundreds of years before Newton, “HaMakom V’HaZman Echad Hu,”[104] which translates to “Time and Space are One.” The great scholar Maimonides embellished this ancient Jewish view of God’s creation and its connection with time in his work The Guide to the Perplexed, with which Newton was well acquainted:

Time is an accident consequent upon motion and is necessarily attached to it. Neither of them exists without the other. Motion does not exist except in time, and time cannot be conceived by the intellect except together with motion. And all that with regard to which no motion can be found, does not fall under time.[105]

Maimonides produced this work using basic information from the Torah. The Hebrew name of God provided the basis of Maimonides theory for time and God’s relationship to it. The Jews even before the Renaissance avoided pronouncing the “Tetragrammaton” or four-letter name of God, , because the name was considered too holy to be spoken incorrectly. The four letters of this name spell the words, , “He was,” “He is,” and “He will be,” establishing the eternal nature of God from man’s perspective of Him in the dimension of time.[106]

The arc as the measure of movement through time and can represent the measure of all time between eternities. In the same way, the Ark represented the influence of the eternal God within temporal existence.

Fig. 5. Image by author

In this model, time is linear, and moves from a beginning to an end. Travel through space is similar. Movement begins from a point of origin and ends at a terminus.

Fig. 6. Image by author

Here, the Ark of God resides inside the Temple, or metaphorically the temporal plane. The Ark of God represented the “arc” of his interaction between eternities. God, omniscient, omnipresent, and omnipotent, set the Temple at the focus of his influence in the world. It is a mirror image of the model of time. In 1909, Reverend C.I. Scofield made an observation that

All begins with the Ark, which was placed in the holy of holies, because, in revelation, God begins with Himself, working outward toward man: as, in approach, the worshiper begins from himself, moving toward God in the holy of holies.[107]

The Ark of the Covenant had been removed from its place in the Holy of Holies in the temple of Jerusalem before the invasion of Babylon in 587 BC. However, according to the ancient Jewish sages, the site where it had rested was considered almost equally important. Its location was God’s eternal residence on Earth, the significance of which was described in the Talmud, a compilation of studies of Jewish law.

After the Ark was taken away (near the end of Bayit Rishon, i.e. the first temple period), a stone remained there from the time of the first Prophets, and it was called Eben ha-Shetiya, “Foundation Stone.” [108]

The name Eben ha-Shetiyah is a combination of two Hebrew words: “the eben (rock) of shetiyah (foundation, array or weaving)”[109] literally translates to “the rock from which the world was arrayed” and “the foundation stone of the world.” This remarkable meaning of shetiyah, of weaving or warping, fits the metaphysical sense of the location as wrapping the fabric of time around itself. This idea is reinforced in the Talmud that explains that the Eben ha-Shetiya was the first physical object that God created.[110]

In the Mishnah Kelim 1:6–9, the Temple is described in relationship to degrees of holiness radiating outward from the Holy of Holies where the Ark of the Covenant stood. These areas are listed in order from least holy to most holy as the land of Israel: the walled cities of Israel; the city of Jerusalem; the temple mount; Rampart Court of women; Court of the Israelites; Court of the Priests; between the porch and the altar; the Sanctuary; and finally the Holy of Holies. In the pseudopigraphic book of Jubilees, the temple mount in Jerusalem is described as the center point of the world: “And he [Noah] knew…that Mount Sinai [is] the center of the desert, and Mount Zion the center of the navel of the earth….”[111]

This idea is mentioned in several places in the Old Testament. For example, Judges 9:37 and Ezekiel 38:12 describe the location of the temple, or the mount upon which it stood, as the “highest place or center of the earth itself” or tabur ha eretz.[112] The Septuagint Greek translation of these texts rendered the word “tabur” (highest place), as “omphalos,” or navel.

The forms of “shetiyah” encompass a full sense of the foundation stone upon which the Ark of the Covenant was placed. The ancient Hebrew sages consider the combined meaning of “shetiya” as consistent with a point existing metaphysically outside of time.[113]

In addition to the meaning “to warp,” the root shayth also forms the Hebrew words: (1) Shathaw, meaning a foundation or basis; (2) Shawtham, meaning to unveil; (3) Shawthaq, meaning to subside or be calm; (4) Shawthah, meaning to drink; and (5) Shawthan, meaning to produce water.[114] These ideas combined produce the sense of a metaphysical intersection between eternity and time, the terrestrial and the heavenly. The sages extended the implication of the foundation stone as a fountain of the water of life to the point from which all the world’s water emanates. As heaven is the origin of the stone, so also is the source of all water on the Earth, falling as rain from heaven.[115]

The process of water on the Earth fits the conception of time as well the Ark’s relationship to it. Like time, the water of a river flows in a linear path towards its destination at a uniform rate. The ark that navigates upon it can move with the water’s course, or independently from it. Like rain from heaven, time falls upon the earth based on the movement of the heavens. Ultimately, the rivers empty at their destinations. Moses floated his Ark upon the Nile, Noah rode the flood of the Great Deluge, and the Ark of the Covenant traversed the ocean of the Sinai desert. All three were guided by the Spirit of God (ruach), a word in Hebrew that is used both identically for breath and for wind.

In this light, it seems reasonable that a relationship should also exist between time and location of prophetic events directly affecting Jerusalem and the temple’s location. The prisca sapentia framework of Newton suggests that the distance between the temple of Jerusalem and the capital city of any nation historically effecting Jerusalem would be supernaturally connected. This relationship would be significant with respect to units of time, expressing meaning in line with God’s divine plan as recorded in the word of his prophets. The dualistic word “ruler,” as both the arbitrator and enforcer of law as a device of linear measurement, is implied. God is the author of perfect law, both of morality and of nature. Ezekiel recorded the dimensions of this future temple in chapter 40 of his book, starting with the lengths of the temple gates, chambers, courts, walls, and its exterior. After this, calibrations of weights and measure for the temple functions were given in detail. Finally, the distance of land outward from the temple was measured.[116]

And he brought me thither, and, behold, [there was] a man, whose appearance [was] like the appearance of brass, with a line of flax in his hand, and a measuring reed; and he stood in the gate. (Ezekiel 40:3)

The measure of distance away from Jerusalem in this text implies a spiritual significance. A relationship between Jerusalem and the nations has existed from the foundation of the temple, but has not been completely perceived—and could not be until the conventions of modern science.

If a measurement is arced from the point of the temple of Jerusalem’s foundation stone to the palace of Balthazar, the political center of Babylon, and the exact location the writing on the wall occurred, the distance should relate to the pivotal period that the city most influenced Jerusalem. According to current knowledge, such a relationship exists, and is the distance of 539.86 statute miles.

According to the Babylonian chronicles, Babylon fell to the Medes and Persians on the sixteenth day of Tishri of the Jewish calendar, which is also October 12, 539 BC.[117]

Modern satellite measurements between the temple mount in Jerusalem and the center of ancient Babylon correspond perfectly to the year and month of Babylon’s fall.

At this defining point in history, the Jews were released from captivity in Babylon and returned to Jerusalem to rebuild the destroyed Temple of Solomon. Newton described the exact location of Nebuchadnezzar’s palace in the West half of the city of Babylon in Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended:

Babylon was a square city of 120 furlongs, or 15 miles on every side, compassed first with a broad and deep ditch, and then with a wall fifty cubits thick, and two hundred high. Euphrates flowed through the middle of it southward.… [I]n the middle of one half westward stood the King’s new Palace, built by Nebuchadnezzar, and in the middle of the other half stood the Temple of Belus, with the old Palace between that Temple and the river: (Herodotus. l. 1. ca. 178 BC. This old Palace was built by the Assyrians, according to Isaiah 23:13.)[118]

Fig. 7. Reprinted from George Stephen Goodspeed, Ph.D., A History of the Babylonians and Assyrians (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1902), X-X.

Newton explains the location that Belshazzar would have witnessed the writing on the wall in the new palace as being on the west side of the Euphrates. This area, located exactly 32 degrees, 32 minutes north and 44 degrees, 25 minutes east, is the most precise fit with distance in relationship to the year of the fall of Babylon in the Gregorian calendar.

Fig. 8. Courtesy of NASA World Wind

The prisca sapientia relationship in the year of Babylon’s fall and the distance between Babylon and Jerusalem is recorded in statute miles. However, this is not the only linear value that expresses this phenomenon. The nautical mile can also be used to establish significant prophetic and time based results.

Chapter Three: The “Temporal” Nautical Mile

From greatest antiquity, the art of navigation has demonstrated a link between the heavens and earth. On the sea and in deserts without changing horizons, the sun, moon, and stars are the only reliable guide. The angle of North Star above the horizon reveals the latitude of the observer. However, the calculation of longitude (location east or west of a fixed point) is based on the precise timing of the sun or stars at their zenith (highest point in their travel across the sky). The timing of the transit of the sun or stars is compared to tables of their transit at a fixed location over a year, such as at the zero meridian at Greenwich. Both latitude and longitude are based on 360 degrees in a circle and the number of minutes and seconds in an hour (60).

For example, if the Earth rotates 360 degrees in 24 hours, a navigator need only mark the sun’s highest point overhead at noon and check the difference between his clock set to 10 minutes before it crosses its zenith in Greenwich time, according to determine longitude. If, for example, the difference is three hours and ten minutes later than 12 noon in Greenwich, England charts, the navigator knows that the longitude is 4510 degrees, 12 minutes east of Greenwich. Therefore, if the transit of the sun is 10 minutes after Greenwich, the location is 10 degrees west of Greenwich.

The average distance around the Earth in nautical miles is 21,600 miles (360 x 60). One degree of latitude is 60 nautical miles and about 69 statute miles on average. A nautical mile is 1.15 times greater than a statute mile, but about 796 feet longer.[119]

In the New Testament, the Greek word naus means both a “center of the temple,” where the Ark stood in the Holy of Holies (Matthew 23:17), and “ship” (Acts 27:41).

The Greek naus was derived from the Hebrew word for “home” or “temple,” pronounced either naw-veh or no-ah. As the former, it is the ancient etymological origin for the word “navy” and “navigation.” As the latter, it is the phonetic translation of the name of the antediluvian patriarch Noah. Naus is also the origin for the word nautical (Greek, nau-tes[120]) which is related to the Hebrew root navta meaning “to stretch out,” “to move or travel,” and even “a measuring line,” found in Job 38:5, Isaiah 44:13, and Lamentations 2:8.[121]

Isaac Newton understood the significance of Noah with respect to sacred knowledge and the recovery of its pure form. Concerning his treatise on the origin of religion, Newton’s colleague David Gregory wrote that Newton

…has composed a tract on the origin of nations. Religion is the same at all times, but religion, which they received pure from Noah and the first men, the nations debased by their own inventions.[122]

In the same work, Newton tied the pure religion of Noah to the temple itself:

Twas one design of the first institution of the true religion to propose to mankind by the frame of the ancient temples, (of Solomon and Nehemiah) the study of the frame of the world as the true Temple of the great God they worshipped.[123]

The Hebrew name Noah is pronounced “noe” or “noach” and its spelling, , is subtly different from naw-veh, . Both words are a variation of the same Hebrew root noe meaning, “to rest,” to “settle down,” and “a home or dwelling place.”

In nautical terms, time and distance are related. The speed that a ship travels across the water is the “knot,” which is defined as one nautical mile per hour. The number of degrees of travel determines nautical miles over the Earth multiplied by 60 minutes in an hour. Distance in these degrees is calibrated using the terms “arc minutes” and “arc seconds.” This is, of course, due to the curvature of the Earth. However, the play of meaning between the Ark of Noah and the arc of navigation, or minutes per degree of an arc is obvious. These words had their genesis in events from the book of Genesis.

There is a more extraordinary connection of distance between prophetic events and the temple. Although the Holy of Holies is termed a “Naus” in Greek, it was called the “debir” in Hebrew (1 Kings 6:5). The latter has the precise meaning “to arrange,” but it is used figuratively to speak, answer, appoint, bid, command, commune, declare, destroy, give, name, promise, pronounce, rehearse, say, speak, be spokesman, subdue, talk, teach, tell, think, use (entreaties), or utter, among other things.[124]

“Debir” identifies the presence of God in the Holy of Holies as the source for the words of the prophets. The oracle function of the prophets resonated with the oracle of the temple, which connected in time and space.

The prisca sapienta correlation between time and distance in the prophecy of the book of Daniel should also relate to the Revelation of John. Newton viewed the book of Revelation in the New Testament as a mirror of Daniel’s prophecies in the Old Testament. Revelation recapitulated the theme of Babylon’s fall and focused on the temple as a unifying point of prophetic dimension, a fact that Newton closely detailed in Observations. Both Daniel and John addressed the theme of time of the end and the return of Christ:

The Apocalypse of John is written in the same style and language with the Prophecies of Daniel, and hath the same relation to them which they have to one another, so that all of them together make but one complete Prophecy; and in like manner it consists of two parts, an introductory Prophecy, and an interpretation thereof.[125]

John wrote Revelation while exiled on the island Patmos near Greece, which lies exactly 539.86 nautical miles from Jerusalem.

Fig. 9. Courtesy of NASA World Wind

In many instances the statute mile seems to reflect distance with respect to time before the birth of Christ and nautical mile, forwards or after the birth of Christ. In the case of Patmos, where St. John wrote Revelation, the distance in nautical miles seems to reflect the prophetic content of Daniel’s writing of the last days.

Because the writing on the wall had the value 2,520 and occurred in 539 BC, both numbers should relate in some way with the pattern of time and prophecy. The last year of Babylon’s power was 540 BC. It is the further working of knowledge that Newton suggested in the Chronology cryptogram. The unifying constant 2,520 links the creation of God to His influence within creation. It is found in Genesis 2:1–3:

And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made.…And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it: because that in it he had rested from all his work which God created and made.

As the solar day is measured by one 360-degree revolution of the Earth, seven days equals 2,520 degrees. The fall of Babylon in 539 BC reinforces the supernatural mathematics of the event, which is based on sevens:

7 x 77 = 539.

When the number of the last year before Babylon’s fall, 540, is multiplied by 7, the result is 3,780, which is also 2,520 + 1,260 (half 2,520). When 540 is divided by 7, the result is 77.142857142857…, with a repeating decimal series.

Of the cardinal numbers between one and ten, seven is the only number that does not divide evenly into 360.

Fig. 10. Image by author

Dividing 360 by 7 produces the same number as:

27,720 / 539 = 51.428571428571.

The persistence of 7 is seen redundantly in the prophetic unfolding of events written by Daniel. The number of the writing on the wall, 2,520, multiplied by seven is 17,640. There were 17,640 days (also 360 x 7 x 7) between the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem by the Babylonians and the fall of Babylon. If 17,640 days is divided by 365.25 days, it would equal 48.29 solar years. Thus, if the fall of Jerusalem in 587 BC is added to 48.29 solar years, it would equal the fall of Babylon in 539 BC.

The ancient “sacred year” consisted of 360 days, the numbering of which was a common practice among the ancients, according to the historian Immanuel Velikovsky:

The old Babylonian year was composed of 360 days, a fact which was understood by scholars even before the cuneiform script was deciphered. The old Babylonian year consisted of twelve months of thirty days each. The Assyrian year consisted of 360 days; a decade consisted of 3,600 days. Assyrian documents refer to months of thirty days, counted from crescent to crescent. The ancient Persian year was made up of 360 days of twelve months of thirty days each. The Egyptian year was made up of 360 days before it was changed to 365 by the addition of five days. The calendar of the Eber Papyrus, a document of the New Kingdom, has a year of twelve months with thirty days each. The new moon festivals were very important in the days of the Eighteenth Dynasty, observed at thirty-day intervals. There is a statement found as a gloss on a manuscript of Timaeus that the calendar of a solar year of 360 days was introduced by the Hyksos after the fall of the Middle Kingdom. The Book of Sothis, erroneously credited to the Egyptian priest Manetho, as well as Georgius Syncellus, the Byzantine chronologist, both maintain that originally the additional five days did not follow the 360 days of the calendar, but were introduced at a later time. The Mayan year consisted of 360 days; later five days were added, and every fourth year another day was added. In ancient South America the year consisted of 360 days, divided into twelve months. In China the year consisted of 360 days divided into twelve months of thirty days each. When the year changed from 360 to 365, the Chinese added five and one-quarter days to their year. Plutarch wrote that in the time of Romulus, the Roman year was made up of 360 days only, and various Latin authors say the ancient month was thirty days in length.[126]

There is additional evidence for the supernatural correlation of distance and year between Jerusalem and the nations. It involves the fall of Jerusalem and the city of the exiled prophet Ezekiel. This is significant with respect to Newton’s studies of the temple dimensions. Although the temple of Ezekiel’s vision has never been built, it provided the only concise measurement of the temple of God that could be used to establish the divine proportion, or as Newton supposed, the prophetic time scheme geometrically established in its layout.

The exile of the Israelites by the Babylonians occurred in two parts: the first in 596 BC, and the second in 587 BC. Before Daniel, the prophet Ezekiel was carried to exile in Babylonia by Nebuchadnezzar. Ezekiel began predicting the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of its temple while living in a Jewish settlement near the city Nippur in Babylonia.

The word of the LORD came expressly unto Ezekiel the priest, the son of Buzi, in the land of the Chaldeans by the river Chebar; and the hand of the LORD was there upon him.…Thus saith the Lord GOD; This is Jerusalem: I have set it in the midst of the nations and countries that are round about her. And she hath changed my judgments into wickedness more than the nations, and my statutes more than the countries that are round about her: for they have refused my judgments and my statutes, they have not walked in them.…Wherefore, as I live, saith the Lord GOD; Surely, because thou hast defiled my sanctuary with all thy detestable things, and with all thine abominations, therefore will I also diminish thee; neither shall mine eye spare, neither will I have any pity. Moreover I will make thee waste, and a reproach among the nations that are round about thee, in the sight of all that pass by.[127]

Here, the world centrality of Jerusalem is mentioned. In contrast, for thousands of years Nippur was the religious center of Mesopotamia. Sumerian myth deemed the city as the birthplace of humanity, created by the deity Enlil. In the same way that Rome legitimized political power in the Holy Roman Empire in Europe, Babylonian rulers looked to Nippur for spiritual favor and power. Nippur remained the religious heart of Mesopotamia throughout the reigns of Assyrian and Babylonian kings. Ezekiel’s prophecy defined the polarization of spiritual centers on the Earth, Nippur of Babylon against God’s center of power in Jerusalem. The Jews living with Ezekiel considered the destruction of Jerusalem impossible, believing that God would protect the city forever. Ezekiel’s message of doom, delivered through Nippur, a city diametrically opposing the God of Israel, demonstrated the extent to which Israel had rebelled against God’s covenant with them.

In 596 BC, Nebuchadrezzar set Zedekiah, the third son of Josiah, on the throne of Judah. Soon after, Zedekiah conspired with Egypt and revolted against Babylon. In 587 BC, Nebuchadrezzar sent a massive army against Jerusalem, which forced King Zedekiah to flee through a water tunnel under the city—known as Zedekiah’s tunnel—but was captured, had his eyes put out, and was taken to Babylon. A month later, Jerusalem was destroyed, and the majority of the people of Judah were carried into exile. This began the second captivity.[128]

The settlement of Jews hearing Ezekiel’s prophecy of the destruction of Jerusalem lived along the Chebar canal in the city Nippur, which was located 587 miles from the temple of Jerusalem.[129]

Fig. 11. Author’s image based on H. W. F. Saggs, Civilization Before Greece and Rome (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), 119.

Fig. 12. Image by author

The year of the temple’s demise agrees to its distance in miles from Ezekiel, the oracle of God that predicted its destruction. The year of return for the Jews to rebuild the temple agrees with its distance from Daniel, the prophet that predicted its restoration.

Such Is the Providence of God

It is also a remarkable feature of the prophecy concerning the destruction of the temple that the nation of its destruction came to Jerusalem from the east. Both cities, Babylon and Nippur, can be sited from a straight line leading out of the eastern gate from the temple mount, which is extraordinarily significant in Ezekiel’s prophecy.

As a show of acceptance of the sacrifices and dedication of the temple, the glory of the Lord entered the temple in the time of Solomon through the Eastern Gate. It was through this same gate that the Levite priests turned their backs to the temple of Jerusalem and worshiped the sun[130] (Ezekiel 8:16). In response to Israel’s rebellion, Ezekiel saw a vision of the glory of the Lord removing itself from the temple through the Eastern Gate. With poetic justice, God judged the city in accordance to its idolatry. Instead of filling the temple with His glory, from the east came judgment. The object of worship in Israel’s rebellion, the sun, determined the character of its destruction by the Babylonians.

Nebuchadnezzar, the king who destroyed Jerusalem and the temple, means “prince of the god Nebo (Mercury),” a deity closest to the sun. Nebo was the Babylonian version of Thoth, god of writing and illumination. Additionally, the Babylonian word nebo was associated with the Hebrew word nebo-aw meaning “to write prophecy.” In the ominous scene of Ezekiel’s Neboaw (prophecy) against Jerusalem in Ezekiel 9:4, an angel was told to “set a mark” (taveh tauv) upon the foreheads of men who lamented over its idolatry. This was in protection from God’s judgment by the agency of the “prince of the god Nebo.” This same mark is associated with Cain, and subsequently through pagan distortion of its meaning in antiquity; that is, it is the symbol of Thoth, Hermes, Mercury, and Nebo. Because the ancients associated the measuring of time with Thoth, the distance between Jerusalem and Babylon as an element of time seems a manifestation of this pagan god. However, it is a phenomenon that exists not by the workings of an idolatrous deity, but rather through the omniscient power of the God of Israel.[131]

These manifestations of prophecy recorded in the earth are, in part, the priscia theologia for which Newton and the Renaissance intellects sought. It demonstrates God’s control over time, space, the rise and fall of nations, and the fulfillment of prophecy. Because time has a beginning, a present, and an end, it is reasonable to believe that the time/distance phenomena should manifest with respect to prophetic events in the modern age, as well as those set in the future.

Chapter Four: The Line and the Plummet

Amongst the Interpreters of the last age, there is scarce one of note who hath not made some discovery worth knowing; and thence seem to gather that God is about opening these mysteries. The success of others put me upon considering it; and if I have done anything which may be useful to following writers, I have my design.

—Isaac Newton, Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John [132]

It is notable that Newton did not render the dates in his book of ancient chronology from the Christian era. An era is defined as a period that begins from a fixed point in time. All dates are then rendered either forward to or backwards from that fixed point. The most commonly known eras for Western history are anchored to the points of the founding of cities: (1) the creation of the world by God (Jewish, equivalent to 3761 BC: Byzantine, 5508 BC); (2) the founding of the city of Rome (753 BC: year marked AUC for ad urbe condita, “from the founding of the city”); (3) the hegira, of the Moslem world, the flight of Mohammed from Mecca (AD 622, abbreviation AH); and (4) the founding of the Olympic games in ancient Greece (776 BC, time in Olympiads).

The first to use the Christian era to mark years was Dionysius Exiguus, a Roman monk, chronologist, and scholar in AD 525. Dionysius began reckoning years in history from the time of the incarnation of Jesus Christ. The birth of Christ is accepted in Christianity as the manifestation of God’s Word in the flesh, as stated in John 1:14, and is closely related in meaning with the Ark of the Covenant. The event was important to Newton, who believed that the Ark and the temple served as a type or shadow that was fulfilled in the person of Christ. Newton studied the works of St. Augustine (354–430) that stated that the writing of Moses could not be fully understood but in the reality of Christ:

Thy Word, through Whom Thou madest all things…Thy Only Begotton, through Whom Thou calledst to adoption the believing people…I beseech Thee by Him Who sitteth at Thy right hand, and “intercedeth with Thee for us, in Whom are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge.” These I do seek in Thy books. Of Him did Moses write; this saith Himself; this saith the Truth.[133]

The theme of Newton’s studies of the “temporal properties” of the Ark and temple in the Exodus were consistently Messianic in application. They were a means to solve the timing of His return. Newton revealed his Christ-centric belief concerning prophecy in his Treatise of Revelation:

For the rules whereby they [the Jews] were to know the Messiah where the prophecies of the Old Testament. And these our Savior recommended to their consideration in the very beginning of His preaching and afterward commanded the study of them for that end saying Luke 4:21: “Search the Scriptures for in them ye think ye have eternal life, and these are they which testify of Me.”[134]

That numeric symbols in the Bible have correspondence with the work of Christ on Earth was a subject of a great many theologians in history. Joseph Mede, Newton, and their predecessors had focused on this issue in their studies of Bible prophecy. The regard that biblical numbers provided a valid means of interpretation was eventually abandoned in later theological circles through the course of history. This was due to the aversion of mixing esoteric and occult practices with pure exegesis and rational thought. However, the significance of numbers with respect to prophecy remains. The study of numbers within Christianity has varied according to the nature and meaning of the times. The book Number in Scripture by the Bible scholar E.W. Bullinger is one example of renewed interest in the late 19th century. This work briefly touched upon the phenomena of time relating to distance in sacred units, which states that

The Ark (of Noah) was borne by the flood fifteen cubits upwards, Gen. 7:20.

Bethany, where Lazarus was raised, and from whence the Lord ascended was fifteen furlongs from Jerusalem, John 11:18.[135]

In these examples, the number fifteen is associated with resurrection, and the Ark of Noah and linear measure from the city of Jerusalem use the cubit and the furlong, which are values that Newton spent decades investigating. Newton’s book A Dissertation upon the Sacred Cubit of the Jews was written during his work on gravitation. He believed that the sacred cubit would give him an accurate value of the diameter of the earth, a value needed for his calculations of gravity and calculus that he employed in Principia.[136]

The “distance equals time” relationship seems to hinge on the reality of Christ as the “Word of God” made flesh. The Word of God formed all dimension, and manifested in time as well as space. Prophecy, which is also a manifestation of the Word of God, may be reckoned in years from the point of the incarnation of Jesus Christ.

Prophetic events are then axiomatically connected to their distance from the Ark, the shrine of the Word of God in the Temple of Jerusalem. The unit of measurement that binds this relationship as also being part of the Word of God is the Law. This means that the sacred cubit and linear quantities, also part of the Law, are the only measurements that will produce these phenomena. The calibration of years and calibration of units of distance are supernaturally related in this way.

The Sacred Cubit and the Ark

The “time equals distance” phenomenon is dependent on the sacred cubit, and it is therefore necessary to establish its value as precisely as possible.

The Ark of the Covenant was a sacred wooden chest of the ancient Hebrews, which was identified with God and represented Him. Always heavily veiled, according to Exodus 34:35, Moses and the high priest alone could look upon the Ark’s uncovered surface. From the mercy seat of the Ark where God spoke to Moses, eternity and heaven merged at one point on Earth in time and space. Those transgressing the laws concerning the handling of the Ark died supernatural deaths. In one circumstance, the act of simply touching it killed instantly (2 Samuel 6:6,7). Due to an unauthorized opening of the Ark by the curious, 50,700 Israelites died (1 Samuel 6:19). Levite priests carried the Ark by staves thrust through rings on its side that were never to be removed. The Levites bore the Ark ahead of the Hebrew army during battles and while it remained under their control, they were always victorious.

Its dimensions and design conveyed profound religious meaning. In Exodus 25, it was described as being constructed of acacia wood and overlaid with gold inside and out, 1½ cubits tall by 1½ cubits wide and 2½ cubits long.

The Ark contained four articles; the first was the Law of God from which it derives its name, “Ark of the Covenant” or “Ark of the Law.” These were two tablets of stone on which were inscribed the Ten Commandments, the only text ever written by God’s own hand. According to Deuteronomy 31:26, the second article contained in the Ark was the autograph copy of the 613 Laws, written out by Moses and deposited there. This repository of every law of God necessarily created contained the standards of measurement, as stated in Proverbs 20:10: “Divers weights, [and] divers measures, both of them [are] alike abomination to the LORD.” According to Deuteronomy 25:14,

Thou shalt not have in thine house divers measures, a great and a small. [But] thou shalt have a perfect and just weight, a perfect and just measure shalt thou have: that thy days may be lengthened in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee. For all that do such things, [and] all that do unrighteously, [are] an abomination unto the LORD thy God.[137]

The first mention of the construction of the Holy Ark is found in the book of Exodus, 25:10. The Sacred Cubit was the basis of the Ark’s design, which revealed that “Two cubits and a half shall be the length thereof, and a cubit and a half the breadth thereof, and a cubit and a half the height thereof.” The description of the construction of the Ark ends in verse 20:

And the cherubims shall stretch forth [their] wings on high, covering the mercy seat with their wings, and their faces [shall look] one to another; toward the mercy seat shall the faces of the cherubims be.[138]

The biblical chapter and verse of the Ark’s construction ending in Exodus 25:20 may not have been by accident. The Israelites’ cubit in the time of Moses until Solomon was equal to 25.20 modern inches.[139] This number also follows the pattern of 2,520, the writing on the wall.

The Dominican Cardinal Hugo of St. Cher of France first set the chapters of the Bible in AD 1240. It is highly likely that the French Order of Knights Templar influenced Hugo’s understanding of the cubit. In AD 1119, the Templars established themselves in Jerusalem, predating the founding of the Dominican order by 121 years. From the Holy Land, they transferred vast treasures of knowledge and currency to nobles in France. The Templar Knights encountered the teachings of a mystic sect of Jews called the Johanites or Mandaeans, from the name “Manda” which means “secret knowledge.” The Mandaeans believed that the future of mankind on the Earth was directed from heaven and preserved in the temple in Jerusalem.[140]

Flanders Petrie, in his extensive study of ancient calibration from the book Inductive Metrology, defines the Sacred Cubit of the Hebrews in the time of Moses as being

The 25-inch cubit…found in ancient Egypt, Assyria, Persia, Syria, and probably in Greece, varying from 25.1 to 25.4. In modern Persia, Arabia, Greece, a pic or braccio of the same length also [varies] from 25.0 to 25.3. The mean of measurement from ancient structures around Jerusalem is 25.2 + - .1, which is the sacred Hebrew cubit.[141]

This was close to the value Isaac Newton had estimated the cubit to be in British inches, of which he wrote:

The stature of the human body, according to the Talmudists, contains about 3 cubits from the feet to the head. Now the ordinary stature of men, when they are barefoot, is greater than 5 Roman feet and less than 6 Roman feet. Take a third part of this and the vulgar cubit will be more than 20 unicae and less than 24 unicae of the Roman foot; and consequently the Sacred Cubit will be more than 24 unicae and less than 28 + (4/5) unicae of the same foot.[142]

The sacred cubit was the principle measurement of the Ark, the Tabernacle of the Exodus, and the Temple of Solomon. Petrie concludes that:

Dr. Oppert, examining the Assyrian metrology from literary remains [the Senkereh tablet, etc.], comes to the conclusion that besides the main series of Assyrian measures [the cubit of which is, according to him, 21.60 inches] there were other units, clearly not forming part of the regular system; these he values at 25.20 inches and 39.96 inches.[143]

At the close of his extensive study, Petrie explains the sacred cubit (25.20 inches) was the standard for all others as well as modern British measurement:

This unit was divided by 25 in Egypt and Persia, and also decimally in Greece; in fact, it seems very probable that the 25th (the inch, if I may so call it) was the real basis of the cubit.…This is well known as the sacred Hebrew, Royal Persian, and Chaldean cubit, mentioned by Newton, Golius, Kelly, Quiepo, and Oppert.…The Sacred Hebrew or Royal Persian cubit is found to have been used in Greece, Monammedan Persia, and apparently by North American mound-builders.…The Assyrian cubit, “great hu” of Oppert is found in Syria, Asia Minor, Sardinia, and Roman Britain, and is very probably the basis of mediaeval English units, including the British inch.[144]

The Sacred Cubit as a fractal of the number of the writing on the wall, 2,520, represented an elemental law in the creation of God. It was the standard of design according to the pattern of heaven showed to Moses on Mount Sinai.

The ancient Jewish sages maintained that time and space were of the same distinction, inferring that they mirror each other in shape. Although the universe is infinite, the matter within and time that binds it is not. Therefore time, like matter, has a defined beginning and end. According to this understanding, the division of time into smaller units does not alter its inherent structure, just as the division of physical objects does not alter their structure. The pattern of both, according to the Law of God, is based on the number 2,520 and its fractal in the sacred cubit, 25.20.

It is significant that this number, encoded in the writing of the wall, manifested through the agency of a “hand,” maintaining the ancient metaphor of the “finger or hand of God” working His will in the material universe.

However, it is the arm that extends the hand and fingers. These work to execute the will, to create, write, and even make war. The cubit was directly representative of these functions, and was the linear standard of all creation. James Strong (1822–1894), professor of biblical literature and exegetical theology at Troy University, further explained this concept:

In the figurative idiom of the Hebrew its name is characteristically amah, which is merely a variation of the word em, a mother not so much (as the lexicons explain) “because the forearm is the mother of the [entire] arm” (a metaphor not very obvious surely), but because the cubit (or ulna) is the “mother,” as it were, of all dimensions whether in the human body or elsewhere.[145]

In ancient Egypt, cubit rods used for architecture and building were divided by the units of “digits,” which are primarily a reference to the fingers of the hand.[146] This further connects the number written on the wall as corresponding with the Sacred Cubit, as it is based on the dimension of the arm and is also measured in units of the hand itself. According to Daniel 5:5,

At that moment (fingers) of a man’s (hand) came out and wrote on the plaster of the wall of the king’s palace across from the lampstand. And the king saw the palm of the hand that wrote.[147]

Newton included work on the cubit of the Jews in several manuscripts and books. He explained the relationship of the Sacred Cubit to “palms” of length. In his Prolegomena to a Lexicon propheticumhe, Newton lists the Sacred Cubit as 7 palms and the Common Cubit as 6 palms, based on the description of the rod that was used to measure the temple in Ezekiel 40:5.[148]

The 7-palm cubit would stand out as sacred due to its relation to the number 7.

Seven is the only cardinal number that does not divide evenly into 360. The sacred number, 2,520, (100 times the sacred cubit) is also the result of 360 x 7.[149]

The Historical Meaning of the Ark

In light of the central importance the Ark maintained in the religious and civil lives of the Israelites throughout the Scriptures, it is intriguing that its actual Hebrew name, the Arown, , literally means a chest or box, and was not transliterated (i.e., phonetically retained) in later versions of the Bible of common languages. It has been translated “Ark” in every version of the Bible of our age. This variation began with the Vulgate, the most ancient translation of the entire Bible into Latin. The Vulgate uses the word arca for both the Ark of Flood of Noah and the Ark of the Covenant. This Latin translation was created by St. Jerome at the insistence of Pope Damascus I in the 4th Century AD. It has remained the official Bible of the Catholic Church into modern times. Despite the care with which Jerome translated the Hebrew Masoretic text of the Old Testament into Latin, as history records, with the close advice of rabbi scholars, the word “ark” was substituted for arown.

The closest match between the three-letters of the Greek word “ark” ark (alpha, rho, kappa)and the three letters in Aramaic square script (modern Hebrew) that correspond with it phonetically are:   (aleph, resh, koph). These bear a close resemblance to the original Hebrew word arown,  (aleph, resh nun). The difference between the final (koph) in A R K and the (nun) in arown is so minute that these Hebrew words might easily be confused. However, it is more likely that St. Jerome deliberately chose the Latin and Greek “ark,” a word that suited the generic meaning of the Hebrew word arown, a box. However, the word “ark” does exist in Hebrew; its literal meaning is virtually the same as an “ark” from Greek and Latin.

The Hebrew word a,r,k, , can be pronounced seven different ways, and has a variety of meanings:

(1) ark means to draw out, lengthen, prolonged,

(2) awrak means to lengthen, to meet or reach a given point,

(3) arak is a length of time,

(4) awrake is to long, [or be] patient,

(5) ehrek is to long,

(6) awrke means length,

(7) orek means long, length, forever.[150]

Just as the word “ark” in Hebrew has the meaning of “a measure of time and distance,” the word in Greek and Latin “arc” embodies these same ideas. From these roots extend a large variety of words in the modern English language, repeating a theme that describes the supernatural property of the Ark itself.

arch: the arc of a circle, a curved support in architecture, bow. [L. arca, a chest, and arcus, a bow].

arch 2: the first of a class, chief in rule, from [Gk. arc-ein, to rule].

archaic: ancient [Gk. arc-aios].

archer: one who shoots with a bow. [ L. arcus, a bow].

arcanum: a secret; mystery [L. arcanum, secret].[151]

As in the Greek and Latin forms of the name for the Ark of God, the Hebrew word “ark” connotes very similar ideas. Time over the measure of distance, the flight of an arrow from a bow, the length of its flight in an arc, the secrets of the rule of law and measure, the arch of support for the architecture of creation, and the ancient rule of God in time between two eternities are all conveyed through the history of trade between the ancient Hebrews and Greeks sheds light on the transfer of words and alphabets.

Early Phoenician and Israelite traders of the Mediterranean shared not only commerce and goods with the rest of the civilized world, but writing and knowledge as well. This consisted of sacred writing on parchment scrolls of Moses from pre-exiletic Israelites. The alphabet used for these earliest works is termed in paleo-Hebrew or Phoenician script. The paleo-Hebrew and early Greek alphabet is nearly identical except for one feature. The early Greeks wrote their letters in mirror image of the Hebrew. A simple reason for this is that Hebrew is written from right to left, and Greek from left to right. The Greeks merely superimposed the sounds of their language into the letters given to them by Israelite and Phoenician traders.

Fig. 13. Image reprinted from Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Third Edition, M.G. Easton M.A., D.D.,Thomas Nelson, New York 1897.

During the exile of the kingdoms of Judah and Israel in Babylon between 587 BC and 538 BC, the Hebrew alphabet was changed to the Aramaic “square script” still in use today.

The Greeks would have become familiar with the same texts held most valuable by the Hebrews, especially the story of the Exodus. Formulators of the Greek alphabet would have revered the “letters” that made words immortal. They were the words, “by which the heavens and the earth were created.”[152] These same words conveyed the supernatural properties of the Ark of God.

It is logical that the Greeks would identify the Ark of the Almighty recorded in the book of Moses with a Hebrew word that most clearly defined the nature of its power.

The most prominent feature of the Ark of the Covenant, as well every “ark” found in the Bible, is its movement over the Earth from one point to another under the navigation of God.

An Ark carried Moses along the Nile to the daughter of Pharaoh. The Ark of Noah navigated the deluge to the dry summit of Mount Ararat. The Ark of the Covenant traveled before the tribes of the Exodus to the Promised Land. All three contained “seeds” for the future of mankind designed for planting at their destination. All carried or were followed by a portion of humanity under God’s protection, leading to a realm of life and promise out of a land of destruction and death.

The movement from one point to another across the earth necessarily produces an arc, as the Earth itself is a sphere. Speed is measured by the length of time it takes to travel over a set distance. These concepts are most commonly defined by the physics of Newton’s Calculus, which determines instantaneous rates of change, and may be used to find the velocity (rate of change of distance with respect to time) of an object moving through space or the slope of a curve at any given point. Calculus is necessary for finding arc length and measuring the area of a region bounded by a curve.

Before the development of calculus by Isaac Newton, mathematics dealt only with static situations, i.e., those that were not in motion. Between 1665 and 1666, Isaac Newton began to develop calculus and formulate the theory of gravitation. It was not until Newton brought forth his work Principia and his three laws of motion and universal gravitation that the foundation was laid for a consideration of the relative motions of all bodies.

Motion cannot exist without time. Time does not exist without motion. The laws of space, gravity, and time bind us in our reality. God by definition exists throughout all space and all time, but also outside and apart from them. Having created the laws of the universe, His perspective of time and space is omnipotent and his understanding of them omniscient. It is reasonable that the names used by the ancients for the Ark of the Covenant in Latin, Greek and Hebrew, were addressing these aspects.

The parallels between calculus as a tool for measuring distance over time and the meaning of the word ark in the ancient languages suggest an interrelationship between them. Newton had encountered these relationships in his studies of the ancient Jewish texts.

Chapter Five: A Line Over Jerusalem

A statement found in Zechariah 1 suggests that the distances between the temple and the capitals of nations having oppressed the exiled Israelites were important. It was given to Zechariah in the same year that Cyrus the Great issued Israel’s release from Babylon.

Thus saith the LORD of hosts; I am jealous for Jerusalem and for Zion with a great jealousy. And I am very sore displeased with the heathen [that are] at ease: for I was but a little displeased, and they helped forward the affliction. Therefore thus saith the LORD; I am returned to Jerusalem with mercies: my house shall be built in it, saith the LORD of hosts, and a line shall be stretched forth upon Jerusalem.[153]

It is clear from history that the foundation and remains of the temple still existed when the Babylonian exiles returned, and the process of constructing the temple would not have involved extensive land survey to establish the temple’s correct location. Additionally the temple lay not over Jerusalem itself, but only on Mount Zion. At the writing of the prophecy, Babylon would soon be overthrown and the Medes and Persians would alternately be in support of Israel and the rebuilding of the temple. Biblical events of antiquity often foreshadow the future fulfillment of God’s plans.

The use of a measuring line in building and architecture has been known from greatest antiquity. In the paradigm of God as the geometer of creation, devices of measurement assume a mystical nature, existing not only as tools for building, but as a metaphor of the order in creation. According to Newton, both creation and the biblical cannon bore the stamp of his authorship. This theme is apparent in many prophetic texts of the Old Testament. Zechariah identifies the “nations” as Jerusalem’s oppressors. The “measuring line” in this case serves as a device of judicial calibration in the sense that the future nations as well as Babylon would be judged using the standard of God’s law concerning their treatment of Jerusalem and especially His temple.

This idea is embellished further in St. John’s Revelation 11:2, which states that

A reed like a staff was given to me, and the angel stood, saying rise and measure the temple of God and the altar and those worshiping in it. But the court which is without the temple leave out, and measure it not; for it is given unto the Gentiles [literally, nations].[154]

Here again there is a relationship between the nations of the Earth and their location proximate to the temple. For the “outside court” of the temple, John the revelator uses the Greek pharse aulen ton exothen, meaning literally “away toward the winds.”[155] This implied the nations of the entire world as scattered to the four winds. Their distance from the temple of God is both a metaphor for the disregard or amenity they have for it, as well as the distance in which they lie away from the temple. According to Isaiah 28:17, “Judgment will I lay to the line, and righteousness to the plummet.” A similar message is conveyed in Micah 1:2: “Hear, all ye people; hearken, O earth, and all that therein is: and let the Lord GOD be witness against you, the Lord from his holy temple.”

Having Zechariah and John’s perspective of measuring line (and Newton’s belief of a universal standard in the geometry of the temple), we can put a hypothesis that linear measure may relate to or equal years of the Gregorian calendar to the test. In modern times, literal “measuring lines” exist that can calculate precise distances between any two points on the globe, taking into account the slight flattening at the poles. Using modern geo-coordinated satellites fixed in orbit around earth, the distance between terrestrial points can be determined within inches.

The “measuring line of God” has been demonstrated in the distance between Jerusalem and Babylon. Newton paired both cities in chapter five of Chronologies by insertion of the geometric study of the temple of Jerusalem after describing the reign and fall of Babylon.

However, Newton also focused extensively on the prophecies of the second advent of Christ. Because the temple in Jerusalem was a focal point of the return of Christ in the writings of both the prophet Daniel and John the Revelator, its reappearance in the future on the temple mount of Jerusalem, either through divine or human means, would herald Christ’s return. In his studies of Revelation, Newton had noted that its prophecies concerning the return of Christ contained some reference to the Ark, the temple, or its sacrifices. The link between Jesus Christ, the Ark, and the temple is also a fundamental aspect of the time/distance phenomena.

The temple that symbolizes Christ as the origin of measure toward the nation and his birth in AD 1 is the origin of the time that calibrates with these measurements.

It could not be built unless the priests from the tribe of Levi were re-established in Jerusalem. According to Mosaic Law, God designated the tribe of Levi as priests to the temple. However, since AD 70, the Diaspora had scattered the Jews across the globe. In Newton’s day, Israel was under Turkish rule. The Jews would not posses Israel as their homeland for another 220 years.

In addition to the familiar 10 Commandments given to Moses by God on Mount Sinai, there are 603 more laws recorded in the Old Testament. Of these laws, two-thirds are involved in various degrees with Temple ritual, sacrifice, feast days, and requirements of a citizen of Israel, all of which are impossible to keep unless a temple exist in Jerusalem.

Newton clearly understood the Law of Moses. His writings underscored the significance of the law with respect to nature, prophecy, and the interpretation of both. While living in London as Master of the Mint and President of the Royal Society, Newton wrote concerning the law of return of the Jews to Jerusalem and the building of the temple in Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel:

Since the commandment to return and to build Jerusalem precedes the Messiah the Prince by 49 years;[156] it may perhaps come forth not from the Jews themselves, but from some other kingdom friendly to them, and precede their return from captivity, and give occasion to it; and lastly, that this rebuilding of Jerusalem and the waste places of Judah is predicted in Micah 7:11, Amos 9:11, 14. Ezekiel 36:33, 35, 36, 38. Isaiah 54:3, 11, 12, 55:12, 61:4, 65:18, 21, 22; and Tobit 14:5. and that the return from captivity and coming of the Messiah and his kingdom are described in Daniel 7 Revelation 19…and Acts 1 Matthew 24 Joel 3 Ezekiel 36, 37. Isaiah 60, 62. 63, 65. and 66:and many other places of scripture. The manner I know not. Let time be the Interpreter.[157]

Indeed, time is the interpreter, and the temple, as Newton had long suspected, was the key.

By fixing a point on the site of the temple mount, a measuring line extended over Jerusalem to the center of London, produces 1,948.40 nautical miles.

Fig. 14. Courtesy of NASA World Wind

Recorded in the earth between the temple mount of Jerusalem and the historic center of London is the fulfillment of Newton’s own prediction. Israel became a nation again in May 14th, 1948.

Britain was the nation that was “friendly to the Jews” and enabled them to return to Israel over two hundred years after Newton’s death. During the time he wrote the Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, Newton’s living quarters were in the Tower of London, while he was employed as Master of the Royal Mint from 1696 to 1727.

The British defeated the Ottoman Turks and became administrators of the land of ancient Israel in 1917. Through mandate after World War I and World War II until 1948, London was the heart of the governing intellect over the region.

London’s original location at its founding is an important point in establishing the exact value of distance between it and Jerusalem’s temple.

The Romans established Londinium ca. AD 47. It was a civilian settlement built where the Thames became narrow enough for a bridge to be built across it, but was still deep enough to admit large ocean vessels. Before the Romans invaded Britain in AD 43, the area of London was almost certainly open countryside.

Fig. 15. In this map of ancient “Londinium,” the center of the city is marked by a milestone. This gnomon, known as the “London stone,” is still in existence to this day. Its original location in the center of Cannon Street has been retained in London’s historical records. Reprinted from George Lawrence Gomme, The Governance of London with Maps (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1907), 78.

In the 16th century, William Camden believed that the “London Stone” was a Roman milestone from which all distances were measured in the province. In the 17th century, Christopher Wren was able to observe the foundations of the London Stone underneath Cannon Street during the rebuilding of London after the Great Fire.[158] With this information, it is possible to extend a measuring line from the temple mount in Jerusalem to the exact center of ancient London.

Fig. 16. Image by author based on descriptions of the ancient center of London as defined by Roman settlement boundaries in George Lawrence Gomme, The Governance of London with Maps (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1907), 78.

The origin of a measuring line extended from the center of London at modern day Cannon Street, and ends with its terminus on the temple mount in Jerusalem. The point chosen on the temple mount itself is the location of the foundation stone, the site upon which the Ark of the Covenant rested.

Fig. 17. The ancient center of London, England, 1948, 40 nautical miles from Jerusalem’s temple mount. Image courtesy of NASA World Wind.

Of all the numbers that could be represented in miles between the Temple mount of Jerusalem and the historical center of London, statistically speaking, the odds of hitting the exact year of Israel’s rebirth as a nation, 1948, in any form of measurement is astronomical. One can calculate distance using many—even arbitrary—systems. However, it is significant that the distance between London’s center and Jerusalem’s center, the temple mount, reflects the rebirth of Israel in nautical miles. Nautical miles are based on the ratio of degrees in a circle to minutes in an hour. The 360-degree circle and the 60-minute hour have existed from the birth of civilization. Each degree of the great circle of the Earth equals 60 nautical miles. The circumference of the earth is therefore 21,600 miles (360 x 60). This is related to the value of the common cubit, which is 21.60 inches. With the understanding of the etymological connection between the words navy and nautical with Noah, the Ark of the deluge, and the Ark of the Covenant, the nautical mile can be reasonably termed, an “Ark mile” or “temple mile.”

In relation to the prisca theologia suggested in Newton’s research, the nautical mile calibrates to prophetic events occurring after the birth of Christ. Alternately, the statute mile seems to relate to events occurring before the birth of Christ. Both miles are numerically and symbolically significant with respect to prophecy.

In calculations of distance using the Statute mile, such as between Babylon and Jerusalem, the priscia theologia value manifests because the ratio of sacred cubit (25.20 inches) was preserved within the British mile up until Newton’s time. The establishment of the statute mile in accord with the Sacred Cubit was a matter of great importance to the British metrologists during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The full significance of the statute mile will be explored in later chapters.

In addition to the distance between both cities recording the year of Israel’s rebirth, 1948 also figures into the dominical number, 2,520. There were 2,486 years between the release of the Jews from Babylon (by Cyrus the great in 538 BC) and the rebirth of Israel in 1948. These years are counted in 365 solar days. If years are calculated using 360 days (like all prophetic years in the Old Testament) the exact distance in time between both events is 2,520 years, and is as follows:

2,486 x 365 = 907,390 / 360 = 2,520

This quantity is also found by adding the year of the fall of Babylon with the year of the rebirth of Israel, plus the number 33:

1948 + 539 = 2,487 + 33 = 2,520

Why Would 33 Stand Out?

In the Gregorian calendar, AD is an abbreviation of the Latin Anno Domini, meaning “in the year of our Lord.” Apart from the birth of Christ, on which the modern calendar is based, his resurrection is the most important event in Christianity. Most chronologists assign the age of Christ’s death and resurrection to 33 years. Newton also agreed with this chronology and listed the passion of Jesus as having occurred no later than AD 34 in chapter 11 of Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John.[159]

In the system of percent, 1/3 represents 33.33% of 100. Newton was well aware of St. John’s incorporation of the number 33 (1/3) throughout Revelation. He believed the number represented a hierarchal division of creation. Its repeated mention in the judgments of Revelation correlated to the rebellion of the angels aligned to the Dragon in Revelation 12. Also according to his studies of the dispensation of the prophecy, time was an inseparable factor.

The universal hour has 60 minutes in the ancient sexagesimal system. In navigational and geodetic measurements, the following calculation converts decimal distances (based on 10) into degrees of minutes and seconds (based on 60):

To find “minutes,” the decimal .33 is multiplied by 60:

.33 x 60 = 19.8 (19 minutes)

To find “seconds,” the decimal .8 is again multiplied by 60:

.80 x 60 = 48 seconds.[160]

Therefore, the conversion of .33 percent or 1/3 of an hour is exactly 19 minutes, 48 seconds, which is a fractal representation of the year 1948.

Fig. 18. Image by author

The same two numbers associated with the third of time (33 and 1948) also mark the orientation of Jerusalem in the land of Israel. Thirty three miles is the shortest distance to the Mediterranean Sea from Jerusalem. The direction of this path generates an azimuth of 19.48 degrees, north of west.

Fig. 19. Courtesy of NASA World Wind

Chapter Six: A Previous Attempt

Though Newton suspected that the temple held the answer to prophetic time because it mathematically incorporated dimensions of the Earth as a literal geometer, also known as “earth measure,” he could not define the value of the temple’s location in relationship in distance to the nations due to a lack of information. The exact coordinates for many ancient cities and the dimensions of the earth were speculative in Newton’s time. Undoubtedly, he would have recorded the connection of time versus distance if he possessed these values.

Newton did not leave any record, so far as has been discovered, that he attempted to measure the exact distance between Jerusalem and London. However, because his writings record his suspicion that a unifying constant existed in prophecy and in the dimensions of the temple of Jerusalem, Newton may have made calculations that have not yet been discovered or have been lost.

The idea that distance could represent significant historical points in Israel’s history seems esoteric in the extreme—perhaps so extreme that one would suspect only a mind like Newton’s would deem it worthy of investigation. However, it is little known that a London theologian named Samuel Lee attempted measuring the distance between London and Jerusalem in 1659, two years before Isaac Newton was admitted to Trinity College at Cambridge.

In his treatise Orbis Miraculum, or the Temple of Solomon portrayed in Scriptural light, Lee explained his reasoning for the London to Jerusalem calculation. In introductory statements in the preface of his book, he addressed the discrepancy in size of the temple of Ezekiel, and compared it to the Temple of Solomon in terms of Messianic symbolism:

Since the temple limits in the prophetic description do so wonderfully surpass the circuits of the very mountain itself, surely it was to typify the Church of Christ, being the Gospel-Temple, whose great enlargement was signified by that vision: which interpretation seem to be very solid, and may be farther evidenced by the portions set out by the same prophet for the city of Jerusalem, for the priests, for the Prince and the whole land in succeeding chapters; which do all exceedingly transcend the true Geographical limits of the City, or the Holy Land, or any of the other portions.[161]

Lee believed that the dimensions of Ezekiel’s temple represented a metaphorical and spiritual message, one transcending the geographic limits of Jerusalem to the church distributed over the earth. In this light, the relationship between Jerusalem and the centers of Christendom scattered across the globe would also have significance. In the writing style of the time, Lee wrote concerning this idea:

One proemial inquiry more we shall crave leave to exhibit, before we come to the main design, [of the temple] and that is the exact distance (as far as may be deduced of authors) of this famous city Jerusalem (Wherein the temple was built) from London the metropolis of England; That we may know whereabouts in the world our discourse lies.[162]

At the end of chapter one of Orbis Miraculum, Lee worked out the distance between London and Jerusalem using “the doctrine of triangles.” Unfortunately, he used a coordinate for the latitude of Jerusalem that was in error, listing Jerusalem at 32 degrees, 10 minutes north (its actual latitude is 31 degrees, 46 minutes north). Additionally Lee used the longitudes for both cities calibrated from a “0” meridian located at that time at the Canary Islands according to Ptolemy (the Greenwich meridian was not established until 1881).[163]

After arriving at a number of degrees between each city through the “canon of logarithms,” Lee attempted to convert the degrees into statute miles. This was an extremely difficult task. In the 1600s, the number of statute miles for a degree of the Earth had not been accurately calibrated. He relied heavily on the works of the Greek geographers Ptolemy and Eratosthenes for the measurements of 66, 60, and 69 statue miles to one degree of the earth. After calculating for each value, he arrived at three distances: 2,355; 2,579; and 2,717 statute miles between London and Jerusalem. These figures converted to nautical miles are 2,046; 2,240; and 2,360. Though it was an admirable attempt, Lee’s calculations were in error of between 122 and 474 statue miles in excess of the actual distance: 2,242 statute miles or 1948.39 nautical miles.

It is evident that Samuel Lee had anticipated some special relationship between his nation’s capital and Jerusalem through his studies of the temple proportion. His research followed a long tradition of relating the divine proportion of the sacred building with the proportion of creation.

Chapter Seven: The Ark of Time

Hast thou perceived the breadth of the earth? declare if thou knowest it all.

(Job 38:18)

The sacred Ark led the tribes of Israel during the Exodus, navigating a course determined by God. The presence of God abided with Israelites as the pillar of smoke by day and a pillar of fire by night. It guided the Ark and the Israelites, who followed it like a ship through the desert. When the pillar came to rest above the Ark, they set up camp; when the pillar moved from its place above the Ark, they broke camp and followed. This the Israelites did continually during their 40-year journey in the wilderness of the Sinai desert. It was only after Solomon built the temple in Jerusalem that the sacred Ark finally found a permanent resting place. The Ark would remain in the Holy of Holies of the temple as long as the tribes of Israel remained faithful to the covenant of God. The foundation stone in the Holy of Holies of the temple in Jerusalem was the Ark’s lawful resting place. As with the Ark, the edifice of the temple and its location on Mount Zion was designed and established by God’s wisdom. Both represented the divine standard for measurement of all dimensions. Exodus 31:1–2 explains that God specifically chose a man named Bezaleel for the task of building the Ark, saying,

See, I have called by name Bezaleel the son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah: And I have filled him with the spirit of God, in wisdom, and in understanding, and in knowledge, and in all manner of workmanship.

Fig. 20. Image reprinted from D. W. Thomson, Youth’s Illustrated Bible History (NY: Bill Publishers, 1881), 61.

Bezaleel, pronounced B tzel’el, in Hebrew means “under the shadow of God.”[164] “Bezaleel, the builder of the Tabernacle in the Wilderness,” says the Talmud, “knew how to combine the letters by which the heavens and the earth were created.”[165]

And Bezaleel made the ark [of] shittim wood:…And he overlaid it with pure gold within and without, and made a crown of gold to it round about. And he cast for it four rings of gold, [to be set] by the four corners of it;…And he made staves [of] shittim wood, and overlaid them with gold. And he put the staves into the rings by the sides of the ark, to bear the ark. And he made the mercy seat [of] pure gold: two cubits and a half [was] the length thereof, and one cubit and a half the breadth thereof. And he made two cherubims [of] gold, beaten out of one piece made he them, on the two ends of the mercy seat.[166]

In Hebrews 9:5 in the New Testament, Paul explained that the tabernacle and the ark were a pattern of heavenly and perfect law “overshadowing” the priests of the temple and that they served as “the copy and shadow of heavenly things.” He explained the holiness of the tabernacle furnishings in ascending order, ending with the ark, saying, “And over it the cherubims of glory shadowing the mercyseat; of which we cannot now speak particularly.”[167]

The words for shadow, skia in Greek and tzel in Hebrew, have virtually the same meaning. B tzel’el (under the shadow of God) or B tzel’shadai (under the shadow of the Almighty) is a phrase that appears in the Psalms. In Psalm 91:1, 4, King David, author of the Psalms, was given the pattern of the Temple by God that Solomon later built:

He that dwelleth in the secret place of the most High shall abide under the shadow of the Almighty…He shall cover thee with his feathers, and under his wings shalt thou trust: his truth [shall be thy] shield and buckler.

This refers to the configuration of the cherubim. It is obvious that the Psalmist considered their form and shape extremely significant, for under all the heavens, only between the wings of the cherubim could one access the presence of God.[168] In the time that the ark was with the Israelites, eternity arced or bowed time from between the cherubim. David implied this intersection of the ark of God from eternity in Psalm 18:9–10, and said,

He bowed the heavens also, and came down: and darkness [was] under his feet. And he rode upon a cherub, and did fly: yea, he did fly upon the wings of the wind.

Within this significant context, it is peculiar that no extensive details of the appearance of the Ark’s cherubim exist in the Bible narrative beyond the method for their construction. In Exodus 25:18–20, we are told that their wings lifted upwards, and were outspread so as to cover the ark, and that they were presented in a posture facing one another, looking down upon the mercy seat. Throughout history, various designs of the cherubim have been proposed, these usually based on the additional references made to the symbolic creatures found in the book of Ezekiel. It would seem there is no solution to this mystery, unless attention is directed to evidence of the close interaction between Israel and Egypt during the reign of Solomon, ca. 970 to 928 BC:[169]

And Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh king of Egypt, and took Pharaoh’s daughter, and brought her into the city of David, until he had made an end of building his own house, and the house of the LORD, and the wall of Jerusalem round about.[170]

According to the historian Immanuel Velikovsky, the Egyptians engaged in trade with Israel from the time of the first temple and intermittently up until the age of the Greeks.

He also states that,

Solomon was not an obscure prince, as he is often represented. The riches of his kingdom astounded the Egyptians under their most magnificent monarch…Jewish artists brought to Egypt introduced their fine arts and influenced the aesthetic conceptions of the Egyptians.…The architecture and ordinances of the Temple of Solomon were copied in the Temple of Amon [see Figure 21] at Deir El Bahari. The plan of this structure and its terraces can help in the reconstruction of the plan of the Temple of Solomon.[171]

Fig. 21. Cherubim overshadowing the “seat of God,” at the temple of Amon. Here, the throne of God as a navigating celestial boat or (barque) is emphasized. Reprinted from James Strong, The Tabernacle of Israel in the Desert (Providence: Harris, Jones, 1888), 88.

The Egyptian’s reverence for the temple at Jerusalem was also evident in the funerary temple of Ramses III at Menidet Habu, built during the 4th century BC. This structure also imitates the design of the temple of Jerusalem. More importantly, and generally unknown to most biblical researchers, is that this temple displays several images of the Ark of the Covenant carved in relief upon its walls.[172]

Fig. 22. Relief from the temple at Medinet Habu. The two cherubim are clearly seen with wings in the attitude described in Exodus 25:20: “And the cherubims shall stretch forth [their] wings on high, covering the mercy seat with their wings” (i.e., two wings on high and two wings covering the mercy seat). W. M. Flinders Petrie, Egypt and Israel (London: A Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1911), 62.

These images may be the closest representation of the cherubim of the Ark, combining the Egyptian artistry familiar to Moses and influences of Jewish settlers living in Egypt during the time of their creation. Vilikovsky explained that the Egyptian obsession with the Hebrew God and religion began with the meeting of Queen Hatshepsu (the Queen of Sheba) and King Solomon. The Egyptian “cult of the Hebrews” continued throughout the rise of Babylon and reached a climax during the 4th century, during which time a Jewish military colony was stationed at Elephantine to defend the eastern borders of Egypt under Ramses III. These Jews took part in the defense of the country during the campaign of Alexander the Great.[173]

In his comprehensive study on the tabernacle of the Exodus, the theologian James Strong (1822–1894) described the contents of the Ark of God. Besides the stone tablets of the Decalogue and the Ten Commandments,

The ark also contained an autograph copy of the law, written by Moses and deposited there. These are presumed to have been the complete five scrolls of the Old Testament that were removed at some point later, along with everything except the tablets of the Ten Commandments according to 1 Kings 8:9. The last two objects deposited in the Ark were a golden pot of manna (Exodus 16:33,34) and the rod of Aaron that miraculously budded and grew ripe almonds over the course of one night (Numbers 17:10).[174]

After the forty years of wandering in the Sinai desert came to an end, the Ark led the Israelites into Canaan. The Jordan River marked the boundary between the desert and the Promised Land. As the feet of the priests bearing the Ark touched the Jordan River, its waters “stood and rose up upon a heap.” The ark remained in the midst of the riverbed until all the people had crossed to the other side.[175] The first city of conquest by the Israelites was Jericho, which fell after being compassed by the Ark seven days.

There is far more significance to this story. It is a lesson of the divine proportion.

Joshua 6:3 says, “You shall compass the city…and go round about the city once. Thus shalt thou do six days.”[176]

The six-fold compassing of Jericho yields an exquisite yet simple equation, and its intrinsic meaning fits the astronomical works and theories of Isaac Newton.

“Jericho,” literally translated, means the moon (or Moon city), and is a homonym of the Hebrew word for “thrown down place.”[177]

The Ark (in its metaphoric capacity as a standard of dimension) made six circles of 360 degrees around Jericho totaling 2,160 degrees. The 360-degree system used for the circle had existed in Egypt and Sumer from the beginning of their civilizations. As told in Exodus 12:40, the Israelites, having lived four hundred and thirty years in Egypt before their wandering in the Sinai desert, would have undoubtedly been acquainted with this system of geometry.

The Moon’s Measurement

In circumscribing 2,160 degrees of Jericho with the Ark, the Israelites marked the diameter of the moon in modern statute miles. The circumference (the distance around the moon) is found by multiplying 2,160 by the number 3.14159265. This number is symbolized by the Greek letter À. The value of À , or pi, was clearly in use during the time of Exodus. Its appearance in the architecture of Egypt and Sumer is well documented.

3.14159265 … x 2,160 = 6,785.8401 miles

Pi is a ratio found in circles and their applications that is important feature of Pythagorean geometry. It is a universal constant that does not depend on any number system to function and is the only number in existence that defines all circles. It works simply; the distance across any circle multiplied by pi gives the distance around the circle. The distance around any circle divided by pi gives the distance across the circle. Mathematicians consider pi an existential number because its decimal places extend forever. Use of pi in building and architecture is considered the identifying characteristic of an advanced civilization by historians; in fact, without understanding the value of pi, building and architecture cannot exist.

Additionally, according to Joshua 6:4, the Ark and its circling of Jericho produces far greater evidence of divine standards, stating that on “the seventh day ye shall compass the city seven times.” The significance of this sentence goes far beyond the exegetic interpretation usually encountered in modern theology. It contains the unifying proportion that Newton sought, the divine number that according to Daniel would be finally understood in the time of the end.

7 x 360 = 2,520

This is the number of the writing on the wall, and the unifying value of creation suggested throughout Newton’s works. Two thousand five hundred and twenty is not only a number of the proportion of creation; it also solves Daniel’s time based prophecies. The exploration of this number with respect to all Earth dimensions is now possible with the advent of the high technology of calibration, a possibility that did not exist in Newton’s time. These findings are based on the length of the sacred cubit and the sacred inch that were preserved in the statute mile through the influence of geometers of Queen Elizabeth’s reign from 1558 to 1603. The particulars of this subject will be explored in following chapters.

The Earth’s Measurement

Using 2,520 and pi, or 3.14159265, the average diameter of the earth is determined.

2,520 x À = 7,916.813 statute miles

The most recent NASA studies list the Earth’s average diameter at 7,917.479 statute miles.[178]

This modern measurement is only off by 0.666 of a mile greater than the sacred calculation.

To find average circumference (distance around the earth), 7,916 is multiplied by pi:

7,916.813 x À = 24,871.403 statute miles

7,916.813 + 0.666 = (7,917.479) x À = 24,873.493 (the modern calibration)

Fig. 23. Image by author

The Greek scholar Eratosthenes (ca. 275–195 BC) was credited with being the first to measure the Earth accurately. The most distinct account, and one of the earliest, is found in the remaining work of Cleomedes.[179] Eratosthenes was told that deep wells in Syene, Egypt were illuminated to the bottom on the day of the summer solstice, and that vertical objects cast no shadows. He concluded that Syene was on the Tropic of Cancer at 23.4 degrees north latitude. In Alexandria, during the summer solstice, an obelisk cast a shadow with an angle of 7.2 degrees, providing Eratosthenes with the number of degrees of a circle between the two cities. He then divided 360 degrees of a circle by the 7.2 degree angle and multiplied this amount by the distance between Syene and Alexandria (5,040 stadia).[180] His result for the circumference of the earth was 250,000 stadia.[181]

The exact length of the stadia the Eratosthenes used has been the subject of controversy for centuries. There were three main stadia that were in use during his age: the Itinerary, Olympic, and Egyptian. The itinerary stadia at 515.09 feet would have produced a circumference of 24,583.9 statute miles. However, this is still 287 miles short of the actual mean circumference of the Earth. Both the Olympic and Egyptian stadia produce figures that are thousands of miles too large.[182]

However, Eratosthenes’ figure for the circumference of the earth at 252,000 is 100 times the sacred number 2,520. This suggests that he was acquainted with this number from some resource in antiquity, and in fact, there were several priscia sapientia works available to Eratosthenes at the time he made his calculation. Besides 2,520, the distance listed between Syene and Alexandra at 5,040 stadia was a sacred number recorded in Plato’s Laws written ca. 350 BC. Five thousand and forty is a number closely related to the number of the writing on the wall (2,520 + 2,520 = 5,040).

In Laws, Plato suggested a design of perfect rule for a hypothetical city called Magnesia in which its citizens numbered 5,040. According to the tenets of Pythagoras, this number related to the greatest order in nature and civilization, because 5,040 represented the greatest order of all number. Plato wrote the following concerning the number:

Let us proceed to another class of laws, beginning with their foundation in religion. And we must first return to the number 5040—the entire number had, and has, a great many convenient divisions.…Now every portion should be regarded by us as a sacred gift of Heaven, corresponding to the months and to the revolution of the universe.[183]

In an 1888 translation and analysis of Plato’s Laws, Benjamin Jowett describes the mystery of the number:

This is a puzzle almost as great as the Number of the Beast in the Book of Revelation, and though apparently known to Aristotle, is referred to by Cicero as a proverb of obscurity. And some have imagined that there is no answer to the puzzle.…Our hope of understanding the passage depends principally on an accurate study of the words themselves; on which a faint light is thrown by the parallel passage in the ninth book. Another help is the allusion in Aristotle, who makes the important remark that the latter part of the passage describes a solid figure.[184]

This is the extent of the meaning of 5,040 that Jowett offers. However, within the framework of Newton’s priscia sapientia, its meaning is not hard to understand. The solid object to which 5,040 refers is the Earth. The principle of law that Plato sought in Laws was a mirror of the lawful standard of measurement. The doubling of 2,520 symbolically repeats the perfect measure that defines proportion of the Earth and the heavens.

This is why Eratosthenes used 5,040 in his calculations; it is also why he arrived at the figure 252,000 stadia for the circumference of the Earth, since both reflect the prefect number (2,520) and its fractal, the Sacred Cubit. Additionally, 5,040 shows up in the most ancient of all Jewish mystical works, the Sepher Yetzirah, (the Book of Formation). Although the oldest printed copy of this work dates from 1680, several Jewish commentators from the first century AD refer to the work as extremely ancient. This conclusion is based on its use of Phoenician letters similar to the work of Philo of Byblos, ca. AD 100, who based his work on even older Greek and Egyptian manuscripts.[185]

The Sepher Yetzirah is a primary book of the occult Kabbalah and is concerned with the process of the formation of the universe by God. Its basic premise is that because God spoke creation into existence out of nothing (ex nihilo), the letters of the Word of God given to Moses retained the same creative force. Through permutation of all the 22 letters of the ancient Hebrew alphabet, words could be spoken that would affect reality either positively or negatively. Within the Sepher Yetzirah, there is particular significance assigned to the number seven:

With the seven double letters He (God) also designed seven Earths, seven heavens, seven continents, seven seas, seven rivers, seven deserts, seven days, seven weeks (from Passover to Pentecost), and in the midst of them His Holy Palace (the temple of Jerusalem). There is a cycle of seven years and the seventh is the release year, and after seven release years is the Jubilee. For this reason God loves the number seven more than any other thing under the heavens. In this manner God joined the seven double letters together. Two stones build two houses, three stones build six houses, four stones build twenty-four houses, five stones build 120 houses, six stones build 720 houses, and seven stones build 5,040 houses. Make a beginning according to this arrangement and reckon further than the mouth can express or the ear can hear.[186]

Newton realized that the system of sevens was integral to prophetic time in books of Daniel and Revelation. The number seven dominates the creation account in Genesis and the formation of Israel’s theological and civil structure in Exodus and Joshua of the Old Testament. Newton would have undoubtedly encountered the Sepher Yetzirah because of its premier importance in the works of Jewish mystics. It relates 5,040 as the multiplication of the first seven numbers.

1 x 2 = 2

1 x 2 x 3 = 6

1 x 2 x 3 x 4 = 24

1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 = 120

1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 = 720

1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 = 5,040.[187]

Works of the mystery of numbers would have been readily accessible to Eratosthenes during his lifetime, as he served as the chief librarian in the most famous book repository of all antiquity, the great library of Alexandria Egypt. It was there that the written works concerning the pure knowledge of Plato, Pythagoras, and many other great geometers and philosophers were stored.

Ptolemy II Philadelphus had appointed Eratosthenes to Alexandria’s chief librarian in ca. 240 BC, during which time the library contained hundreds of thousands of papyrus and parchment scrolls of the greatest intellects from history.[188] These were tragically lost through successive wars with the Romans and disappeared entirely after Alexandria was sacked by the Moslems under Amr ibn al ‘Ass, in AD 645.[189]

Eratosthenes was also credited with calculating the size and distance of the sun and the moon.[190] These feats are accomplished through simple arithmetic using the base number 2,520 and variations of 7 and 360. The moon’s diameter is determined by subtracting the number of degrees in a circle, 360, from 2,520, equaling 2,160 miles. The average distance between the surface of the earth and the moon is found by multiplying 77.77 times pi seven times:

77.77 x À x À x À x À x À x À x À = 234,888 statute miles

Modern calculations put the earth-moon mean distance at 234,855 miles.[191] Since the moon orbits the Earth in an elliptical path, its distance varies from greatest distance from the Earth (apogee) to closest (perigee) by 23,600 miles. The moon at apogee emulates the number of priscia sapentia at 252,000 statute miles from the Earth (or 2,520 x 100).[192] The mean diameter of the sun is

2,520 x 7 x 7 x 7 = 864,360 + 1,260 = 865,620 statute miles.[193]

The moon’s circumference, 6,785.8401 miles, subtracted from the Earth’s diameter, 7,916.8134 miles, equals 1,130.9733 miles. This number, divided by pi, reveals 360.

In other words, the physical dimensions of both the Earth and moon are based on 2,520, pi, and 360:

2,520 – 360 = 2,160

À x 2160 = 6,785.8401, statute miles (lunar circumference).

À x 360 = 1,130.9733.

1,130.9733 + 6,785.8401(lunar circumference) = 7916.8134 statute miles (diameter of the Earth).

The temporal dimensions of the Earth are also based on 2,520, pi, and 360:

À x 360 = 1,130

1,130 + 2,520 = 3650 / 10 = 365, the solar year of the Earth.

Eratosthenes may have understood the true dimensions of the Earth and other objects in the solar system through his possession of the prisca sapientia, but as Newton and other researchers of his age had observed, the simplicity of this knowledge was concealed. In the words of Descartes, “through the use of more ingenious calculations.” A much simpler equation for determining the circumference of the earth has been demonstrated using 2,520 x pi x pi; however, the result is in modern statute miles.

It is truly remarkable that the ancient geometers suspected the dimensions of the Earth were based on this number, but more so that its value has been retained in the statute mile of modern times. If this were not so, none of the time/distance relationships in prophecy would appear in statute miles, as has been demonstrated in the distance between Babylon and Jerusalem. The statute mile is so called because of an English “Statue of Parliament” of Queen Elizabeth I in1592 that set the determined length of a mile at 5,280 feet.

The further significance of this unit of measure and its origin will be examined in later chapters.

Chapter Eight: The Location of the Ark of the Covenant

Most researchers consider the Ark lost from view after the narrative of Solomon’s temple in the Bible, and various theories have been proposed as to the Ark’s fate through history. Many historians speculate that because Babylon destroyed the Temple of Solomon, it also removed the Ark to Babylon. There it is said the Ark was eventually destroyed along with the other artifacts from the temple, the gold melted down and set into coins for their treasury. It is difficult to imagine that the Babylonians would have destroyed it however, if they’d even captured it at all.

The Book of Daniel makes specific mention of the golden menorah from the temple of Jerusalem in the palace of Belshazzar. The Babylonian king had preserved it, a major artifact from the Jewish temple, in an attempt to demonstrate the superiority of Babylonia’s gods to the God of the Hebrews. That the menorah was set on display in this manner underscores how unlikely the Babylonians would have been to destroy the Ark, the greatest symbol of the God of the Hebrews. It would have been considered an ultimate statement of the superiority of the Babylonians if it had been obtained. The Bible documents the menorah having remained intact until the last night of Babylonian rule. Its light illuminated the scene of the writing on the wall in the book of Daniel. After the fall of Babylon, the Medes and Persians were friendly to the Jews and allowed them to rebuild the temple. It is most likely that the menorah was returned along with the other furnishings and vessels that had been captured by Nebuchadnezzar. However, the Ark was mentioned as not existing in the second temple of Zerubbabel, the raised foundation stone was the only feature inside the Holy of Holies.[194]

Certain tracts of the Midot in the Jewish Talmud dealing with temple laws, practices and rituals allude to the creation of more than one Ark, the second made as a decoy to protect the original. It claims that certain articles of the temple furnishing including the true Ark remain in a secret vault underneath the temple mount in Jerusalem.[195] However, it seems highly unlikely that the Ark would have been left to fate under the temple mount, open to any treasure hunter with the motivation to merely dig. It is difficult to explain how the location could remain secret, as Jerusalem remained open for excavation and plundering for hundreds of years after its fall to the Romans in AD 70. Motivated treasure seekers over the ensuing centuries have had ample time to excavate the area underneath the temple.

The recovery of temple treasure of Solomon was the highest goal of the Knights Templar that established their center on the temple mount during the crusades. The fact was documented in 1884, when the British conducted an ordinance survey of the Jerusalem and discovered Templar artifacts, left in extensive tunneling beneath the temple mount.[196] As to the extent of the underground features, a later publication of the British survey explained:

Jerusalem, as is well known, is honeycombed with excavated caves, natural caverns, cisterns cut in the rock, subterranean passages and aqueducts.…In its underground chambers and catacombs it is richer than any known city.[197]

Various Judaic sects of Ethiopia believe that the Ark has been guarded and kept in the city of Axum in their country for thousands of years.[198] The legend claims that it was brought to Axum by the son of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, Prince Menelik I. It has been said that Menelik removed the Ark from the temple at the behest of his father in order that it be kept safe after the division of his kingdom (into Judah and Israel), because Solomon knew that the dissolution of his kingdom was inevitable after his death. 1 Kings 11:9–12 says that the Lord Himself told Solomon that

the LORD was angry with Solomon, because his heart was turned from the LORD God of Israel, which had appeared unto him twice.…Wherefore the LORD said unto Solomon, Forasmuch as this is done of thee, and thou hast not kept my covenant and my statutes, which I have commanded thee, I will surely rend the kingdom from thee, and will give it to thy servant. Notwithstanding in thy days I will not do it for David thy father’s sake: [but] I will rend it out of the hand of thy son.[199]

Though intriguing, the legend of Menelik I is not consistent with the biblical record, as will be shown in this chapter. If the Ark was not moved to Ethiopia, it is speculated that after the division of the Kingdom of Solomon, Rehoboam, King of Judah, gave the Ark to the Egyptian Pharaoh Shisak (Sheshonk I, ca. 929 or 924 BC) to avoid the destruction of Jerusalem by his armies, ca. 940 BC.

So Shishak King of Egypt came up against Jerusalem, and took away the treasures of the house of the LORD, and the treasures of the king’s house; he took all.[200]

Some historians believe that the Egyptians took the ark and hid it underground in the city of Tanis, Egypt, the seat of Shishak’s dynasty. The location was lost over the course of history.[201] Because it was written that Shishak “took all” the articles of the temple, many researchers conclude that the Ark was among the spoils taken to Egypt. However, after Judah’s conflict with Shishak, the temple was ransacked again seventy years later by Jehoash, King of Israel. At that time, the temple treasures were removed to Samaria.[202] In this instance, as with the encounter with Shishak, the Bible again uses the phrase, “All the temple treasures were removed.” Despite these two accounts, the Ark appears again in the biblical narrative when King Josiah ordered the return of the Ark of the Covenant to the temple.[203] This occurred over two hundred years after the pillage of the temple by Jehoash, and three hundred years after the pillage of Shishak.

And [Josiah] said unto the Levites that taught all Israel, which were holy unto the LORD, Put the holy ark in the house which Solomon the son of David king of Israel did build; [it shall] not [be] a burden upon [your] shoulders.[204]

This one biblical passage renders the legends of the Ark’s present location in Axum, Ethiopia, or in Tanis, Egypt completely impossible as both theories place the hiding of the Ark several hundred years before the reign of King Josiah. It was a central feature of the temple of Jerusalem and reinstitution of worship during the reign of Josiah.

It is noteworthy, also, that the Bible is extremely detailed concerning the only account of the Ark’s capture by the foremost enemy of Israel, the Philistines. After it had been captured by the Philistines, their entire country was afflicted by God. The judgment was so great that the people begged their lords to find a respectful way to transport the Ark back to its rightful place, and it was returned. It is illogical that the same judgments would not have befallen any other country that removed the Ark from the Israelites. Although God allowed its capture by the Philistines due to the idolatry of Israel, the pagan Philistines were certainly not able to abide its presence. For that matter, either Babylon—the epitome of world idolatry—or Egypt would survive the Ark’s presence. Certainly, if one of these countries had captured it, the account would be as notable as the removal by the Philistines. Yet, no scriptural record of such an event exists.

Robert Jamieson’s biblical commentary explains the Ark’s location before its return to the temple in the reign of Josiah, King of Judah is that:

Some think that it had been ignominiously put away from the sanctuary by order of some idolatrous king, probably Manasseh, who set a carved image in the house of God (2 Chronicles 33:7), or Amon; while others are of opinion that it had been temporarily removed by Josiah himself into some adjoining chamber, during the repairs on the temple. In replacing it, the Levites had evidently carried it upon their shoulders, deeming that still to be the duty, which the law imposed on them. But Josiah reminded them of the change of circumstances. As the service of God was now performed in a fixed and permanent temple, they were not required to be bearers of the ark any longer; and, being released from the service, they should address themselves with the greater alacrity to the discharge of other functions.[205]

An amazing story follows the reinstitution of the Ark to the temple of God in the account of Josiah’s death:

After all this, when Josiah had prepared the temple, Necho king of Egypt came up to fight against Carchemish by Euphrates: and Josiah went out against him. But he sent ambassadors to him, saying, what have I to do with thee, thou king of Judah? [I come] not against thee this day, but against the house wherewith I have war: for God commanded me to make haste: forbear thee from [meddling with] God, who [is] with me, that he destroy thee not. Nevertheless Josiah would not turn his face from him, but disguised himself, that he might fight with him, and hearkened not unto the words of Necho from the mouth of God, and came to fight in the valley of Megiddo.[206]

This supports Vilikovski’s claim that the Egyptian pharaohs revered the God of Abraham in the time of the Kings of Israel and Judah. Although King Josiah and the people of Judah had a strong bias for alliance with Egypt, during the reign of Manasseh, the country had become a vassal of Assyria. Josiah thought himself bound to support the interests of Assyria. Therefore, when “Necho King of Egypt” came up to fight Carchemish, Josiah went out against him. Bible commentators are not agreed whether Necho had been given a divine commission by the God of Israel, or whether he merely used the name of God as an authority that Josiah would not refuse to obey.[207] However, it appears likely that God was a benefactor to the pharaoh as the bible records Josiah’s death by Necho’s archers.[208]

Jeremiah the prophet lamented the death of Josiah when his body returned after the battle. In 2 Chronicles 35: 25 ,Jeremiah had been a major force in Josiah’s restitution of the Ark to the Temple of Solomon. He was also the main player in the most well documented and biblical account of the fate of the Ark and theory of its present location.

The Mountain of the Ark

The book of 2 Maccabees 2:4 explains that before the destruction of Solomon’s temple by the Babylonians in 587 BC, the Ark was hidden by the prophet Jeremiah in a cave at the base of Mount Nebo in the Pisgah range of Jordan. 2 Maccabees, as well as other Apocryphal works, are retained in modern Catholic bibles as well as the Septuagint and Vulgate.[209] It is found in the records

…that Jeremy the prophet, being warned of God, commanded the tabernacle and the ark to go with him, as he went forth into the mountain, where Moses climbed up, and saw the heritage of God. And when Jeremy came thither, he found an hollow cave, wherein he laid the tabernacle, and the ark, and the altar of incense, and so stopped the door.

And some of those that followed him came to mark the way, but they could not find it. Which when Jeremy perceived, he blamed them, saying, As for that place, it shall be unknown until the time that God gather his people again together, and receive them unto mercy. Then shall the Lord show them these things, and the glory of the Lord shall appear, and the cloud also, as it was showed under Moses, and as when Solomon desired that the place might be honourably sanctified.[210]

This account of the Ark from 2 Maccabees is also mentioned in the Jewish Talmud, in Huriot 12A and Tractate Yoma 72a. These texts explain that the Ark’s location would not be recovered until the Jews were brought back to Israel following the Diaspora, an event that miraculously did occur in 1948. The pseudopigraphic book 2 Baruch, written near the 1st century, repeats the prophetic age in which the Ark would be recovered:

Oh earth…guard them [the temple vessels and the Ark] until the last times, So that, when thou art ordered, thou mayst restore them, So that strangers may not get possession of them. For the time comes when Jerusalem also will be delivered for a time, until it is said, that it is again restored for ever.[211]

According to prophecy, the Jews of the end time would return to Israel from all the nations of the Earth. Isaiah 11:11–12 explains that Israel would be populated by exiles that formerly lived in every part of the world. This has been the situation since 1948, and is not related to the first return of Jews to Israel after the Babylonian exile:

And it shall come to pass in that day, that the LORD shall set his hand again the second time to recover the remnant of his people.…And he shall set up an ensign for the nations, and shall assemble the outcasts of Israel, and gather together the dispersed of Judah from the four corners of the earth.

Amos 9:14–15 declares that after the second return of the exiles, they would never again go into dispersion: “And I will plant them upon their land, and they shall no more be pulled up out of their land which I have given them, saith the LORD thy God.”

The legendary accounts of Jeremiah and the Ark provide a hidden clue to its location at Mount Nebo. This is a symbolic link that exists between the names of the Babylonian king that threatened to destroy the Ark, and the mountain where it was hidden by Jeremiah. Both Nebuchadnezzar and Nebo stem from the Semitic root nebu, meaning the god Mercury. This was also intimated in the prophecies of Ezekiel condemning Jerusalem (chapter 2). The name Nebuchadnezzar means “the prince of the god Merucury.”[212] The Hebrew word nebo is from the root neba (“to prophesy” and also “a prophet”).[213] In the same role as the prophets of the God of Israel, Nebo was worshiped as the celestial scribe of the Assyrians, the “interpreter of the gods, and declarer of their will.”[214]

According to the Bible, the greatest prophet of all time was Moses, which states, “And there arose not a prophet [neba] since in Israel like unto Moses, whom the LORD knew face to face.”[215] Ironically, Mount Nebo was the site of the death of Moses:

And Moses went up from the plains of Moab unto the mountain of Nebo, to the top of Pisgah, that [is] over against Jericho. And the LORD shewed him all the land of Gilead, unto Dan.…And the LORD said unto him, This [is] the land which I sware unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, saying, I will give it unto thy seed: I have caused thee to see [it] with thine eyes, but thou shalt not go over thither. So Moses the servant of the LORD died there in the land of Moab, according to the word of the LORD.[216]

The Hebrew words nobe, meaning “high place,” and nabab, meaning “to hollow out,” “gate,” or “pupil of the eye,” also correlate with the location for the resting place of the ark in a “hollow cave” on Mount Nebo, described in 2 Maccabees.[217]

The Talmud explains that the tower of Babel was dedicated to Nebo, son of Marduk (Greek Jupiter) and that its destruction coincided with the confusion of languages and forgetfulness of knowledge.[218] The emblem of Mercury, a snake entwined on a pole, was first recorded in Exodus, which was the brazen serpent on a pole lifted by Moses to cure the rebellious Israelites of a plague of snakes (Numbers 21:9).[219]

The serpent on the pole was used as a Messianic symbol, and was illustrated by Christ himself, as told in John 3:14: “And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up.” However, this object was preserved and later worshiped as Mercury—Nebo by the Israelites—until being destroyed by King Hezekiah ca. 725 BC, when “he broke into pieces the bronze serpent that Moses had made, for until those days the people of Israel had burned incense to it; it was called Nehushtan.”[220]

It is fitting with the cryptic name of Mount Nebo that a modern sculpture in metal of a serpent on a pole stands at its summit near the Church of Moses.[221] If the Ark was hidden in Mount Nebo, it was to remain forgotten until the end of days. This prophecy has remarkable similarities to the theme of Mercury as god of knowledge and forgetfulness. Its recovery sometime before the return of Christ fits the prophetic scheme of Newton wherein a rebuilt temple, the Ark, and a world rule by “Babylon the Great” predominate.

Although Babylon’s power over Israel resulted in the loss of the Ark and the destruction of the temple, the resurgence of Babylon as a spiritual force that governs the world at the end of days will accompany the rebuilding of the temple and the discovery of the Ark. In conformity with these prophecies, the Earth itself is connected to Babylon through prisca sapientia geometry. For example:

2,520 x À = 7,916. 813 (Earth’s mean diameter)

7,916.813 x 360° in a circle = 2,850,052.

If 2,850,052 is divided by 5,280 (feet in a statute mile), the result is 539, the year of the writing on the wall and the fall of Babylon.

Moses was associated with two of the three Arks mentioned in the Bible, i.e., the Ark of the Bulrushes, in which he floated on the Nile, and the Ark of the Covenant. Mount Nebo was also the site of many symbolic events that connect the Church age with the second coming of Christ. Jesus Christ died on Mount Golgotha, and Moses died on Mount Nebo, exactly to the east of Jerusalem. Both the locations were known, although their burial places were unknown; the location of Jesus’ tomb is more the place of his resurrection than the site for his resting place. Jude 1:9 explains that the Archangel Michael took Moses’ body. This assumption is reinforced in the Gospel with Moses’ appearance on the transfiguration mount with Elijah. In connection with this idea, some eschatologists theorize that the witnesses of Revelation 11 shall be Moses and Elijah. Remarkably, the last act of the two witnesses mentioned in the book is the physical resurrection from the dead and ascension into heaven. The judgments of the witnesses described in Revelation match the plagues of Egypt heralded by Moses and those of Elijah, holding rain and causing fire to fall from heaven. Both prophets received their commission while on Mt Sinai[222] (Moses, Exodus 3:1; Elijah, 1 Kings 19:7). Additionally, the description of the death of Moses by Flavius Josephus parallels many aspects of the crucifixion:

Now as he [Moses] went thence to the place where he was to vanish out of their sight, they all followed after him weeping; but Moses beckoned with his hand to those that were remote from him, and bade them stay behind in quiet, while he exhorted those that were near to him that they would not render his departure so lamentable. As he was still discoursing with them, a cloud stood over him on the sudden, and he disappeared in a certain valley, although he wrote in the holy books that he died, which was done out of fear, lest they should venture to say that, because of his extraordinary virtue, he went to God.[223]

This is similar in the manner of Jesus’ ascent to the mount of his crucifixion.

And there followed him [Jesus] a great company of people, and of women, which also bewailed and lamented him. But Jesus turning unto them said, Daughters of Jerusalem, weep not for me, but weep for yourselves, and for your children.[224]

The most important point of these associations is that the Ark itself represented Jesus Christ. Many theological works from history have expanded this theme. In the story of the Exodus only Moses, the greatest prophet, and his brother Aaron, the first high priest of Israel,[225] were allowed access to the presence of God at the mercy seat between the cherubim on the Ark.[226] In contrast, mankind has been given access to the presence of God through Jesus Christ, the ultimate high priest and the author of prophecy.

As Moses viewed the land of promise from Mount Nebo, but was prevented from entering, the Ark’s location upon Mount Nebo is seen, but not yet been obtained. However, according to prophecy, Moses will walk in Jerusalem in the end times, having finally gained access to the land viewed from atop Mount Nebo. As he waits for his designated time to enter the Promised Land, the Ark waits until the hour chosen by God.

The Bible records that the “Glory of the Lord” moved into the Holy of Holies at the first installation of the Ark in Solomon’s temple.[227] Ezekiel, the prophet that warned of the destruction of Solomon’s temple, while exiled in Nippur, Babylonia, had witnessed the glory of the Lord move away from the temple to the east, directly in line with Mount Nebo. This was in reference to God abandoning the temple to its enemies, and is stated in Ezekiel 11:23: “And the glory of the LORD went up from the midst of the city, and stood upon the mountain which [is] on the east side of the city.”[228] Later, Ezekiel was shown the vision of the restored temple of the future in which the glory of the Lord returned from the east, stated in Ezekiel 43:4: “And the glory of the LORD came into the temple by the way of the gate whose prospect [is] toward the east.”[229]

The “Glory of the Lord” was a distinct feature of the Ark between the cherubim. Translated, “glory” is shekinah in Hebrew, meaning “presence.” This presence of God was in form of a pillar of fire by night, and a pillar of smoke by day during the travel of the Israelites in the desert. Whenever the glory of the Lord moved from the tabernacle in the wilderness, the people followed. As the pillar of fire or smoke stood above the Ark, the Israelites stopped and set up camp. The glory of the Lord stood in a vertical column extending from heaven to the surface of the Ark. The book of Exodus records that the Holy of Holies in the tabernacle had no lamps, largely because none were needed due to the intense glow of the Ark itself. In fact, when Moses went into the Holy of Holies to speak to God at the mercy seat, his face glowed so intensely that the Israelites were afraid to come near him unless he wore a veil[230] (Exodus. 34:35). These descriptions associate the Ark with the glory of the Lord. When the Philistines captured the Ark and removed it from Israel, the daughter-in-law of Eli, the high priest, referred to the Ark as the glory of the Lord, itself saying, “The glory is departed from Israel: for the ark of God is taken.”[231]

The Apocalypse of 2 Baruch provides the direction in which the Ark may lie in relation to the temple. While the Babylonians began their siege of Jerusalem in 587 BC, Jeremiah the prophet threw the keys of the temple and its sanctuary towards the sun:

But taking the keys of the temple, Jeremiah went outside the city and threw them away in the presence of the sun, saying: I say to you, Sun, take the keys of the temple of God and guard them until the day in which the Lord asks you for them. For we have not been found worthy to keep them, for we have become unfaithful guardians.[232]

This legend is found with variations in the Jewish Talmud, and pertains to the destruction of the first and second temples.[233] As the sun rises in the east, throwing the keys of the temple to the sun implies this direction. It is remarkable that the story of the keys and the hiding of the Ark are both connected to Jeremiah. This story is also significant metaphorically. The “keys” of the temple represent both the stewardship of the priests of God, and the sacred knowledge embodied by the temple and its rituals. In the Talmud versions, the Levites or the high priest climbed to the temple roof and threw the keys into heaven, from whence a divine hand caught them and disappeared into a cloud.[234]

Jewish mystics believe that this act represented the loss of the correct pronunciation of the name of God, or the knowledge of Solomon. When viewed from this perspective, the “lost key” story represents the priscia theologia of the temple of God as a divine receptacle of pure knowledge. It is a line of reasoning that Newton, certainly had perused.

The Ark, representing the whole of the law, was a designed using the Sacred Cubit. Because the 25.20-inch Sacred Cubit is a ratio of the Earth, being a fractal of 2,520 (and 2,520 x pi is earth’s diameter), the Ark reflects this geo-metry (literally, earth-measure). The solution for determining its present location might be found in the very word used for the divinely chosen resting place of the Ark, the naus or navis, the origin of the word “navigation,” which is the skill of measuring the Earth. As an expert in the Law, Jeremiah may have reasoned that if the Ark could not dwell in the temple that was designed as its permanent resting place, it might at least remain in alignment with it, which suggests a specific navigational process for locating the Ark.

A measuring line extended directly towards the east from the foundation stone of the temple mount must remain on the latitude of the foundation stone where the Ark rested in the Holy of Holies, which is north 31 degrees, 46 minutes, and 43 seconds. Its length must also be related to the Sacred Cubit, which is exactly 25.20 nautical miles. The result at the end of the measuring line touches the north slope of Mount Nebo less than a mile from its summit.

Fig. 24. Image by author

That 2,520 is a constant is incredible. The terminus of this measuring line touches a point on the north slope of Mount Nebo 1,260 feet above sea level, which is half of 2,520, and the temple mount in Jerusalem rests on a hill 2,520 feet above sea level.[235] In fitting with the altitude of the location of the Ark on Mount Nebo, the letters of the name of Solomon in Greek, Solomwn), equal 1,260; it is revealed that it was he who built the first temple and established the Ark in the Holy of Holies.

These values are consistent with Newton’s scheme of the temple’s prisca theologia, based on 25.20 of the Sacred Cubit and 2,520 of time recorded in the book of Daniel and Revelation. This numeric signature of prophecy and law is redundantly apparent in the proposed location of the Ark, situated in an area corresponding to the only description found in the biblical texts of its hiding place. Current satellite maps of the area reveal no modern settlements or excavations. In addition, the geology of the area is similar to the Qumran region of the Dead Sea, in which many caves exist. It would have been an extremely favorable location to deposit the Ark and furnishings of the Temple of Solomon.

Fig. 25. Courtesy of NASA World Wind

Fig. 26. Geographic location of the ark on the north slope of Mt. Nebo, Jordan. Map, Soviet general staff sheet H36VI, 1985.

There are questions that arise concerning the exposure of the location of the Ark, if this calculation is accurate. Is it wise to uncover it? Will it fall into the wrong hands? Will the Ark be present in the rebuilt temple of the end times?

It is reasonable that God would not provide information to find the Ark unless it was part of His divine plan. Although the acacia wood comprising it may have disintegrated, the gold overlaid around it, as well the solid gold of the mercy seat and cherubim, would have certainly withstood the effects of time. Its recovery would follow the precise design of God from the beginning. If the Ark’s location has been revealed, then it is God’s intention that it be discovered in this age. One specific detail must be worked out however. The site of Ark of the Covenant on Mount Nebo is dependent on the exact location of the foundation stone on the temple mount. There are several theories concerning this question, the most promising of these is significantly, linked to the Eastern Gate of the temple.

Chapter Nine: The Dome of the Spirits

Son of man, describe the temple to the house of Israel, that they may be ashamed of their iniquities; and let them measure the pattern. (Ezekiel 43:10)

For centuries, Christian theologians and Jewish scholars have debated the site of the foundation stone on the temple. This was, and still is, a matter of great importance to the Jewish sages because the foundation stone lay directly beneath the Ark of the Covenant. Without knowing the precise location, a temple cannot be built according to the Law of Moses. As it is said in Ezra 5:15, “Let the House of Yahweh be rebuilt on its original site.”

The most established place (of the Temple) is that of the altar, and it must never be changed for all eternity.…There is a tradition in the hands of all that the place where (Kings) David and Solomon built the altar is the very place where Abraham erected the altar upon which he bound Isaac.…It was likewise (the altar) built by Noah when he emerged from the ark; it was the altar upon which Cain and Abel offered their sacrifice when he was created, and from there (its dust) was he (Adam) created.[236]

The most popular belief is that the stone exists in the center of the Islamic shrine the Dome of the Rock or “Qubbat Al-Sakhra” constructed in AD 687 by Caliph Abd al-Malik. Moslems believe that this shrine was built over the place where Mohamed made his “Night Journey” into the heavens and back to Mecca. This is according to the Koran chapter 17, verse 1, although the passage does not describe the Temple mount in Jerusalem as the location for this event specifically.

In the 1st century BC, Herod the Great expanded the temple mount enclosure during his renovations of the temple. Further expansion and reconstruction of the temple mount walls were undertaken by the builder of the Dome of the Rock, Abd al-Malik, and later by the Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1537–1541) after the Ottoman conquest of Israel.[237] However, the eastern wall and its single gate were left in place due to its location on the edge of the Kidron Valley. In order to extend the temple mount to the east, the valley would have been filled and leveled. This was never undertaken because of the great architectural problems it presented and, more importantly, because the Kidron Valley was necessary for the Levitical rituals of the temple.

First-century historian Flavius Josephus researched and wrote on history of the Jewish Wars, and explained that the wall east of the temple was the only one that Herod did not rebuild.[238] In 1983, the Hebrew University physicist Dr. Asher S. Kaufman published a theory that the First Temple and Herod’s Second Temple were aligned along an east-to-west axis sighted through the Eastern Gate.[239] Kaufman’s theory followed the opinion of the great rabbi, Maimonides, who explained that a line running from the Eastern Gate in the wall of the old city of Jerusalem to the west would cross the center of the temple and the Holy of Holies above the foundation stone.[240]

Fig. 27. Reprinted from Charles Chipiez, La Temple de Jérusalem et la Maison du Bois-Liban restitués d’après Ezechiel et le Livre des Rois, With plates. (New York: Chapman & Hall, 1890), 44. Addition of orientation line by author.

In addition, Kaufman’s theory was based on archaeological evidence collected from the temple platform area and the Talmud’s book of measurement called the Mishnah Tractate or Middot. According to these sources, the true foundation stone lies under a cupola named the Dome of the Jinn, Spirits, or Dome of the Tablets, located on the northwest edge of the temple mount. Both the former and latter names allude to the Ark of the Covenant as the oracle of God containing the stone tablets of the Ten Commandments. The Ark would have rested in Holy of Holies situated furthest to the west in the temple. Further verifying this theory, the Dome of the Tablets is the only place where exposed bedrock exists on the temple mount as the rest of the platform is paved. Not only does this bedrock have the exact dimensions of the foundation stone as recorded in the Talmud, but also several drilled holes spaced according to the Sacred Cubit used only in the construction of the temple.[241]

Fig. 28. Photo by author

In 1969, James Flemming, a graduate student of biblical archaeology at the American Institute of Holy Land Studies, was examining the Eastern Gate of the temple mount when he fell into a mass grave at its base. The ground had been saturated with rain during the night, and a hole left from a mortar round from the 6-day war two years before had reopened. Beneath the visible level, he discovered an arch belonging to the original ancient gate of the First and Second temples. He took pictures of the structure before the hole was later filled in and a fence was erected around the grave.

Fig. 29. Image by author

The discovery of the original location of the Eastern Gate provides archaeological proof of the true location of the foundation stone according to the historical accounts.[242]

Fig. 30. The original temple site according to Dr. Asher Kaufman and Maimonides. Reprinted from British Ordinance survey map (Warren map), 1886.

With the knowledge of the exact location of the ancient foundation stone of the temple, calculations of distance between it and various points on the globe can be resolved to an extremely fine degree. This also suggests that on Mount Nebo, 25.20 nautical miles away, the Ark of the Covenant rests precisely on the same east-west line as the Dome of the Tablets and the Eastern Gate.

Fig. 31. Down range view of the Ark’s location, through the eastern gate on the temple mount, Jerusalem. Courtesy of NASA World Wind.

Chapter Ten: Experimentum Crucis

When Old Testament texts were translated into English, the complex analogy, metaphor, and symbolism of the Hebrew language was sometimes lost. The ancient Hebrew sages understood that the divine hand had left certain knowledge obscured. Revealing prophecy, especially, was reserved for future men and kingdoms, as God himself set the times and seasons. Newton believed that his understanding of the natural world had been granted in this context, and that his scientific accomplishments were manifest by the providence of God. The Jewish mystical works from antiquity inspired him to seek scientific truth that upheld and verified scripture, impelling him to focus his analytical and powerful intellect equally between the scientific and the spiritual realms.

Newton’s theory of the properties of light, Optics (1704), contains many symbolic aspects of the foremost Jewish mystical work on the same subject, the Book of Light or the Zohar. It explains that creation emanated from the stone set in the temple mount of Jerusalem, and that the point at which it dwells is the center of the universe. It also focuses on universality of the temple of Jerusalem and more importantly, its link between dimensions.

Newton began researching the Zohar and other books of Judaic mystical thought in the 1670s, twenty years before he developed his Corpuscular Theory of Light, which explained that light was transmitted by particles, through experiments he performed at Cambridge. As a fundamental text of Jewish mysticism, Newton read the Zohar from cover to cover. In the Jewish Book of Light, the rainbow is linked with the foundation stone and Noah’s covenant with God. The Hebrew word for the foundation stone is the “Eben Shetiyah” (stone of drawing forth)[243] and is considered the hidden source of the water of life from which the world drinks.

When the Holy One, blessed be He, was about to create the world, He detached one precious stone from underneath His throne of glory and plunged it into the abyss; one end of it remained fastened therein, while the other end stood out above. Out of the latter the world started, spreading itself to the right and left and into all directions.[244]…This alludes to the foundation stone, which is the central point of the universe and on which stands the Holy of Holies.[245]

In the Talmud, the ancient Jewish sages explained that this stone was called shetiyah, which in Hebrew also means “drinking,” because it is hidden the source of all the springs and fountains from which the world drinks its water.[246] This was based on the belief that the world was created from the stone located in the Holy of Holies of the Temple in Jerusalem, thus forming the center of the world. It goes on to say that the “eben shetiyyah,” on which the Ineffable Name of God is inscribed, serves as a capstone that seals the waters of the abyss and prevents them from welling up and overwhelming the world.[247] These concepts are based on several texts from the Old Testament. Because the Word of God produced the universe, the “foundation” of His creation was both a symbol of the Word and the stone underlying the temple. Scripture uses the phrases, “the Word of God” and “the foundation stone” to signify Jesus Christ (Isaiah 28:16, John 1: 1–3,14).[248] The Bible also identifies the Word of God as the source for all “living waters.”[249]

The progression of creation in Genesis describes, first, darkness over water; second, the creation of light; and third, the separation of the waters of the world from the waters of heaven. The Zohar explains that the water of heaven and the throne of God are of the same essence:

The three primary colours and the one compounded of them, (the rainbow) which we mentioned before, are all one symbol, and they all show themselves in the cloud. “And above the firmament that was over their heads was the likeness of a throne, as the appearance of a sapphire stone.” This alludes to the “foundation stone,” which is the central point of the universe and on which stands the Holy of Holies.[250]

Exodus 24:10 also describes the same firmament as blue and transparent, as “they saw the God of Israel: and [there was] under his feet as it were a paved work of a sapphire, and as it were the body of heaven in its clearness.”[251]

In both the Zohar and biblical texts, the word used for sapphire is cephar, meaning “to score with a mark,” “number,” “count,” “reckon,” “declare,” “write,” or “to count exactly or accurately.”[252] A “cephar” is also used throughout the Bible to represent a book or a scroll, as were the books of Law given to Moses. The pavement in Exodus 24:10 is “libna” in Hebrew, meaning “whiteness or transparency.”[253] This idea of transparency is reinforced further by the description of the sapphire, “as it were the body of heaven in its clearness.”[254]

Metaphorically, in the same way the sapphire pavement—or firmament—of heaven is the source for rain and presents light through it in colors of the rainbow, the foundation stone, in the view of the ancient sages, should divide light. As the sun’s light from heaven is transmitted through the sky, heaven is transmitted to the temple on Earth through the foundation stone. In the Zohar, this stone is akin to a dimensional doorway. Newton also understood this, since the ancient Hebrew symbol for door was also the fourth letter in their alphabet, dalet, which was in the shape of a triangle.

Fig. 32. Image by author

This is the shape of the prism; metaphorically, the sapphire stone is associated with the fourth day of creation when the dry land of Earth was formed. Newton called his use of a prism in separating light an, “experimentum crucis” (crucial experiment) proving that the prism was not “coloring” the light, but separating it. Newton described his process for dividing the constituent colors from the light of the sun in a letter to the publisher of Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, February 6, 1671:

SIR,

To perform my late promise to you, I shall without further ceremony acquaint you, that in the beginning of the Year 1666 (at which time I applied my self to the grinding of Optick glasses of other figures than Spherical,) I procured me a Triangular glass-Prisme, to try therewith the celebrated Phænomena of Colours. And in order thereto having darkened my chamber, and made a small hole in my window-shuts, to let in a convenient quantity of the Sun’s light, I placed my Prisme at his entrance, that it might be thereby refracted to the opposite wall.[255]

For Newton, the use of a triangular prism in his “crucial experiment” was a realization of supernal with the ordinary, the spiritual dimension manifesting in the terrestrial.

Knowing the literal Hebrew meaning of the foundation stone as “a number or a mathematical formula” and “a book,” i.e. scripture itself, Newton was compelled to understand its properties. For Newton, the stamp of God’s authorship was evident in both the material creation and the words written in the Bible. Both reflected the same divine intelligence. It should come as no surprise that the sacred number of the prisca sapienta, 2,520, appears in the physics of light through water. This phenomenon is best described in the biblical account of the rainbow, a symbol of God’s covenant with Noah:

I do set my bow in the cloud. And it shall be for a token of a covenant between me and the earth: And it shall come to pass, when I bring a cloud over the earth, that the bow shall be seen in the cloud: And I will remember my covenant, which is between me and you and every living creature of all flesh; and the waters shall no more become a flood to destroy all flesh.[256]

The Hebrew word qesheth, meaning to bend or a bow, is used for the covenant of the rainbow in this passage. As a covenant, the rainbow is analogous in meaning to the word arcas, a bow also used for the Ark of the Covenant of Moses in Latin translations of Genesis. Although Aristotle was the earliest to devote serious study to the rainbow, his mistaken explanation misled thinkers for centuries. Newton was the first to correctly describe the phenomena in Optics.

Fig. 33. Author’s rendition of figures from Isaac Newton’s Optics, book I. Dover Publications Mineola, NY 1952 page 33.

A rainbow is caused by the refraction and reflection of the rays of the sun through raindrops. Light is refracted as it enters the sphere of the raindrop, is reflected from the drop’s opposite side, and is again refracted as it leaves the drop and passes to the observer’s eye. A rainbow will reflect back towards a viewer only at a certain angle. This is known as the “critical angle of reflection,” which, for water is about 49 degrees, or seven times seven.[257] Light that travels at an angle of incidence more than 49 degrees will not leave a droplet of water; however, light with angles less than 49 degrees will leave the water. This is why rainbows do not appear if the sun is too high in the sky. This critical reflection angle is based on 360 and 7.

2,520 / 49 = 51.428571

51.428571 x 7 = 360

360 x 7 = 2,520

----------------------------

51.428571 x 49 = 2,520.

The reflection of this equation is:

2,520 / 49 = 51.428571

The smallest number that can be expressed as product of two reversible numbers in two different ways is 2,520:
2520 = 120 x 021 = 210 x 012

and

12 x 21 x 10 = 2520

Mathematically, 2,520 possesses a mirror-like quality. These same numbers are found in the seventh day of 360-degree revolutions of the Earth when God rested from His creation, a similar metaphor existing in the name Noah. Noah is also the etymological root of the words “navy,” “navigation,” and the Greek naus, the holy place of the temple of Jerusalem.[258] The physics of light and water agree with the arithmetic of the circling of Jericho, the writing on the wall of Daniel, and the Sacred Cubit.

Chapter Eleven: The City of Light

In the Bourrienne Memoirs, there is an account of Napoleon’s conversation on religion with the savants on board l’ Orient when bound for Egypt; how, after exhausting their armory of atheistical arguments, he pointed to the starry sky and said: “Very ingenious, Messieurs; but who made all that?”

— John Holland Rose, The Life of Napoleon I

Napoleon Bonaparte began his conquest of Palestine in 1798, with and attack on the port city of Acre. Even before moving his troops north from Egypt, he had already prepared a proclamation making Palestine an independent Jewish state. With the capture of the Acre, Napoleon planned to reinforce his troops with supplies. He envisioned a triumphal entry into Jerusalem after Acre was secured, at which time he would issue his proclamation. Napoleon had realized early in his conquest of Europe that attending to the religious ideals of his enemies and his willing subjects was key to his success. As a military and political strategist, Napoleon had few equals. His design for governing the nations was shrewd and in some cases, opportunistic. Several years after the battle of Acre, Napoleon wrote,

My policy consists in governing men as the greatest number wish to be governed. That, I think, is the way of recognizing the sovereignty of the people. By becoming a Catholic I have ended the Vendeau War; by becoming a Moslem I gained a footing in Egypt; by becoming Ultramontane I won over public opinion in Italy. If I governed Jews, I would rebuild the temple of Solomon.[259]

Napoleon had previously encountered the prophecies of the Old Testament in the Jewish community of Malta that he liberated under French law in 1798. For hundreds of years, the Knights Hospitalier of Saint John of Jerusalem had oppressed the Jews by enslaving them and preventing open worship. One of Napoleon’s first acts after banishing the Knights was to allow the Jews to build a synagogue, and the community of Jews on Malta welcomed Napoleon as a conqueror equal to Cyrus the Great. They believed that their liberation by a “king of the North” was fulfillment of the prophecy in Daniel 11:

He shall enter also into the glorious land, and many [countries] shall be overthrown: but these shall escape out of his hand, [even] Edom, and Moab, and the chief of the children of Ammon. He shall stretch forth his hand also upon the countries: and the land of Egypt shall not escape. He shall have power over the treasures of gold and of silver, and over all the precious things of Egypt: and the Libyans and the Ethiopians [shall be] at his steps.

The king of the north will come storming against the king of the south with chariots, cavalry and many ships. The king of the north will overrun land after land, sweeping over them like a flood…Amongst them the fairest of all lands, and tens of thousands will fall victims. Yet all these lands (including Edom and Moab and the remnant of the Ammonites) will survive the attack. The king of the north will reach out to land after land, and Egypt will not escape. He will gain control of her hidden stores of gold, silver and all of her treasures; Libyans and Cushites will follow in his train. Then rumors from east and north will alarm him, and he will depart in a rage to destroy and to exterminate many. He will pitch his royal pavilion between the sea and the holy hill, [Jerusalem’s temple mount] the fairest of all hills, and he will meet his end with no one to help him [emphasis added].[260]

The Jewish community in Malta conferred this knowledge to Napoleon during his negotiations with them, and the spectacular naval force of 400 ships and 25,000 troops, cavalry, and artillery confirmed their belief that Napoleon was the conqueror of Daniel 11:40. Even before his invasion of Palestine, Napoleon wrote the following statement to the Moslems after quelling an insurrection at Cairo in 1798:

Sherifs, ulamas, preachers in the mosques…Is there a man so blind as not to see that destiny itself guides all my operations?…Let the people know that, from the creation of the world, it is written that after destroying the enemies of Islam and beating down the cross, I was to come from the confines of the Occident to accomplish my appointed task. Show the people that in more than twenty passages of the holy Qur’an, what has happened has been foretold, and what shall happen has been explained.…the day will come when all men shall see beyond all doubt that I am guided by orders from above and that all human efforts avail naught against me. Blessed are they who, in good faith, are the first to choose my side.[261]

On the first day of Passover, April 20, 1799, Napoleon issued his proclamation of a Jewish state of Palestine. On May 22, 1799, the Paris newspaper, Moniteur Universel, announced:

Bonaparte has published a proclamation in which he invites all the Jews of Asia and Africa to gather under his flag in order to re-establish the ancient Jerusalem. He has already given arms to a great number, and their battalions threaten Aleppo.[262]

Although the proclamation did not come to fruition, it increased a drive for Jews worldwide to pursue a sovereign state in Israel. Napoleon’s ideas were also embraced by many who viewed them as a fulfillment of ancient prophecy, even some belonging to the Protestant Church of England.

Letter to the Jewish Nation from the French Commander-in-Chief Buonaparte
(translated from the Original, 1799)

General Headquarters, Jerusalem 1st Floreal, April 20, 1799,
in the year of 7 of the French Republic

BUONAPARTE, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMIES OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC IN AFRICA AND ASIA, TO THE RIGHTFUL HEIRS OF PALESTINE.

Israelites, unique nation, whom, in thousands of years, lust of conquest and tyranny have been able to be deprived of their ancestral lands, but not of name and national existence!

Attentive and impartial observers of the destinies of nations, even though not endowed with the gifts of seers like Isaiah and Joel, have long since also felt what these, with beautiful and uplifting faith, have foretold when they saw the approaching destruction of their kingdom and fatherland: And the ransomed of the Lord shall return, and come to Zion with songs and everlasting joy upon their heads; they shall obtain joy and gladness and sorrow and sighing shall flee away.

Arise then, with gladness, ye exiled! A war unexampled In the annals of history, waged in self-defense by a nation whose hereditary lands were regarded by its enemies as plunder to be divided, arbitrarily and at their convenience, by a stroke of the pen of Cabinets, avenges its own shame and the shame of the remotest nations, long forgotten under the yoke of slavery, and also, the almost two-thousand-year-old ignominy put upon you; and, while time and circumstances would seem to be least favourable to a restatement of your claims or even to their expression ,and indeed to be compelling their complete abandonment, it offers to you at this very time, and contrary to all expectations, Israel’s patrimony!

The young army with which Providence has sent me hither, let by justice and accompanied by victory, has made Jerusalem my headquarters and will, within a few days, transfer them to Damascus, a proximity which is no longer terrifying to David’s city.

Rightful heirs of Palestine!

The great nation which does not trade in men and countries as did those which sold your ancestors unto all people^2 herewith calls on you not indeed to conquer your patrimony; nay, only to take over that which has been conquered and, with that nation’s warranty and support, to remain master of it to maintain it against all comers.

Arise! Show that the former overwhelming might of your oppressors has but repressed the courage of the descendants of those heroes who alliance of brothers would have done honour even to Sparta and Rome^3 but that the two thousand years of treatment as slaves have not succeeded in stifling it.

Hasten! Now is the moment, which may not return for thousands of years, to claim the restoration of civic rights among the population of the universe which had been shamefully withheld from you for thousands of years, your political existence as a nation among the nations, and the unlimited natural right to worship Jehovah in accordance with your faith, publicly and most probably forever.[263]

The map in Figure 34 displays the Roman age of Paris, the city center can be seen at the northwest point of the Île de la Cité (Island of the City) in the Seine River. Paris was named after the Paris, a Celtic people who settled on this central island in the 3rd century BC. The city later spread outward from this point along the banks of the Seine River.

Fig. 34. Author’s image based on Anville, Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d’ (1697–17), Wikimedia Commons, “Plan de Paris Lutece2,” http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Plan_de_Paris_Lutece2_BNF07710745.png.

This island is considered the birthplace of Paris and was the site of the city’s earliest settlements. It was home to the French Kings from AD 400 to AD 1300. The royal palace and parliament were located on the western side of the island. A measuring line extended from this historical center of Paris to the temple mount shows the distance in nautical miles, 1,799.

Fig. 35. Courtesy of NASA World Wind

The terminus of this line is fixed on the “0” point marker set in the pavement facing the entrance of the Cathedral of Notre Dame. This is the point in which all distances of French cities are measured from Paris.[264]

Fig. 36. Courtesy of NASA World Wind

The date of the proclamations of Israel’s independence by Napoleon, 1799, displays a curious priscia sapientia with respect to 2,520. It fits the mathematical harmony seen in the relationships of the earth with the moon as well.

2,159 moon (2160)

- 1,799

= 360 circle

1,799

- 1260 (half 2,520)

= 539, the year of the fall of Babylon

1799 x 3

+ 2,520

= 7,917, Earth’s mean diameter

Napoleon may have realized that his ambitions for Palestine, though not without prophetic significance, were premature in the timeline of God. Although he may even have anticipated the prediction that the King of the North would meet with defeat “between the sea and the holy hill” in his failure to take Acre, Napoleon was still resolute in his plan to create a Jewish state. In February 1807, through Napoleon’s aid, the ancient Sanhedrin was opened.[265] This judicial body had not been in existence since the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70. The purpose was to set into motion the eventual framework of a Jewish State with Napoleon’s aid from within Europe. However, there were some scholars of the ancient prophets that saw folly in this venture. The former minister of the interior, Count Chaptal, wrote in his memoir, Souvenirs, that he witnessed an argument at a dinner he was attending with Napoleon, Cardinal Joseph Fesch, and the Archbishop of Lyons. The Cardinal was also Napoleon’s maternal uncle.

At the time that Napoleon had brought together the Jews for the Sanhédrin in Paris, I attended one day at his dinner where I was witness to an astounding exchange. Cardinal Fesch rushed into the room with a very worried air about him that struck the Emperor. “What is the matter?” he said. “What I have is easy to understand,” said the Cardinal. “And why?” retorted the Emperor. “Do you not know,” answered the Cardinal, “that the Scriptures foretell the end of the world when the Jews are recognized as constituting a nation?” I and the guests were inclined to laugh; But the Emperor changed tone and he seemed worried. He rose from the table, went into his study with the Cardinal, where he remained conversing for over an hour. The next day the Sanhédrin was dissolved.[266]

Despites Napoleon’s failings in the campaign of the Holy Land in the 18th century, many scientists and archaeologists were able to gain access to the region. In 1798, the French founded Institut de l’Égypte in Cairo. A year later, the French Army engineer Captain Pierre-François Bouchard discovered the Rosetta Stone, providing the means by which historians could decode Egyptian hieroglyphs. When Egypt fell to the British in 1801, the Stone was brought to England. Its translation by Jean-François Champollion inspired archaeologists to explore the land of the Pharaohs with the hope of gathering the secrets of antiquity.[267] The greatest mystery of Egypt, and the most inviting to the European intellects of the new 19th century was the Great Pyramid of Giza.

The Great Pyramid

In 1721, the researcher Nicolas Shaw explored and measured the Great Pyramid of Giza. He discovered that the granite coffer, the only furnishing in the pyramid, equaled the exact volume of the Ark of the Covenant. This volume was also one-fiftieth the capacity of the Molten Sea of Solomon’s temple. The chamber in which the coffer rested was equal to the full volume of the Molten Sea. Both the Ark of the Covenant and the granite coffer of the Great Pyramid were equal to four British quarters, the established standard for grain in England.[268] These two objects additionally furnished the measures of capacity of the earliest Greek and Hebrew nations. The word “coffer” is etymologically based on the Hebrew word for the “mercy seat” of the Ark of the Covenant, kophereth from kopher meaning “to cover, pardon or make atonement.”[269]

According to Jewish scholars, the Exodus of Israel from Egypt was the most powerful manifestations of God’s power. It forms the core of the Old Testament narrative and is central to the spiritual and religious identity of the Jews. Fixing the exact date of the Exodus has been the topic of speculation for historians and theologians for centuries. However, the Bible assigns the year of Israel’s release from Egyptian slavery backwards from the year of the building of the Temple of Solomon:

And it came to pass in the four hundred and eightieth year after the children of Israel were come out of the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon’s reign over Israel, in the month Zif, which [is] the second month, that he began to build the house of the LORD.[270]

The year Solomon began building the temple was 961 BC, according to the great majority of biblical scholars; delving one level deeper would place the date of the Exodus at 1,441 BC, or 480 years prior. As units of length, these numbers have an interesting relationship as well. Four hundred and eighty yards is also 1,441 feet. No conversion of modern lengths that are relevant to the timing of the Exodus exist between the numbers 1,441 and 480, except in inches to yards. The Bible seems to indicate what unit of measurement to use. The distance between the northeast corner of the Great Pyramid and the Temple of Jerusalem is 480,000 yards. This relates to the same number in years between the Exodus and the building of Solomon’s temple, 480 multiplied by 100, which converts to 1,444,100 feet.

Fig. 37. Courtesy of NASA World Wind

The multiple for both numbers seems at first to be an anomaly, yet once again the time-distance correlation of the temple remains, despite the decimal place incongruity. The year of the Exodus and the year of the temple’s construction correlate to the distances between the Great Pyramid and the temple of Jerusalem. The slope of the sides of the pyramid is 51°50’, which converts to 51.836275. Twice this number is 103.672557 or pi times 33.

Chapter Twelve: British Sacred Measurement

The establishment of the statute mile in England was one of the most important, yet often unrecognized factors in its ascension to an Empire. Its establishment by Queen Elizabeth I in 1592 was part of a recovery of ancient measurement standards that enabled Britain to build strength through its navy.[271]

When Elizabeth became Queen in 1558, religious strife, a huge government debt, and failures in the war with France had brought England’s fortunes to low ebb. At her death in 1603, England had passed through on of the greatest periods in history—a 45-year period that produced Shakespeare, Francis Bacon, Walter Raleigh, Frances Drake, and many other notable British figures; it was a period that saw England, united as a nation, become a first-rate world power in Europe. Historians credit these advancements to Elizabeth’s political skill and cunning. However, none of her designs for Britain would have manifested without the power the skill of her navy. This was the direct result of the advancements made in the science of navigation. The calibration of correct distance of the globe enabled Britain to dominate the seas for nearly 200 years.

Queen Elizabeth did not focus on the improvement of navigational science purely through divine providence, but with mathematical inspiration and tutoring from one of the most influential occult philosophers of the 16th century, Dr. John Dee.

Dee was born in London in, July 13, 1527. His published texts included studies of mathematics, Hebrew mysticism, and Kabbalah, alchemy, hermeticism, and ancient languages. John Dee was the first to translate the Elements into English. The Elements, a work of the Greek mathematician Euclid, combined all the geometric knowledge of its time, around 300 BC, and is still used in the modern teaching of mathematics. Dee knew more about the dimensions of the Earth than any man in Queen Elizabeth’s court. He became the leading geographical adviser to the Queen and was a strong force behind the concept of a British Empire. Dee believed that maritime dominance was the key to England’s control of Spain and ultimate growth as a nation. With advice and direction from Dee, Queen Elizabeth gave increased powers to Trinity House, a guild created in 1514 for the piloting of ships and the regulating of British navigation. Dee published General and Rare Memorials pertayning to the Perfect Arte of Navigation in 1577, which emphasized Britain’s need for advancements of accurate navigation. He believed that such advancements would enable the British navy to establish the country as a dominant world power. These changes were implemented through Dee’s influence with the Queen and were so successful that in 1580, Dee presented Brytanici Imperij Limites (The Limits of the British Empire), to the Queen and her ministers. This was an assessment of the progress made by the navy, and outlined Queen Elizabeth’s power over most of the oceans and great expanses of territory in the northern hemisphere.

Both these works followed his book, Propaedeumata Aphoristica de praestantiorbus quibusdam naturae virtutibus (Aphoristic Introduction to certain especially important virtues of nature), which was published in 1568. It was one of the first that he’d dedicated to Queen Elizabeth that covered the knowledge of the ancients amassed through his collection of over 4,000 books from his personal library at his house in Mortlake. It was the largest library in Britain and became famous as a popular center for learning outside of universities.

Although Elizabeth was already superiorly educated, having learned from tutors such as William Grindal and Roger Ascham, Dee was obliged to teach the Queen the mathematical concepts of Propaedeumata and his earlier work, Monas Hieroglyphia (The One Sacred Writing), a text that explored the origin of knowledge that was published in 1564. The subject of these books went beyond the numerical skills of the time, and contained ancient concepts of Earth’s dimension that Dee had gained through association with one of the greatest cartographers in history, Gerard Mercator.

Mercator, the great Flemish cartographer was born on March 5, 1512, was the first to use the term “atlas” for a album of maps. He had amassed various navigational texts that had been newly translated into Latin. He also collected apparatus from his travels that were not available in England.

Dee met Mercator in 1548 while a student at Louvain University. They worked closely for three years, and along with developing a close friendship, they produced superior methods for navigating the seas. Dee actually dedicated Propaedeumata Aphoristica to Mercator. Such was the friendship between the two that Dee wrote:

It was the custom of our mutual friendship and intimacy that, during three whole years, neither of us lacked the other’s presence for as much as three whole days; and such was the eagerness of both for learning and philosophizing that, after we had come together, we scarcely left off the investigation of difficult and useful problems for three minutes of an hour.[272]

Dee’s gratitude towards Mercator for helping him publish his first works compelled him to return the favor:

It remains now for me to beg you earnestly to entrust to the public studies of men… your own remarkable discoveries both in that excellent branch of philosophy which is called physics and also in geometry and geography; for thus, certainly, you will greatly enlarge the Republic of letters with you most useful and fresh inventions.[273]

John Dee was not only the royal cartographer and naval authority to Queen Elizabeth; he was also her personal astrologer. Dee was considered the most adept mystic in Europe in his day and is still revered by occultists in modern times. His work in alchemy and mysticism was borne out of the ancient manuscripts that he had in his extensive library. Most of which were not available in Latin or English anywhere in the world. Through his tutorial influences, Elizabeth learned of the sacred mysteries of Pythagoras and the laws of his school.

The Greek Pythagorean College viewed the universe in relationship to pure geometry and number. These ideas were similar to those of the mystery schools of Egypt, according to Plato and his Dialogues, the five tenets of Pythagoras were:

That at its deepest level, reality is mathematical in nature,

That philosophy can be used for spiritual perfection,

That the soul can rise to union with the divine,

That certain symbols have mystical significance,

All members of the order should observe strict loyalty and secrecy.[274]

According to Dee, these beliefs had been retained throughout history within ritual and symbol. The ancient science of reckoning time, movement, and location on the Earth were linked to the mystery schools of Egypt. Geometry, literally the “measure of the earth” remained foremost in the symbolic transfer of scared knowledge in ancient Greek thought as well. Like Pythagoras, Dee believed that everything was composed of number. In this regard, he combined the high Kabbalistic tenet that God spoke numbers to create the universe. Conversely, he reasoned that man could exercise divine power through mathematics.[275]

Dee also produced one of the most influential occult works in modern history, Liber Loagaeth, or “Book of Speech from God.” This was his account of an angelic language that he termed “Angelical,” supposedly used by God to form the universe. Dee learned the language and wrote it down in personal journals that were left unpublished at his death.[276] The term “Enochian” was later assigned to this language by occultists observing Dee’s belief that the antediluvian patriarch Enoch was the last mortal to posses the language. The form of the Liber Loageeth was based on the number seven. In it, Dee produced Angelic “letter tables” of 49 x 49 squares.[277] This deliberate use of seven in the Angelic system was consistent with the geometric theological works of Dee, especially in his calculations of the dimensions of the Earth and the formulation of the statute mile.

The Bible records that Enoch had walked with God and was later translated into heaven. The pseudopigraphic book of Enoch gives a detailed account, visions, and coded knowledge that Enoch received while in the company of the host of God, i.e. the Tzaboath (Hosts of the oath).[278] This work is quoted in the in the letter of Jude 14:15 in the New Testament.

Occult mystics like Dee referred to themselves as “initiates” of the ancient sciences. As mentioned in chapter one, the Hebrew name Enoch meant “initiated,” “experienced,” or “to dedicate.”[279] Dee also knew the significance of the name Enoch as the basis of the word Chanukah, the Jewish feast of initiation or dedication of the temple of Jerusalem. The name Enoch, literally pronounced (Chanuk), contains mystical geometry. Its Hebrew letters, (cheth, nun, vav and koph,) equal one hundred and sixty four. This number corresponds to the actual year 164 BC of the origin of Chanuk-ah, the “Feast of Dedication.”

Chanuka was instituted by Judas Maccabeus and his brothers in 164 BC to celebrate the new altar of the temple at Jerusalem. Three years earlier in 167 BC, the Syrian ruler Antiochus Epiphanes had profaned the temple by entering the Holy of Holies and sacrificing a pig on the altar in the manner of the words of Daniel and later, Christ, “setting up abominations that make desolate” in the holy place of the temple.

Enoch was the seventh from Adam from the line of Seth and lived for 365 years. These numbers and the date of the first Chanuka, 164 BC, work together mathematically to represent both the circle and the Earth’s solar year.

164 x 7 = 1,147 ( À x 356.25)

The name Jerusalem has the sum of its letters at 1,146 (365 x À).

The second temple of Jerusalem, as dedicated (Chanuk) to God, was of central importance to the geometry of dimension. The Feast of Dedication was the high point in the struggle between the Maccabees and Antiochus Epiphanes, a figure distinct as a prototype of the future Antichrist. In Newton’s investigation of the time-based prophecies of Daniel and John, the culminating event was the reinstitution of the future third temple of Jerusalem. There, according to Newton, the prophetic events of past, present, and future were connected. These prophecies initiated from the temple in location and in time. In the book of Daniel, the last 2,520 days before the return of the Messiah would be initiated through the treaty reinstating temple sacrifice in Jerusalem. This treaty would be broken in its midst 1,260 days later by the interruption of the sacrifice and the setting up the “abomination that makes desolate” by the Antichrist.[280]

Christ’s description concerning this future event in Mathew 24 was around 198 years after the event of Chanuka. He was referring to a future person, similar in manner to Antiochus, but whose identity was clarified in the Revelation of John and the letters of St. Paul. When the Romans besieged Jerusalem in AD 70, the general Titus actually tried to save the temple. Additionally, no profanation of its interior of precincts occurred in the time prior to this destruction according to the historical accounts.[281]

The prophecies of Daniel 11 lead through history from Persia through to Antiochus. After describing his acts towards the Jews and the Temple of Jerusalem, Daniel’s prophecy jumps to the time of the end. From this point, the type of Antiochus is retained symbolically as the “little horn” from chapter 7, as “the king who will come,” or the “Beast” mentioned in the Revelation of John. Newton focused intensely on all of these topics in Observations.

Chanuka is Enochian in the etymological sense. The geometric and symbolic information given to Enoch was similar to the numeric prophecies of Daniel (based on the number 7). Within the books of Daniel and Enoch are examples of the long-sought universal language of which the key to interpretation is the temple of Jerusalem. Obtaining this seven-based language was the main objective of John Dee. However, it must be said that his means and goals were in contradiction to the Law of Moses, and more akin to the occult workings of the Babylonian sages.

The name Elizabeth actually plays part in the mathematical vision of John Dee. The origin of her name is the Hebrew, Eli-shaba.[282] This translates to “God of the oath.” However, the word shaba means literally “the number seven.”[283] Shaba is the root for the Hebrew shabat, the seventh day of rest. These words tie into the spectrum of the pure knowledge of navigation, Noah (rest), and the work that John Dee transmitted to the Queen during her reign.

The significance of seven was connected to the highest power in creation (7 x 360) and therefore, the greatest oath was “to seven oneself” (to repeat a declaration seven times). The sevenfold oath (Hebrew shibathaim)[284] is found seven times in the Old Testament.[285]

The statute mile of Queen Elizabeth, 5,280 feet, can be calculated using pi and the number 7:

3.14159265 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 = 52,800

or:

0.314159265 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 = 5,280.

It also seems based on permutations of the number seven:

7 x 360 = 2,520

360 / 25.20 = 14.2857142857…

25.142857142857 x 2,520 = 63,360

63,360 / 12 feet = 5,280 feet.

This means that it is probable that Dee formulated the statute mile believing the Sacred Cubit was equal to 25.1428 inches.

Nevertheless, this estimated value of the Sacred Cubit based on 7 was multiplied by 2,520, which resulted in 5,280 feet. Because the ratio was maintained, the statute mile is fundamentally valid in “time equals distance” calculations. Because the statute mile is also related to pi, , it produces the correct dimensions of the Earth in the equation, 2,520 x À.. However, the full explanation of why it works is difficult to establish. It would require an exact history and record of the communications between John Dee and Queen Elizabeth, as well as the mathematics and ancient sources used to set the matter to rest. We can only draw conclusions from what is generally evident from history.

As for the supernatural phenomena of statue miles equaling years in which prophecy has been fulfilled, or distance in statute miles numerically embellishing scripture, these would not exist except through God’s Omnipresence, Omniscience, and Omnipotence.

It is certain that the search for a geometric value of unity in nature was the preoccupation of nearly every intellect associated with Elizabeth’s reign. The search also continued afterwards, and Newton inherited the works of Dee, Mercator, and the adjustments in calibration by Queen Elizabeth with which he continued his quest for the prisca sapientia.

Britain is alone in its work in the advancement of civilization and Western thought. The sun truly did not set on the Empire for a time, and the intellects that it produced within its universities, 100 years from Elizabeth’s reign, advanced science and thought to levels left unchallenged to this day. It was there that enlightened groups of natural philosophers remained centered while searching for the same ultimate unity in number, whether it was hidden in the works of the Greeks or Egyptians, or coded in architecture of antiquity. However, a structure that encoded the priscia sapientia over 6,000 years ago, still the most ancient work done to help civilization understand the Earth, lay under their British feet at the Avebury circle in Wiltshire England.

Chapter Thirteen: The Sacred Cubit Recorded in the Earth

Geometry primarily concerns the study of space. Of the geometric numbers used in calculating dimension, two stand above all others. The greatest of these is pi, or 3.14159265. Pi is a ratio based on the circle, a geometric shape. A circle is always a circle no matter what size or calibration is used in its measure. Because of this property, the value of pi is always the same. The second most important number, especially in regard to the geometry of antiquity, is the number 360. This is the system of “degrees” of a circle or division of the whole into logical parts. It was known from the beginning of Sumer and Egypt, the first civilizations. There is speculation that the number 360 was the count of days in one year in Earth’s primeval past and that during some world cataclysm, the year grew to 365 days. Both numbers are universally understood to relate to circles and time.

The Avebury Circle in Wiltshire England is the largest and oldest megalithic structure in Europe. The extreme age of the 30-foot-deep earthwork ditch has left researchers unsure of the identity of its builders. Julius Caesar wrote of the Druids, ostensibly connected to the knowledge of the constructers of Avebury Circle:

They also discuss and impart to their young many things concerning the heavenly bodies and their movements, the size of the world and our earth, natural sciences, and the influence and power of the immortal gods.[286]

The historian Ammianus Marscellus also mentioned the superior metrology of the Druids, in the 4th century AD.

The Druids are men of penetrating and subtle spirit, and acquired the highest renown by their speculations, which were at once subtle and profound. Both Caesar and Mela plainly intimate that they were conversant with most sublime speculations in geometry and in measuring the magnitude of the earth.[287]

The location of the Avebury Circle is quite amazing. It has been deliberately and precisely located over the latitude 51.428571428571, which exactly equals 360 divided by seven. If it is converted to minutes and seconds, it yields 51 degrees, 25 minutes, 42 seconds. As seen in many numerically symbolic stories in the Bible, the number 2,520 is represented in latitude of Avebury circle, i.e., 360 multiplied by 7 equals 2,520. The diameter of the Avebury enclosure is 1,260 feet or half of 2,520.[288]

These quantities have existed in the Avebury Circle for thousands of years; as long as the Earth has rotated on the same axis, its latitude has remained constant on the globe. They are a geometric representation of the same numbers encrypted in Daniel’s writing on the wall. The latitude of the Avebury Circle, was established with such precision that it underscores the importance of ‘2,520’ as key to the circle’s intended message. Two thousand, five hundred and twenty, used in concert with three hundred and sixty, the value of pi and the number seven, reveal many things.

7 x 360 = 2,520 x À = 7.916, the diameter of the Earth x À again, the circumference of the Earth.

This value is also found in a more simple way:

7 x À x 360 = 7,916.

The angle of a line extending from the center of the Avebury Circle to Jerusalem’s temple mount lies 21.60 degrees south of true East. This azimuth represents the common cubit of the Hebrews in inches, and is a fractal of the diameter of the moon, 2,160. It is also the number of years of one zodiacal age in the precession of the equinox. Because 2,160 is also 360 less than 2,520, the entire system of the prisca sapientia is presented in Avebury’s geomantic arrangement. These numbers are inherently astronomical, representing precession and dimension of the Earth-moon system. All function together in our calibrations of years and ages.

Fig. 38. Image by author

The precision with which the builders set the location suggests that it was designed to withstand the effects of time, up until our present age. All the geometry of the complex seems to indicate a certain point in the future. If this is indeed the case, there should be some key within the structure itself that explains what time frame it indicates.

The numbers that appear redundantly in Avebury seem to be the most important part of its message, which are seven and thirty-three. The distance between the center of Avebury Circle and the foundation stone on the temple mount in Jerusalem is 2,310 statute miles.

77 x 33 – 7 x 33 = 2,310

77 x 30 = 2,310

33 x 70 = 2,310

If 2,520 years are counted forward from the fall of Babylon in 539 BC, and the 33 years that Christ walked the Earth are subtracted, the year is AD 1948, the rebirth of Israel.

2,520 – 33 – 539 = 1948

In the Gregorian calendar, Babylon fell 7 x 77 years before the birth of Christ, and 7 x 77 + 33 before the resurrection of Christ.

The numbers 70 and 33 correspond to significant years in Israel’s history, and both years are closely associated with the temple of Jerusalem.

Jesus Christ defined the temple as an architectural representation of himself:

What sign do you show to us, since you do these things? Jesus said to them, Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up. Then the Jews said, This temple was forty-six years being built, and do you raise it up in three days? But he spoke about the temple of his body. Then when he was raised from the dead, His disciples recalled that he said this to them. (John 2: 19–22)

Jesus died and rose from the dead at 33 years old, which corresponds to AD 33 in the Gregorian calendar. In this year the temple, represented by his resurrected body was rebuilt. In AD 70 the Romans burned the temple of Jerusalem and leveled it to the ground. The number 33 is written “gl” in Hebrew, pronounced “gal.” This word is the closest Hebrew word identifying the Avebury Circle, and means a “round thing,” “wheels,” and “circle.” Analogous to our pursuit of the underlying message of Avebury, a closely related form of “gal,” which is “gal-ah,” means “to reveal.”[289]

The appearance of 33 in chapter and verse of the Bible oftentimes addresses the subject of knowledge within the text. This is seen in the books of Jeremiah, Job, and Ephesians:

Call unto me, and I will answer thee, and shew thee great and mighty things, which thou knowest not. (Jeremiah 33:3)

My words [shall be of] the uprightness of my heart: and my lips shall utter knowledge clearly. (Job 33.3)

If not, hearken unto me: hold thy peace, and I shall teach thee wisdom. (Job 33.33)

How that by revelation he made known unto me the mystery; as I wrote afore in few words. (Ephesians 3:3)

Christ’s 33-year ministry was centered in Galilee meaning north of Jerusalem. Its geographic configuration is in a circular depression, surrounded by mountains and hills, where the 33rd parallel crosses through its center. In the Gospel narrative, the northern extent of Jesus’ ministry extended to the port city of Sidon in Canaan situated exactly at 33 degrees, 33 minutes, 33 seconds north latitude.[290]

This pairing of 33 with resurrection from death is found throughout the Gospel. Jesus was crucified on Golgotha, from the same Hebrew root, gal. The city Capernaum on the north coast of the Sea of Galilee was the center of Jesus’ ministry—its name means “village compassion”—and was the site of more miracles of Jesus than any other town of Israel. Matthew explains that Jesus began His ministry in Capernuam in order to fulfill Old Testament prophecy:

And leaving Nazareth, He came and dwelt in Capernaum, which is by the sea, in the regions of Zebulun and Naphtali, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by Isaiah the prophet, saying: “The land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, the way of the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the Gentiles: the people who sat in darkness saw a great light, and upon those who sat in the region and shadow of death light has dawned.”[291]

The site of Galilee was the specific meeting place of the resurrected Christ:

And the angel answered and said unto the women, Fear not ye: for I know that ye seek Jesus, which was crucified. He is not here: for he is risen, as he said. Come, see the place where the Lord lay. And go quickly, and tell his disciples that he is risen from the dead; and, behold, he goeth before you into Galilee; there shall ye see him: lo, I have told you. And they departed quickly from the sepulcher with fear and great joy; and did run to bring his disciples word. And as they went to tell his disciples, behold, Jesus met them, saying, All hail. And they came and held him by the feet, and worshipped him. Then said Jesus unto them, Be not afraid: go tell my brethren that they go into Galilee, and there shall they see me.(Emphasis mine)[292]

The theme of the gal is further embellished in the geographic location of Jesus’ birthplace. The traditional site at the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem is approximately 540 yards from north latitude 31 degrees, 41 minutes, 59 seconds. This is fractal of pi, the universal value for all circles.

But thou, Bethlehem Ephratah, [though] thou be little among the thousands of Judah, [yet] out of thee shall he come forth unto me [that is] to be ruler in Israel; whose goings forth [have been] from of old, from everlasting.[293]

Fig. 39. Image by author. Map reprinted from Oxford Cyclopedic Concordance (New York: Oxford University Press, 1947), 125.

The English translation of the book of Genesis mentions God thirty-three times. Jesus Christ began his three-year ministry at age 30, according to Luke 3:23, during which time it is said that Jesus performed 33 miracles.

These values were laid in the earth at Avebury thousands of years before the birth of Christ. Thirty-three, the most prevalent numeric feature of Avebury, is superimposed over values of astronomical time, 2,160 and 7. In the Bible, it symbolizes spiritual transition to a perfected state from ignorance to understanding, from death to life, and from the desolation of Israel to its rebirth, as the year 1948 reflects 33 percent of an hour at 19 minutes, 48 seconds. In the Bible, Revelation focuses exclusively on the culmination of the present age, the return of Christ and the establishment of rule by God on Earth. Thirty-three is mentioned more times in Revelation within this context more than any book of the Bible. The numbers of astronomical time are imbedded redundantly throughout its prophecies, where the highest order of astronomical time is manifested in the precession of the zodiac. Using these parallels, the ultimate message of the Avebury Circle in Wiltshire can be deciphered.

Chapter Fourteen: A Third of Time

Concerning the clear interpretation of prophecy, the apostle Paul wrote, “For now we see through a glass, darkly.”[294] Bible scholars know that many prophetic verses in scripture remain obscured until their fulfillment, and most prophecy seems to contain multiply levels of meaning. A prime example of the challenge for full interpretation of prophecy is found in 1 Corinthians 13:12. In Revelation 12:4, one third of the stars of heaven are thrown to the Earth by a dragon: “And his tail drew the third part of the stars of heaven, and did cast them to the Earth.”

Bible commentaries dealing with this passage unanimously assume that the “stars” represent one-third of the angels in heaven that aligned with the dragon, Satan or the devil. However, the same chapter explains that the dragon and his angels war with Michael and his angels in heaven. This presents a contradiction. If the rebellious angels under Satan are thrown to the earth, they would not therefore exist in heaven to engage in a war in heaven.

Daniel 12 also reinforces that the archangel Michael expels the angels of Satan to the earth. This is separate from the vision of the dragon whose tail sweeps a third of the stars to earth. It figuratively represents the exact mechanism of precession. John’s vision of the Dragon is a cryptograph of time. The word used in this passage for tail is ora, the same lexical Greek root for Heavens, oranos, and hour, hora.[295]

True north is represented by the axis of Earth’s rotation. In the northern sky, this point is now closest to the star known as Polaris that belongs to the constellation Ursa Minor. However, Polaris wasn’t always the location of celestial north. The northern axis of the Earth is in constant motion. Over the course of 25,920 years it traces a circle around the largest and most northern constellation known as Draco, the dragon. Its configuration within the processional circle of the north is such that one-third of the 25,920 years circuit lies directly along Draco’s tail.

For observers on the ground, the stars of heaven rise and fall to the Earth while rotating the celestial North Pole. For the last third of the processional cycle of nearly 8,640 years, the pole has been anchored to the dragon.

25,920 = 8,640 + 8,640 + 8,640.

Fig. 40. Image by author

The full text of Revelation 12:4 reveals another time based clue to its meaning that incorporates the same numeric design found in Avebury Circle:

[A]nd the dragon stood before the woman which was ready to be delivered, for to devour her child as soon as it was born. And she brought forth a man child, who was to rule all nations with a rod of iron: and her child was caught up unto God, and [to] his throne. (Emphasis mine)[296]

Using the Gregorian calendar, the year that Jesus Christ rose from the dead, or was “caught up to God, and [to] his throne,” was AD 33.

Since one full revolution of the processional circuit is also 100 percent of its duration, 33 percent represents one-third of the circuit. Within the tenets of Christianity, the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead marked the end of Satan’s power over mankind. The Messiah’s crucifixion fulfilled the payment for the sin the end of subjection to the author of sin, the devil or the dragon. In this context, AD 33 is the anchor year from which the one-third of the precession can be calculated. Additionally, the future resurrection of the Christian saints is explained in Revelation as occurring at the time of the throwing down of the dragon and his angels:

And I heard a loud voice saying in heaven, Now is come salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God, and the power of his Christ: for the accuser of our brethren is cast down, which accused them before our God day and night. Therefore rejoice, [ye] heavens, and ye that dwell in them. Woe to the inhabitors of the earth and of the sea! for the devil is come down unto you, having great wrath, because he knoweth that he hath but a short time.[297]

At the point when Earth’s northern axis leaves the tail of Draco, mankind will realize its full independence from the control of Satan with the resurrection of the saints. But the question is, how is the a third of the precession (8,640 years) anchored to the Gregorian calendar?

Six hundred and sixty-six, “the mark of the beast,” is found in Revelation 13:18. This beast, also known as the Antichrist, is given full authority of the dragon during 1,260 days. It is a fractal repetition of one-third of processional time leading to the resurrection of Christ. At the end of the Antichrist’s three-and-a-half-year rule, the full expression of 33 will occur through the resurrection of the saints. Since AD 33 represented the end of Satan’s “full authority” over mankind, it is reasonable that a form of this number should appear before AD 33.

If 6,660 years ended in AD 33, the complete cycle of a third of the precession would require an additional 1,980 years to be completed (which would equal 8,640 years).

Fig. 41. Image by author

In navigation, 33 degrees of the circle of the Earth has 1,980 nautical miles. This is found by multiplying 60 minutes in an hour times 33. One thousand nine hundred eighty years needs 6,660 years more to equal 8,640 years, and is the exact number of minutes in 33 hours, as well as nautical miles in 33 degrees of the great circle of the Earth. The majority of Draco’s tail lies along 6,660 years of the processional circuit. The number 2013 is the number of minutes in 33 hours + 33 minutes and the number of nautical miles in 33.33 degrees of the great circle of the Earth.

The image below shows the circuit that the northern axis of the earth travels due to precession and its location around the constellation Draco.

Fig. 42. Image by author

The same time scheme of a third revealed in the precession through Draco is also demonstrated between the proportion of the moon with respect to the Earth.

Fig. 43. Image by author based on Alexander Jamieson, Celestial Atlas Plate II (London: G. & W. B. Whittaker, 1822), 14.

Fig. 44. Image by author

In Figure 45, the portion in which the moon overlaps the silhouette of the Earth is a third of the moon’s diameter. The total number of miles of four moon diameters is 8,640, equaling the number of years of a third of the processional circuit.

Fig. 45. Image by author

This repeats the time frame paradigm of the end of time anchored to the resurrection. The second third of time after the resurrection of Christ is 1980 years. The remaining third of the moon overlapping the Earth is 720 miles. The number of days from the beginning of the temple sacrifice until its interruption by the Antichrist is found in the following equation:

1,980 – 720 = 1,260.

When the portion of the Earth’s diameter, 7920 miles, is subtracted from 1,260, the result is 6,660.

Chapter Fifteen: Six hundred, Three Score and Six

Much speculation exists concerning the full meaning of the “number of the name of the beast” found in Revelation. Many corollaries between “it” and names of rulers throughout history have been suggested. However, names rendered in Arabic letters of English are not numeric in the manner of Greek and Hebrew and do not have bearing in the computation of names.

Many theologians have speculated that St. John may have encoded the name of the Roman ruler of his day. For example, the calculation of the name “Nero Caesar” in Hebrew letters equals 666 (spelled, nun resh vav nun, qoph samech resh). With respect to the pure theology and science of the Renaissance intellectuals, the distance/year phenomena may offer additional information for the unraveling of this ancient riddle. Because Newton was convinced that the books of Daniel and St. John concerning the “end of days” were the most time-oriented and numerical of all prophecy, the number (of the beast) should be represented in both.

The Bible mentions the city of Susa in Babylonia mainly in Esther and also once each in Nehemiah and Daniel. Both Daniel and Nehemiah lived in Susa during the Babylonian captivity of Judah. In the story of Purim, Esther became queen there, and saved the Jews from genocide. The tomb of Daniel is thought to be located in the area, known as Shush-Daniel. Susa was an ancient city of the Elamite, Persian, and Parthian empires of Iran, and was located about 150 miles east of the Tigris River.

Susa was the scene of one of the most significant time-based prophecies of the Old Testament. It occurred during the Babylonian exile to the Prophet Daniel:

In the third year of the reign of king Belshazzar a vision appeared unto me, [even unto] me Daniel, after that which appeared unto me at the first. And I saw in a vision; and it came to pass, when I saw, that I [was] at Shushan [in] the palace, which [is] in the province of Elam; and I saw in a vision, and I was by the river of Ulai.[298]

Though Daniel was living in Babylon at the time, he was, for some significant reason, placed near Susa between the banks of the river Ulai during the scene of the prophecy of the Kingdoms of the world. This subject of world rule by the nations is repeated by John in Revelation 16, ending with the “Beast” that rises immediately preceding Christ’s return. Daniel was greatly distressed by the visions he had been given and sought the meaning:

I Daniel had seen the vision, then I sought meaning. And, behold the form of a man stood before me. And I heard a man’s voice between the banks of Ulai, which called and said, Gabriel, make this man to understand the vision.[299]

The italicized words, “between the banks,” found in this passage in English translations is inferred, although the actual Hebrew text literally reads, “And I heard a man’s voice between Ulai.”

This point is enigmatic if read without geographic knowledge of the area. Eastman’s Bible dictionary from 1897 explains that the Ulai river is the divided branch of the river Choasper that runs on the east and west sides of Susa. Without the topographic information that the river is two rivers on either side of Susa, it would seem that the voice speaking to Gabriel came in the middle of the river itself. It is another matter entirely if the voice, axiomatically (of prophetic explanation), came from between the two rivers of Ulai.

It is truly remarkable that Bible commentators have missed the riddle of Ulai. The Hebrew name Ulai literally means to be “perverse” or “silly” and can be pronounced, either oo-lah’ee or ev-ee-lee.1 Its root, ev-eel,2 is the ancient source for the English word “evil.” When a point is made equidistant between the two forks of Ulai near Susa and extended to the foundation stone of the temple mount in Jerusalem, the distance is exactly 666 nautical miles.

Fig. 46. Here, the ruins of Susa are seen with a measuring line extending from Jerusalem’s temple mount touching a central canal between the Ulai rivers, 666 nautical miles away. Modern Shush, coordinates: 32.18922° N 48.25778° E. Courtesy of NASA World Wind.

The name Shushan, (spelled shin, shin, nun) or Shush (shin, shin) is related to the Hebrew word for the number six, shesh-aw. Hebrew for the number 666 is “shesh (hundred) sheshim, v’shesh.”

The prophecy of Daniel chapter 8 is a reiteration of Nebuchadnezzar’s dream of world kingdoms in the form of a statue with a head of gold, chest of silver, waist of brass, legs of iron, and feet of iron mixed with clay. Daniel had interpreted the dream as the last world kingdoms, Babylon, Persia, Greece, Rome, and the final empire of a revived Rome of ten nations. This was the prophecy that the Fifth Monarchist of Newton’s day believed referenced their age. Their theology and interpretation of the year 1666 was a major factor in development of Newton’s early works.

The Hebrew sages often decipher the mystical meaning of words with a method called “atbash” or the transfer of letters from their placement from their opposite order in the Hebrew alphabet. This process is explained in the word itself. Atbash is spelled with first, last, second, and second to last letters of the Hebrew alphabet. The ancient sages maintained that “Shishak,” the name of the Egyptian pharaoh that invaded Israel during Solomon’s reign, has a symbolic meaning that can be revealed in this way. The names “Shushan” and “Shishak” are very similar. Using atbash, the name Shishak (literally, SHSHK) becomes BBL (Babel), the Hebrew spelling for Babylon. Babel also is also synonymous with the word balal, (BLL) meaning “to mix,” or “confuse.” This play on words figures conceptually in the code of atbash itself. The name Shushan is not only a reference to the value 666; it has a reverse message as well, becoming BBN or ba-ben, meaning “the mixing or confusing of nations.”[300]

Susa was also the setting for the struggle of Purim in which the Persian Haman, a figure consistently assigned by theologians as a type of the Antichrist, sought to destroy the Jews. The Hebrew word purim means “lots,” or the casting of dice in order to determine a future between two possible outcomes. The Messianic symbolism of Purim is found in the Gospel narrative, described by John the Revelator:

Then the soldiers, when they had crucified Jesus, took his garments, and they made four parts, to every soldier a part: and also they took his cloak: now the cloak was without seam, woven from the top throughout. They said therefore among themselves, let us not rend it but cast lots for it, whose it shall be: that the scripture might be fulfilled Psalms 22:18 which saith, “They parted my raiment among them, and for my vesture they did cast lots.”[301]

Jesus explained the spiritual importance of a cloak before the crucifixion in the Gospel of John:

If the world hate you, ye know that it hated me before it hated you…if they have persecuted me, they will also persecute you; if they have kept my saying, they will keep yours also.…If I had not come and spoken unto them, they had not had sin: but now they have no cloak for their sin. (Emphasis mine)[302]

Haman had cast lots to fix the date in which he would exterminate the Jews. This scenario mirrors the satanic plot to eliminate Jesus Christ at the crucifixion, which was ultimately thwarted by his resurrection.

With the intercession of the Jewess Esther (Greek aster, “a star”) through gaining favor with King Ahasuerus, the evil Haman was killed, along with everyone that conspired against the Jewish race.

Let it be written to reverse the letters devised by Haman…which he wrote to destroy the Jews which are in all the king’s provinces. (Esther 8:5)

And the decree [that the Jews should avenge themselves on their enemies] was given at Shushan [modern Susa] the palace.[303]

The name Esther, or “a star,” represents one of the most significant symbols of Jesus, “a star that would rise out of Jacob.”[304] Jesus came from the lineage of Jacob (later changed to Israel) through Joseph, the husband of Mary, as stated in Matthew 1:16. John expands the meaning of the star in Revelation 2:26, 28, saying,

And he that overcomes, and keeps my works until the end, to him will I give power over the nations…And I will give him the morning star.

The authors of the Gospel understood the star of Israel as a symbol of Jesus Christ as well. Peter writes:

We have also a more sure word of prophecy; whereunto ye do well that ye take heed, as unto a light that shines in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day star arise in your hearts.[305]

The majority of biblical scholars believe that the words of Isaiah 14:12 are addressed to Satan. The King James Version reads, “How you have fallen from heaven, Lucifer, star of the morning.” Those relying on this translation have oftentimes struggled to understand why the identity of Jesus as the true “morning star” would be in any way associated with Satan, which is a complete distortion of the translation, however. There is no etymological connection between Christ and Satan as the morning star. The confusion was due to the substitution of the English word “star” for the Hebrew halel meaning “bright sounding.”

The full sentence in Hebrew is Halel ben shaker, which literally translates to “Bright one, son of the dawn.” St. Jerome, the author of the Vulgate, rendered halel as “Luciferon,” or “light bearing.” This was close to the Greek Septuagint translation “phosphoros.” This was later rendered “morning star” in the King James. Nowhere in the Old Testament is the word halel found, except Isaiah 14. In addition, the Hebrew word for star is consistently kochab, and not halel.

It is a great possibility that the word “hell” in English has its etymological root in halel, as the spelling in Hebrew without pronunciation points is HYLL. The influence of this mistranslation has, throughout time, fallen in line with the counterfeiting nature of the one addressed in the very passage. God has permitted this being to wield power over the Earth and men to the point of counterfeiting Christ. In the same chapter of Isaiah where the “star” error occurs in some Bible translations, Satan declares his goals directly:

I will ascend to heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God; I will sit also upon the mount of congregation, in the sides of the north: I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the most High.[306]

Within the end time prophecies, the greatest counterfeit of Satan’s design in rebellion against God will take place in the temple of God in Jerusalem, as stated in Daniel 9:27:

And he shall confirm the covenant with many for one week: and in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease, and for the overspreading of abominations he shall make it desolate, even until the consummation, and that determined shall be poured upon the desolate.[307]

The expression of abominations occurs three times in the prophecies of Daniel. The reference is to the “Beast,” or “man of sin,” who is the cause of the abominations. This is seen in 2 Thessalonians 2:3–4, in Daniel 9:27 and 12:11, and in Mathew 24:15:

When ye therefore shall see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, stand in the holy place, (whoso readeth, let him understand)…for then shall be great tribulation, such as was not since the beginning of the world to this time, no, nor ever shall be.[308]

As Antiochus Epiphanes was clearly an early type of the Antichrist, slaughtering a pig on the altar of the temple and setting up an idol, he was not ultimate subject of these prophecies. The words of Christ in AD 33 make it impossible for Anitochus of 165 BC to have been the fulfillment of Daniel’s “man of sin.” Newton clearly saw the Revelation of John connected with the prophecies of Daniel, about which he wrote:

This Prophecy is called the Revelation, with respect to the scripture of truth, which Daniel was commanded to shut up and seal, till the time of the end. Daniel sealed it until the time of the end; and until that time comes…these Prophecies of Daniel and John should not be understood till the time of the end: but then some should prophesy out of them in an afflicted and mournful state for a long time, and that but darkly, so as to convert but few. But in the very end, the Prophecy should be so far interpreted as to convince many. Then, saith Daniel, many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be encreased.[309]

There is also a fascinating relationship between the letterform of the mark of the Antichrist, which is six hundred, sixty, and six, written in Greek

Fig. 47. Image by author

and the first act of rebellion of mankind, manifested in the fall of Adam and Eve.

As investigated earlier, the Greeks inherited the letters for their language from the Phoenician and Israelite traders from the texts of the Old Testament. The earliest versions of the Old Testament used this same phonetic “pictographic” script. The first letter, chi (x), equaling 600, was a Greek transformation of the Phoenician letter tav (x), a symbol of a tree or crossed sticks which meant “a mark” Xi

Fig. 48. Image by author

symbolized a branch and equals 60. The final letter, stigma

Fig. 49. Image by author

actually meaning “a mark” is a later Greek addition to the Phonetic alphabet. It symbolizes a serpent and was used to represent the number six. The pictographic meaning in Greek of the number 666 is, then, a serpent on the branch of a tree, exactly the scene of Genesis 3:1.

The archaeological remains of a memorial to the event of Luke, chapter 8 stands on the eastern coast of Sea of Galilee:

And they arrived at the country of the Gadarenes, which is over against Galilee. And when he went forth to land, there met him out of the city a certain man, which had devils long time, and ware no clothes, neither abode in [any] house, but in the tombs. When he saw Jesus, he cried out, and fell down before him, and with a loud voice said, What have I to do with thee, Jesus, [thou] Son of God most high? I beseech thee, torment me not.…And Jesus asked him, saying, What is thy name? And he said, Legion: because many devils were entered into him.

And they besought him that he would not command them to go out into the deep. And there was a herd of many swine feeding on the mountain: and they besought him that he would suffer them to enter into them. And he suffered them. Then went the devils out of the man, and entered into the swine: and the herd ran violently down a steep place into the lake, and was choked.[310]

Frederic William Farrar explained the location of the event in his book The Gospel According to St. Luke, which was published in 1881:

[T]he herd ran violently [down a steep place] into the lake. Rather, down the precipice. Near Kherza is the only spot on the entire lake where a steep slope sweeps down to within a few yards of the sea, into which the herd would certainly have plunged if hurried by any violent impulse down the hill.[311]

This location was verified in 1967, when a bulldozer struck the remains of the Byzantine monastery of Kherza (Kursi) during the construction of a road along the eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee. In the 5th century AD, the monastery of the Miracle of the Swine was established at this site, which had previously been abandoned due to fire, and in subsequent years was covered over with silt.

In 1980, a small chapel was discovered in a cave adjacent to the monastery. Christian tradition ties this cave with the place the possessed man revealed himself to Jesus and where Jesus cleansed him.[312] According to many historical references, a legion was a chief subdivision of the Roman army, which contained about 6,000 infantry.[313] From the cave chapel of Kursi, to the foundation stone of the temple mount, there are 66.06 nautical miles.

In an article published in September 1983 of Smithsonian magazine, the archaeologist Juris Zarins reported the discovery of four rivers described in the book of Genesis describing the location of the Garden of Eden through the use of LANDSAT photographs.

Fig. 50. Courtesy of NASA World Wind

The straightforward logic of the article is intriguing. If Eden had existed as a literal feature on the Earth, it could also exhibit some symbolic relationship in distance between itself and the temple of Jerusalem, which is supported by these findings. Between each location is exactly 666 nautical miles. Both the distances between the legendary site of Eden or the known location of Susa from the location of the foundation stone on the temple mount are 666 nautical miles, and the modern latitude and longitude coordinates temple site itself lies at latitude 31 degrees, 14 minutes north, and longitude 35 degrees, 46 minutes east. Added together, these values equal 66.60.

At first glance, the number 666 does not seem related to the Garden of Eden or the temple of Jerusalem. These places seem unconnected with the mark of the beast in Revelation 13:18. However, with this mark, this future ruler will set up a worldwide system of trade. The Latin word for trade is mercury. Here again the Roman version of the Babylonian god Nebo and Egyptian, Thoth, surfaces in context with prophecy. The number 666 represents the full counterfeit authority of Satan over mankind. The Antichrist will usurp the symbols of Christ, and distort them to fit the same pagan corruptions from antiquity. He will be accepted as the true messiah by the inhabitants of the earth and set himself in the temple of God claiming to be God. Similarly, as the Hebrew root nebo represents a prophet, the false prophet of revelation will uphold the Antichrist’s rule over the earth. This underscores the significance of the Ark’s location at Mount Nebo, and its function as the oracle of God. In the single case where the Ark was placed in a heathen temple of the Philistines (of the god Dagon) the result was judgment with plague and death. It may be that when the Ark is found and replaced in the temple of Jerusalem under the Antichrist, the entire world will be judged, as the Bible explains that all the world will be his kingdom.

In the Old Testament, 1 Kings 10:14, King Solomon acquired 666 talents of gold in one year for the construction of his palace. This he built while also constructing the temple of God. This number is also found connected with the census of the priests that rebuilt the temple after the exile in Babylon. Besides Revelation, these are the only other places in the Bible that mention the number, yet both connect it with the temple’s construction. Six hundred sixty-six also shows up in the chronology of the first and second temples and the empires that oppressed Israel. The Assyrian empire lasted 666 years before it was conquered by Babylon. The Roman Empire occupied Jerusalem for 666 years between the battle of Actium in 31 BC to the Saracen conquest in AD 636.[314]

The Temple of Solomon was destroyed by the Babylonians in 587 BC and the second, built by Zerubbabel, was destroyed in AD 70 by the Romans. Both temples fell on the same day of the Hebrew calendar, the 9th of Av. The number of years between each temple’s demise measured in 360-day biblical years is 666 years.

587 BC (temple’s destruction by Babylon) + 70 (temple’s destruction by Rome)

= 657 solar years

657 x 365 = 239,805 solar days.

239,805 / 360 = 666

That the number “of the beast” consistently appears in relationship to the temple, and opposition or corruption of it points to the prototype of spiritual and governmental rebellion in Babylonian. The religious authority of the end of days will be Babylon the Great, according to Revelation. As the number 666 reveals the design of Babylon, the design of God’s plan in response to Babylon incorporated the number of the writing on the wall (2,520). This number reveals the Sacred Cubit, the proportions of the temple and of prophetic time. In the investigation of the number 666, there is one other significant connection that exists. Beyond the construction of the temple in Jerusalem and the rebirth of Israel as a nation, the rise of enemies of the Jews is an unfortunate prophetic fulfillment. In modern times, the greatest of these is militant Islam.

The researcher Altaf Simon, has suggested that the Greek morphology of letters is related to a unique Islamic phrase, bism Allah, meaning in Arabic, “in the name of Allah.” This is used extensively in Islam on documents.[315] According to Simon, who was once himself Moslem, the Arabic words closely match the Greek for 666. These appear as a mirror image of the stigma and Xi in the words “in the name of Allah,” followed by the x, chi in Greek, as the crossed swords of Islam. This phrase is spoken before the sacrifice of animals in Allah’s name while facing the direction of Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest site in Islam.

Fig. 51. The Kabbah shrine in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest site of Islam. Reprinted from Emily Ruete, Memoirs of an Arabian Princess, trans. Lionel Strachey (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1907), 44.

This association by itself is intriguing, however, with the addition of the linear significance of the “ultimate science” and the importance placed on the direction Moslems face towards Mecca during worship, the connection is astonishing. Both Jews and Moslems have an ancient tradition of facing their most holy sites when praying. In Islam, this direction is called the Qibla, and is related to the Hebrew word qibal (to aquire or stand in front of something).[316] The Hebrew word Khabal (measuring line)[317] is also closely related to Qibla.

The Old Testament records a practice of the Jews to face Jerusalem while praying. (1 Kings 8:29, 34, 44, 48; 2 Chronicles 6:21,34; Daniel 6:10). This was predominantly practiced during the times of exile. The synagogues that coexisted with the temple in Jerusalem during the first century were not built in a specific orientation to the temple. After the Temple was destroyed in AD 70, many synagogues were built with both entrances and windows facing the temple.[318] The Talmud explains:

If [one in the Diaspora] was riding on an ass, he should dismount [to say tefillah, i.e., the eighteen benedictions] If he cannot dismount, he should turn his face towards Jerusalem. If he cannot turn his face, he should direct his heart toward the holy of holies. I he was journeying on a ship or a wagon, or a raft, he should direct his heart toward the holy of holies.[319]

The comments of this passage, located in the Midrashim, Tosefta, and the Palestinian and Babylonian Talmuds, explain the requirements in greater detail:

They who stand in prayer outside the land [ of Israel] turn their faces towards land of Israel and pray, as it is said, “when they pray to You in the direction of their land.”[320]

They who stand in the Land of Israel turn their faces toward Jerusalem and as is said: “and they pray towards this house.” (2 Chronicles 6:32).

They who stand in the Temple direct their hearts toward the Holy of Holies and pray, as is said “and then they pray toward this place.”[321]

While in Babylon, Daniel prayed toward the temple three times a day through the windows of his upper room.[322] These were prayers of supplication for the reinstatement of the Jews to their land as well as the rebuilding of the temple itself. The temple’s orientation from Babylon and the relationship of distance with the year of the fall of Babylon manifest supernaturally within the book of Daniel.

During the rise of Islam in the 6th century AD, the Jews continued to face the temple from their location in countries of dispersion. Muhammad followed the same tradition at the beginning of the formation of Islam from AD 622 until AD 624.[323] Later, the direction of praying towards Jerusalem was changed for Muslims to the Kab’ah stone in Mecca in Arabia. The Qur’an states:

The fools among the people will say: “What hath turned them from the Qibla to which they were used?” Say: To God belong both east and West: He guideth whom He will to a Way that is straight. Thus, have We made of you an Ummat justly balanced, that ye might be witnesses over the nations, and the Apostle a witness over yourselves; and We appointed the Qibla to which thou wast used, only to test those who followed the Apostle from those who would turn on their heels (From the Faith). Indeed it was (A change) momentous, except to those guided by God. And never would God Make your faith of no effect. For God is to all people Most surely full of kindness, Most Merciful. We see the turning of thy face (for guidance) to the heavens: now Shall We turn thee to a Qiblat that shall please thee. Turn then Thy face in the direction of the sacred Mosque: Wherever ye are, turn your faces in that direction. The people of the Book know well that that is the truth from their Lord. Nor is God unmindful of what they do. Even if thou wert to bring to the people of the Book all the Signs (together), they would not follow Thy Qibla; nor art thou going to follow their Qibla; nor indeed will they follow each other’s Qibla. If thou after the knowledge hath reached thee, Wert to follow their (vain) desires—then wert thou Indeed (clearly) in the wrong.[324]

In this passage, Mohammad was condemning the Jews, calling them “the people of the Book,” i.e., the Old Testament, for questioning the reversal of the direction of prayer towards the temple of Jerusalem to the Kab’ah in Mecca. The rescission of facing Jerusalem was in complete opposition to words of “the book.” God appointed the temple of Jerusalem as His sacred residence for eternity, saying to Solomon, “I have hallowed this house that you have built to put My name there forever; and My eyes and My heart shall be there forever.”[325]

At the temple’s completion, King Solomon reiterated God’s promise concerning the direction of prayer towards His dwelling place on earth:

For Your eyes are open to this house night and day, toward the place of which You have said, My name shall be there; to listen to the prayer which Your servant prays toward this place. And you shall listen to the supplication of Your servant, and of Your people Israel, when they shall pray toward this place; yea, you shall listen in your dwelling place, in Heaven; and You shall hear and shall forgive.[326]

A provision of blessing to nations that prayed towards the temple of Jerusalem was included in the prayer of Solomon, which is a blessing that Muhammad rejected:

And also, to the stranger who is not of Your people Israel, and has come from a land afar off for your names sake—for they shall hear of Your great name, and of Your strong hand, and of Your out-stretched arm—and he shall have come in and prayed towards this house. You shall hear in Heaven, Your dwelling place, and shall do according to all that the stranger call to You for, so that all the peoples of the earth may know Your name, to fear You as do Your people Israel, and to know that your name has been called on this house which I have built.[327]

The practice of facing Mecca is included in every religious ritual of Islam. In a mosque, the mihrab or niche in the wall indicates the direction of Mecca. All Moslem cemeteries are aligned towards the qibla with the heads of the interred facing Mecca. Animals are sacrificed in this direction and many activities of regular life are also performed towards the qibla. Moslems believe that any task performed in this direction determines whether the outcome is good or useless.

In the early history of Islam, Moslems invented the qibla indicator along with the astrolabe establishing a religious connection with the navigation of the Earth. The earliest version of the qibla may have been a line connecting Jerusalem and Mecca. This proposes a moral and religious contrast between these religious centers. With respect to their distance apart from each other, this contrast is even more remarkable.
The distance between the Kab’ah stone in Mecca to the temple mount is 666 nautical miles, which is accurate to the foot.

Fig. 52. Reprint of postcard with drawing from Charles Hamilton Smith Victoria and Albert Museum, London 1807.

Mecca is the focus of religious world of Islam. Every Moslem tries to make at least one hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca during their lifetime. While in the city, the pilgrims make a twaf, a circling of the Kab’ah seven times. This act represents the seven heavens and humanity’s interaction between the spiritual and terrestrial plane. Through the enactment of these rituals at Mecca, the Moslem draws to the center of a faith in enmity with Judaism. The claim of ownership the Jews maintain over Jerusalem and the temple mount is in diametric opposition to Islam’s religious primacy. Moslems believe that Jerusalem was visited by Mohammad and made it their chief shrine after Mecca in AD 637. The mosque of Omar, better known as the Dome of the Rock, was built over the place where legend claims Mohammad leapt to heaven on his steed.[328] Mohammad’s life has been enshrouded by a mass of legends and traditions (contained in the Hadith). Mohammad firmly believed in his position as the last of the prophets and a successor of Jesus Christ, and he is considered to have been sinless by most Moslems.

The book of Islam, the Qur’an, has various spellings (Quran, Koran), in Arabic it means “to recite,” or “that which is spoken.” The Hebrew words that are phonetically equivalent have very different meanings. The word, keh-ren means (a horn),[329] and the word khaw-rone means, a burning of anger, sore displeasure, fierce, fury and wrath.[330]

The Arabic and Hebrew languages descended from a common Semitic origin.[331] The word Moslem in Arabic means, “one who submits himself to god” and the word Meshulam in Hebrew means “allied.”[332] In Hebrew, the word similar to the name Mohammad is mehoomaw and means “confusion” or “uproar,” “destruction,” “discomfiture,” “trouble,” “tumult,” “vexation,” and “vexed.”[333]

Fig. 53. Reprinted from Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures, trans. and ed. S. P. Tregelles (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker, 1979), 101.

The Hebrew word Arab, (spelled ayin, resh, beth) means “to mix,” “to grow dark,” or “sterile,” as related to the desert country of Arabia.[334] However, when spelled aleph, resh, beth, the word means “to lurk,” “lie in ambush,” or “lie in wait.”[335]

Some Islamic scholars have suggested that the name Allah is the same as the Hebrew name Elohim. This fallacious etymology is a source of confusion for many Moslems that neither read the Old Testament nor understand Hebrew. The Arabic letters of Allah correspond only to the Hebrew el-o-ah or aw-law in the analysis of Thayer’s Lexicon:

Fig. 54. Reprinted from Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures, Translated and edited by S. P. Tregelles (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker, 1979 ), 200.

The Arabic pronunciation “al-lah” or “el-o-ah” is dissimilar to the pronunciation of the Hebrew “el-aw” or “el-ohim” meaning “God Almighty.”[336] The former has two meanings that correspond to Hebrew, aw-law means “to curse”, “swear,” or “execration”[337] and el-o-ah means “any god.”[338] The word el-o-ah is found in Daniel 11:37–39, 2 Chronicles 32: 15, and Nehemiah 9:17, of which the Thayer’s Hebrew lexicon has this entry:

There is a proverbial expression (that uses the form el-o-ah for god) Habakkuk 1:11, of an obstinate self-confident man, “whose strength is as his god,” i.e., who despises every god and confides in his own strong hand and sword. This is similar to the use of the word in Job 12:6 “who bears his god in his hand.”[339]

The word mecca in Hebrew has many applications.[340]

Fig. 55. Reprinted from Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures, trans. and ed. S. P. Tregelles (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker, 1979), 78.

The word for the holy shrine in Mecca also has meaning in Hebrew. A khabaw is a primary root meaning “to hide or to do secretly.”[341]

Fig. 56. Reprinted from Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testamament Scriptures, trans. and ed. S. P. Tregelles (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker, 1979), 166.

Chapter Sixteen: Rome

Newton believed that a revived Rome would be the prominent ruling force during biblical end time events. He was well acquainted with the havoc of intermittent Catholic rule in his own country and Europe as well, as biblical interpretation of both Revelation and the book of Daniel in his day. Many early church scholars shared his views of the dominance of Rome in the end times. Hippolytus of Rome from the 3rd century AD wrote:

A fourth beast, dreadful and terrible; it had iron teeth and claws of brass. And who are these but the Romans? Which (kingdom) is meant by the iron—the kingdom which is now established; for the legs of that (image) were of iron. And after this, what remains, beloved, but the toes of the feet of the image, in which part is iron and part clay, mixed together?[342]

St. Cyril of Jerusalem (ca. 315–386) wrote:

But this aforesaid Antichrist is to come when the times of the Roman Empire shall have been fulfilled, and the end of the world is now drawing near. There shall rise up together ten kings of the Romans, reigning in different parts perhaps, but all about the same time; and after these an eleventh, the Antichrist, who by his magical craft shall seize upon the Roman power; and of the kings who reigned before him, three he shall humble, and the remaining seven he shall keep in subjection to himself.[343]

Newton was convinced that the revived Roman Empire described in prophecy had its fulfillment in the Catholic Church, and he based his chronology of end time events on key dates of its formation. This reasoning seems to have led Newton to a dead end in his research towards a discovery of prophetic timing. Although the methods Newton used to calibrate history with the future were insufficient, the principles behind them were valid.

In the context of Rome’s significance in both the spiritual force of the end times as well its ruling dominance over Jerusalem during the first advent of Christ, it is worth looking at the distance between these two cities. One would anticipate that the time/distance phenomena would manifest.

There are exactly 1,431.81 statute miles between Rome’s historic center and the temple mount foundation stone, which also equals 7,560,000 feet. This distance seems prophetically and geometrically insignificant. With respect to Rome in the end times and especially Jerusalem, the measure of distance between these two locations would seem to demand a correlation with the unifying number 2,520. This number is recorded three times in both Revelation and Daniel. Newton’s works of these books inextricably linked Rome as the spiritual center of apostasy in the end times. Many other reputable eschatologists throughout history have drawn this conclusion as well. However, the distance is quintessentially 2,520.

7,560,000 / 3 = 2,520,000 yards.

2,520,000 yards to Rome has 90,720,002.21 inches.

2,520,000 / 360 = 252,000.

As Newton had anticipated, the prophecy of Daniel connects through linear geometry associated with the temple.

Fig. 57. Reprinted from William R. Shepherd, The Historical Atlas (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1923), 24.

This measurement is taken from the temple mount in Jerusalem and the Lateran Obelisk at the site of the oldest Basilica in Rome. This is the seat of the Pope’s authority in the Church, the Lateran Basilica, which is dedicated to the author of Revelation, St. John. The Catholic Encyclopedia actually states:

The “Lateran Basilica of St. John”…ranks first among the great patriarchal basilicas of Rome. Many are unaware that it, not St. Peter’s Basilica, is the cathedral of Rome and the seat of the Pope as bishop of Rome.

Among Catholics, this basilica holds the title of ecumenical mother church (mother church of the whole inhabited world). Because it contains the papal throne (Cathedra Romana), it ranks above all other churches in the Catholic Church, even above St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican. A great many donations from the popes and other benefactors to the basilica are recorded in the “Liber Pontificalis,” and its splendour at an early period was such that it became known as the “Basilica Aurea,” or Golden Church. This was the period of its greatest magnificence, when Dante speaks of it as beyond all human achievements.[344]

Before the Roman Empire was converted to Catholicism, this was the site of the Lateran palace. The Lateran Obelisk, the largest standing authentic obelisk in the world, was originally from the Karnak Temple in Luxor, Egypt. This obelisk was erected over the remains of the Lateran palace.

Fig. 58. The Lateran Obelisk’s position at “Regio Prima” (mother church of the whole inhabited world). Reprinted from William R. Shepherd, The Historical Atlas (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1923), 30.

In AD 311, Constantine gave the palace to Pope Melchiade and for about a thousand years, it continued as the principal residence of the popes. After the departure of the popes from Rome to Avignon, France and two fires, in 1307 and 1361, the palace fell from its original glory. When the popes did return to Rome in 1377, they resided first at Santa Maria in Trastevere, then at Santa Maria Maggiore, and then finally at the Vatican.

The Lateran Basilica is built over the site of the palace and has several chapels. The oldest is called the Sancta Sanctorum or Holy of Holies and dates from the 8th century. It serves as a private chapel for the Pope. Above its entrance is the inscription:

NON EST IN TOTO SANCTIOR ORBE LOCUS;

“There is no holier place in all the world.”

On the façade of the Lateran Basilica itself is an inscription that proclaims:

SACROSANCTA LATERANENSIS ECCLESIA OMNIUM URBIS ET ORBIS ECCLESIARUM MATER ET CAPUT

Which translates to “The Most Holy Lateran Church, Mother and Head of all churches of the city and the World.”[345]

The significance of being both a “mother” and head of all Catholic Churches in the world immediately brings to mind this description from St. John’s Revelation:

And upon her forehead [was] a name written, MYSTERY, BABYLON THE GREAT, THE MOTHER OF HARLOTS AND ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH. And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus: and when I saw her, I wondered with great admiration. And the angel said unto me, Wherefore didst thou marvel? I will tell thee the mystery of the woman, and of the beast that carrieth her, which hath the seven heads and ten horn.…And here [is] the mind which hath wisdom. The seven heads are seven mountains, on which the woman sitteth.[346]

The Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary from 1871, explains the content of this passage:

Seven heads and seven mountains—The connection between mountains and kings must be deeper than the mere outward fact to which incidental allusion is made, that Rome (the then world city) is on seven hills (whence heathen Rome had a national festival called Septimontium, the feast of the seven-hilled city [PLUTARCH]; and on the imperial coins, just as here, she is represented as a woman seated on seven hills. Coin of Vespasian, described by CAPTAIN SMYTH [Roman Coins, p. 310; ACKERMAN, 1, p. 87]).… The woman sitting on the seven hills implies the Old and New Testament Church conforming to, and resting on, the world power, that is, on all the seven world kingdoms.[347]

The Basilica is called Lateran which means, “hidden frog” from the two Latin words, latente (to hide), and rana (a frog).[348] The reason for this strangely named place can be found in the book of The Lives of the Saints by Jacobus de Voragine, Archbishop of Genoa, 1275. The name stems from the event in which the Emperor Nero had slain his own mother:

The physicians and masters blamed him, and said the son should not slay his mother that had borne him with sorrow and pain. Then said he: Make me with child, and after to be delivered, that I may know what pain my mother suffered. Which by craft they gave to him a young frog to drink, and grew in his belly, and then he said: But if ye make me to be delivered I shall slay you all; and so they gave him such a drink that he had a vomit and cast out the frog, and bare him on hand that because that he abode not his time it was misshapen, which yet he made to be kept.[349]

Nero ordered that the frog be kept as his heir at his palace in the area now occupied by the “hidden frog” Basilica. Jacobus goes on to say that after Nero committed suicide, “the Romans returned and found the frog, and threw it out of the city and there burnt it.”[350]

This distasteful story has a parallel in the visions of St. John in Revelation 16:13:

And I saw three unclean spirits like frogs come out of the mouth of the dragon, and out of the mouth of the beast, and out of the mouth of the false prophet.[351]

In the Egyptian pantheon, the goddess Heqet had a frog head and was associated with childbirth and resurrection. She was believed to preside over the fetus, having a resemblance to the frog, and its development in the womb. Later in Egyptian history, she was associated with the resurrection of Osiris as the goddess who brought him back from the dead. Depictions of Heqet as a frog in the early Christian era have been found bearing the inscription “I am the resurrection.”[352]

The function of Heqet as a goddess in Egypt was renounced through the plague of frogs that inundated the land and then died in heaps in Exodus 8:5. Hecate, the Greek version of the Egyptian Heqet, was portrayed as both a virgin and a whore. She was also considered a goddess of three forms and was portrayed as a maiden, a mother, and a crone. The frogs that issue from the mouths of the dragon, beast, and false prophet, in addition to being intimately connected to the seat of authority in Rome, seem to represent world religious forces that corrupt and oppress the Gospel.

The late Bible commentator, Albert Barnes, expanded this view nearly 150 years ago. In his book Notes on Revelation, Barnes connected the frogs of Revelation 16:13 with three religious world powers that, with respect to the present world scene, seem uncannily accurate.

One (frog) seemed to issue out of the mouth of the dragon Satan, the great enemy of the church; perhaps here Satan represents a form of Heathenism or Paganism. The idea then, is that at the time referred to, there would be some manifestation of the power of Satan in the heathen nations, which would be bold, arrogant, proud, loquacious, hostile to truth, and which would be well represented by the hoarse murmur of the frog.

And out of the mouth of the beast, [is] the Papacy, as being as hostile as ever to the truth, and able to enter into a combination, secret or avowed, with the “dragon” and the “false prophet,” to oppose the reign of truth upon the earth…And out of the mouth of the false prophet would seem then to refer to same power that was similar to that of the beast, and that was to share the same fate in the overthrow of the enemies of the gospel. As to the application of this, there is no opinion so probable as that it alludes to the Mohammedan power. The name “false prophet” would better than any other describe that power, and would naturally suggest it in future times—for to no one that has ever appeared in our world, could the name be so properly applied as to Mohammed; and what is said will be found to agree with the facts in regard to that power, as, in connection with the Papacy and with Paganism, constituting the sum of the obstruction to the spread of the gospel around the world.…The heathen, the Mohammedan, and the Papal portions of the earth still embrace so large a portion of the globe, that it might be said that what would affect those powers now would influence the whole world.[353]

In connection with the contemporary trend of Catholic ecumenicalism, embracing all religions as valid and Barnes’ identification of the frog-like spirits agrees with the context of Revelation.

As Rome appears to be the focus of the end time force of world spirituality, its distance from the temple also corresponds with the week of seven years (2,520 days) mentioned in the prophecies of Daniel and John. At the midpoint of the seven-year covenant set up by the Antichrist (at day 1,260) at which he defiles the holy place of the rebuilt temple of Jerusalem causing the sacrifices and offering to cease, the Antichrist consummates his global religious rebellion. Pertaining to this event and the duration in which it continues, Daniel 12:6 poses the question: “How long shall it be to the end of these wonders?”

[It shall be] for a time, times, and an half [1,260 days]; and when he shall have accomplished to scatter the power of the holy people, all these [things] shall be finished.[354]

The prophecy addressing the midpoint of the seven-year covenant of the Antichrist is examined in St. John’s Revelation. One thousand two hundred sixty is also found in 12:6:

And the woman fled into the wilderness, where she hath a place prepared of God, that they should feed her there a thousand two hundred [and] threescore days [1,260 days].[355]

Isaac Newton wrote concerning the identity of the woman from Revelation 12:6, “Because the Church of God is frequently compared to a women therefore is this figure used chiefly to express the affliction of the Church under her enemies.”[356] However, Newton also compared the woman to the nation of Israel:

[The] dispersed Jews were with child of a new polity & laboured long as a woman in travel, by the fall of their enemies to work themselves deliverance & bring it forth, but brought forth nothing: but at length when the indignation was over God should overthrow their enemies & restore Israel.[357]

Newton’s summary of the woman in Revelation 12:6 indicates that Israel would become a nation again in the end times, in which the number 1,260 is prominent in the timing of Israel’s persecution, but is also the beginning of its final salvation. It is an interesting feature of the city of Rome that the Tiber (dividing) River actually does divide the city. In Daniel 12:6, 1,260 is discussed by two angels on either side of a river, although the Elahi River (from the Hebrew root evel) was the scene of the prophecy, as examined in previous chapters. That there are 666 statute miles from the temple in Jerusalem to the location where Daniel received the prophecy of the Antichrist remains consistent in the priscia theologia suggested by Newton, since the Antichrist is also the Beast whose number is 666.

The number 2,520 is a signature of completion of plans of the Almighty and is found in both prophecy and geometry connected to the temple, the Ark, as well as the completion of creation. Its division represents Satan’s enmity towards the completion of those plans. Revelation and Daniel both reveal the fullest expression of rebellion against God as taking place on the 1,260th day of the 2,520-day covenant. This is the point in which a war commences in heaven itself, the temple of God is defiled and the two witnesses of the Messiah are killed and left in the streets of Jerusalem.

The spiritual alignment of Rome against the Kingdom of God is emphasized both in the prophecies of Daniel and John. Newton and other eschatologists have written that Rome existed as an empire during Christ’s first advent and will exist again at Christ’s second advent. Rome was the spiritual and political authority of the world when Jesus Christ was crucified and rose from the dead. A revived Roman Empire will oppose Christ and the resurrection of the saints at His second coming. Accordingly, the center of Rome’s authority measured in distance between Jerusalem’s temple (2,520,000 yards) numerically demonstrates the completion of God’s plans through the spiritual opposition of Rome in the end of days.

Chapter Seventeen: Newton’s Prediction

In 2003, the Daily Telegraph in London, England published a front-page story declaring that, according to Isaac Newton, the world would end in 2060. This was the first time that this calculation of Newton became widely known. However, various biographers and researcher of Newton’s theology had encountered it since 1991 when most of his manuscripts were released on microfilm at Jewish National and University Library in Jerusalem. Newton’s consideration of the year 2060 as the “time of the end” had also been published in 1980 in the book Never at Rest by Richard Westfall, within the context of Newton’s theological views.[358]

In the 1660s when Newton believed that the end of days was imminent, there seemed no reason to work out the approximate year in which it would occur. With the Great Plague, the fire of London, and the apocalyptic fervor of the times, it seemed obvious to Newton that they had manifested. However, over the ensuing decades of his life, Newton became increasingly aware that his convictions had been premature. Near the year 1705, when Newton was in his sixties, his concern for preventing the repetition of the same error compelled him to invest his considerable knowledge to setting the matter of the time of the end to rest. The paper in which Newton recorded this calculation was the subject of the article in the London Daily Telegraph in 2003. Very few readers understood Newton’s reasoning for the date, not being scholars of end time prophecy themselves. Newton wrote concerning it:

This I mention not to assert when the time of the end shall be, but to put a stop to the rash conjectures of fanciful men who are frequently predicting the time of the end, & by doing so bring the sacred prophesies into discredit as often as their predictions fail. Christ comes as a thief in the night, & it is not for us to know the times & seasons which God hath put into his own breast.[359]

Newton arrived at the year 2060 in a straightforward manner. He believed that the last world empire at the coming of the Antichrist would be a revived Roman Empire, a concept wholly embraced by eschatologists in modern times. He also believed that this had actually occurred in AD 800 through the coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III as ruler of the revived Roman Empire in the West.[360]

As described by the prophet Daniel, and John in Revelation, the revived Roman Empire would rule for one “week,” a period of 7 times 360 days, or 2,520 days total (also, remember, the value of the writing on the wall). In the midst of this week, at 1,260 days, the Antichrist will desecrate the future temple in Jerusalem. However, instead of assigning 1,260 days of the Antichrist’s reign before his desecration of the temple, Newton assigned years. This he did realizing that the rebuilding of the temple and the judgments of Revelation did not follow the rebirth of the Roman Empire in AD 800. None of the prophecies of the End of Days followed the coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor of the revived Roman Empire after 1,260, nor for that matter, any of the years up until Newton’s day. Therefore, he established each day with a year from AD 800, arriving at the year AD 2,060. The paper with this calculation reads as follows:

Prop. 1. The 2300 prophetic days did not commence before the rise of the little horn of the He Goat.

2 Those day [sic] did not commence a[f]ter the destruction of Jerusalem & ye Temple by the Romans A[D] 70.

3 The time times & half a time did not commence before the year 800 in which the Popes supremacy commenced.

4 They did not commence after the reign of Gregory the 7th. 1084

5 The 1290 days did not commence b[e]fore the year 842.

6 They did not commence after the reign of Pope Greg. 7th. 1084

7 The difference between the 1290 & 1335 days are a part of the seven

weeks.

Therefore the 2300 years do not end before ye year 2132 nor after 2370.

The time times & half time do n[o]t end before 2060 nor after [2344]

The 1290 days do not begin [this should read: end] before 2090 nor after 1374 [sic; Newton probably means 2374][361]

Newton’s mention of the 2060 calculation exists in other manuscripts besides the one published in the Daily Telegraph. In a manuscript number 7.3g, f. 13v. of the Yahuda collection, Newton was even more specific about the 2060 date.

So then the time times & half a time are 42 months or 1260 days or three years & an half, reckoning twelve months to a year & 30 days to a month as was done in the Calendar of the primitive year. And the days of short lived Beasts being put for the years of lived [sic for “long lived”] kingdoms, the period of 1260 days, if dated from the complete conquest of the three kings A.C. 800, will end A.C. 2060. It may end later, but I see no reason for its ending sooner.[362]

Newton also recorded a clear explanation of the prophecy of Daniel that he believed established the Roman Catholic church as the last ruling Empire before the return of Christ:

Now the Senate & people of Rome I take to be the third king which was overcome by the little horn. For the old Roman Empire was a king in the sense of Daniel’s prophesies.…the Empire \of the Romans/ is in whose name the fourth Beast of Daniel still continued & of which Charles (Charlemagne) was made Emperor. This Rome was to be the metropolis of the little horn. And the victory of the little horn over this king was attended with greater consequences then those over the other two kings & finished the work which those victories began.[363]

Of the Pope’s new power through this event and his identity as the Antichrist, Newton wrote:

For it set up the western empire which continues to this day It completed & secured Peter’s patrimony to the Pope: which patrimony was the kingdom of the little horn: & it set up the Pope above all humane judicature & gave him the supremacy & a look more stout then his fellows.…And being exalted above kings & declared a by a Council above all humane judicature & the supreme judge of all men, he has reigned ever since with a peculiar soul & a look more stout then the rest of his fellows, & by setting up the worship of images, the abomination of desolation, he has changed times, & laws, which (1,260 years) after his rising up & becoming potent by rooting up three of the first horns were to be given into his hands for a time & times & half a time.[364]

Newton wrote a great deal concerning the number 1,260 and the second advent of Christ and how they were connected in the prophecies of both the Old and New Testaments:

When Daniel’s times are done, the son of man comes in the clouds of heaven to receive the Empire of all the Kingdoms of the world, found in Dan 7:14. When Saint Luke’s times of the Gentiles are finished, then shall be signs in the Sun & Moon; the Son of Man comes also in the clouds of heaven. When Saint John’s Apocalyptical Beasts reign for 42 months with the witnesses 1260 days determine the Ark of the Covenant is seen in heaven & all the Kingdoms of the world become the Kingdoms of the Lord & his Christ Rev: 11.15.[365]

Newton’s prediction of Charlemagne’s revived Roman Empire existing until the return of Christ was contradicted in 1806 when Napoleon forced the Empire’s dissolution.[366]

Whether or not Newton’s date for the return of Christ as 1,260 years after AD 800 was correct or not, there remains a valid aspect of his calculation. It may be that he was correct in his assumption that there would be 1,260 years until the return of Christ at the rebirth of the Roman Empire, but that the year he chose was incorrect. There is an alternative year based on the allegorical meaning of prophecy.

The Romans had fixed the birth of the city of Rome and the Empire in 753 BC. It was believed that the Patriarch of the city, Romulus had marked out the boundaries for the wall of Rome in this year. Known as, Ab Urbe Condita (literally, from the found of the city) the Roman calendar began with 753 BC according to the dating of Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 BC) whom lived at the time of the Empire itself. The traditionally date of the fall of the Western Roman Empire is AD 476.[367]

Rome lay on the Tiber River, which bisected the city. Its original founding date also can be regarded in a similar bisected manner. The prophetic implication of a revived Roman Empire at the coming of the Antichrist is not outside the possibility of a supernatural time signature, a year mirroring the original on the other side of the dividing point of the era founded at the birth of Christ.[368] As has been demonstrated in previous chapters, the application of the number 2,520, and its half, 1,260, suits a variety of prophetic and geometric realities.

Using this principle, the year 753 BC designates the founding of the physical Rome and AD 753 establishes the rebirth of the spiritual Rome. Newton’s count of 1,260 years from AD 753 then brings us to the future year AD 2013.

Fig. 59. Image by author

As far as numeric symbols in the Bible that signify actual objects, 2,520 is the most temple-oriented. This is because, according to Daniel 9:27, the covenant of 2,520 days is based on the reinstitution of ritual sacrifice in a future temple in Jerusalem and 1,260 days marks its interruption. The full 2,520 days will end with the establishment of the rule of God on earth with the return of the Messiah. Jesus Christ is the subject that both the temple and the Ark of the Covenant symbolize. These topics were of great importance to Newton in his works of prophetic interpretation. The number 2,520 also predicted (in the writing on the wall) one of the most pivotal events of prophecy in the Bible and one that Newton himself anticipated: the rebirth of Israel. This gives weight to Newton’s use of this number as days equaling years in his 2060 date and fits the overall scheme of prisca theologia in which he analyzed prophecy.

Chapter Eighteen: The Threshing Floor of Heaven

The countryside of Wiltshire and Hampshire, England is host to one of the most enigmatic annual events of modern times. Beginning around the late spring and lasting until fall, the fields of grain in this area are pressed into complex geometric patterns. These designs were dubbed early in their appearance as “crop circles.” Oftentimes, they occur around pre-existing megalithic sites, the most prominent of which is the Avebury Circle.

This phenomenon has been relegated to the “lunatic fringe” by the mainstream media of the West. However, due to the immense significance these crop manifestations possess with respect to Jerusalem, it is necessary to address. In fact, the meaning of the crop circle may reside in its connection with the temple of Jerusalem and its location on Earth.

The season of crop circles begins at the same time of Lag b’ Omer and lasts until the Jewish New Year Rosh Hashanah. The number 33 is central to the Jewish festival Lag Ba’omer, which is the celebration of the thirty-third day counted from the harvest of sheaves (omer) from Passover until the Shavuot (giving of the Law to Israel) on Mount Sinai. Lag B’ Omer is the anniversary of the death of the author of the Zohar, Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai ca. AD 150. The Zohar, which means “the Shining Light,” deals with the mystical teachings of the Torah and is the basis for Kabbalah, whose secrets are believed to bring about the coming of the Messiah.

Apparently, the feast of Lag b’ Omer originated from the bar Kochba rebellion that began 33 days after Passover. Bar Kochba (whose name means “son of a star”) was considered to be the messiah “at the time” and actually led a successful retaking of Jerusalem in AD 133. Bar Kochba started to rebuild the temple and began sacrifices on the temple mount that had been plowed under by the Romans. The Romans crushed the rebellion in AD 135, a feat commemorated by the shout “Herlosumia Est Perdita, H.E.P., H.E.P., hurrah!” In the Zohar, Lag b’ Omer is considered by mystic Jews to be a festival of the revealing (gal) of the future messiah; the number 33 is connected to this person as it was to Jesus.

The word lag is not a word, but the two letters in Hebrew that equal 33, lamed and gimel. During the week of Lag B’ Omer, observant Jews read Psalms 119, the thirty-third portion of the Torah. The first verse of Psalm 119 has 33 letters. The word lag spelled backwards (gimel, lamed) is gal, which means “to reveal,” as found the verse in Psalms 119:18.

Gal einai v’abitah nifla’ot mitoratecha.

Open (reveal to) my eyes that I may see the wonders of Your Torah.[369]

Although Lag b’ Omer means the thirty-third day after harvest, it is an anagram for gal b’ omer, “circles of pressed and twisted sheaves.” One of the earliest names for Jerusalem was the city of the Jebusites, also known as Jebusi; jebus means “threshing place.”[370]

And the border went up by the valley of the son of Hinnom unto the south side of the Jebusite; the same [is] Jerusalem.[371]

In threshing places of antiquity, sheaves of grain were laid out on the circular floor and trodden by oxen hitched to a pivot in the center, creating circles of flattened sheaves. The Bible is specific in designating this threshing floor as the site of the temple of Jerusalem.

Fig. 60. Image reprinted from Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Third Edition. M.G. Easton M.A., D.D.,Thomas Nelson New York 1897, 77.

Then Solomon began to build the house of the LORD at Jerusalem in mount Moriah, where [the LORD] appeared unto David his father, in the place that David had prepared in the threshingfloor of Ornan the Jebusite.[372]

Jesus often compared the process of farming grain to the creation of the Kingdom of Heaven on earth, the judgment at his second coming and the gathering of converts over the earth.[373] Bethlehem, the city of Jesus birth means, “city of bread”[374] and Jesus is called the “bread of Life.”[375] The designation of the threshing floor as the site of the future temple aligned with the condition of humanity, destined for judgment, but prevented by God. This was set from the vantage point of David from the threshing floor. Similarly, Jesus Christ, called “the son of David,”[376] prevents judgment and death through his intercession as the bread of life.

God sent an angel to Jerusalem to destroy it: and as he was about to destroy, Yahweh saw, and he relented of the disaster, and said to the destroying angel, It is enough; now stay your hand. The angel of Yahweh was standing by the threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite. David lifted up his eyes, and saw the angel of Yahweh standing between earth and the sky, having a drawn sword in his hand stretched out over Jerusalem. Then David and the elders, clothed in sackcloth, fell on their faces.[377] (1 Chronicles 21:15–18)

From the temple mount in Jerusalem, to the location of the world’s greatest concentration of authentic crop circles in Wiltshire, England, there is exactly 33 to 33.33 degrees of the circle of the Earth. This is in a wide swath 1,980 to 2,013 nautical miles from the temple in Jerusalem. The crop circle phenomena began in 1980, some of which are equivalent in distance from the temple in nautical miles to their date/year of appearance.

Fig. 61. Adapted by author of map from William R. Shepherd, The Historical Atlas (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1923), 51.

Fig. 62. Image by author. The number of the four cardinal directions of the earth, times 1,980, equals the mean diameter of the earth in statute miles.

Chapter Nineteen: America

The United States is the greatest economic and military power in modern times. Though many theologians and eschatologists have dismissed America’s significance in end-time prophecy, the illuminated elite has not. The ancient order of Free Masonry had a spiritual design for America at its inception. The location of Washington DC was selected according to the tenets of mystical toponomy, “occult significance in earth location.”[378] As the ruling center of America, the longitude of the Federal Capitol building sits exactly on the 77th meridian, 00 minutes, 33 seconds. The latitude is 38 degrees, 53 minutes, 25 seconds. In fact, the whole of the Washington DC complex was arranged in latitude and longitude that relates to the number 77. The latitude at 38.5 degrees is half of 77 degrees.

Seventy-seven is a number from biblical narrative associated with ancient patriarch Lamech. According to the extra-biblical texts the Book of Jasher, the Talmud, and Midrash, Lamech accidentally killed Cain.[379] Because Lamech understood God’s sevenfold curse on anyone harming Cain, Lamech cursed anyone harming him 70 plus 7 times. Axiomatically, since God himself swore to revenge Cain, Lamech’s curse was directed against God.

The date of America’s founding, 1776, is twice 888—the number in Greek letters for Jesus. The secret meaning of this date is discovered in the understanding of the two advents of Jesus Christ.

According to the occult elite, America’s supernatural reason for being is to initiate the second coming of Christ. To signify the second advent, the number of his name is doubled, and yields 1776. However, the occult version of Jesus Christ is based on a Gnostic interpretation of his divinity. According to this theology, Jesus was the incarnation of Lucifer. His death on the cross is represented in this framework as the symbol of mercury, or caduceus of a snake on a pole. This is a corruption of the Gospel originating from before the founding of Christianity. This is oftentimes cited as an argument against the veracity of Christianity. However, there can be no doubt that the spiritual forces that are in rebellion against God were present throughout history. The forces of evil have followed a set agenda to prevent the establishment of God’s kingdom on earth.

In Gnostic legend, Cain, the first son of Eve, was produced through her union with Lucifer. As explained earlier, the pagan god Thoth was the prototype of the Greek Hermes and Roman Mercury. Thoth (tau-oath, “marked with an oath”) was considered the person of Cain.[380] The knowledge that Cain spread across the antediluvian world originated from both his divine origin and the intercession of angelic beings aligned with Lucifer. The symbolic events of the Exodus are interpreted as Moses interaction with Lucifer and not Elohim, the father of Adam. Parallel to this, all the symbols presented in the Old Testament are distorted to fit the Gnostic paradigm. Especially emphasized is the serpent on the pole that Moses erected in the desert. Jesus took upon himself the sin of the entire world. As the serpent on the pole saved the Israelites from death, so in like manner did Jesus with his death on the cross. The subtle difference between the Gnostic switch of Jesus with Lucifer in the Gospel is hallmark of the serpent as named in the Bible, nachash. The first mention of Satan in the Bible describes him in the guise of a serpent: “Now the serpent, [nachash] was the most subtle than any beast of the field that the Lord God had made…”[381]

The number of Mercury is 88, which equals the time in Earth days it takes for the planet Mercury to make one revolution around the sun. Its closeness to the sun in the astronomical sense, and his capacity of messenger between gods and men establishes him as a corrupted version of Christ. As Mercury is closest to the sun, the Greek Helios (god of the sun) is his superior. The Gnostics consider this arrangement to be parallel with Christ’s relationship to God the father, or, according to their occult identities, father Lucifer, the god of light, and the son Mercury, bringer of the light. Additionally, light or illumination stands for knowledge itself. In connection with this, the word “church,” universally referred to in the feminine, originated from Circe, the Greek name of the daughter of Helios.

They called her [Circe] and she came down, unfastened the door, and bade them enter. They, thinking no evil, followed her, all except Eurylochus, who suspected mischief and stayed outside. When she had got them into her house, she set them upon benches and seats and mixed them a mess with cheese, honey, meal, and Pramnian wine but she drugged it with wicked poisons to make them forget their homes, and when they had drunk she turned them into pigs by a stroke of her wand, and shut them up in her pigsties. They were like pigs—head, hair, and all, and they grunted just as pigs do; but their senses were the same as before, and they remembered everything.[382]

This myth gives insight to the Gospel account of the Gerasene demoniac. When Jesus exorcised the man of the legion of demons, they fled into a herd of pigs and drowned themselves in the Sea of Galilee, or literally, the “sea of the circle.” It serves as a statement against the pagan origin of the Church of Rome that has corrupted the tenets of Christianity. It is known that William Tyndale translated the Greek word ekklesia as “congregation” in his English Bible of 1526, and only used the word “church” for heathen temples in Acts 19:37.[383]

When King James authorized the English version of the Bible in 1611, he established fifteen rules that bound the translators. Article 3 stated, “The old Ecclesiastical Words [are] to be kept, viz. the Word Church not to be translated Congregation, etc.”[384]

The Bible scholar Andrew Edgar in his work The Bibles of England explained the King’s reason for superimposing the word “church” over ekklisia:

James believed in the divine right of kings, and held that this right was hereditary, and that the king was responsible to God alone, and not to his subjects. As “Defender of the Faith” and head of the State church, he came into opposition with the Puritans on the one hand and the Catholics and their papal claims on the other. In his struggles with both he was motivated by a combination of religious and political considerations.[385]

This corruption of the Bible by King James (with the sun goddess, “Circe”) pales in comparison to the distortions of Christianity made by the first King of Catholic Rome. When Constantine converted pagan Rome to Catholicism, he superimposed Christian motifs over pre-existing sun worship cults. He himself worshipped the god Sol Invictus (the invincible sun) until his death. Constantine declared dies Solis, “Sun-day,” as the official day of rest for the empire on March 7, AD 321, minted coins bearing Helios crowned with the spiked rays, and established Christ’s nativity on the pagan date of the birth of the sun, December 25.[386]

The imagery of Revelation involves the same circumstance. This is especially manifest in the feminine version of the “church” as a “solar” counterfeit of the ecclesia.

The waters which thou sawest, where the whore sitteth, are peoples, and multitudes, and nations, and tongues. And the woman which thou sawest is that great city, which reigneth over the kings of the earth. And the woman which thou sawest is that great city, which reigneth over the kings of the earth.[387]

And upon her forehead [was] a name written, MYSTERY, BABYLON THE GREAT, THE MOTHER OF HARLOTS AND ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH.[388]

New York City shares the title “The Capital of the World,” and has the Statue of Liberty in its harbor.[389] The Statue of Liberty was designed by Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi in 1875. Before beginning the project, Bartholdi sought a commission for the construction of a giant statue of Isis, the Egyptian Queen of Heaven, to overlook the Suez Canal. The design of the statue of Isis was of “a robed woman holding aloft a torch.”[390] Modeled closely on the Colossus of Rhodes, an image of Helios, the Statue of Liberty wears the same spiked crown and holds a torch. The torch was originally intended to be a cup, but later the flame was added to its center, which, according to Revelation 14:4 means, “having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication.”[391] Twenty-five windows in the crown are intended to symbolize gemstones found on the earth and the heaven’s rays shining over the world. The seven rays of the statue’s crown represent the seven seas and continents of the world.[392] The most intriguing connection to Revelation that the Statue exhibits is not in its appearance, but in its distance from the temple in Jerusalem.

America has long been considered a utopian land, designated by the founding fathers as a country of freedom and liberty. Its laws are clearly based on Plato’s philosophy, and is largely extracted from his work Laws. The Platonic relationship is defined by the mutual benefit shared between citizen and state. This value was emphasized by Plato as embodied in the number 5,040. As the perfect city of Magnesia was designed around this number, a city that is dedicated to the commerce of the entire modern world, such as New York, should relate to it in some way. The Statue of Liberty is 5,706 statute miles from Jerusalem. This is 5,040 plus 666.

Fig. 63. Courtesy of NASA World Wind

The phrase “Babylon has fallen, has fallen” is found once in the Old Testament in Isaiah 21:9, and twice in the New Testament in Revelation, 14:8 and 18: 2. This is due to the fact that Babylon fell in 539 BC, and that Babylon the Great, the future city and world religious system, will fall at the end of days. From the perspective of the prophets, the same spiritual force designated both cities. This idea was reflected in the number that appeared on the wall of Belshazzar’s palace on the eve of Babylon’s fall. Not only does it define the perfect proportion of God’s creation and design of prophecy, it also had the metaphorical meaning that Daniel interpreted on what the kingdom was weighed, balanced, and divided. Similarly, the number of Plato’s Magnesia, 5,040, pertains to the second fall of Babylon. Jerusalem temple center expresses the judgment of God against the center of the world. The number incorporates both the number of its demise as well as the number of the beast found in Revelation.

“America” can be found in the Bible spaced 17 letters apart in Daniel 3:3. This is the shortest equal distance letter skip that appears throughout the entire text from Genesis to Revelation.

Fig. 64. Image by author

From the beginning of Daniel 3:3 until the last letter of America in the text, there are 33 Hebrew words. America is spaced 17 letters apart in 33 words:

33 / 17 = 1.941176479

and 1.941176479 x 2 = 3.88235.

By moving the decimal place to the right one number, the exact latitude of the Washington DC is found. After all, 38.8235 decimal degrees is 38.50 degrees in minutes and seconds. Daniel 3.3–5 reads:

Then the princes, the governors, and captains, the judges, the treasurers, the counselors, the sheriffs, and all the rulers of the provinces, were gathered together unto the dedication of the image that Nebuchadnezzar the king had set up; an obelisk and they stood before the image that Nebuchadnezzar had set up. Then an herald cried aloud, To you it is commanded, O people, nations, and languages, That at what time ye hear the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, dulcimer, and all kinds of music, ye fall down and worship the golden image that Nebuchadnezzar the king hath set up.[393]

In modern times, the largest obelisk in the world is the Washington monument in Washington DC. At 555 feet tall, it is also 6,660 inches tall.[394]

The history of Daniel 3:3 is also important. Between 587 BC and 586 BC, Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the temple in Jerusalem and brought the Jews into exile in Babylon. Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego were among the select Jews who served in the court of Nebuchadnezzar as his counselors. However, these men refused to worship the obelisk and were thrown into the fiery furnace. Daniel witnessed the fall of Babylon by the hand of King Cyrus between 538 BC and 539 BC. It was Cyrus who released the Jews from captivity to build the temple in Jerusalem. It is an often unrecognized fact that the name Cyrus, the liberator of the Jews, means “he who possesses the furnace.”[395]

Because the Bible code of America, a country born in 1776, is found in Daniel 3:3, a relationship seems to exist between America’s founding date and the chapter and verse of this referenced passage in Daniel:

1776 / 3.3 = 538.

As is mentioned above, 538 BC fell to King Cyrus, who ultimately freed the Jews from their exile. Furthermore,

17.76 x 33 = 586,

which is the year that Babylon destroyed the temple of Jerusalem.

These years can also be calculated using 77 degrees west longitude of Washington DC. This number is a hidden symbol of the Babylon captivity of Judah:

77.07 x 7.7 - 7 = 586 BC (the beginning of Judah’s exile),

and 77 x 7 = 539 BC (the end of Judah’s exile).

There were 49 years from the early calculation of the exile 587 BC to the late calculation of the return 538 BC. This means that between the first temple’s destruction in 587 BC by the Babylonians until the second temple’s destruction in AD 70 by the Romans, there were:

587 BC - 7 x 7 years - 77 x 7 years + AD 70

These are all 365-day solar years.

The strange thing is, in biblical 360-day years, the same duration is 666 years:

666 x 360 days = 239,760

239,760 / 365.2425 solar days = 656.44058 solar years

656.44058 – AD 70 = 586 BC

If the numbers of the “America” code in Daniel 3:3 are multiplied,

17 spaces x 33 words = 561

It is important to note that 561 BC is a year that is equally spaced between the destruction of the temple of Jerusalem and the decree by Cyrus to “rebuild” the temple. In fact, according to the “America” code, 561 BC may have actually been the year in which Nebuchadnezzar erected the obelisk.

Interestingly, America’s founding date factors into the number of the beast of Revelation in an intriguing way:

1776 + 666 x 6 = 5772.

As it just so happens, 5772 is the Jewish calendar year for 2012. The proportion between the Jewish year of 2012 and the founding date of America is “hexagonal.” In other words:

5772 - 666 x 6 = 1776.

This proportion can also be broken down in the following manner:

12 x 333 + 1776 = 5772
5772 x 77 (degrees longitude of Washington DC) = 444,444
5772 x 38.5 (degrees latitude of Washington DC) = 222,222
444,444 + 222,222 = 666,666
77.7.7 west to 33.33.33 east = 6640.6666 nm / 3.3 = 2012 .1212121212…

From Jerusalem’s temple mount to the world’s tallest obelisk in Washington DC there are 5,133 nautical miles.

77 x 66.666 = 5,133

Fig. 65. Image by author

Fig. 66. Courtesy of NASA World Wind

The aforementioned text of Daniel 3:3 containing the “America” code and the rest of the passage from Daniel 3:3–5 describes “all nations” being forced to worship the “image.” America and historical Babylon were the nexus of the civilized world because both were superpowers that all nations were obliged to submit to in some respect, whether they benefited or not. In this light, Daniel 3:3–5 seems not only a record of the “image worship” event during the Babylonian exile, but also a prophecy concerning the Antichrist in the same vein as Matthew 24:15: “When ye therefore shall see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, stand in the holy place, (whoso readeth, let him understand).”[396]

Jesus was referring to the prophecy in Daniel 11:31, in which he says, “And they shall pollute the sanctuary of strength, and shall take away the daily sacrifice, and they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate.”[397] This prophecy concerning the Antichrist is mentioned again in Revelation:

And [he] deceiveth them that dwell on the earth by the means of those miracles which he had power to do in the sight of the beast; saying to them that dwell on the earth, that they should make an image to the beast, which had the wound by a sword, and did live. And he had power to give life unto the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as would not worship the image of the beast should be killed.[398]

Death for those who refuse to worship the image of the beast is paralleled in Daniel: “And whoso falleth not down and worshippeth shall the same hour be cast into the midst of a burning fiery furnace.”[399] In order for this prophecy to occur, the temple of Jerusalem must be built. Daniel 12:11 states that Jewish temple rituals will be renewed and then interrupted before the return of Christ. In Matthew 24:15–16, Jesus Christ warned, “Therefore when you see the ‘abomination of desolation,’ spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place (whoever reads, let him understand), then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains.”[400]

The prophet Daniel himself asked the question, “When will be the end of these things?” (literally “the later time” of these things). His answer: “Go thy way, Daniel: for the words [are] closed up and sealed till the time of the end.”[401]

Perhaps we have finally arrived at the end. It may be that words of Daniel’s prophecy are beginning to be unsealed.

Ezekiel 33 containing 33 verses underscores the importance of “watching” in order to warn the faithful of coming troubles:

Son of man, speak to the children of thy people, and say unto them, When I bring the sword upon a land, if the people of the land take a man of their coasts, and set him for their watchman: (Tzapha) If when he seeth the sword come upon the land, he blow the trumpet, and warn the people; Then whosoever heareth the sound of the trumpet, and taketh not warning; if the sword come, and take him away, his blood shall be upon his own head. He heard the sound of the trumpet, and took not warning; his blood shall be upon him. But he that taketh warning shall deliver his soul. But if the watchman see the sword come, and blow not the trumpet, and the people be not warned; if the sword come, and take [any] person from among them, he is taken away in his iniquity; but his blood will I require at the watchman’s hand.[402]

A similar warning is found in reference to the return of Christ in the New Testament in Revelation 3:3:

Remember therefore how thou hast received and heard, and hold fast, and repent. If therefore thou shalt not watch, I will come on thee as a thief, and thou shalt not know what hour I will come upon thee. (emphasis added)[403]

Jesus used the word “watch” so often in warning that followers of his return raised some interesting possibilities. In each instance, the word in Greek is grgoreM, meaning

1) to watch

2) to rise from the dead (1 Thessalonians 5:10)

This word is from the root egeirM, which means

1) to arouse, cause to rise

a) to arouse from sleep, to awake

b) to arouse from the sleep of death, to recall the dead to life[404]

In modern times, the unit of time is according to “the year of our Lord,” and is counted by using the Gregorian calendar. Timothy 3:16 states that “all scripture is given by inspiration of God.”[405] Under the same inspiration, the authors of the Gospel rendered the words of Jesus in the Greek language. The word “watcher” has revealed much concerning the nature and timing of the End of Days. Did Jesus choose this word intentionally as a clue for the time of his return?

Take ye heed, watch and pray: for ye know not when the time is.
[For the Son of man is] as a man taking a far journey, who left his house, and gave authority to his servants, and to every man his work, and commanded the porter to watch.

Watch ye therefore: for ye know not when the master of the house cometh, at even, or at midnight, or at the cockcrowing, or in the morning:
Lest coming suddenly he find you sleeping.

And what I say unto you I say unto all, Watch.[406]

Chapter Twenty: Conclusion

The temple’s re-establishment during the last seven years is an expression of God’s design for humanity. It represents the Word of God through its geometry, rituals, and location and is the ultimate statement of prophecy and law of God. As coexisting in eternity and the material world, the temple also symbolizes the possibility of transformation of men to immortality. The Ark was the focal point of God’s presence in the temple, dwelling in time while remaining eternal. This is represented in the linguistic metaphor of eternity arcing the temporal. The Gospel explains that humanity can be made immortal through the encountering Christ, whom the Ark within the temple symbolizes.
This is the ultimate intent of God for the sons of Adam, to be revealed as the sons of God. It is also the purpose driving the last events before the coming of the Messiah. Everything centers on the resurrection of the dead and the change of mortals to immortals. Isaac Newton understood this. He believed in a physical resurrection at the return of Christ. More over, he wrote of the transformation to incorruption of the living saints:

Wheresoever the body is thither will the Eagles be gathered together Luke 17.37. That is where the bodies of the saints are at the coming of our Lord, thither will the Angels go to carry them up into the Air to meet the Lord at his coming. Mat 24 31 & 1 Thes: 4.17.[407]

The goal of revealing of the “sons of God” has been obscured by the influence of rebels from the spiritual realm. They have exercised deception over the world from the beginning.

At the midpoint of the seven-year covenant with the Antichrist, a temporal gate will open. With its opening, the framework of time will be amended. The rebel “watchers,” having an immortal nature, will be thrust through into the confines of time and space on the earth. This is described in Isaiah 24:22 and 23:

And it shall come to pass in that day, [that] the LORD shall punish the host of the high ones [that are] on high, and the kings of the earth upon the earth. And they shall be gathered together, [as] prisoners are gathered in the pit, and shall be shut up in the prison, and after many days shall they be visited.[408]

Simultaneous to this event, those of the human race, having been changed to an immortal state by Christ, finished work on the cross, will pass through the temporal gate to a dimension of timelessness:

Thy dead [men] shall live, [together with] my dead body shall they arise. Awake and sing, ye that dwell in dust: for thy dew [is as] the dew of herbs, and the earth shall cast out the dead.[409]

And many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame [and] everlasting contempt.[410]

For I know [that] my redeemer liveth, and [that] he shall stand at the latter [day] upon the earth: And [though] after my skin [worms] destroy this [body], yet in my flesh shall I see God.[411]

Open ye the gates, that the righteous nation which keepeth the truth may enter in…[412]

Come, my people, enter thou into thy chambers, and shut thy doors about thee: hide thyself as it were for a little moment, until the indignation be overpast. For, behold, the LORD cometh out of his place to punish the inhabitants of the earth for their iniquity.[413]

For he bringeth down them that dwell on high; the lofty city, he layeth it low; he layeth it low, [even] to the ground; he bringeth it [even] to the dust.[414] Therefore rejoice, [ye] heavens, and ye that dwell in them. Woe to the inhabiters of the earth and of the sea! for the devil is come down unto you, having great wrath, because he knoweth that he hath but a short time.[415]

The legends concerning Cain and his son Enoch have, superimposed within them, the dual meaning of ir, which means “watcher” in Hebrew.[416] Genesis records that Cain built the first city and named it after his son Enoch, but this was not the prophet of the pseudipigraphic book of Enoch. However, the Enoch in this case described the “watchers” with same word, ir.[417] These were the angels that descended to Earth before the flood to teach mankind the arts of civilization. The corrupting arts included the building of cities, also called ir in Hebrew.[418]

The stories of Cain and Enoch have the conflict between men and the law of God at their core. They also describe mankind corrupted by spiritual beings given authority over the kingdoms of the earth in enmity with God and His kingdom of Heaven. Man by himself is powerless to resist the influence of angelic beings. His destructive path, though blazed by the first-born human, Cain, was interrupted by the saving power of God. The mark of that power, the tau, is linked to all the aspects of the ubiquitous rebellion of men and angels alike.

The angels “watch” mankind’s progress towards immortality. The city (designated ir) of their greatest concern and diligent watch is Jerusalem. It is there that the mark of Cain manifested in its total power. It is at the “cross,” where the ankh and the tau symbolically culminated in the death and resurrection of Christ. Men, guilty even of murder, find protection from the penalty of death at the cross in Jerusalem. It is through these diametrically opposed forces, death and life, murder and salvation, that the symbols representing the crucifixion of the Messiah connect. The meaning of the name Enoch (chanuch, “initiated” or “dedicated”) connects to the temple in Jerusalem as we have seen. His life on Earth lasted 365 years according to the Bible. The letters of the name Jerusalem equal 365 x À.

Fig. 67. Image based on design courtesy of Wikipedia, “Image: Jerusalem coat of arms,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jerusalem-coat-of-arms.svg.

Jerusalem is also the city by which our present era of time is anchored. The calendar of this era is fittingly, the Gregorian (to watch, or rise from the dead). Because of the promise of resurrection, the centrality of Jerusalem in the world and the spiritual universe was represented in stylized maps from the Crusades as a circle of the earth surrounding a “T.”[419]

Fig. 68. Reprinted from Isidore’s Etymologiarum (T-O map), 1472, with additional glyphs by author.

This map and “T” symbols have the dualistic connection to the conflict of evil with good, darkness with light, and death with life. As the cross of Christ was the instrument of his death, it is also the instrument of our salvation and eternal life. While on the cross, in Jerusalem at the center of the earth, Jesus Christ paid the full price for the sins of the whole world. The cross of Jerusalem embodies the prisca sapientia and the prisca theologia of the ancients. The powers behind Mercury, Nebo, and Thoth in the role of pagan prophets, strive to obscure the saving act of Jesus on the cross. They will continue to distort the truth until the final escape from death is realized.

We have seen that pivotal events in history are connected in time and space to Jerusalem. From the perspective of heaven, all events are linked to that one place on earth. It is the doorway through which humanity meets the God of Israel.

Newton did find the key.

And many nations shall come, and say, Come, and let us go up to the mountain of The Lord, and to the house of the God of Jacob; and he will teach us of his ways, and we will walk in his paths: for the law shall go forth of Zion, and the word of God from Jerusalem.[420]

Appendix

Temple Mount Foundation Stone, Jerusalem Israel
31Â°46’43.45” N 35Â°14’05.87” E

London Stone, London England
51Â°30’43.70”N 0Â°05’32.52 W

Mile marker Paris Island, Paris France
48Â°51’12”N 2Â°20’56.18” E

Mecca, Saudi Arabia
21Â°26’55” N 39Â°48’1” E

Babylon center, Iraq
32Â°32’0.0” N 44Â°24’56.0” E

Susa (Shush) canal between rivers, Iran
32Â°08’41”.0 N 48Â°18’33”.0 E

Nippur (Nuffar) center, Iraq
32Â°07’48.0” N 45Â°14’ 40.0” E

Washington Monument, Washington D.C. USA
38Â°53’22.0” N 77Â°02’07.0” W

Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor, NY, NY USA
40Â° 41’21.0” N 74Â° 02’ 40.0” W

Lateran Obelisk, Rome Italy
41Â° 53’12.60” N 12Â° 30’17.30” E

Great Pyramid, Giza Egypt
29Â° 58’48.40” N 31Â° 08’08.0” E

The FAI Sphere distance calculation:
Cosine a = (Cosine Latitude A x Cosine Latitude B x Cosine

(Longitude A - Longitude B)) + (Sine Latitude A x Sine Latitude B)
Earth’s radius = 3958.75 Statute miles (3,440.06479 Nautical miles)

Remembering David Flynn

David Flynn

David and Brenda before they were married in the mid-80s

David with his motorcycle

David with his brothers Mark and Dan in 1969

David, age 2

David, age 8

David giving a lecture in 2005

David with Dr. Michael Heiser and Richard Hoagland

At the Roswell UFO crash site

Sitting on the porch

Playing the piano

From left to right: David, Pete, Mom, Pat, Dan, and Mark

With Dr. Michael Bennett

Stan Deyo and David Flynn

Stanton Friedman and David

David with John Greenwalde from the Black Vault

David and author Patrick Heron

William (Bill) James Schnoebelen visiting with David

Guy Malone and David

David at ten years old with his dog Fred

David in 1965 with his mother in the background reading

David with his brothers in 1969. Look at that catch!

David and his brothers eating watermelon with their dad in 1965

A Note from Steven Quayle

When a true genius appears in this world, you may know him by this sign, that the dunces are all in confederacy against him.

—Jonathan Swift

David Flynn, like Isaac Newton before him, was a “GIANT” in the understanding of the God of Creations’ infinite majesty, power, and presence throughout the universe displayed. Every generation has its heaven-sent “Time-Keepers” to remind the world that we all have an appointed time and season of revelation and purpose to all that we see around us. It is as if the Almighty God holds specific time locks to His revelations and specific messengers tasked with bringing it forth.

Sir Isaac Newton stated, “IF I HAVE SEEN FURTHER THAN OTHERS, IT IS BY STANDING UPON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS.” Newton is considered the father of modern science (it’s a tragedy that most scientists have not followed in their progenitors footsteps). He knew of the multi-dimensional code in the Holy Bible, but wasn’t able to find the Book of Revelation timeline that he spoke about and alluded to. David Flynn was able to stand upon his shoulders and be blessed with the revelation that Newton knew existed but was time-locked out of comprehending. The result was David Flynn’s masterpiece, Temple at the Center of Time.

In the hours that I spent with David over the years, it was as if time stood still as we shared revelations of giants, astronomy, ancient history, time, space, and eternity. But most importantly, we spoke of the most important individual in the universe—JESUS CHRIST! We would get lost for hours in the contemplation of all His majesty, discussing the most magnificent concept in the universe—God’s redemption through the Blood of Jesus Christ, His only begotten Son.

The Holy Spirit graced David’s life with a continual flow of revelation that placed him in a constant river of discovery inhabiting a realm that most never even touch—let alone acknowledge its existence. He was like a little child in his enthusiasm and quest for exploration and discovery, pointing out to me tools and artifacts that he had uncovered in Montana. His understanding of the Fallen Angels—and the Space Alien connection—was what prompted me to publish his book, Cydonia: The Secret Chronicle of Mars. David’s understanding in mathematics, astronomy, and antiquity was like no other person I had ever read researched or investigated. He excited my heart and challenged my brain, and as Keppler stated, to “think God’s thoughts after him.”

David had a love for the Author of Truth—Jesus—and was a wonderful example of Goethe’s statement that, “The first and last thing required of genius is the love of truth”! David lived the words of Isaac Newton, who stated that, “We should live our lives as an exclamation point, not as an explanation,” sharing with one another the multitude revelations and the God of Creations’ ever-unfolding mysteries, which He made for those who love Him and which He is thrilled to share with His redeemed children.

As the blogger “Radaractive” wrote:

Man didn’t invent God, as the foolish like to contend. God revealed Himself to us and the Bible is His Word, a means of communication between a higher power outside of and beyond existence Who is too different from our temporal existence for us to grasp apart from His Word. Can you teach algebra to your dog? Can you teach fish how to sing “Handel’s Messiah”? Those things may have a tiny, incredibly remote chance of happening. That existence created itself? No possibility at all. God invented logic and therefore the universe has logical laws. But the secrets behind the logic and the very most basic and intricate ways that subatomic particles and very huge objects behave are beyond us.[421]

David was the first fruits of this timed release of the end-of-the-age timeline as the final countdown before the second triumphant return of Jesus Christ is playing out before our very eyes. David embodied Newton’s prophetic statement: “About the time of the end, a body of men will be raised up who will turn their attention to the prophecies, and insist upon their literal interpretation, in the midst of much clamor and opposition.” David lives in my heart and mind as he graced my life with vision and understanding.

I can’t even imagine the sharing of thoughts going on at this moment between Sir Isaac Newton and David Flynn as they bare their hearts and reflections with each other in the presence of King Jesus… Wow would I ever like to listen in!

Cydonia: The Secret Chronicles of Mars

Introduction

The greatest minds of antiquity believed that gnosis or “knowing” was the foundation of all religion. According to the ancient philosophers, knowledge was only attainable through the inspiration of heavenly powers. Their writings state that mankind’s first knowledge had descended from the heavens.

The ancient mystery religions also preserved a legend: When heaven and earth joined together, gods descended to earth. The gods possessed the knowledge of the universe: the whole continuum of what can be known. They bestowed on men the art of civilization: government, agriculture and science, inventions that we in modern times hold to be human achievements. All science and learning was developed in the time when gods and man dwelt together. But the gods were said to have also lived on earth in the time before man. Ancient historians chronicled the rule of intelligent pre-humans on earth for millions of years. The gods existed from the formation of the solar system and traveled between its worlds. Their planetary civilization was unparalleled, their edifices and cities were magnificent. Then, at some point in the dim past the realm of the gods was destroyed by a horrific cataclysm.

Evidence of this civilization was not completely erased. The most extensive remains of the once great cities of the solar system were frozen in time on a decimated planet in the 4th orbit from the sun…Mars.

Modern space probes, Pioneer, Viking and recently the Mars Odyssey have sent images of Mars back to earth that reveal artificial structures on its surface. The images from the Martian region known as Cydonia are the most intriguing. Giant pyramids, a massive human like face and even remnants of the foundations of a city arranged according to a geometric plan are seen in this region. Modern researchers cite this discovery as proof of the existence of intelligent extraterrestrial life.

However pictures can lie, sun angles may create illusions; geologic anomalies unknown on earth may exist on Mars. Proving conclusively that these structures are artificial with satellite imagery may never become a reality. Advocates of the argument for the artificiality of the Cydonian monuments admit the debate will not end until man sets foot on Mars. But there is an alternative solution.

The key to understanding the monuments of Cydonia remains on earth in the symbols given to men by the gods.

After the destruction of their kingdom the heavenly messengers did not die. They continued interaction with mankind and helped to shape the course of history. This communication intensified during the period of several earth cataclysms. Knowledge lost after each destructive episode was subsequently resurrected with the help of the gods. Through time the symbols have endured, preserved in earth’s megalithic monuments and in systems of time and measurement, “hidden in plain sight.” They have been incorporated into the dogma of alchemy, Gnosticism, theurgy, philosophy and religion and used in modern society as emblems of trade, war and nationality. The illiterate man cannot understand the meaning of letters, even if he encounters them every day, year after year. The meaning of letters must be taught; their use in words must be explained. Only through instruction can one use writing to communicate. The same is true of the myth and symbols of the ancient mystery religions and the monuments of Cydonia.

These symbols demonstrate earth’s orientation in heaven, its appointed times and seasons and especially the incredible destiny of mankind. Mars preserves the evidence of an ancient kingdom hidden from our modern age. The symbols of the mysteries lead back to Mars.

Symbols of the ancient mysteries are found in nearly every religion on earth. They are also inextricably linked to the ancient texts of the Bible. In Genesis chapter 3 the first knowledge was given to human beings in the form of a fruit.

The fruit of the tree of knowledge is considered the foremost symbol of gnosis according to the mystery schools. It unravels the secrets of the monuments of Cydonia. The ancients believed that remnants of this symbolic fruit remained on earth. The heroes of legend sought the golden fruit. Mention of it occurs in the epics of Greece and Rome. In the Age of Enlightenment painters depicted it in the Garden of Eden as a quince, a fruit coined by the Gnostics with the scientific name: Pyrus Cydonia.

Pyrus Cydonia is once again within the reach of man.

The existence of an ancient civilization on Mars will be proven in the near future. This revelation will be a type of Rosetta stone- aiding in the decipherment of history. Cydonia is the lost word of knowledge of the illumined, the philosopher stone of the alchemist and the ultimate achievement of the scientific age.

However questions remain, why was the civilization of the gods destroyed? Why has the earth endured cyclic destruction? Why would a superior extraterrestrial race concern itself so intimately with men? Is there a conflict in the realm of heaven in which humanity unwittingly plays a role?

For thousands of years the gods have prepared for this time in history. But the truth will be established before the counterfeit revelation takes hold of the entire earth.

The story is told in this book.

Chapter One: The Secret Chronicles of Mars

The Roman people profess that their Father and the Father of their Empire was none other than Mars.

—Livy’s Early History of Rome

We are the Martians.

—Richard Hoagland, author of The Monuments of Mars

The Land of Mu, Atlantis, Arcadia, the Golden Age, the Golden Fleece, the Holy Grail, the Philosopher’s Stone: these are all legends of a quintessential “something” that was sought after, lost but still possible to restore. Myth speaks of a former time and place, of fabulous deeds by men of renown, and of an object of wisdom that was highly prized but dangerous to procure. A tree with golden fruit is the symbol of that lost quintessence; the “god” of the fruit tree is the bestower of lost knowledge.

In Celtic myth the immortal Arthur of the shining city Camelot, along with his supernatural sister Morgan of the fairies, will return at some future time from the isle of Avalon, the “Isle of Apples.” Avalon is an island that manifests in this reality at certain points in time, only to fade into history again. Arthur is called the “once and future king,” and he abides on the island that wanders through time. The Greek “Apple Man” Apollo was the god of wisdom and divination, bestowing the knowledge of music, medicine and future events. Phoebus (the shining one) Apollo was born with his twin sister Artemis, goddess of the moon, on the wandering floating island called Asteria (a star) or Ortygia (quail island). The ethereal island of Apollo’s birth was appropriately renamed Delos (manifest, visible) at the advent of the god of wisdom. In myth we see the shining god and his female aspect having originated on an island, possessing the powers of future intervention in the affairs of men. Often the location of the primordial apple-god is not an island, but a garden; often the power of the apple-god is manifest in the form of a serpent-god.

Apollo’s knowledge of future events was dispersed through the Pythian Priestesses at Delphi, where the young apple-god had defeated and absorbed the characteristics of the serpent Python. One of the labors of the hero Hercules was to find the hidden Garden of the Hesperides (the Daughters of King Atlas of the Isle of Atlantis), to defeat the dragon guarding the garden, and retrieve the Golden Apples. The Bible describes the original serpent and the Tree of Knowledge in the Garden of Eden. It was there that the subtle serpent offered Eve the wisdom of the apple. The golden apple of myth, the symbol of hidden knowledge, is more appropriately depicted as a quince—the golden fruit referred to by its scientific name Pyrus Cydonia.

The legend of a place of origin—an island or garden that is not always visible or accessible—indicates that this is not only a place but also a place in time. The “time of origin” was once a concrete concept, alluded to in myth as an island in the midst of the chaotic primeval waters. This place in time is also portrayed in myth as the garden—an island-of-vegetation cultivated according to a plan, surrounded by the wilderness of nature. The location of the hidden garden, like that of an island that wanders, is obscured but preserved in myth.

A city, like a garden, is the result of the manipulation of nature according to a plan, an island-of-architecture in the midst of the chaos of nature. The Bible describes Cain, the first murderer, as the first to cultivate crops, and the first to build a city after the expulsion from the Garden of Eden.

And Cain said unto the LORD, My punishment [is] greater than I can bear. Behold, thou hast driven me out this day from the face of the earth; and from thy face shall I be hid; and I shall be a fugitive and a vagabond in the earth; and it shall come to pass, [that] every one that findeth me shall slay me. And the LORD said unto him, Therefore whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold. And the LORD set a mark upon Cain, lest any finding him should kill him. And Cain went out from the presence of the LORD, and dwelt in the land of Nod, on the east of Eden. And Cain knew his wife; and she conceived, and bare Enoch: and he builded a city, and called the name of the city, after the name of his son, Enoch. Genesis 4:13—17

This passage concerning the first city-builder Cain presents one of the riddles this book hopes to answer. Adam, Eve and Cain were not the only beings on the earth at that time. Cain feared someone who was not a member of his family would “findeth and slay” him. The mark on Cain was to prevent outsiders from doing him harm. God sentenced Cain to wander the earth as a “vagabond,” and it was from those other non-Adamic beings that he took a wife—from other families outside of Adam’s household, in keeping with the law against incest. When Cain left his father and mother, he went out and built a city. It is interesting to note that the first act of a civilized culture—the founding of a city—is often preserved in myth alongside an account of a conflict between brothers. Extra-Biblical legends of Cain, the first human city-builder, hint that he is actually a demi-god, fathered by a fallen angel. This echoes the most prominent theme related to the origins of a city: “The God of the City Who Fell from the Heavens.”

After quieting the crowd, the town clerk said, “Men of Ephesus, what man is there after all who does not know that the city of the Ephesians is guardian of the temple of the great Artemis and of the image which fell down from heaven? Acts 19:35 NASB[422]

The Greek New Testament describes Paul’s encounter with the Ephesians, a culture in Asia Minor. The citizens of Ephesus believed that a deity had descended to their city from the sky. This fallen “image” became the god of the city and the consort of Artemis (one of the many incarnations of the virgin/mother/warrior goddess). So ardent were the Ephesians in their reverence for this “fallen one” that Paul’s preaching caused a riot in the streets. A patron “god of the city,” not having fallen from heaven to the earth empty handed, brought to the loyal citizenry the foundations of that city’s architectural and intellectual pursuits. Contemporaries of the Ephesians, the Athenians held a similar reverence for their patron Athena, the goddess of war and wisdom.

The city of Athens was originally named after the serpentine god of the city Cecrops—the founder of Athens who still leaves his name upon his temple mound the Acropolis. In myth, after being supplanted as the patron of the city, Cecrops returned from the earth of the Acropolis as the young serpent god Erichthonius, who was then adopted by Athena as her consort city god. Homer recorded the Greek legend of Athena’s descent from the celestial realm:

Like a blazing star which the lord of heaven shoots forth, bright and scattering sparks all around, to be a portent for sailors or for some great army of men, so Pallas Athena shot down to earth and leapt into the throng. Iliad 4:73–79

And even as crook-witted Chronus’ son sendeth a star—a sign to mariners or some broad host of men—a brilliant star, wherefrom springs many a spark, like unto that Pallas Athena darted down to earth. Iliad 4:75ff.

The initial appearance of Athena as she came from heaven to earth was likened to a shooting “star,” a meteorite. The Egyptian creation myth also refers to a fallen stone from heaven. The legendary benben stone—literally “the Stone which flowed out”—was said to be a meteorite upon an obelisk revered in the Het-Benben temple of Heliopolis.[423]

According to the Egyptian historian Rundle Clark, the Egyptians believed the benben stone played an essential role in the foundation of the world. An early creation myth held that the vital essence hike was brought to earth from The Isle of Fire. This place of origin of the gods was associated with what the Egyptian Book of the Dead called Neter-khert (Island or Mountain of God). The Phoenix was the chief messenger from the heavenly land of the gods, and the benben stone was considered the part of heaven associated with regeneration.[424]

The Egyptian creation story was found among the many ancient inscriptions called the Pyramid Texts. Referred to collectively as the 759 Utterances, these inscriptions were chiseled upon the walls of ten pyramids situated at the necropolis of Saqqara, dating to the 1st and 2nd Dynasties of the Old Kingdom (2705-2213 BC). Utterance 600 The Nesiamsu Papyrus refers to the location of the benben stone:

O Atum-Khoprer, you became high on the height, you rose up as the bnbn-stone in the Mansion of the Phoenix.

The regenerative qualities of the benben stone combined with its origins in some heavenly “fiery” domain indicate that this stone was a prototype for the bird of resurrection, the Phoenix. The word phoenix in Egyptian and Greek refers to the color red. The benben stone fell from a heavenly “Mansion of the Phoenix,” literally the “Mansion of the Red.”[425] The name Phœcnicia was a Greek transliteration of the word they inherited from the sea traders off the East Coast of the Mediterranean. Although it is said this land was called Phœcnicia because of the plentitude of palm trees—from phoinix, (the date-palm)—this conception belies the truth behind the name. The Greek word phoînos (blood red) is the root of Phœcnicia, the “Land of the Red.”[426] The citizens of this land were called Phoenikes (of the red) by the Greeks; intriguingly both Homer and Plato refer to the Phonecians as “Sidonians.”[427] The city of Sidon has been called “the mother of Phoenician cities,” and the Bible calls the city of Tyre the “daughter of Sidon” in Isaiah 23:12. The famous Sidonian city of Tyre (The Stone), revered a god who had fallen like a stone from heaven.

Melkart (King of the City) was worshipped in Tyre as the consort of the goddess Astarte. According to the legendary Phoenician writer Sanchuniathon, the god Melkart came to be the god of the city after he was found by Astarte as “a star falling through the air, which she took up and consecrated in the holy island Tyre.”

The name “Mel-kart” is a combination of the Semitic root words Malak (Angel) and Qiryah (City).[428] The Sidonians and the Hebrews shared common Semitic root words in their languages. The Hebrews who invaded the land of Canaan used the same alphabet as their Sidonian neighbors. In Hebrew Melkart can be translated “the angel of the city.” The word kart or cart is seen in the Greek name of Carthage, sometimes called Cart-hada or Cart-hago, meaning “place of the city.”[429] The Greeks borrowed the letters of the Sidonians to write their language. The first two letters in the Semitic Hebrew and Sidonian are aleph and bet. The same two letters in Greek are alpha and beta.

The culture of the Phoenicians—the Sidonians—has been praised in historic records as the most civilized in the ancient world. The cities of Tyre and Sidon were considered the pinnacle of sophistication, the template for urban aspirations of subsequent civilizations, especially the Greek and Roman. The founding gods of old taught technology and a civilizing influence, established laws, and built cities and temples according to a plan brought to earth from their former dwelling place in the heavens.

The Sidonian myths of the origins of cities and their gods were connected to a previous time and place that had passed away due to a cataclysm. Heavenly objects that fell to earth, like the Egyptian benben stone meteorite, were seen to be the physical remains of the destroyed world, and were revered as pieces of the “lost age of the gods.” Later chapters will discuss a celestial cataclysm, an exploded planet, which is the origin of the heavenly stones, and the gods, that fell to the earth. Ancient man correctly identified these fallen stones with the former dwelling place of the gods.

The Black Stone of Kaaba is another heavenly stone that fell to earth. The actual stone was set up in a shrine in the Mosque at Mecca. According to legend, the Kaaba stone was given to Adam by the angel Gabriel while in the Garden of Eden. The Muslim Kaaba stone of myth was a considered a piece of the original paradise. The Kaaba is venerated with a ritual seven-fold circumambulation. This rite, still performed by Islamic pilgrims, is said to be a mirror of a place in the heavens around which the angels continued to circumambulate (tawaf)—to revolve like the planets in the solar system. According to Islamic author Ibn Abbas, “Muhammad said, ‘Indeed the Islamic teachings of the origin of Adam say that the paradise in which he lived and was subsequently expelled was not even on the earth.’ “Qur’anic scripture Surah Al-A’raf, verse 11–27 reads:

Allah said: “Go down, some of you are the enemy of others. The Earth will be your dwelling-place and your means of livelihood for a fixed term.” He further said: “Therein you shall live and therein you shall die, and therefrom you shall be raised to life.”

The Roman historian Livy (59 B.C.-17 A.D.) was even more specific than Islamic scholars, naming the “mansion” or “paradise” from whence the founding gods of civilization had come.

The Roman people profess that their Father and the Father of their Empire was none other than Mars.[430]

The common thread within most ancient creation stories was the union of the celestial and terrestrial, at a particular time of unparalleled upheaval and change. The “marriage of heaven and earth” gave birth to the worldwide legends of the gods who descended from the heavens.

The Mouth of the Ouroboros

Old Sages by the Figure of the Snake Encircled thus, did oft expression make Of Annual-Revolutions; and of things, Which wheele about in everlasting-rings; There ending, where they first of all begun… These Roundells, help to shew the Mystery of that immense and blest Eternitie, From whence the CREATURE sprung, and into whom It shall again, with full perfection come.[431]

The earliest civilizations recognized a correlation between the cycles of sun, moon and stars and the seasons of crop cultivation necessary for a civilization’s survival. Ancient man knew that the heavens followed a fixed plan that repeated in discernible patterns. Plato wrote of the planets as mechanisms of a cosmic clock, and the Hebrew authors of the Old Testament wrote similar descriptions of the meaning of the heavens and their movements:

The sun and moon and five other stars, which are called the planets, were created in order to distinguish and preserve the numbers of time. (Plato’s Timaeus)

And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years. (Genesis 1:14 KJV)

Plato lends his name to the major cyclical movement of the sky called the Platonic Year, or “Precession of the Equinox.” At the present time the North Pole points to the star Polaris in the constellation Ursa Minor. 12,000 years ago the North Star was Vega in the constellation Lyra. 6,000 years ago the North Star was Thuban in Draco. The pole of the earth is inclined off perpendicular 23 degrees, tracing a very slow circle in the heavens. Because of this arrangement the “Pole Star” and the positions of the constellations relative to the seasons constantly move. The constellations of the zodiac move with respect to the occurrence of the spring equinox, but only by one degree of 360 in seventy two years. The time of the spring and fall equinox moves continually through the constellations; one complete precession of the equinox is known as the “Platonic year,” occurring every 25,920 years. Although the Greek astronomer Hipparchus (2nd  century BC) was said to have discovered the precession of the equinoxes, evidence suggests that knowledge of celestial cycles is far more ancient.

Now this has the form of a myth, but really signifies a declination of the bodies moving in the heavens around the earth, and a great conflagration of things upon the earth, which recurs after long intervals… (Plato’s Timaeus)

The ancients chronicled heavenly “signs and seasons” which have come down to us disguised as mere myth. Priests and astrologers of antiquity carefully guarded the secret of the most important heavenly cycles; beyond the knowledge of the skies that could be learned through a lifetime of observation, there was a secret knowledge of the heavens that could not be documented unless preserved and handed down through generations. The greatest heavenly cycle was ancient. Though visible in the heavens for nearly 1,000 years, the mechanism of this cycle caused its appearance to be manifest at 6,480 year intervals. This cycle has been alluded to in myth in various guises, such as “the island that wanders through time and space.” The Greek’s referred to this greatest heavenly cycle as an Aiôn, the source of the time keeping concept of an “eon.”

The Greek defined the cycle of the Aiôn (life span) as the cosmic period between the creation and destruction of an age. The Greeks used a symbol—the Ouroboros, a serpent biting its own tail—to represent the Aion. The Ouroboros serpent symbol was said to be of Egyptian origin, very similar to a symbol transliterated from hieroglyphs as Uerounus.[432] The Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon of Classical Greek defines Ouroboros as “devouring its tail” from the word ouraios (of the tail) and boros (to devour). The serpent biting his tail was an appropriate symbol for the concept of the Aion (life span), the rise and fall of history between the cataclysmic destruction of one age and the rebuilding of cities and the foundation of new civilizations.[433]

The Greek Ouranos (father heaven) shared many traits with the Egyptian primordial snake god Uerounus (from Egyptian hieroglyphs). Interestingly, the names share the Chaldean root Ur (fire), and both deities are connected to the idea of the earliest times in earth’s history. The root of the Greek Ouranos is related to Ourea meaning “to make water” and to the Hebrew root Or meaning, “to be or become light.” Words with the roots Ur and Or have connotations of both water and light, and an association with time—the dawn, the coming of the light.[434] The symbol of the ouroboros embodies the concepts of a serpent of light, a serpent from the dawn of time, a serpent of heaven, a fiery serpent that is also a sea serpent. The “lifespan” of the ages, the Aion, is appropriately depicted as the Ouroboros, the serpent of light living in the heavenly river of the Milky Way.

Uerounus is depicted in the Egyptian stone zodiac of Dendera as the primordial serpent with his tail in his mouth, encircling Harpocrates (Young Horus) poised on top of the scales of Libra.[435] In the Egyptian papyrus of Dama Heroub, the young Egyptian god Horus is surrounded by the Ouroboros resting on top of the dual-headed lion Routi, the god of the future and the past. [See the illustration at the end of this chapter]

In Greek myth the Milky Way was deified as Oceanos, the celestial river that flowed in a circle around the earth. Oceanos was depicted in Greek art as a huge serpentine-fish creature holding its tail in its mouth and encircling the earth. Spelled alternately Oceanus/Okeanos, this celestial river deity was associated with the early Greek titan Ophion (Native Serpent). Oceanos is called the oldest of the Titans, an orphic god who ruled the world with his mother Eurynome, before the reign of Chronos. Oceanos was also, according to the ancient Greeks, the inventor of the arts and magic, and later associated with Poseidon. Like the encircling world river Oceanos, Poseidon was also called by the ancient Greeks the “Earth Encircler.”[436] Homer’s Iliad refers to Poseidon as “He who circles the earth”[437] and “earth shaker.”[438] Poseidon ruled not only the waters of earth but also the waters of heaven. The Milky Way was especially connected to him. The Greeks considered Poseidon responsible for earthquakes because he “held up the earth in his celestial waters.” The depiction of earth as a disk surrounded by the river Okeanos in ancient cosmology demonstrated the historical foundation of all things. This is why the Greeks called Poseidon the “Earth-Embracer.”[439] Early chroniclers of Greek myth like Hesiod and Homer referred to Poseidon as:

Oceanos, whose stream bends back in a circle.[440]

Poseidon finished speaking. Then, the shaker and encircler of the earth touched both men with his staff, infusing them with power, strengthening their legs and upper arms.[441]

Oceanos the completely encircling river.[442]

But Poseidon, who encircles and shakes the earth, roused the Argives, once he’d moved up from the sea.[443]

Scholars throughout the ages have described the Ouroboros as distinct from the other gods, the original self-propagating self-sufficient heavenly mechanism.

Draco interfecit se ipsum, maritat se ipsum, impraegnat se ipsum. (The Serpent slays, weds, and impregnates itself.)[444]

Plato’s concept of the original workings of the universe was as a perpetually running circular machine. Plato described the Ouroboros in his work Timæus :

There was no surrounding air to be breathed, nor was it in need of any organ by which to supply itself with food or to get rid of it when digested. Nothing went out from or came into it anywhere, for there was nothing. Of design it was made thus, its own waste providing its own food, acting and being acted upon entirely with and by itself, because its designer considered that a being which was sufficient unto itself would be far more excellent than one which depended upon anything.[445]

The Latin writer and philosopher Marcus Tullius Cicero (1st century BC) ascribed the origin of the Ouroboros to the Phoenicians, in his work, De Natura Deorum.[446] The Roman historian Macrobius also described the Ouroboros as a Phoenician, that is, Sidonian symbol:

…the Phoenicians have represented it in their temples as a dragon curled in a circle and devouring its tail, to denote the way in which the world feeds on itself and returns on itself. Macrobius Saturnalia

The “Earth-encircling” Greek gods Okeanos and Poseidon, as well as the Egyptian Uerounus, were closely related to a heavenly creature of ancient Hebrew literature called Leviathan. Liweyathan is a combination of the words levi (joined) and tan (long serpent).[447] According to ancient Hebrew esotericism Leviathan represents cyclic time as the great serpent of the waters of the galaxy. Leviathan is also associated with the various forces in the heavens manifested by electricity in lightning or thunderbolts. The Book of Job in the Hebrew Old Testament describes Leviathan as a great sea monster. Leviathan, like the Ouroboros, represents the Milky Way.

The clearest example of the connection between Leviathan and the Ouroboros symbol of the Milky Way is found in the Hebrew esoteric writings ascribed to Rabbi Simon ben Jochai, (A.D. 160) called the Zohar.[448] In Mathers’s translation Siphra’ Di-Tseni`uthah (Book of Mystery or Silence) Leviathan is described:

His [Leviathan’s] tail is in his head… He watcheth and he is concealed. There are swellings in his scales. His crest keepeth its own place. The serpent which rusheth forth with three hundred and seventy leaps, he holdeth his tail in his mouth between his teeth.[449]

MacGregor comments on this passage:

Here is the origin of the well-known symbol of a serpent holding his tail in his mouth, like a circle… He is, so to speak, not only the executor of judgment, but also the destroyer; destruction as opposed to creation, death as opposed to life.

The Aion, the cycle of time beginning and ending with cataclysm, is aptly represented by the Ouroborus, the Leviathan. The encircling serpent of the Milky Way somehow measures the cycles of time, displaying a “sign in the heavens” that portends judgment. The Hebrew Job was asked how he could understand the fullness of God’s plan, if Job couldn’t even contend with Leviathan:

Shall not [one] be cast down even at the sight of him? None [is so] fierce that dare stir him up: who then is able to stand before me? Who hath prevented me, that I should repay [him? whatsoever is] under the whole heaven is mine. I will not conceal his parts, nor his power, nor his comely proportion. Who can discover the face of his garment? [or] who can come [to him] with his double bridle? Who can open the doors of his face? Job 41:9-14 KJV[450]

The clothing of the high priest of Israel was designed to represent the heavens and the Leviathan. Jewish historian Flavius Josephus wrote:

The high priest’s girdle was loosely woven so that you would think it was the skin of a snake… and the girdle which was around the high priest represented the ocean. Jewish Antiquities III.154,185.

Philo wrote concerning the same subject:

Now such was the raiment of the high priest; and both it and its parts have a meaning which must not be passed over in silence. For the whole is in fact a representation and copy of the cosmos, and the parts are representations of its several portions.” Philo, Life of Moses II.117.

The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas characterized Leviathan as a dragon who lives beyond “the waters of the Abyss,” that he is “king of the worms of the Earth, whose tail lies in his mouth. This is the serpent that led astray through passions the angels from on high; this is the serpent that lead astray the first Adam and expelled him from Paradise.” Also found in this work is the description of one of the sons of Leviathan, who states that he is, “the offspring of the serpent-nature and a corruptor’s son. I am the son of he who … sits on the throne and has dominion over the creation beneath the heavens… who encircles the sphere … who is around the ocean, whose tale is in his mouth.” The Acts of Thomas, Third Act: Concerning the servant.[451]

If one looks closely at the Milky Way, following the trail of stars in a complete circle, an actual well-defined serpent-like “head” can be seen biting its “tail” in the sign Sagittarius. This serpentine form is the reason the Milky Way is called Leviathan, the Ouroboros, the fiery serpent of light in the milky sea.

Sagittarius is important in reckoning the cataclysmic Aion cycle of time, pointing out as he does the place where the Ouroborus serpent is “connected” (Leviathan or Levi-tan). Sagittarius resides on one of the two places the Milky Way intersects the ecliptic, the circuit of the heavens across the signs of the zodiac traveled by the sun and planets in their orbits as viewed from the earth. The ecliptic, the path of the planets, crosses the Milky Way between Gemini and Taurus, and between Sagittarius and Scorpio, with the two most prominent signs on the ecliptic being Sagittarius and Gemini.

Not only does the arrow-wielding Sagittarius point to the mouth of the serpent of the Milky Way, but also for a few days a year—at 6,480 year intervals—he points to the illusion of the sun rising from the mouth of the Ouroboros. The arrow of Sagittarius delineates the union of the serpent’s head and tail; the celestial archer indicates the proper place to “Divide the Ouroborus.” While the sun “rises in Sagittarius” and emerges from the serpent’s mouth yearly, the demarcation of the beginning and ending of the cosmic cycle of an Aion occurs every 1/4th of a Platonic year of 25,920 years. The sign of the passing away of one Aion and the beginning of the next “life span” occurs only when the sun rises in the mouth of Ouroboros during a solstice or an equinox.

When the sun rises in the mouth of the Ouroboros, it is necessarily in the sign of Sagittarius, during one of the four “cardinal points” of the year. During this event there is a phenomenon visible in the night sky that has been commemorated in myth as the “primordial island, mountain or mound” rising from an “ocean of stars.” The entire Milky Way surrounds the horizon in 360 degrees, creating the illusion of the earth as an island in the midst of the milky sea. This image is also comparable to the celestial serpent Ouroboros encircling the earth as it swims in a sea of stars. This illusion of the earth embraced by the Ouroboros during these quarterly precessional alignments is visible for about 1,000 years, but occurs only for that relatively short period of time every 6,480 years.

On the morning of the summer solstice, June 21st 12,960 years ago, the sun appeared to rise out of the mouth of the Ouroboros with Sagittarius looking on. This “sign in the heavens” was visible to the ancient cultures flourishing on the earth 6,480 years ago, occurring at that time during the equinox, September 21st . The time is now that the Ouroboros is again encircling the earth; the arrow of Sagittarius points to the rising sun in the mouth of the ouroborus on the morning of the winter solstice.

The Milky Way was the symbolic primordial sea from which the earth was born, or more accurately, from which one age died and another was born. The time cycle of the Aion—divided at the mouth of the Ouroboros—will have taken place 5 times during the course of one Platonic year of 25,920 years. The Greeks called the conjunction of these ages the Sunteleia, marking the end of one age and the beginning of another. Sunteleia is a compound word combining sun (soon) meaning “union” with telos, which means, “that by which a thing is finished or closed.”[452] Within the cycle of the five Sunteleia divisions during a Platonic Year, the first and the final will have occurred during the same quarter of the precessional circuit. Oxford educated English esotericist George Wither (1588—1667)[453] evidently understood the Ouroboral cycle of five Sunteleia when he wrote:

Five Termes, there be, which five I doe apply To all, that was, and is, and shall be done. The first, and last, is that ETERNITIE, Which, neither shall have End, nor, was begunne…TIME entred, when, BEGINNING had an Ending, And, is a Progresse, all the workes of Nature, Within the circuit of it, comprehending, Ev’n till the period, of the Outward-creature. END, is the fourth, of those five Termes I meane; (As briefe, as was Beginning) and, ordayned, To set the last of moments, to that Scaene,[454]

After usurping the powers of the previous deities: Okeanos, Ouranos, Chronus (all manifestations of the ouroboros), Poseidon in turn became the deified representation of the Milky Way and the aion. Poseidon was frequently depicted in the art of the Greeks with a “trident,” which is the symbol of the 23rd Greek letter Psi.

The earth orbits the sun tilted at an angle of, on average, 23 degrees. Because the earth’s axis of rotation is not perpendicular to its plane of orbit, the earth receives more sunlight in one hemisphere and less in the other alternating every 6 months. This variation of sunlight of the earth’s hemispheres causes the seasons to change. During one Platonic year the earth’s obliquity will vary by only +or- 1.8 degrees between the 3° range of 21.5° and 24.5°. The earth’s current angle of obliquity is 23.5° Poseidon, the “Earth Embracer,” was aptly associated with the 23rd letter—the axis of the earth he embraced was tilted 23-degrees during the age of the Greeks, providing the celestial mechanism that made the Ouroboral alignment possible. The 23-degree tilt of the earth causes the death and birth of seasons, and the death and birth of aions. The name Poseidon may be derived from the Greek phrase, Apo-Sidon “From Sidon.”[455] Poseidon is spelled in Greek and apo Sidon is—the difference of only the letter alpha Poseidon was literally a Sidonian god.

The myth of the trident-baring Poseidon, the god who encircled the earth as a serpent and presided over the birth and death of the ages, had a counterpart in the apple-man Apollo, the god of the tripod and divination of the future, embodiment of the serpent at the omphalos of the earth. Other pantheons contain counterparts for Poseidon as well. The Hindu fire god Agni is associated with the symbols of the trident, flames, and a bottle of water. Agni is the messenger between heaven and earth, and it is interesting to note that Agni is depicted as a red being with two faces. Perhaps not unrelated, the god Poseidon had a son called Agenor.

The Hindu Shiva is another intriguing deity wielding the trident and associated with “fire” and “red.” The symbols of Shiva are the cobra, trident and phallus, and he is often pictured as a dancer clothed in red. The Ramayana describes the time when the great Ganges River existed only in the heavens. Shiva assisted the descent of the celestial river, bringing it down from the heavens to the earth in his serpentine hair. Shiva had a “son,” the two-natured hybrid Ganesh, the god of doorways and beginnings. Shiva is associated with the “destruction of the old to make room for the new.” Often pictured upon a ring of fire, Shiva dances the ages into and out of existence.

The word shiva is an Indo-European root meaning “seven,” and is symbolic of the number of days in a week. According to the texts of the Old Testament in the book of Genesis, God rested after the work of creation on the seventh day; after a cycle in which creation took place, the 7th increment represented finality. In Judaism the number “7” is connected with the end of a creation; a Shiva is a Jewish ceremony marking the period of seven days mourning after a person’s death.[456] The Hindu Vishnu “The Preserver” is another serpentine “time god,” depicted resting on the bed of the coiled sleeping serpent, Seshanag. From the Puranas we learn that Vishnu descends from heaven and is incarnated among men as an avatar, when the “end of an Age” occurs and “time has lost its strength.” Garuda Purana (1.13) As the Mastya avatar, Vishnu became a fish who warned King Manu of the impending Global Flood. Vishnu instructed Manu to gather the Seven Sages, animals and seeds, and to board a huge boat which he then tied to his body using the royal serpent Vasuki, taking the passengers to Mt. Himavan in order to survive the cataclysm into the next yuga (eon).

After the flood, it was necessary to rebuild and recultivate, and Vishnu in his incarnation as a fish-man provided the means by which humans could start over after the cataclysm. Other cultures preserved records of rebuilding with technology brought by a hybrid god. The most famous fish-man was Oannes, who appeared at a time humans were living “a somewhat wretched existence” and taught them “letters, sciences and arts …to construct cities, to found temples, to compile laws and explained to them the principles of geometrical knowledge.”[457]

The name “Dagan” appears frequently in the Assyrian records from earlier dates in place of Uana-Adapa or Oannes.[458] The constellation Pisces the fishes is called in Hebrew Dagim. The earliest records of the Hebrews in the time of the judges of Israel describe a Canaanite and Philistine fish-god called Dagon.[459] It was in the temple of Dagon that the Hebrew judge Samson pulled down the pillars of the edifice revenging himself against the Philistines. Interestingly, Samson is often depicted wearing his lion’s pelt as he destroys the pillars of Dagon, an image virtually identical to the avatar of Vishnu called Narasimha. Vishnu as Narasimha—half lion, half man—emerges from a broken pillar, during evening time, neither night nor day. A popular depiction of Vishnu resting atop the sleeping serpent is reminiscent of the ouroboros itself, encircling the youthful time-god Horus (hours) resting on top of the dual-headed Routi, lion-god of the future and past in Egyptian myth. Again we are reminded of the two-headed deity Janus, the Roman god who presides over doorways and arches, the dualistic god of war and peace, the past and future, after whom the month of January was named. These deities associated with entryways, arches, pillars and doorways are also “time gods”—their dualistic nature refers to a transitional place in time, or a place of endings and new beginnings.

Dual-aspect gods commemorate in myth that transitional period in time described in Plato’s Timaeus, when the former age passes away and the new age begins—the Aion marked by the dual-aspect of Sagittarius as he points his arrow at the sign of the suntelia in the mouth of the ouroboros. The hybrid deities of myth associated with pillars and entryways allude to the four cardinal points of the zodiac as the vernal equinox proceeds through the Great Year of Plato. The Ouroboros, that is, Leviathan, is the connection that binds the creatures of the zodiac together:

The whole world, as well as the “Great Sea” which compasses it, rests on four pillars, and these pillars rest on one of the fins of Leviathan.[460]

During the course of the Great Year, four distinct zodiacal “ages” will have seen the sign of the suntelia (the fifth age is the same as the first, in a complete Platonic Year). The cardinal points of the zodiac are the four signs of the previous suntelias: Taurus, Leo, Scorpio, and Aquarius. The four creatures of these constellations comprise the hybrid gods of myth, and commemorate those cataclysmic times of transition between the aions. Plato describes the cardinal points of the zodiac—the “four pillars”—forming a cross in the great circle in the heavens:

This entire compound he divided lengthways into two parts, which he joined to one another at the centre like the letter X, and bent them into a circular form, connecting them with themselves and each other at the point opposite to their original meeting-point; and, comprehending them in a uniform revolution upon the same axis, he made the one the outer and the other the inner circle.[461]

In antiquity the four cardinal points of the heavens were symbolically portrayed as a creature called a cherubim. This creature was considered not only a reference to the mechanics of the heavens but also a representation of the deities inhabiting the celestial realm. Similar Akkadian or Assyrian beings karibu (one who intercedes) were arbitrators who presented the prayers of earthly men to the gods in the heavens. In the Old Testament cherubim were described as the foundation of the throne of God, and these beings were depicted on the Ark of the Covenant (Exodus 25:18). Cherubim were incorporated into the design of Solomon’s temple at Jerusalem.[462] Two cherubim supported the throne of the Sidonian King Hiram.[463]  An image reproduced in the Westminster Historical Atlas to the Bible, shows a Canaanite ruler seated on a throne, “supported by winged lions with human heads.” These are explained in the atlas as “composite beings which the Israelites called cherubim.”[464] Cherubim were placed at the gateway to the Garden of Eden, to guard the tree of the fruit of eternal life.

The hybrid beings known in Semitic tradition as cherubim were made from the four creatures residing at the four cardinal points of the zodiac: the face of a human, the foreparts of a lion, the wings of an eagle, and the hind parts of a bull. These were the parts of the cherubim described by the Hebrew prophet Ezekiel. Ivory panels unearthed at Samaria dating from the ninth century BC depict a composite animal having a human face, lion paws, ox hind end and two elaborate wings. This is believed to be the oldest known depiction of the classic “Biblical” cherubim ever found.[465]

As for the likeness of their faces, they four had the face of a man, and the face of a lion, on the right side: and they four had the face of an ox on the left side; they four also had the face of an eagle. (Eze 1:10 KJV)

Cherubim were beings whose physical appearance reflected their duty of messenger between heaven and earth, hybrid creatures embodying a celestial union. While the cherubim referred to the four cardinal zodiacal signs of the year in which the sunteleia sign of the changing aion had occurred, more significant was the hybrid sphinx, which signified the transitional zodiacal ages of the sunteleia.

The symbol of the sphinx—from the Greek root meaning “to bind together”—is a hybrid creature combining the constellations Leo and Virgo. Images of the mythical sphinx were placed at entryways to temples, and at the thresholds of doorways. The most common depiction of the sphinx is the creature posing the riddle to Oedipus: the subject of the sphinx’s riddle—the life span of mankind—discloses the link between the sphinx and the ouroboros, symbol of the aion. The sign of the suntelia of 10,948 B.C. occurred while the Milky Way aligned with the horizon of the earth, and the sun rose in the mouth of the ouroborus during the Autumn Equinox, September 21st—during the age between Leo and Virgo. It was during that transition from the age of Virgo to Leo, embodied by the sphinx, that the “Great Flood” of legend occurred.

The memory of the catastrophic Ouroborol alignment 12,500 years ago has been preserved in myth as The Flood. The Egyptians and the Sumerians described the first land after the deluge as a primordial mound that rose out of the cosmic sea. The ancient Greeks commemorated the floods of Deucalion and Ogyges, and the Hebrews that of Noah. The time referred to in myth as The Flood was the time demarked by the Ouroboral cosmic clock. To the ancient observers of this cataclysm, the earth-embracing serpent in the heavens was seen to encircle the earth within the milky sea.

Then [during the great Deluge that flooded the entire earth] the whole frame of the universe would have been unframed, then all-breeding Aion would have dissolved the whole structure of the unsown generations of mankind: but by the divine ordination of Zeus, Poseidon Seabluehair with earthsplitting trident split the midmost peak of the Thessalian mountain, and dug a cleft through it by which the water ran sparkling down. Earth shook off the stormy flood which traveled so high, and showed herself risen again. Dionysiaca 6.371

The cosmic waters aligned to surround the earth while at the same time the world was actually destroyed by a flood; this heavenly portent and the earth’s destruction by water occurred at the same time. The earth’s geologic record corroborates the age in which the cataclysm of the Aion occurred. The late Pleistocene mass extinction occurred globally during the Ouroboral alignment around 10,500 BC.[466]

O Solon, Solon, you Hellenes are never anything but children, and there is not an old man among you. Solon in return asked him what he meant. I mean to say, he replied, that in mind you are all young; there is no old opinion handed down among you by ancient tradition, nor any science which is hoary with age. And I will tell you why. There have been, and will be again, many destructions of mankind arising out of many causes; the greatest have been brought about by the agencies of fire and water, and other lesser ones by innumerable other causes.[467]

Ancient knowledge of the cycles of destruction of the earth was explained by an Egyptian priest to the early Greek lawmaker Solon in Plato’s work, Timaeus. The Egyptian priest pointed out that after every cycle of destruction on earth the survivors had to start again “as children,” learning tradition and science anew. The environment of the Egyptian’s was such that they were able to better preserve the knowledge of the time before the cataclysm, and provided continuity afterwards. Solon’s education continues:

There is a story, which even you have preserved, that once upon a time Paethon, the son of Helios, having yoked the steeds in his father’s chariot, because he was not able to drive them in the path of his father, burnt up all that was upon the earth, and was himself destroyed by a thunderbolt. Now this has the form of a myth, but really signifies a declination of the bodies moving in the heavens around the earth, and a great conflagration of things upon the earth, which recurs after long intervals; at such times those who live upon the mountains and in dry and lofty places are more liable to destruction than those who dwell by rivers or on the seashore. And from this calamity the Nile, who is our never- failing saviour, delivers and preserves us. When, on the other hand, the gods purge the earth with a deluge of water, the survivors in your country are herdsmen and shepherds who dwell on the mountains, but those who, like you, live in cities are carried by the rivers into the sea. Whereas in this land, neither then nor at any other time, does the water come down from above on the fields, having always a tendency to come up from below; for which reason the traditions preserved here are the most ancient. The fact is, that wherever the extremity of winter frost or of summer does not prevent, mankind exist, sometimes in greater, sometimes in lesser numbers. And whatever happened either in your country or in ours, or in any other region of which we are informed-if there were any actions noble or great or in any other way remarkable, they have all been written down by us of old, and are preserved in our temples. Plato’s Timaeus.[468]

At this point the Egyptian priest described the cataclysm coming down as a “stream from heaven,” wiping out the records of what came before, leaving a small remnant of survivors to rebuild civilization. The Egyptian priest mentioned that the race before the cataclysm was noble and learned, yet the Greeks remembered little from what came before and it was the Egyptians themselves who possessed the most accurate and ancient records of the aion “before”:

Whereas just when you and other nations are beginning to be provided with letters and the other requisites of civilized life, after the usual interval, the stream from heaven, like a pestilence, comes pouring down, and leaves only those of you who are destitute of letters and education; and so you have to begin all over again like children, and know nothing of what happened in ancient times, either among us or among yourselves. As for those genealogies of yours which you just now recounted to us, Solon, they are no better than the tales of children. In the first place you remember a single deluge only, but there were many previous ones; in the next place, you do not know that there formerly dwelt in your land the fairest and noblest race of men which ever lived, and that you and your whole city are descended from a small seed or remnant of them which survived. And this was unknown to you, because, for many generations, the survivors of that destruction died, leaving no written word. (Plato’s Timaeus)[469]

Fossils found concentrated around the northern latitudes of the earth in thick deposits of frozen plant and animal debris called “muck beds” provide evidence of a global cataclysm near the end of the geologic period called the Pleistocene (roughly 12,000 years ago). Many archipelagos near Siberia are virtually composed of a frozen mix of bones, mud and trees; the ice fields containing these remains stretch for hundred of miles in every direction.[470]

On Kotelnoi Island, in the Arctic Circle above Siberia, where “neither shrubs, nor trees, nor bushes exist,” the remains of elephants, buffaloes, horses and rhinoceroses are packed into the shores.[471] On theYukon River at Palisades Alaska,” a well-known paleontological site exists nicknamed “the boneyard” by the locals. A 200-foot thick deposit of Pleistocene remains make up the banks of the Yukon River at this area. The numbers of the ancient animal carcasses that can be found there are staggering. They lie in frozen tangled masses, interspersed with uprooted trees; ancient animal skin, ligament, hair, and flesh can still be seen in the “muck.” The trees have been torn apart twisted and splintered, the animals dismembered and transported under amazingly violent conditions. The evidence suggests an enormous tidal wave raged over the land, tumbling animals and vegetation with its mass, eventually subsiding leaving the remains at the northern latitudes where it was then quick-frozen. The event that produced the muck beds of the north is estimated to have occurred sometime around 12,000 years ago, marking the end of the Pleistocene. At that time, humans were flourishing with the same physical and mental capacity as modern man. Spear points have been found encased in the frozen matrix dating from the period.[472] At that time the North American continent was host to many large mammals, mammoths, mastodons, camels, horses, giant ground sloths and beavers the size of today’s black bears, saber-toothed cats, savage short-faced bears, cheetahs, lions and dire wolves. Scores of other large species roamed the continent as well. They all vanished about 12,000 years ago in a geological eye blink. Twenty- seven different mammalian genera were destroyed completely from North America.[473]

During this time, ancient man observed the sun rise in the mouth of the Ouroboros; the Milky Way aligned with the earth’s horizon during the Autumn Equinox.

The geologist Sir Henry Howorth observed first hand the Pleistocene fossil beds in Siberia. His book The Mammoth and the Flood (1887) submitted a theory of the fossil deposits mode of transport:

The most obvious cause we can appeal to as occasionally producing mortality on a wide scale among animals is a murrain or pestilence, but what murrain or pestilence is so completely unbiased in its actions as to sweep away all forms of terrestrial life, even the very carriers of it—the rodents—including the fowls of the air, the beasts of the field, elephants, tigers, rhinoceroses, frogs, mice, bison and snakes, landsnails, and every conceivable form of life, and this not in one corner only but, as far as we know, over the whole of the two great continents irrespective of latitude or longitude…. The fact of the bones occurring in great caches or deposits in which various species are mixed pell-mell is very important, and it is a fact undenied by geologists that whenever we find such a locality in which animals have suffered together in a violent and instantaneous destruction, the bones are invariably mixed and, as it were, “deposited” in a manner which could hardly be explained otherwise than by postulating the action of great tidal waves carrying fishes and all before them, depositing them far inland with no respect to order.[474]

Plato described a series of cataclysms that periodically wiped out the records of human history; causing humans to forget all they had learned up to that point, and to start again “as children.” The Ouroboros appropriately symbolized the aion time cycle, since the cycles of the Milky Way’s descent from the heavens and the alignment of the “tail- biting snake”—during the suntelia indicated by Sagittarius—coincided with some cataclysmic event that ended the normal progression of a civilization. The Hebrew understanding of the ages of the earth described by the Zohar (2nd century AD) echoed the writings of Plato. In the Siphra’ Di-Tseni`uthah (Book of Mystery or Silence), an age ruled by Seven Kings was destroyed in the time before Adam:

And the second earth came not into the computation. (That is, the kingdom of the restored world, Or otherwise, when in Genesis iv. 2 it is said in another way, “And the earth,” that earth is not to be understood of which mention hath been first made; since by the first is to be understood the kingdom of the restored world, and by the second the kingdom of the destroyed world) And it hath proceeded out of that which hath undergone the curse, as it is written in Genesis v., 29, “From the earth which the Lord hath cursed.” (The meaning is: That the kingdom of the restored world was formed from the kingdom of the destroyed world, wherein seven kings had died and their possessions had been broken up. Or, the explanation of the world, of which mention is made elsewhere, proceedeth from the kingdom of the destroyed world.)[475]

This text explains there existed a pre-Adamic race; intelligent beings flourished and built civilizations before the creation of Adam. The Zohar, however, is not the only source for the belief that beings as advanced or superior to modern man existed on earth prior to Adam. The Hebrew prophet Jeremiah wrote:

I beheld the earth, and, lo, [it was] without form, and void; and the heavens, and they [had] no light. I beheld the mountains, and, lo, they trembled, and all the hills moved lightly. I beheld, and, lo, [there was] no man, and all the birds of the heavens were fled. I beheld, and, lo, the fruitful place [was] a wilderness, and all the cities thereof were broken down at the presence of the LORD, [and] by his fierce anger. For thus hath the LORD said, The whole land shall be desolate; yet will I not make a full end. For this shall the earth mourn, and the heavens above be black: because I have spoken [it], I have purposed [it], and will not repent, neither will I turn back from it. (Jer 4:23-28 KJV)

The first sentence of Jeremiah is remarkably similar to the very first words of the Old Testament:

And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness [was] upon the face of the deep. (Genesis 1:2)

The Hebrew words used in both passages for “the earth was without form and void” are the same.[476] The verb tohu, translated “was,” means “to lay waste.” Scholars have often cited these two passages in the Old Testament as referring to an epoch of destruction before the creation of Adam. Nechunya ben HaKanah (1st C A.D.) believed that the earth was 15.3 billion years old. Nechunya’s theory was based on a long- standing system of calculation of times purportedly imbedded in the Hebrew writings of Moses. According to the Midrash Sod Haibbur, a scholarly guide to the Torah, God himself gave Moses precise rules for measuring times and seasons, a skill which the priestly caste of Israel had zealously maintained.[477] According to the pre-Adamic view of Bible chronology, after the cataclysm which Jeremiah described, God separated the waters from the land, dispersed the clouds shrouding the earth and created the first post destruction day.

Christian theologian G.H Pember ‘s Earth’s Earliest Ages (1876) declared:

When rightly understood the Bible is found to have left an interval of undefined magnitude between creation and the Post-tertiary period, and men may bridge it as they can with their discoveries without fear of impugning the revelations of God.[478]

Pember realized that the fossil record contradicted the popular belief of his contemporaries that the world was quite young:

God created the heavens and the earth perfect and beautiful in their beginning, and at some subsequent period, how remote we cannot tell, the earth had passed into a state of utter desolation, and was void of all life…for as the fossil remains clearly show, not only were disease and death inseparable companions of sin, then prevalent among living creatures of the earth, but even ferocity and slaughter… they must have had a sin stained history of their own, a history which ended in the ruin of themselves and their habitation. And since a lord and vice regent was set over the animal kingdom of our world… so we should naturally conclude that superior beings inhabited and ruled that former world, and, like Adam, transgressed the laws of their creator.[479]

In the Hebrew language, the word yom (day) does not necessarily refer to a 24-hour period; it also can refer to an era of time. Judaism has a long tradition of not interpreting the creation narrative of Genesis 1 literally. Rambam [Maimonides], for example, warns at the beginning of his Mishneh Torah that the literal reading of the opening of Genesis is for the masses and the non-literal reading was metaphysical, not scientific. Tiferes Yisrael, Rabbi Meir Simchah of Dvinsk, 19th C, cited an opinion of the tannaim (mishnaic period rabbis) that God created worlds and destroyed them several times previous to the present earth.[480]

In Gen 1:1, God created the universe ex nihilo (matter out of nothing). Then, before verse 2, these other worlds or epochs rose and fell. At the destruction of the last epoch there was “chaos and emptiness” in verse 2, from which our world emerged. Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan quotes Rabbi’ Yitzchak of Akko, a student of Maimonides, concluding from the Zohar that the first creation was 15.8 billion years ago.

According to the master Kabbalist, Rabbi’ Yitzchak of Akko, when counting the years of these cycles, [of pre-adamic worlds] one must not use an ordinary physical year, but rather, a divine year (Otzar Chaim 86b). The Midrash says that each divine day is a thousand years, basing this on the verse, “A thousand years in Your sight are as but yesterday,” Psalm 90:4 (Bereshit Rabbah 8:2, Zohar 2: 145b, Sanhedrin 97a). Since each year contains 365.25 days, a divine year would be 365,250 years long. According to this, each cycle of seven thousand divine years would consist of 2,556,750,000 earthly years. This figure of 2.5 billion years is very close to the scientific estimate as to the length of time that life has existed on earth. If we assume that the seventh cycle began with the Biblical account of creation, then this would have occurred when the universe was 15,340,500,000 years old. This is very close to the scientific estimate that the expansion of the universe began some 15 billion years ago.”[481]

Bereshit Midrash Rabbah 3:7 Rabbi Judah b. R. Simon said: “‘Let there be evening’ is not written here, but ‘And there was evening’; hence we know that a time-order existed before this.” Rabbi Abahu said: “This proves that the Holy One, blessed be He, went on creating worlds and destroying them until He created this one, and declared, ‘This one pleases Me; those did not please Me.’“ Rabbi Pinchas said: “This is R. Abahu’s reason: ‘And God saw everything that He had made, and, behold, it was very good’ (Genesis 1:31). This pleases Me, but those did not please Me.[482]

Modern historians attribute the beginning of civilization—the building of cities and invention of written records—to about 6,000 years ago. This corresponds to the last Milky Way alignment with the horizon; the last time the sign of the suntelia occurred in the mouth of the ouroborus. As Plato’s Egyptian priest reminded Solon, ancient records of the earliest civilizations relate antiquity on the order of tens of thousands of years greater.

Hebrew lunar calendar with circular Leviathan in center. Sagittarius is shown aligned with Leviathan’s mouth.

Leviathan, Jewish New Year post card, 1915. Alain Roth, artist. The Hebrew word for “Leviathan” is written on the bottom of the card.

A modern depiction of Leviathan.

Leviathan, Jewish text illustration, Ulm, Germany, 1238 A.D.

The Milkyway with the “mouth” of Leviathan in the center.

Egyptian papyrus of Dama Heroub.

The mouth of Ouroboros is at galactic central point.

Sagittarius at the mouth of Ouroboros-Leviathan.

The Milkyway as it appears with its mouth swallowing its tail near Sagittarius.

Alchemical illustrations of the tree of knowledge from Alciato’s book of Emblems. In each image the illuminating angel is depicted as either a serpent or the god “Eros.”

The astrological origin of the Cherubim symbol.

An anatomically correct “Ox” tail bends down at its tip.

Ezekiel’s cherubim, page from The Winchester Bible, ca. 1160.

Eagle as spirit ascending from Prima Materia [Hermaphroditisches Sonn-und Mondskind 1752].

Extraction of the spirit of Mercurius from Prima Materia [Reusner, Pandora 1588].

The Egyptian hieroglyph of the Phoenix is in the form of a Heron—a bird that inhabited the Nile River the earthly analogue to the Milkyway. All later forms of the Phoenix maintain a “vestige” of the Heron head plumage in the form of a knob at the back of the head.

The “eagle” symbol of the 1/4th part of the cherubim is interchangeable with the Phoenix in the mystery schools. John the Baptist and John the revelator begin and end the story of the gospel.

This cave painting from Lascaux, France dates from 15,000 B.C. The Pleiades star cluster incorporated into the modern zodiac symbol Taurus can be seen directly above the neck of the Lascauz bull.

The circular zodiac from the temple of Hathor at Dendera, Egypt was made in 100 B.C. Researcher Schwaller de Lubicz developed the theory that it indicates dates from antiquity as remote as 4,380 B.C.

Chapter Two: The Union of Heaven and Earth

The passing of the great aion cosmic cycle that was kept by the suntelia alignments of the Milky Way—the Ouroboros—is chronicled in myth. The Greek legendary pre- Olympian time-god, Cronus, devoured his own offspring, just as the serpent ouroboros devoured its own tail. Appropriately, it was a stone double of Zeus that thwarted the elder god Cronus. The Olympian gods Zeus and Poseidon emerged to usurp the characteristics of their “Father Time,” Cronus or Chronos. The combined qualities of Oceanus the “encircling ocean of origins,” Ouranus “the sky,” and Chronus “the god of time,” would be embodied in Poseidon himself. The theme of the cataclysmic shifting of the aion, from the age of the Titans to the age of the Olympians, represented the overthrow of the former to be replaced by a new-and-improved version of what came before.

According to the myths of the earliest civilizations, the first ancient gods were born when heaven and earth joined together. It was during this “marriage” of the earth with the heavens that the deities of the ancient pantheons were created.

Ouranos, the eldest god—symbolized by the Ouroboros and also known as Oceanus—was recorded as the father of all the Gods. He was conceived during an age when heaven and earth united. Homer called Oceanus “theon genesis,” that is, “source of the gods”:

For I am faring to visit the limits of the all-nurturing earth, and Oceanus, from whom the gods are sprung…Hera. (Homer’s Iliad 14.200)

Myth preserves the arrival of super beings, their descent to the earth and habitation among men. The earliest records of Mesopotamia describe the time immediately after the joining of heaven and earth. Seemingly a result of this union, the gods began to descend to the earth for the purpose of civilizing mankind. The union of heaven and earth—when the Ouroboros surrounded the horizon and the earth appeared as a mountain or island rising from the sea of stars—is commemorated in the Sumerian creation story. Verses of the Epic of Gilgamesh described the mountain of the earth formed in the sea during the “perfect union” of the god of heaven, called Anu or An, and the goddess of earth, called Ki. The Sumerian word for universe was the compound of these two gods An and Ki, or En-ki, heaven and earth.[483]

According to the account given by Babylonian historian Berossus (3rd C B.C.), the Sumerians believed their civilization had been brought to Mesopotamia by seven sages, called Apkallu or Abgal after the union of An and Ki. The seven Abgal sages were sent by En-ki to teach civilization to human beings and were credited with building the first walled cities.[484] The name abgal means “Planet Elder” from ab (elder) and gal (round, planets). According to some cuneiform texts, the Abgals were also called muntalku, meaning “counselors” or “palace stewards” because they served the earliest Sumerian kings as ministers.[485] They were also known as ummianu (craftsmen) and some were poets who composed the epics of Erra and Gilgamesh, others were ministers to the god En-ki.[486]

As head of the temple organization of the god Marduk, the Babylonian historian Berossus had access to the cuneiform texts of the ancient archives of Esagila. Berossus wrote three books on the history of Babylon for Alexander the Great; these works are known from quotations by later authors including Alexander Polyhistor (1st century BC), Abydenus (2nd century AD) and Appolodorus.[487] Berossus wrote that the first Abgal sage sent by En-ki was called Uana-Adapa, worshipped at the oldest Mesopotamian city of Eridu. Una-Adapa was better known by his Greek name “Oannes”:[488]

At first they [human beings] led a somewhat wretched existence and lived without rule after the manner of beasts. But, in the first year appeared an animal endowed with human reason, named Oannes, who rose from out of the Erythian [Red] Sea, at the point where it borders Babylonia. He had the whole body of a fish, but above his fish’s head he had another head which was that of a man, and human feet emerged from beneath his fish’s tail. He had a human voice, and an image of him is preserved unto this day. He passed the day in the midst of men without taking food; he taught them the use of letters, sciences and arts of all kinds. He taught them to construct cities, to found temples, to compile laws, and explained to them the principles of geometrical knowledge. He made them distinguish the seeds of the earth, and showed them how to collect the fruits; in short he instructed them in everything which could tend to soften human manners and humanize their laws. From that time nothing material has been added by way of improvement to his instructions. And when the sun set, this being Oannes, retired again into the sea, for he was amphibious. After this there appeared other animals like Oannes.[489]

Berossus listed ten legendary kings who ruled before the worldwide flood. During the reign of Ammenon, the fourth king, the hybrid demi-god Oannes appeared. The antediluvian kings listed by Berossus were said to have ruled Sumer for 120 periods of 3,600 years—a combined total of 432,000 years.[490]

Alorus 36,000 Alaparus 10,800 Almelon 46,800 Ammenon 43,200 Amegalarus 64,800 Daonus 36,000 Edoranchus 64,800 Amempsinus 36,000 Otiartes 28,800 Xisuthrus 64,800 totalling 432,000 astronomical years, then the flood.[491]

While the kings of Berossus’s pre-Flood list seem exaggerated, there is corroborating evidence in the Sumerian King List, a clay tablet dated by the scribe who wrote it in the reign of King Utukhegal of Erech (Uruk), c.2125 B.C. The Sumerian King List compiled the reigns of kings in Sumer before a cataclysmic flood. The total span of the combined reigns of king on this list however is somewhat shorter than the list of Berossus, a mere 241,200 years before the Flood.

After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridug. In Eridug, Alulim became king; he ruled for 28800 years. Alaljar ruled for 36000 years. 2 kings; they ruled for 64800 years. Then Eridug fell and the kingship was taken to Bad-tibira.In Bad-tibira, En-men-lu-ana ruled for 43200 years. En-men-gal-ana ruled for 28800 years. Dumuzid, the shepherd, ruled for 36000 years.3 kings; they ruled for 108000 years. Then Bad-tibira fell (?) and the kingship was taken to Larag. In Larag, En-sipad-zid-ana ruled for 28800 years.1 king; he ruled for 28800 years. Then Larag fell (?) and the kingship was taken to Zimbir. In Zimbir, En-men-dur-ana became king; he ruled for 21000 years. 1 king; he ruled for 21,000 years. Then Zimbir fell (?) and the kingship was taken to Curuppag.In Curuppag, Ubara- Tutu became king; he ruled for 18,600 years.1 king; he ruled for 18,600 years. In 5 cities 8 kings; they ruled for 241,200 years. Then the flood swept over.[492]

The ancient list of Sumerian kings stated that the “kingship”—the design establishing civilized rule over man—descended from heaven to earth. In the cuneiform fragment referred to as “The Sumerian Flood Story,” the divine order of civilization is described as beginning with construction of cities in “holy places”:

After the [sic] of kingship had descended from heaven, after the exalted crown and throne of kingship had descended from heaven, the divine rites and the exalted powers were perfected, the bricks of the cities were laid in holy places, their names were announced and the [sic] were distributed.”[493]

The Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh echoed the Flood Story fragment: the locations for building cities—the “holy places”—were disclosed by those who descended from heaven to the earth. Praising Gilgamesh’s accomplishments, the narrator of the Epic of Gilgamesh invites the reader to survey the city of Uruk :

Of ramparted Urkuk the wall he built, of hallowed Eanna [the temple] the pure sanctuary. Behold its outer wall, which none can equal! Seize upon the threshold, which is of old … Go up and walk on the walls of Uruk, Inspect the base terrace, examine the brickwork: Is not its brickwork of burnt brick? Did not the Seven [Sages] lay its foundations?

The group of superhumans known as the “Seven Sages” resurfaces periodically in myth. According to the Sanskrit lexicographer Amarasinha (5th C AD), the Sanskrit texts the Puranas (ancient) encompass five topics: “The creation of the universe”; “Its destruction and renovation”; “The gods” (called “Manus” from the Sanskrit word man “to think”); “The reigns of the Manus”; “The history of the races of earth.”[494] The first Manu was a non-human who lived nearly 30 million years ago.[495] Like the Sumerian and Egyptian King Lists, the Puranas also describe certain human kings as having ruled for thousands of years.[496]

The “Seven Sages” of the Puranas were the first builder-gods, those demi-gods who descended to educate humans with the heavenly plan for civilization. Similar to the Sumerian Abgal Sages, these Saptarsis, from Sanskrit sapta (seven) rishi (sage), were considered the seven great planetary spirits.[497]

Svayambhuva was the first Manu… I now proclaim their sages, the sons and in that manner the classes of gods. Marici, Atri, Angiras, Pulaha, Kratu and Pulastya, also Vasishtha, these seven are the sons of evolution in that manner, oh twice born! the seven sages in the northern region.[498]

The first of the Seven Abgal Sages, Oannes, was sent by the Sumerian unified heaven- earth deity En-Ki to civilize humans. The Egyptian story of creation involves the “marriage” of heaven and earth as well, and Osiris is often described as the first of the Sages. Byzantine historian George Syncellus (9th C A.D.) collected fragments of the myths of Egyptian origins. Syncellus described an Egyptian text called The Book of Sothis, which legend said was lost sometime after 3rd century BC. According to Syncellus, this lost book contained important “records” brought to Egypt immediately “after the flood.”[499] The primordial serpent-god Ptah-Ra produced the twins Shu and Tefnut . These twins supported and connected the sky and the earth, and their union produced Nut (heaven) and Geb (earth):

I [Ra] sneezed out Shu… I spat out Tefnut… Next Shu and Tefnut produced Geb and Nut… Geb and Nut then gave birth to Osiris… Seth, Isis, and Nephtys… ultimately they produced the population of this land.[500]

Nut and Geb, the gods of heaven and earth, married against the wishes of Ptah-Ra. The union of heaven and earth produced the twin gods who then reigned as kings of Egypt: Isis and her sister Nephthys, and Osiris and his brother Set.

The Turin Papyrus is a primary source for the chronology of the predynastic period in Egypt. It was written during the reign of the Pharaoh Sethos (Ramses I) in the 19th Dynasty and was discovered in the temple of Osiris at Abydos by the Italian traveler Bernardino Drovetti in 1822. The papyrus is broken into over 160 often very small fragments, many of which have been lost and is currently in the Egyptian Museum at Turin.[501] The Turin “List of Kings” records the reigns of ten Neteru, “gods” who reigned for hundreds of years each, totaling 23,200 years: “PTAH-RA-SU-SEB-OSIRIS-SET- HORUS-THOTH-MA-HORUS.” After these Neteru rulers, the Turin list continues with the Shemsu Hor, “The Followers of Horus,” who reined a total of 13,400 years beginning in 9,850 B.C. The papyrus then lists the historical kings that are accepted as actual Pharaohs by conventional archaeology.[502]

The first ruler in the Turin list, the god Ptah, was deity of the Ta-tenen, “the primordial mound,” called the “Island from the Dawn of Time” and “the first land.”[503]  Ptah was a builder-god, the Egyptian patron of architecture and stonemasonry. One of the symbols of Ptah was the transit, an indispensable tool of building with stone. An epitaph of Ptah’s High Priest was the title wr khrp hmw “Great Leader of Craftsmen.”[504] The Book of the Dead describes Ptah as: “… a master architect, and framer of everything in the universe.”[505]

Osiris was the fifth “god-king” of the Turin list, also considered a builder-god, the original “Sage” who taught civilization to all the earth. Osiris, Isis and Horus formed the great triad of Abydos (Abdu, about 520 km south of Cairo). The Roman historian Diodorus Siculus of Sicily (a contemporary of Julius Caesar 1st C B.C.) recounts the Egyptian myth of Osiris:

Of Osiris they say that, being of a beneficent turn of mind, and eager for glory, he gathered together a great army, with the intention of visiting all the inhabited earth and teaching the race of men […] Osiris, they say, founded in the Egyptian Thebaid a city with a hundred gates, which the men of his day named after his mother, though later generations called it Diospolis, and some named it Thebes […] on the stele of Osiris the inscription is said to run: I am Osiris the king, who campaigned over every country as far as the uninhabited regions of India and the lands to the north, even to the sources of the river Ister, and again to the remaining parts of the world as far as Oceanus […] There is no region of the inhabited world to which I have not come, dispensing to all men the things of which I was the discoverer.[506]

Manetho’s History of Egypt, like the Turin list, chronicled a pre-Flood age when gods ruled the earth. Manetho, a high priest of Heliopolis, wrote his history to preserve Egyptian culture under the influence of the Greek Ptolemeys in the third century B.C. The Manetho Kings List was divided into three volumes: I. The Gods, II. The Demigods, and III. The Spirits of the Dead and the Mortal Kings.[507] The first volume lists the Neteru or “Gods” who reigned a combined period of 13,900 years. Semi-divine beings (half human half god) called the Shemsu Hor (companions of Horus) succeeded the Neteru and ruled Egypt for 11,000 years. After the Shemsu Hor, the human pharaohs appear with the first pharaoh Menes, founder of the First Thinite Dynasty.[508]

Egyptologists have used the third volume of Manetho’s Kings List as the standard reference for the 31 dynasties of Egypt; Manetho’s “The Gods” and “The Demigods” have been relegated to the standing of mere myth. The ancient Egyptians, however, viewed the Neteru and their descendants the Shemsu Hor as actual historical beings. The Greek historian Herodotus recorded that not only did the Egyptians believe gods had ruled before men and with men, but that Herodotus himself believed this legend as well. Herodotus also makes the distinction between ages ruled by divine beings, and the time when “gods settled with human beings.” Herodotus called the hybrid rulers of this time—the progeny of gods and humans—heroes. He writes:

…they [priests of the temple of Horus] brought me within the hall that was large and counted up as they showed the same number of wooden colossuses as I have spoken of; for each high-priest in that place sets in his own lifetime a likeness of himself. So then, while they counted and showed them, the priests showed forth to me that each of them was the son of a father, and they went from the most recently dead’s likeness through all until they showed forth them all […]they asserted each of the colossuses was a piromis born from a piromis, until they showed forth three hundred forty five colossuses and traced them back neither to a god nor to a hero. “Piromis” in the Greek tongue is “a beautiful and good man”[…] Well now, they whose the likenesses were, they showed forth, were all like that and far removed from gods, but earlier than those men the rulers in Egypt were gods settled with human beings and one of them on each and every occasion was the lord, and Orus, the son of Osiris, was the last to be king there, whom the Greeks name Apollo; he put down Typhon and was the last god to be king of Egypt. Osiris is Dionysus in the Greek tongue.[509]

The Hebrew tradition also describes the time before the Flood, when heavenly beings descended to the earth to live among humans. Called B’nai Elohim, literally “Sons of God,” these supernatural beings taught technology to humans just as the Seven Sages of Egyptian, Sumerian and Hindu myth.

And Azazel (an angel) taught men to make swords, and knives, and shields, and breastplates, and made known to them the metals of the earth and the art of working them, and bracelets, and ornaments, and the use of antimony, and the beautifying of the eyelids, and all kinds of costly stones, and all colouring tinctures. (Book of Enoch Chapter 3)[510]

Genesis 6 described the hybrid offspring of the descended B’nai Elohim, calling them Nephilim, translated as “giants” but literally referring to “the fallen ones.” Affirming the chronological order of Manetho’s King Lists—the Gods followed by the Demi-gods—the Bible describes the Nephilim as subjugating the race of humans. The Biblical account of demi-gods in Genesis 6 refers to the Nephilim as “men of renown”; several translations use the word “heroes”—the same word used by the Greek Herodotus to describe the demigods who ruled as kings in Egypt.

And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them, That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose […] There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown. (Gen 6 KJV)

The Greek epic poet Hesiod (c. 700B.C.) wrote of the union of Ouranos and Gaia—heaven and earth—at which time the first gods were created.[511] The marriage of Gaia and Ouranos, the Ouroboros, occurred at the ending of the old aion and the beginning of the new aion. It was during this celestial sign in the heavens—the union of the Ouroboros (Milky Way) and Gaia (Earth)—that the primordial gods descended to the earth.

The Epic Cycle begins with the fabled union of Ouranos and Ge, by which they make three Hekatontacheiroi sons and three Kyklopes to be born to him.[512]

These first gods, the Titans, were seemingly birthed from the union of the celestial serpent and the earth, and as occurs in myth, the sons retained attributes of the father. The Cyclops possessed the one-eyed characteristic of the Ouroborus: “His eye is ever open and sleepeth not, for it continually keepeth watch” Zohar.[513]

The “mystery schools” and fraternities of builders throughout history have used variations of the “eye” symbol—the “Eye of Ra,” the “All Seeing Eye”—which commemorates the sign of the marriage of heaven and earth when the advent of the gods and sages occurred. The first builder-gods who imparted knowledge to men were associated with the great eye in the sky, the heavenly source for their knowledge. The Greek word Kyklops, usually translated “Orb-Eyed,” is from the root kuklôi meaning “in a circle or ring”; the builder gods called Kyclops were associated with the dome of the sky (their origin), with the circle of the ouroboros (their father), with building altars and towers surrounded by a round “mote,” and with building walls to encompass a city. The Greek word for “eye,” ophthalmos, is closely related to the word for “serpent,” ophis. It is interesting to note that Hermes, the Greek god of commerce, is portrayed holding his symbolic serpent ophis, the Greek word at the root of “profit” (ophelos) and “debt” (opheilae).[514] This interesting etymological variation underscores the relation of Cyclops to the Ouroboros alignments, eg. Ring eye, or ring snake.

And again, she bare the Cyclopes, overbearing in spirit, Brontes, and Steropes and stubborn-hearted Arges, who gave Zeus the thunder and made the thunderbolt: in all else they were like the gods, but one eye only was set in the midst of their fore- heads. And they were surnamed Cyclopes (Orb-eyed) because one orbed eye was set in their foreheads. Strength and might and craft were in their works. […] And again, three other sons were born of Earth and Heaven, great and doughty beyond telling, Cottus and Briareos and Gyes, presumptuous children. From their shoulders sprang an hundred arms, not to be approached, and each had fifty heads upon his shoulders on their strong limbs, and irresistible was the stubborn strength that was in their great forms. For of all the children that were born of Earth and Heaven, these were the most terrible.[515]

The twelve Titans, the three Hekatontacheiroi (Hundred-handed) sons and the three Kyklopes (Cyclops) belonged to the race of elder gods. The head Olympian Zeus overthrew these gods of the former aion, when a stone that is now said to be the omphalos thwarted the elder “Father Time” Chronus. An interval of time passed between the birth of the elder gods when Ouranos-Ouroboros united with the earth Gaia, and the birth of the Olympians when Chronus married the earth goddess Rhea—a time span encompassed by the aion. The aion which saw the birth of the Titans at its beginning, and the birth of the Olympians and heroes at its cataclysmic finale, lasted from roughly 23,000 BC to 11,000 BC. According to the Sumerian, Egyptian, Hindu and Hebrew accounts, that was the time of the arrival of divine beings who would rule humans as kings; later in the aion the hybrid offspring of super-humans and humans became kings, demi-gods and heroes of myth.

The gods chronicled in Greek myth were credited with the development of civilization; the technology that allowed the founding of cities and the keeping of records came from the heavenly beings that descended to the earth. The Titans—the pre- Olympian children of the earth and sky—were the first to establish cities and kingdoms and were said to have ruled the earth prior to the creation of men.[516] The Cyclops were known as great craftsmen and builders: “[the Cyclops] devised the thunder for Zeus, and fashioned the lightning; and they it was who taught Vulcan and Minerva all the cunning tasks which Heaven works within.”[517] The Cyclops constructed altars, walls and battlements, and were called the inventors of tower building.[518] The Greek historian Pausanius recorded that the walls of Mykenae on the slopes of the Euboea Mountains were built by the mythical Cyclops. Also the product of Cyclopean architecture was the city of Tiryns:

The wall [of Tiryns], which is the only part of the ruins still remaining, is a work of the Kyklopes made of unwrought stones, each stone being so big that a pair of mules could not move the smallest from its place to the slightest degree. Long ago small stones were so inserted that each of them binds the large blocks firmly together. (Pausanias 2.25.8)

The Cyclopes were “mighty men,” credited with great acts of strength:

A giant Kyklops lifted this [a statue of Dionysos] in his hands and set it in the earth for a stone turning-post, and fixed another like it at the opposite end [in the funeral games of Opheltes, companion of Dionysos, killed in the Indian War]. (Nonnos’s Dionysiaca 37.111)

And Zeus son of Cronos, honoring the race of Danaus and of horse-driving Lynceus, was willing to put an end to their hateful woes. And the mighty Cyclopes came, and toiled to build a most beautiful wall for the glorious city, where the godlike far-famed heroes lived when they had left behind horse- pasturing Argos.[519]

The walls of Tiryns can still be seen today in the same condition that Pausanius described over two thousand years ago.[520] The site had been already been deserted for at least 1,000 years when Pausanias visited it during the 2d century A.D. Euripides called the plain of Argos, a district of northern Peloponnesia, the “Cyclopean land.”[521]

The name “Cyclopean” is still used for similar ancient architectural ruins found in numerous places around the earth. The Cyclopean building technique involves the use of huge, irregular boulders, skillfully fitted together without the use of mortar creating an uneven face. Many of the cyclopean constructions found on earth are the most massive walls in existence.[522] These kinds of cyclopean walls have been excavated in Athens and the ancient cities Knossos and Oaxos on the island of Crete. In southwestern Evoia on the Greek mainland 25 similar cyclopean structures were built on mountain peaks and cliffs. These megalithic chambers were intricately built from scores of smooth stones, slates and huge boulders. Referred to as sendia in the native language, the most famous of these is called the “Dragon House of Oche” and is built with 1.2 m x 2.3m x 0.25 long blocks weighing 10 tons. Pausanias wrote of the mountains baring cyclopean architecture: “There, they celebrated the ceremony of the holy wedding, as people did on peaks of other mountains as well.”[523]

The Cyclops built the walls of Mycenae and Tyrins, according to Greek myth. The immense boulders in the cyclopean walls of Tyrins weigh upwards of 13 tons each, but structures built from stones many times more massive exist across the globe.[524] These structures were built with a technology that modern engineers can’t duplicate. Successive civilizations reaped the benefits of the remains of cyclopean megalithic sites, incorporating the architecture and technology of the Cyclops into their own culture. In myth this practice of “building new structures on the foundations of the ancients” was preserved as the successive generations of the gods. As Ouranos was replaced by Chronus, who in turn was replaced by the Olympian brothers Poseidon and Zeus, the qualities of the former were retained and incorporated into the characteristics of the updated gods.

A cyclopean stone foundation at Baalbek in the Beqaa Valley of Lebanon contains the largest megaliths ever discovered. Furthest underneath the ruins of at least 3 civilizations are megalithic stones precisely cut and placed to form a huge foundation.[525] This ancient construct, the “Grand Terrace” of Baalbek, has provided the foundation for some of the largest and most well preserved ruins of Roman and Greek temples in the world. The ruins of previous civilizations are testament to the integrity of the older structures they were built upon. Rather than constructing “new and improved” structures, the tiny temples of each successive civilization proved to be technologically inferior and hollow imitations of the “grand” architecture of the ancients. The Greek and Roman temples built over the foundations of Baalbek are the architectural equivalents to birds nests perched atop the Notre Dame Cathedral.

Three colossal granite blocks in the Baalbek Grand Terrace, called by the Romans the Trillithon, measure 72 by 12 by 14 feet wide each. They are estimated to weigh between one thousand to twelve hundred tons each.[526] The stones incorporated in the Grand Terrace foundation are incomprehensibly massive. Imagine five Statues of Liberty, at 230 tons each, and that would equal just one of these blocks. What purpose would it serve to quarry stones of such colossal size? Why go to the trouble of cutting a solid block of granite longer than a 6-story building? Each of these titanic monoliths was hewn from a quarry three quarters of a mile away, and moved to the current location. The logistics of such a feat are mind-boggling. Certainly the trouble of moving megaliths weighing more than 13 modern locomotives could have been avoided by building the foundation of smaller components. Experts on heavy lifting and moving such as Bechtel or the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers cannot duplicate such a feat today even with the most machinery. Modern historians who claim that the entire Baalbek complex is the work of Roman engineers cannot cite one classical scholar who explains how the three massive cut stones could have been lifted to rest on a foundation 23 feet off the ground.[527]

Whoever built the cyclopean walls of Baalbek possessed unsurpassed technological prowess. Such an enduring edifice would serve to demonstrate the power and technology of their civilization far into the future. Without exception, the oldest monuments are also the most massive. Baalbek does in fact leave the impression of having been built with the purpose of preserving a cultural record. Perhaps in addition, the giant megaliths were deliberately employed into the terrace foundation to endure some great destructive force. Natural effects of weather through the aions, however, could hardly have been a threat to a building as imposing as the Grand Terrace. There has been no earthquake or storm in recorded history powerful enough to dislodge the stones from their current positions; the stones of the Baalbek Grand Terrace have remained in the same place since first discovered by the Sumerians, who considered the foundation ancient even in their time.[528]

According to M. Alouf’s History of Baalbek :

The local inhabitants of the Beqa’a Valley of Lebanon preserve legends about the origins and extreme age of the Great Trillithon Platform of Baalbek. They say that Baalbek was built before the Great Flood by Cain, the son of Adam, whom God banished to the “land of Nod” that lay “east of Eden” for murdering his brother Abel. The citadel, they say, fell into ruins at the time of the deluge and was much later re-built by a race of giants under the command of Nimrod, the “mighty hunter” and “king of Shinar” of the Book of Genesis.

The French archaeologist Michel Alouf learned the legend of the origin of Baalbek from the Maronite Patriarch of Lebanon.

…Tradition states that the fortress of Baalbek on Mt. Lebanon is the most ancient building in the world. Cain, the son of Adam, built it in the year 133 of the creation, “during a fit of raving madness.” He gave it the name of his son Enoch and peopled it with giants who were punished for their iniquities by the flood.[529]

Legendary Sidonian historian Sanchuniathon wrote a history of Lebanon in his native language, taking his information from city archives and temple records. The Greek historian Philo (2 C A.D.) translated the works of Sanchuniathon, and fragments of his translation were preserved by Eusebius (AD 264-340).[530] Sanchuniathon referred to Byblos as Lebanon’s first city.[531] Byblos was founded, he says, by the god Cronos (or Saturn), the son of Ouranos (Uranus or Coleus) and Gaia. Intriguingly, “Cronos” was a name given to the Biblical patriarch Ham, son of Noah, who dedicated Byblos to Neptune and strange gods of fire called the Cabiri.[532] Byblos, the earliest Sidonian city, was founded by a descendent of Cain, the first city-builder, and dedicated to fiery builder- gods the Cabiri, and to the Ouroboros represented by the god Poseidon or “Apo-cydon.” The significance of the superhuman Cabiri will be discussed in the next chapter.

Ancient megalithic architecture, such as the cyclopean foundation at Baalbek, shows evidence of extreme erosion; rounded corners of the oldest megaliths stand out in contrast to the much younger masonry above. The contouring and wear exhibited on the trillithon as well as at the quarry from which the megalith came from shows the effects of hydraulic forces—water in vast quantities, a cataclysm having occurred in prehistoric times. Once water or wind applies enough lateral force to a structure to push it past the center of gravity, it is only a matter of time before the structure fails. One simple way to ensure an edifice remains intact longer is to increase its weight. Another technique ensuring lateral strength is the use of building material that is very rigid, like the abundant building substance stone. It would be an enduring temple indeed built of four monoliths 40 feet long and 10 feet tall as opposed to 400, 1-foot square stones.

Some force, however, has disturbed many ancient megalithic sites, scattering boulders weighing tons across distances far removed from their quarry or their foundation. Modern archaeologists account for the disarray at megalithic sites as evidence of the builders having “given up” and simply abandoning their work before completion. Some researchers considered megaliths left great distances from intact structures to have been “discarded due to the complications of moving their great weight.”[533] This hypothesis discounts that the megalithic structures had already incorporated set and finished stones, a feat which more than rivals the task of simply moving them. Obviously the skill necessary to complete the structure existed. It is more reasonable to conclude that the huge “misplaced” stones were once a part of a structure completed before some unparalleled upheaval scattered them from their foundation.

The ancient megalithic site Tiahuanaco resides high in the Altiplano of Bolivia, a few hundred miles to the south of Cuzco Peru. On this desolate wind swept Andes plateau is a short step pyramid on a foundation measuring 220 feet by 164 feet built with giant andesite monoliths weighing between 100 to 440 tons.[534] The builders of Tiahuanaco went to great lengths to ensure that the structure would endure the aions. Not only did the builders choose incredibly massive stones for the construction, but many of these stones were joined together by metal clamps. There is evidence based on studies with a scanning electron microscope that the ‘I’ or ‘T’ shaped clamps were poured into the receiving indentions of the megaliths.[535] The quarry from which these stones originated lies over 37 miles from the site itself, showing that the location of the city was more important than the logistics of moving the huge blocks of stone. One of the greatest mysteries of Tiahuanaco is its location; it lies 13,297 feet above sea level. How could anyone build a structure of such vast proportions and technical complexity at an altitude of 13,297 ft? By comparison the Rocky Mountain chain of North America from Idaho to the northern end of Canada has no summits attaining an altitude greater than 13,000 feet. Single engine aircraft routinely cruise at that elevation.[536] Despite the great care taken by the architects of Tiahuanaco to insure the massive structures would survive any catastrophe, they were never the less tossed about like toy building blocks. But what kind of cataclysm could have tossed about 400-ton ashlars?

Most human beings can scarcely imagine the violence that would be necessary to displace the megaliths of Tiahuanaco or Baalbek. The only known forces that could wreak such destruction are immense “land waves” such as those that would be propagated by an asteroid impact or a vast mountain of water moving rapidly over the earth’s surface. Such an event would necessarily be associated with a cataclysm on a global scale.

Apparently the South American continent was suddenly and violently thrust upward some time around 12,000 years ago. Evidence of such an upheaval can be found near the location of Puma Punka. A former sea-level canal can now be seen at 13,000 feet in the Andes Mountains. Many ocean fossils are found near Lake Titicaca, the highest fresh water lake in the world only 10 miles from Tiahuanaco. The lake is even inhabited by the only known fresh water sea horses, suggesting that it was at one time, level with the salt water of Pacific Ocean. However the last time the Bolivian altiplano was level with the Pacific Ocean was 10,000 B.C.[537] Intriguingly, carved stonework found in the ruins of Tiahuanaco depict an animal easily recognized as a paleontological likeness of the extinct toxodon, an animal resembling a hippopatamus. Toxodon have been found in Venezuela quick-frozen among the mountain glaciers in a matrix of mastodon, giant sloths and other animals destroyed in a cataclysm 12,000 years ago. Charles Darwin observed and wrote of the discovery of mass graveyards of mammals and plants in the Pampas area of Argentina South America. He found deposits throughout the Pampas composed of animal skeletons from hundreds of species: sharks, mammoths, lions, hippo, horses and many other extinct animals. He and many others considered the deposits to be primarily the creation of a huge flood surge.[538]

Ollantaytambo, thirty-seven miles north west of Cuzco Peru is yet another example of an extremely ancient building site of the high Andes that was also destroyed. It is a truly incredible feat of megalithic engineering. On the peak of Ollantaytambo’s temple mound is a jumble of megaliths in the 200-ton range. Many of these impressive stones remain partially joined in original architectural features such as a linteled gateway or a gigantic wall. Most are scattered at the summit of the building site and over 4 miles across a deep valley from where they were quarried. These huge stones also have the curious ‘I’ shaped metal clamps built into them, similar to those found at Tiahuanaco. There are “tongue and groove” joints carved into each giant column of granite to insure stability, if their extreme weight alone was not enough to insure stability. In order to prevent Ollantaytambo from being destroyed by some impending cataclysm, the builders employed many methods of architectural reinforcement—yet the structure was damaged. Dozens of immense stones found on the path leading up to the temple mound are called by the local inhabitants “tired stones,” because it was believed these stones were too large to be transported. It is more likely that the gigantic blocks had been scattered down the mountain by a cataclysm that destroyed previously intact buildings at the summit.

Cyclopean megalithic architecture in Central and South America has been attributed to the ingenuity of the Maya and Inca—due to lack of any other candidate civilization.[539]

Discoveries of megalithic monuments where there has been no recorded civilization present the greatest difficulty for archaeologists.

In 1987 Kihachiro Aratake made an astounding discovery. While diving off the coast of Yonaguni Island near Okinawa Japan he encountered what appeared to be a massive underwater temple. At the depth of 88 feet Mr. Aratake found megalithic stone construction, platforms carved from solid rock. After his finding was made public in Japan, a leading Japanese geologist from Okinawa University, Professor Masaki Kimura, studied the monuments, making hundreds of dives over the years in an effort to ascertain the origins of the Yonaguni builders. The Professor discovered colossal blocks estimated to weigh 200 tons each, symmetrical trenches and a series of steps rising at regular intervals on both the south and north face of the site. What looked like a ceremonial pathway circumventing the monument added weight to Professor Kimura’s theory that the monument was the work of an advanced civilization. Kimura asserts that the Yonaguni structure is artificial based on his discovery of geometrical patterns not found in nature. There are blocks carved off of the structure having not fallen in the path of gravity but removed to the side or altogether. Contrasting geometrical patterns exist which could not occur with conventional means of erosion. Archaeologists who have taken the time to investigate the site say that Yonaguni shares considerable similarity with the megalithic ruins found in Peru and Bolivia. Modern science dismisses the idea that such structures could be man made or located under the Pacific Ocean. If such a structure were indeed man made, history books would have to be rewritten. The last time Yonaguni stood above water was 9,000 to 10,000 years ago.[540] In the spring of 2001 a team of geologists and divers from Okinawa University found evidence in Yonaguni that seems to have set the matter of artificiality to rest. Colossal sculptured heads, stylized with headpieces reminiscent of effigies found in Peru were found amidst the ruins. The western videographers of the Discovery channel documented this finding.[541]

Today the most efficient means by which engineers move objects of great weight is with hydraulics. Because water cannot be compressed, it can transfer vast quantities of energy in a relatively small area. Geologists calculate the volume and velocity of water that flowed through ancient rivers by measuring the weight of the stones, which were moved—the greater the volume and speed of a river, the more massive the stones. Sometimes water has been known to move boulders of many tons. A great example of the violence and power of water occurred in America, 13,000 years ago.

Late in the earth’s last glacial epic 11,000 B.C. a lobe of the Cordilleran ice sheet stopped up the Columbia River, near present-day Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho. An ice dam standing about 3,000 feet high held a volume of water, called Lake Missoula, equal to the volume and size of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario combined. One day the glacial dam catastrophically gave way unleashing more that ten times the combined flow of all the modern rivers of the world. A 2,000-foot wall of water moving at over 200 miles an hour inundated Idaho and Washington. Boulders weighing hundreds of tons were washed from their origin in Montana 1,000 miles to the west and deposited at the mouth of the Columbia gorge at the Pacific.[542] Though the features of this deluge were discovered in1920, it wasn’t until the 70s that geologists accepted the event as fact. This flood had so destroyed the landscape that no evidence of Native Americans who lived in the area survived, being completely washed away or buried under hundreds of feet of sediment.

Similarly many megalithic sites seem to have been “swept clean” of human record prior to influx of younger civilizations. Artifacts discovered near megalithic sites are most often more recent in age than the structures suggest. The great flood of Lake Missoula left only occasional boulders lying high above valleys and plains anchored securely in the mountain bedrock. Because these boulders were situated at the highest elevation and in the strongest foundation they were not dislodged and swept away. Similarly artificial methods of structural preservation are found at many megalithic sites in the Andes Mountains of Peru. The sites of Ollantaytambo, Tiahuanaco and especially, the huge foundation of Baalbek were architecturally designed to resist not only earthquakes, but also to withstand massive inundations of water. The foundations of these megalithic sites were constructed from stones weighing hundreds of tons, which were fitted into terraces and niches carved into the bedrock of mountains specifically designed to receive them. Multi-faceted cuts and divots were set into the bedrock foundations to prevent toppling and movement from shock coming from any direction. Megalithic sites were painstakingly constructed from the most durable but hardest to move materials, and they were deliberately set up across the earth. The builders of these megalithic sites clearly wanted to preserve a legacy of their unsurpassed architectural skill, but the great effort they expended indicates there was more to their motivation. The builders of these megalithic sites expected a cataclysmic event, and these monuments were built with foreknowledge to withstand that destruction.

The Flood Epic of the Edfu Texts

In 1850 while on a mission for the Louvre to collect papyri, a French Archaeologist and the first Director of the Egyptian Antiquities Service, François Auguste Ferdinand Mariette launched a program to clear the Archaeological sites in Egypt. In 1860 Mariette instructed that an ancient Egyptian Temple to Horus in the town of Edfu be freed of sand and rubble. During the third century AD, the Temple of Horus at Edfu was allowed to fall into disuse, as the state religion of Egypt became first Christian and then Islamic. During this time tons of sand had drifted into the building. Edfu was the capital of the second province of Upper Egypt100 km south of Luxor and from the earliest days of Egyptian history it was a prosperous town. Edfu was also an important center for the worship of the god, Horus, son of Isis and Osiris the triad focus of the Egyptian religion. The rectangular Edfu Temple, constructed of sandstone, was oriented north/south, with its main entrance to the south. This alignment was contrary to nearly all other Egyptian temples that are oriented east/west for ease of access to the Nile, ancient Egypt’s main highway.[543] The temple of Horus at Edfu was uncovered, and an extremely extensive library of Hieroglyphs that had been chiseled into hundreds of square feet of limestone over nearly every space available on the walls of the temple were found. Egyptologists named the extensive library in stone the “Edfu building texts.”

These writings contained a historical record describing the temple as having undergone several stages of building over many thousands of years. The first stone temple to be built at Edfu was designed by the illustrious Imhotep (c. 2660 B.C.), architect of the Step Pyramid at Sakkara, according to a plan that “fell from heaven.”[544]

Over the years, successive temples were built on the site; and, in 237 BC, Ptolemy II ordered the construction of a new one. The nucleus of this temple was completed by 212 B.C. Many of the inscriptions in Ptolemaic temples were written in a deliberately elaborate and confusing hieroglyphic script so that their meaning was safeguarded against those who could only read standard hieroglyphs.[545]

Mariette, who learned hieroglyphics and Coptic as a youth with the help of his relative Egyptological draughtsman Nestor L’Hote, and who had already proven himself by transcribing the ancient texts in the Louvre, was the most skilled man for the job of recording the vast library of the Edfu texts. The Ptolemaic language used in the Edfu inscriptions was not the spoken language of that era, but a priestly revival of a much older version of the Egyptian language. While the script varies between each Ptolemaic temple, the earliest Ptolemaic writing was found in the Edfu Temple.[546] Mariette recorded, catalogued and shipped vast stores of texts back to the Louvre. Marriet was not alone in his interest in deciphering of the Edfu texts. The undertaking of decoding hieroglyphs covering hundreds of square feet needed great resources, time and financial backing. This was accomplished by the “Scientific and Artistic Commission,” founded by Napoleon, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior of France—the same organization who had funded his campaign back in the late 1700s.[547]

Many of the reliefs and inscriptions carved on the walls of the Edfu Temple are conventional, depicting a king, often accompanied by his queen, presenting offerings to various deities: many texts, however, referred to ancient texts from an earlier age, which have since been lost. The early Edfu priests of Horus preserved the information from an aion called by the Egyptians the Zep Tepi or “first time.” According to the Sacred Book of Temples of Edfu, during the Zep Tepi a group of builder gods called the Shebtiw (Seven Sages) “descended from the sky.” A similar word “sebittu” also meaning “seven” is found in Akkadian, i.e., Babylonian tablets such as the Epic of Gilgamesh, describing the builders of the first cities.[548]

The Shebtiw Sages created “sacred mounds” at various places around the Nile valley—and the earth—which were to serve as templates for the future construction of temples.[549] The builder gods of the Edfu texts stated that proper building of the sacred mounds—in the holy places—would bring about a “resurrection of the destroyed world of the gods.”[550] The destroyed world was called the “Homeland of the Primeval Ones,” which “stood in darkness” where the “earliest mansions of the gods were founded.”[551] The Seven Sages of the Edfu texts, like the Abgal Sages described by the Babylonian Berossus, and the apkallu from the Sumerian epics, fell from their place of origin in the heavens.

The Greek historian Diogenes Laertius (third century A.D.) claimed that the astronomical records of Egyptian priests began in 49,219 B.C. Martianus Capella (fifth century A.D.) wrote that the Egyptian sages had secretly studied astronomy for over 40,000 years before they imparted their knowledge to the world. Using the information given to him by the priests of the land of the Nile, Herodotus placed the reign of Osiris at about 15,500 B.C. Herodotus remarked that the Egyptians were quite certain about that date. Diodorus Siculus:

The number of years from Osiris and Isis, they say, to the reign of Alexander, who founded the city which bears his name in Egypt, is over ten thousand, but, according to other writers, a little less than twenty-three thousand.[552]

The foundation myths of earliest times from both Greece and Egypt agree that a cataclysm occurred sufficient enough to interfere with the advancement of civilization; as Plato wrote: “…and so you have to begin all over again like children, and know nothing of what happened in ancient times…” Both Plato and Herodotus documented the oral tradition of the Egyptians, passed from their culture to the Greeks. The Edfu texts vividly illustrate the Egyptian legend of the Zep Tepi, “the First Time.” The pre-flood knowledge of the first time, of the previous cycle of the aion, was preserved and maintained with little alteration in legends between cultures; the continuity of ancient knowledge traveled from Egypt to Greece, and later to Rome, through the religious traditions and “mystery schools” founded by seafarers from the East Coast of the Mediterranean. These seafarers were Sidonians, the sons of Canaan who settled the land of ancient Lebanon after the flood. It was the Sidonians who maintained the ancient knowledge as well as the legend of its origin. They once again built up the destroyed places where the angelic beings had first descended to the earth at Mount Hermon in Sidonia according to the book of Enoch:

And they [the angels of heaven] were in all two hundred; who descended in the days of Jared on the summit of Mount Hermon. (Book of Enoch 2:1)

Monumental architecture was one of the gifts of knowledge brought from heaven to the earth by the first sages and gods. Sumerian myth described the Abgal Sages who were sent from heaven to earth to civilize mankind, the builders of the first walled cities. The Seven Sages who descended from heaven laid the foundations of the city of Uruk, according to the Epic of Gilgamesh. Cain, the first city-builder in the Bible, built the great stone platform at Baalbek, according to local legend. A Babylonian historian discussed the first Sage, Oannes, who taught primitive men to construct cities, and explained to them the principles of geometrical knowledge. The Egyptian god Ptah, also a teacher of geometry, was called “… a master architect, and framer of everything in the universe.”[553] The builder gods brought their knowledge from the heavens; the heavens must have contained some key to the facilitation of building.

An architectural link existed between heaven and earth, preserved in the legend of the Greek Titan Atlas. As leader of the Titans in the war against the Olympian gods, Atlas was singled out for punishment by Zeus and made to forever bare the weight of the heavens on his strong shoulders. Interestingly, the account of the founding of Atlantis, Poseidon’s romance with Cleito, the building of Atlantis’s fabled encircled city on a mound, and the kingship of Poseidon’s son Atlas come to us only through the account of Plato, whose name means “strong shouldered.” Homer’s Odyssey also described Atlas as the one who guards the pillars that “keep the sky and earth apart.” The fate of Atlas was made a bit more lenient through history, as he became merely the guardian of the pillars that held the celestial sphere above the earth. Pillars are an architectural element appearing in entryways and temples of myth, as well as being a time-honored symbol of fraternities of builders throughout history. Even after the Olympian gods defeated the Titans and assumed a preeminent place in the heavens, the foundations and walls of cities of men were said to have been built with the aid of the gods. Neptune and Apollo are credited with the building of the walls of Troy, according to Homer:

He, (Apollo) and Neptune, trident-bearing father of the swelling sea, put on mortal form, and built the walls of the city for the Phrygian king for an agreed amount in gold. The edifice stood there.[554]

In his justification of the antiquity of Gnostic doctrines, Jean-Marie Ragon (1781–1862) deduced from the classics that when Neptune and Apollo offered themselves to Laomedon as masons “to build the city” of Troy, this was a well-known expression symbolizing the establishment of a religious cult or “Mystery School.” Ragon argues:

…do not we know that the ancient initiated poets, when speaking of the foundation of a city, meant thereby the establishment of a doctrine? Thus Neptune, the god of reasoning, and Apollo, the god of the hidden things, presented themselves as masons before Laomedon, Priam’s father, to help him to build the city of Troy—that is to say, to establish the Trojan religion.[555]

In light of the fact that incomprehensibly massive stone foundations remain at Baalbek, Ollantaytambo, Tiahuanaco, Giza and many other places across the globe, Ragon presents an intriguing alternative. These cyclopean structures could provide both a foundation for the building of a religion, and a foundation upon which to build literal walls after each cataclysmic destruction at the turning of the aion. According to the Timaeus of Plato, exactly this situation has occurred: “There have been, and will be again, many destructions of mankind.”

If the ancient initiated poets have left “the hidden things” in the earliest myth of civilization, as Ragon explains, perhaps a pattern can be found that can be lifted out of the ancient verse. In The Defence of Poetry (written circa 1580), the Elizabethan philosopher-poet Philip Sidney observed:

The Philosophers of Greece durst not a long time appear to the world, but under the mask of poets. So Thales, Empedocles, and Parmenides, sang their naturall Philosophie in verses. So did Pythagoras and Phocillides, their moral Councels. So did Tirteus in war matters, and Solon in matters of pollicie, or rather they being Poets, did exercise their delightfull vaine in those points of highest knowledge, which before them lay hidden to the world… {17} There is no Art delivered unto mankind that hath not the workes of nature for his principall object, without which they could not consist, and on which they so depend, as they become Actors & Plaiers, as it were of what nature will have set forth. So doth the Astronomer looke upon the starres, and by that he seeth set downe what order nature hath taken therein. So doth the Geometritian & Arithmetitian, in their divers sorts of quantities.[556]

Each time the world was destroyed, there was a period of building once again, a resurgence of learning and technology, though somewhat less magnificent than before. Myths of the origins of cities describe the establishment of a “foundation” according to some supernatural plan; the foundations were laid where the gods had indicated, city walls were built by a demi-god or hero, with the help of gods. These stories describe the pattern of regaining the lost knowledge of the past spoken of in Plato’s Timaeus : “…just when you …are beginning to be provided with letters and the other requisites of civilized life, after the usual interval, the stream from heaven, like a pestilence, comes pouring down…and so you have to begin all over again like children, and know nothing of what happened in ancient times.” The ancient stone foundations of megalithic cities remained for men to find and build up again. With the foundations left in place, both the structures and the knowledge could be repaired to a semblance of its former state. “Foundation myths” of many cultures contain the symbols of twins—or pillars—or both—representing a connection between heaven and earth.

The Sunteleias & Aions of the last Platonic year.

Chapter Three: Cydonian Foundations of Rome

Archaeological evidence has shown that the Acropolis in Athens was built upon much earlier megalithic structures; cyclopean walls with slabs measuring 20 feet across are found exposed to the west of the Parthenon.[557] Plato’s Critias described a war between the previous inhabitants of Athens and the Atlanteans 9,000 years before his time:

Let me begin by observing first of all, that nine thousand was the sum of years which had elapsed since the war which was said to have taken place between those who dwelt outside the Pillars of Heracles and all who dwelt within them; this war I am going to describe. Of the combatants on the one side, the city of Athens was reported to have been the leader and to have fought out the war; the combatants on the other side were commanded by the kings of Atlantis, which, as was saying, was an island greater in extent than Libya and Asia, and when afterwards sunk by an earthquake, became an impassable barrier of mud to voyagers sailing from hence to any part of the ocean.[558]

Plato’s Critias described an earlier flood, pre-dating the deluge of Deucalion, which affected the Acropolis:

In the first place the Acropolis was not as now. For the fact is that a single night of excessive rain washed away the earth and laid bare the rock; at the same time there were earthquakes, and then occurred the extraordinary inundation, which was the third before the great destruction of Deucalion. But in primitive times the hill of the Acropolis extended to the Eridanus and Ilissus, and included the Pnyx on one side, and the Lycabettus as a boundary on the opposite side to the Pnyx, and was all well covered with soil, and level at the top, except in one or two places.[559]

Legend attributes the cyclopean walls of ancient Athens to the Pelasgians; Cyclopean architecture throughout the Mediterranean was the hallmark of the mystery schools and population centers of these ancestors of the Phoenicians—ancient Sidonians. The ruins of the Samothracian city Palaeopoli, first investigated in 1863 by the French consul M. Champoiseau, contained the temple of the Cabiri and other edifices with distinctive Cyclopean architecture.[560] Among the cities whose legends preserve a Pelasgian origin were Thebes, Athens, and Delphi: all these cities have famous founding city-gods and heroes. According to Greek myth, Troy was a settlement of Samothracians, as seen in a Papyri Fragment (c. 3rd C A.D.):

Electra… . was subject to the dark-clouded Son of Cronos and bare Dardanus… . and Eetion… . who once greatly loved rich-haired Demeter. And cloud-gathering Zeus was wroth and smote him, Eetion, and laid him low with a flaming thunderbolt, because he sought to lay hands upon rich- haired Demeter. But Dardanus came to the coast of the mainland—from him Erichthonius and thereafter Tros [Troy] were sprung, and Ilus, and Assaracus, and godlike Ganymede—when he had left holy Samothrace in his many-benched ship.[561]

The ancient mystery schools—the repositories of knowledge from the earlier aions—originated on the Mediterranean islands Samothrace, Eleusis and Crete (7 C B.C.—4 C A.D. ff). Though there is considerable speculation about this religion, accounts exist from ancient historians who claim to have witnessed rites, and to have petitioned to be initiated into the mysteries themselves. The mystery schools preserved the knowledge of the ancient world, as Plato described, through those ancient cycles of cataclysms by fire and water that affected the advancement of civilization. Although that secret knowledge was never revealed to the common citizen, clues were left in the writings of initiates, philosophers and poets. Among those who underwent the rites of the mystery school, according to historical record, were Aristotle, Sophocles, Plato, Cicero and a number of Roman emperors, such as Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius.[562]

In Greece the rites and closely guarded secrets of the Pelasgian mysteries were called the “Eleusinian Mysteries.” To reveal any Eleusinian secrets to the uninitiated was a crime punishable by death by the Athenian court, however the mysteries were available to upwards of three thousand initiates each year; any Greek-speaking person who had not committed a murder could present themselves once in their lifetime.[563]

The mystery schools were founded by the Pelasgians, the ancestors of the Phoenicians (Sidonians), and the original inhabitants of Arcadia. According to Aristotle, the Pelasgians (sea peoples in Greek) were an ancient race that occupied parts of Greece from the time before there was a moon in the sky; for this reason they were called Proselenes (literally “before the moon”).[564] Hippolytus refers to a legend that “Arcadia brought forth Pelasgus [progenitor of the Pelasgians], of greater antiquity than the moon.”[565] Plutarch wrote in The Roman Questions: “There were Arcadians of Evander’s following, the so-called pre-Lunar people.”[566] Apollonius of Rhodes mentioned the time “when not all the orbs were yet in the heavens, before the Danai and Deukalion races came into existence, and only the Arcadians lived, of whom it is said that they dwelt on mountains and fed on acorns, before there was a moon.”[567] The Pelasgians existed long before the cataclysm of “Noah’s Flood” (the aion alignment of 10,948 B.C.), as Apollonius suggested, before the flood of Deukalion and Pyrrha. Remnants of the Pelasgians survived the cataclysmic shifting of the aions, preserving that knowledge of the former aions (when knowledge descended to the earth from the heavens) by establishing mystery schools, under various names, throughout the Mediterranean.

The Pelasgians revered a group of demi-gods—associated with fire and with building—called “Kabiroi,” whose worship they spread through the Mediterranean. The CABIRI or KABIROI were worshipped as theoi megaloi (great gods). Nigidius Figulus (58 B.C. ff), an early Neopythagorean [reviving the philosophy of Pythagoras], a praetor and a friend of Cicero, was considered one of the most learned Romans of the 1st century BC. Figulus’s Concerning the Gods was the earliest comprehensive work on Roman religion. He described the Cabiri’s descent to earth in much the same way as legend has preserved the fall of Athena, and the fall of the city-god of the Sidonians, Melkart: the fiery builder gods the Cabiri descended to earth as a falling star.

The Great Ones (Cabiri) came to earth in a flaming star, which shattered the rocks when it crashed into the island of Samothrace; there the Great Gods made their home.[568]

The Samothracian and Cretan mysteries were centered on the worship of sacred cosmic fire and a mother goddess who watched over it.[569] The sacred fire of the goddess formed on seven specific locations on of the island of Samothrace. Ceremonies of the Aegean Mysteries were held every seven years to venerate the cosmic fire.[570] A wooden statue of the goddess, a palladium (virgin statue), was carried seven times around her temple. The palladium, the statue of the goddess, held a lit torch symbolizing the secret wisdom of her mysteries.[571] The goddess disclosed the holy places. The proper location for building the city of Troy was indicated by a wooden statue that had fallen out of the sky. Troy was one of many Pelasgian settlements throughout the Mediterranean. The cultural and religious traditions of the Pelasgians were preserved in their colonies. The Greeks were so impressed by their Pelasgian predecessors that islands known to have Pelasgian settlements were revered as dwelling places of the gods.

Anyone will know what I mean if he is familiar with the mysteries of the Kabiri—rites which the men of Samothrace learned from the Pelasgians, who lived in that island before they moved to Attica, and communicated the mysteries to the Athenians. This will show that the Athenians were the first Greeks to make statues of Hermes with the erect phallus, and that they learned the practice from the Pelasgians—who explained it by a certain religious doctrine, the nature of which is made clear in the Samothracian mysteries.[572]

The Roman historian Strabo said that the Cabeiri were “demon ministers to the gods,” and were gods themselves.[573] Strabo also states that:

The Cabeiri are most honored in Imbros and Lemnos, but they are also honored in separate cities of the Troad [Troy]; their names, however, are kept secret. Herodotus says that there were temples of the Cabeiri in Memphis, as also of Hephaestus, but that Cambyses destroyed them.”[574]

The legendary hero Cadmus was said to have introduced the Pelasgian mysteries to the Greeks (as well as first alphabet) in the 8th century B.C.[575] The Greeks revered the Pelasgian hero Cadmus as the founder of the city Thebes, and preserved in legend how Cadmus defeated the dragon of Ares and created the race of the Spartans. Cadmus, or Kadmos, was the son of Agenor, king of Sidon and Tyre in Phoenicia.[576] Though the most popular foundation myth of Thebes attributes the building of the city to the Pelasgian—Sidonian—Cadmus, there is an alternate legend of the Amphisian brothers, Amphion & Zethus. The twin sons of Antiope and Zeus were abandoned on Mount Cithaeron and raised by a shepherd. The Amphisian twins built the walls of Thebes, and the god Hermes taught Amphion to move the stones using nothing but the music of his lyre.[577] This foundation myth is echoed in that of Rome: the twins Romulus and Remus, the sons of Mars, were abandoned by their mother and saved by a shepherd, and these twins grew up to build the walls of Rome. The twin brothers, or gods with twin aspects, are often associated with foundations in myth; like the mysterious Pelasgian Cabiri, the male gods and heroes of the city are associated with the goddess (or her palladium). The goddess discloses the knowledge of the “sacred places,” the location to build temples and cities.

Cydonian Gods

Cadmus, meaning “from the east,” was the son of Agenor, the king of Sidon. Cadmus was the grandson of Poseidon, the anthropomorphized Ouroborus, and embodiment of the Milky Way. According to myth, the Sidonian king sent Cadmus and his brothers to search for their sister Europa, who was abducted by Zeus in the form of a bull. Though they never did find their sister, as they searched, the Sidonian brothers founded cities and religious centers on Crete, Samothrace, Rhodes and the other islands. The cyclopean architecture and the mystery school religious systems found throughout the Mediterranean were characteristic of the Pelasgian—Sidonian—influence.[578]

The Egyptian Nonnos of Panopolis (400-476 AD) attributed the Greek language to the Sidonian Cadmus:

But [Kadmos], bringing gifts of voice and thought for all Greece, made tools that echoed the tongue, mingling vowels [azyga (things that exist in isolation)] and consonants [syzyga (things that connect)], all in a row [stoichedon] of integrated harmony. He rounded off a gravent [grapton] model of speaking silence, having learned the ancestral mysteries of the divine art.[579]

Historian Pliny the Elder believed that Greek letters were of Assyrian origin; Dioderus Siculus claimed the Syrians invented letters, and from them the Phoenicians, having learned them transferred them to the Greeks.[580] Herodotus wrote in his Histories:

The Greek people were taught their letters from the Phoenicians and adopted them with some alterations for their own speech. They refer to their letters as Phoenician-things [phoinikeia] because the Phoenicians introduced them.

The people of Thebes were actually called by Pentheus, the grandson of Cadmus, “children of the serpent, people of Mars.”[581] The Spartans (literally “earth born”) were created from the teeth of a dragon defeated by Cadmus at the founding of Thebes. That Cadmus, grandson of the Ouroboros who was Poseidon, would contend in myth with a serpent is quite telling. The legend preserved a secret connection between the Poseidonic Ouroboros and Mars. Called the Cadmium dragon, the great serpent that guarded the sacred spring of Ares was beloved by that god of Mars.

Then, behold, Pallas, the hero’s guardian approaches, sinking down through the upper air, and orders him to turn the earth and sow the dragon’s teeth, destined to generate a people. He obeys, and opening the furrows with a slice of his plough, sows the teeth in the ground, as human seed. Then, almost beyond belief, the cultivated earth begins to move, and first spear points appear among the furrows, next helmets nodding their painted crests, then chests and shoulders spring up, and arms weighed down with spears, and the field is thick with the round shields of warriors. Just as at festivals in the theatre, when the curtain is lifted at the end, designs rise in the air, first revealing faces and then gradually the rest, until, raised gently and steadily, they are seen whole, and at last their feet rest on the lower border. (Metamorphoses Bk III:95–114)

The men born from the earth and the teeth of Ares’s dragon were so warlike that they quickly turned on each other until only five remained:

Five were still standing, one of whom was Echion. He, at a warning from Pallas, threw his weapons on the ground and sought assurances of peace from his brothers, and gave them in return. The Sidonian wanderer [Cadmus] had these men as companions in his task when he founded the city [Thebes]. (Metamorphoses Bk III:115–137)

Similarities in the myths and the religious practices of the Greeks and the Romans confirm that both these cultures arose from the knowledge of the Pelasgian Sidonians. The ancient knowledge that came from heaven to the earth—from an earlier aion—was preserved in the foundation myths and the mystery schools of the Greeks and Romans.

Legend records that the location for building Rome—the city built on seven hills—was made manifest when the Trojan hero Æneas transported a Palladium and a hearth of sacred fire to the site, after the fall of Troy.[582] Aeneas traced his lineage back through Dardanus, the founder of Troy, to Zeus and Electra—one of the seven Pleiades or “Hesperides,” a daughter of Atlas (who bore the weight of the twin pillars of heaven and earth upon his shoulders). Aeneas was the actual founder of Rome, according to Homer.[583]

Romulus, the famous founder of Roman legend, is sometimes made a descendant of Aeneas, but according to legend he was born with his twin Remus after Mars laid with the Rhea Sylvia in the form of a flame. Romulus consecrated an Eternal Flame and established the priestesses, the Vestal virgins of Rome. The six vestal virgins were charged with keeping the sacred flame of the goddess within the Temple of Vesta (Hestia in Greek, meaning Hearth).[584] Ovid in his “Celebration of Augustus” lists the primary gods in relation to both Romulus and Aeneas from Troy:

You gods, the friends of Aeneas, to whom fire and sword gave way; you deities of Italy; and Romulus, founder of our city; and Mars, father of Romulus; Vesta, Diana, sacred among Caesar’s ancestral gods, and you, Phoebus, sharing the temple with Caesar’s Vesta; you, Jupiter who hold the high Tarpeian citadel; and all you other gods, whom it is fitting and holy for a poet to invoke, I beg that the day be slow to arrive, and beyond our own lifetime, when Augustus shall rise to heaven, leaving the world he rules, and there, far off, shall listen, with favour, to our prayers![585]

The sacred flame in Vesta’s shrine would be renewed every year on March 1st , in the month named after Mars, on the traditional birthday of the god so revered by the Romans that they began their new year on that day. The Eleusinian mysteries had moved west from Greece and taken a new form in Rome. The Romans were primarily products of religious beliefs inherited from the mysteries of the Aegean. The mysteries lasted even to later centuries in Rome, as Cicero wrote:

For it appears to me that among the many exceptional and divine things your Athens has produced and contributed to human life, nothing is better than those mysteries. For by means of them we…have been civilized. (Cicero, On the Laws, 2.14.36)

The knowledge preserved in the mysteries practiced in Athens influenced the civilization of the “sons of Mars,” the Romans. It is interesting to note that while the Pelasgian Acropolis was sacred to the goddess Athena and the craftsman god who fell to earth, Hephaestus, the Greek god Ares had his own hill the Areopagus, used as an ancient sacred meeting place of the council of elders from the beginning of Athens.[586] The god Ares was incorporated and given primacy in the Roman pantheon, as Mars.

The Penates publici were the gods who protected the Roman state and the imperial family; the original Penates had been housed in the Temple of Vesta. The poet Virgil traced the Roman Penates to the Pelasgians of Samothrace, and to the Trojans.[587] Aeneas encountered the ghost of Hector, who told him to take the Pelasgian Penates, the traditional gods of Troy with him to Italy:

1-8 With Troy destroyed by the gods, exile in a deserted land is decreed by auguries; so a fleet is built, men are gathered for an uncertain future. 8-12 As summer starts, at Anchises order, I set sail from the area of Troy with my men, my son, the great gods, and the Penates of Troy.[588]

The foundation story of Rome and Aenaes preserved the ancient knowledge of the Pelasgians—the ancient Sidonians—and provided continuity between cultures. The legend of the fall of Troy refers to the time when knowledge came down from heaven at the ouroboral alignment of the previous aion. The famous wooden Trojan horse was the means by which the superior Greek archers penetrated the walls of the city and defeated the Trojans. The myth refers to humans disguised as a horse, presenting a dual aspect at the Trojan gates. This myth alludes to sign of the suntelia, when the dual-natured horse- man Sagittarius points his arrow at the “gate” of the ouroboros at sunrise, as one aion ends and the next begins. Because of the “Trojan horse-men” with their arrows, the Trojan population, and its Pelasgian religious system, moved from the walls of Troy to the walls of Rome.

The Vestal flame was lit on the 1st of March, in honor of the goddess of the flame and at the behest of the legendary son of Mars who founded Rome. On the 1st, 9th and 24th of the month of Mars (important dates in the Pelasgian Eleusinian rites as well), the priests of Mars would perform the Feriae Marti, an athletic jumping dance through the city of Rome. The Mars priests were called Salii, which means in Latin “leapers.” The Salii priests of Mars proceeded through Rome in groups of twelve, stopping at certain points to perform the complicated ritual leaping dance. Salii wore an old style of military dress, a tunica picta (painted or colored tunic) and a bronze breastplate. Additionally, they wore a short military cloak with scarlet stripes and a purple border. On their heads they wore a conical helmet called an apex. The Salii were armed with swords in their left hands and spears in their right hands. An ancile (shield) shaped roughly like a figure-8 was worn on the left arm. The helmeted Salii would sing and beat their shields in unison to flute music.[589] By the late Republic, the average Roman viewing the ritual did not recognize its source and did not understand the words of the song that the priests sang. However, the practice was nearly identical in dress and movement to the ancient dance of the Pelasgian priests of Samothrace Island. According to the Roman historian Figulus, the Cabiri and the mysteries from Samothrace were the origin of the ritual and worship of Mars in Rome:

…the Great Ones (Cabiri) came to earth in a flaming star, which shattered the rocks when it crashed into the island of Samothrace; there the Great Gods made Their home. They are Lords of the Terrifying Tempest. Their dance is the bedlam of spears rattled against oxhide shields.[590]

The Greek historian Strabo (62 BC) provided a description of the dancers of the “sacred rites” from the islands of the Aegean, mirroring the dance of the priests of Mars:

Some represent the Corybantes, the Cabeiri, the Idaean Dactyli, and the Telchines as identical with the Curetes, others represent them as all kinsmen of one another and differentiate only certain small matters in which they differ in respect to one another; but, roughly speaking and in general, they represent them, one and all, as a kind of inspired people and as subject to Bacchic frenzy, and, in the guise of ministers, as inspiring terror at the celebration of the sacred rites by means of war- dances, accompanied by uproar and noise and cymbals and drums and arms, and also by flute and outcry; and consequently these rites are in a way regarded as having a common relationship, I mean these and those of the Samothracians and those in Lemnos and in several other places, because the divine ministers are called the same.[591]

Nonnos described a dance of the Mysteries by priests that he identified as the Kabiri:

Already the bird of morning was cutting the air with loud cries [on Samothrace]; already the helmeted bands of desert-haunting Korybantes [Kabeiroi] were beating on their shields in the Knossian dance, and leaping with rhythmic steps, and the oxhides thudded under the blows of the iron as they whirled them about in rivalry, while the double pipe made music, and quickened the dancers with its rollicking tune in time to the bounding steps…The noisy Korybantes with their ringing din awoke Kadmos early in the morning; the Sidonian seamen also with one accord, hearing the never-silent oxhide at dawn, rose from their rattling pebbly pallets and left the brine-beaten back of the shore.[592]

The ritual “Knossian dance” was named after Knossos, the site of the legendary labyrinth in the city founded by King Minos of Crete. Minos, like the Trojan Dardanus, was a son of Zeus. Minos was produced when Zeus as a bull-god abducted Europa, the Sidonian sister of Cadmus (who built the foundation for Thebes where a cow from the goddess rested). Minos caused the elaborate walls of the Knossian labyrinth to be built to hide the hybrid bull-man the Minotaur, said to be named Asteria (star). The astral secret hidden in the labyrinth, the hybrid Asteria, was the half-brother of Ariadne, Minos’s daughter who provided the thread—the clue—for navigating to the center of the walls of the labyrinth and back again. After the walls of the labyrinth were mastered, and the secret hidden within was mastered, the Athenian youths—the seven men and seven maidens—celebrated their freedom by dancing the dance of the labyrinth. The Oriental historian Godfrey Higgins made a similar connection between the sacred dance of the Romans and the “Knossian dance” of Crete. Higgins’s Anacalypsis (1836) described the dance:

The Roman boys were also taught a mazy or complicated dance, called both the Pyrrhic wardance, and the dance of the city Troy… The Cloacæ Maximæ, under the city of Rome, have by some been thought to be a labyrinth… The sacred mazy dance was to imitate the complicated motions of the planets,—was in honour of the Gods—that is, of the disposers: in short, it had the same object as the labyrinth. The Roman circus was an allegory corresponding to the labyrinth, as the author of Nimrod supposes. […] The circuits were seven, saith Laurentius Lydus, because the planets are so many… In the isle of Lemnos there was a labyrinth of which some remains existed in the time of Pliny. There are also histories of labyrinths in Egypt, seen by Herodotus; in Andeira; at the Lake of Van; Præneste… The districts of Canaan appear to have been allotted or divided according to astronomical or astrological rules, in the same manner as was practised with the nomes of Egypt.[593]

The Dionysiaca also recorded that the “leaping Samothrace dance” was performed to honor a fire goddess who was “the divine friend of dogs.”[594] In ancient Rome the dog was considered a consort and trusting companion of Mars and was depicted on coins of the Empire.[595] In the Pelasgian city of Sparta, Ares was worshipped with nocturnal offerings of dogs in his guise as Enyalios or Theritas (the savage one).[596] The name “Enyalios” as an alternate for Ares occurs on a tablet at Knossos in Crete. This is the earliest reference to a god associated with the planet Mars, first introduced to Crete by migrant peoples of Sidonia.[597] The ancient war god Ares was in the beginning, a Sidonian god.

In the late republic Romulus was called “Mars Quirinus” and worshipped as one of the chief gods of Rome.[598] Ovid describes the deification of Romulus:

Mars, removing his helmet, addressed the father of gods and men in these words: “The time has come, lord, to grant the reward (that you promised to me and your deserving grandson), since the Roman state is strong, on firm foundations, and does not depend on a single champion: free his spirit, and raising him from earth set him in the heavens. You once said to me, in person, at a council of the gods (since I am mindful of the gracious words I noted in my retentive mind), ‘There will be one who you will raise to azure heaven.’ Let your words be ratified in full!” Omnipotent Jupiter nodded, and, veiling the sky with dark clouds, he terrified men on earth with thunder and lightning. Mars knew this as a sign that ratified the promised ascension, and leaning on his spear, he vaulted, fearlessly, into his chariot, the horses straining at the blood-wet pole, and cracked the loud whip. Dropping headlong through the air, he landed on the summit of the wooded Palatine. There he caught up Romulus, son of Ilia, as he was dealing royal justice to his people. The king’s mortal body dissolved in the clear atmosphere, like the lead bullet, that often melts in mid-air, hurled by the broad thong of a catapult. Now he has beauty of form, and he is Quirinus, clothed in ceremonial robes, such a form as is worthier of the sacred high seats of the gods.[599]

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, a Greek rhetorician and historian in the late1st century BC, wrote in his Antiquities of Rome:

The Sabines, and the Romans (Latins)… give to Enyalios the name Quirinus… for some think that both these names are used for one and the same god who presides over martial combats.[600]

The ancient Cretan reference to the Cydonian god of Mars “Enyalios” was commemorated in the Greek goddess Enyo who became the consort of Ares on the battlefield. The Roman goddess Salus was also a female consort of the god of Mars; the Roman Salii priests of Mars took their name, and their military salute, from her. The goddess Salus was the counterpart of the Greek Hugieia (health, wholeness) whose name adorns the pentagram of Pythagoras. Fellow members of the Pythagorean mystery schools would greet each other using the name of this Greek goddess, and initiates recognized each other when her symbol, the pentagram or pentagon, was invoked. Members of the mystery schools recognized each other through symbolic references in names and images, so mystery schools through the ages have retained meaningful “Martian” symbols. It is no coincidence that modern mystery schools have chosen to build a monument called the Pentagon as the symbol of America’s warfare supremacy.

Like his Greek counterpart Ares, the god Mars was worshipped with canine sacrifice. The quintessential Roman deity presided over Lupercalia , the festival of the Roman wolf and Mars, commencing in the cave of the She-Wolf—the wolf who had fed her milk to the abandoned twins Romulus and Remus. The rites of Lupercalia included a ceremonial sacrifice of a dog, and the clothing of two naked youths with its skin. Later the youths ran through the hills of Rome slapping bystanders with strips of the sacrificed animal. It was considered a sure sign of fertility if a woman happened to receive a blow from the bloody hide wielded by the naked priests. It is recorded that in the case of Lupercalia, as with the dance of the Salii priest, the ritual was so old that the Romans did not remember its origin or meaning.

According to the Alexandrian Lycophron (3rd C B.C.), dogs were sacrificed on the Pelasgian island of Samothrace, in the cave of the goddess of that island.[601] Diodorus described an Egyptian connection between canines and the worship of Osiris: the god Osiris traveled the earth educating mankind in matters of civilization—cultivation of crops, building of cities and temples—and was accompanied on his excursion by his two sons:

Now Osiris was accompanied on his campaign, as the Egyptian account goes, by his two sons Anubis and Macedon, who were distinguished for their valour. Both of them carried the most notable accoutrements of war, taken from certain animals whose character was not unlike the boldness of the men, Anubis wearing a dog’s skin and Macedon the fore-parts of a wolf; and it is for this reason that these animals are held in honour among the Egyptians 18.[602]

The Romans considered Mars a god not only of war but also of civilization. The god Mars was worshipped under different aspects over which he was patron; most notably Mars was called Mars Gradivus “he who precedes the army in battle” and Mars Quirinus (Lord of Fortresses).[603] The name “Mars” was a Roman form of the Chaldean word Mar or Mavor meaning “the rebel.” The Latin Kir or Quir means “wall”; kir-cum designates either an entire encompassing or surrounding of an object, and encircling wall such as those around a city.[604]

The Sumerians associated Nergal, god of war and civilization, with the planet Mars. Nergal’s knowledge and skills were bestowed upon his subjects after he was ejected from heaven and fell to the earth. Nergal’s titles included “Lord of the great dwelling,” “the Strong One,” “the Giant King of War,” and “the Illuminator of the Great City.”[605]

Nergal was worshipped under other names referring to Mars: MULNIN.SI (Bright Lord), NIN.DAR.A (Lord of Brightness), MUL-BABBAR (Bright Star). The words MUL Makrû and MUL Si.pa (Red Star) refer to the red planet. The Sumerian fire god Gibil was also connected to Mars. Gibil (Akkadian Girra/u ) was the fire god who, like his counterparts Hephaestus and Vulcan, was a craftsman, patron of magic and smithing. The name of the craftsman god of fire appears in Sumerian legend as GIŠ.BAR, BIL.GI, GI.BIL, Giri, also MU.BAR.RA.[606]

The Martian god of Greek myth, Ares, was an ancient founder of civilization, before he became associated with warfare. Like the Romans, the Greeks considered Mars a god responsible for having introduced crop growing and domestication of animals, both necessary for community and cities. The worship of the god from the planet Mars as a builder was wide spread in the ancient world. The Egyptians referred to the planet Mars as Har detcher, Horus the Red, son and reincarnation of his father Osiris. The name “Horus” is “face” in Egyptian; Har detcher was literally “the red face of Osiris.”[607]

Osiris was considered the founder of Egypt’s architecture and civilization: “Of Osiris they say that, being of a beneficent turn of mind, and eager for glory, he gathered together a great army, with the intention of visiting all the inhabited earth and teaching the race of men…after establishing Egypt, Osiris traveled abroad teaching the skills of building and society to the men scattered across the earth.”[608] His consort and sister Isis remained in Egypt as a resource for the skills of society. Fratricide is repeated in myths associated with the building of walls, cities, and temples. Osiris, the builder-god and founder of Egyptian civilization, was murdered by his brother Set; Romulus, the builder- god (Mars Quirinus) and founder of Roman civilization murdered his brother Remus; Cain, the first cultivator of crops and the first builder of a city found in the Bible, murdered his brother Abel. Cain was the ancient ancestor of the Canaanites, according to the Bible; the Canaanites were Phoenicians, that is, Sidonians.

Incarnations of the Sages such as: Osiris, Oannes, Uana-Adapa, the Shebtiw of the Edfu texts, the apkallu Abgal Sages (Planetary Elders) of Sumeria, the Hindu Manus, and also the craftsman gods Hephaestus, Vulcan and Deadulus, were all associated with providing technology for civilizing mankind. The beings that brought heavenly knowledge to the earth were described in myth as having fallen, and in addition the myths preserve a telling association with sparks, fire, flame, or the color red.

Chapter Four: The Fallen Ones

But who shall dwell in these worlds if they be inhabited?… Are we or they Lords of the World?… And how are all things made for man?

—Johannes Kepler, quoted in Robert Burton’s The Anatomy of Meloncholy (1621)

Ancient chroniclers of the Greeks recorded that a race of technologically advanced beings had incurred the anger of the gods, due to some transgression. The Telchines, from thelgo “to enchant,” were the first inhabitants of the island Telchinis, now called Rhodes (rosy or red), having come to the island from Crete.

Ialysos [in Rhodes] where lived the vile Telkhines whose evil eyes had blighted everything, till Jove [Zeus], in loathing, sank them all beneath his brother’s [Poseidon’s] waves.[609]

The Telchines were the offspring of Poseidon & Thalatta (the Sea), populating the island named after their sister Rhode who was married to the Sun god, Helios. Rhode and Helios produced cousins of the Telchines, the Heliades—astrologers who used their knowledge of the stars to introduce new practices in navigation, and were the first to divide the day into hours: the Telchines themselves were said to be wizards who inhabited Rhodes before the arrival of the Pelasgians. The cyclopean ruins on Rhodes are evidence of occupation by the Pelasgians, that is, the ancient Sidonians; the mystery schools of the Pelasgians preserved the knowledge from before the shifting of the aion, and built upon the foundations left by their predecessors, the Telchines. The Greek historian Strabo provides a clue to the identity of the Telchines:

Those Telchines who came from the city of Ialysus were flooded by Zeus, but others, foreseeing the catastrophe, left the island and were scattered. These were the descendents of Cain through Lamech before the flood of Noah.[610]

Genesis lists the descendants of Cain separate from those of Adam’s younger son Seth, and though the names “Enoch” and “Lamech” are listed in both lineages, Cain’s descendents are not the ancestors of Noah. The Telchines were descended through Lamech of the lineage of Cain. The descendent of Lamech named Tubalcain was born during the time the Nephilim (fallen ones)—demi-gods who ultimately caused the Flood.

The demi-gods who were the cause for Ovid’s Flood, the Tel-chines, were named for a Pelasgian transliteration of the name Tubal-Cain.

And Zillah, she also bare Tubalcain, an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron.” (Genesis 4:22)

The Telchines were reputed to be malignant sorcerers; this bad reputation has its origin in the Envy of rival workmen, caused by the excellence of the Telchines’ workmanship. For they are said to have been the first to fashion statues of gods, and to have discovered other arts as well, being the first to work iron and brass.—Strabo’s Geography 14.2.7

And Azazel (an angel) taught men to make swords, and knives, and shields, and breastplates, and made known to them the metals of the earth and the art of working them, and bracelets, and ornaments, and the use of antimony, and the beautifying of the eyelids, and all kinds of costly stones, and all colouring tinctures. (Book of Enoch Chapter 3.)[611]

The Latin word for metalsmith is Tubilistrum; the Roman god of metalworking was Vulcan, a Roman variation of the name “Tu-Balcain” or Baal- Cain (Cain was associated with Baal as the builder of the foundations of Baalbek). Tubal-cain, or Vulcan, was honored for inventing the instruments called tubae (long trumpets with low sounds), which were lustrated during the most important holy day of Mars, the Tubilustrium. This was the name given to the fifth day of the Roman festival Quinquatrus (a festival celebrated from the 19th to the 23rd day of March). The description of the Quinquatrus—a 5-day festival in which the Salii leaper priests of Mars continued their leaping-dance as they wound through the labyrinthine streets of Rome, and musicians blew tubae trumpets—incorporates the numbers 19 and 5 (distinctly Martian numbers, to be discussed in later chapters) and 23, the number of Poseidon and Ouroboros calendar, kept in motion by the 23 degree tilt of the earth’s axis. The mysteries celebrated during the month of Mars combined the metal working skills of Tubalcain with the technology of his brother Jubal, the maker of instruments: “And his [Tubalcain’s] brother’s name was Jubal: he was the father of all such as handle the harp and organ” (Genesis 4:21)

The Greek equivalent to Vulcan was Hephaestus, the craftsman god who fell to earth bringing his metal working technology. Hephaestus was aided in his crafts by the Titan sons of Ouranos, the Cyclopes, skilled metal workers who had created Zeus’s thunderbolts and Poseidon’s trident. While Hephaestus worked among the giants, the Roman Vulcan was depicted in art surrounded by dwarves. When the Romans appropriated the Greek craftsman god Hephaestus, they commemorated his “falling to the earth” characteristic by making the Roman smith-god Vulcan the supervisor of dwarves—the Greek word for dwarf is chamaipetês which means, “falling to the ground.”[612]

But Hera without union with Zeus—for she was very angry and quarreled with her mate—bore famous Hephaestus, who was skilled in crafts more than all the sons of Heaven. When he was born according to legend he was deformed and thrown out of heaven to the earth by the mother who bore him.[613]

Sing, clear-voiced Muse, of Hephaestus famed for inventions. With bright-eyed Athena he taught men glorious crafts throughout the world,—men who before used to dwell in caves in the mountains like wild beasts. But now that they have learned crafts through Hephaestus the famed worker, easily they live a peaceful life in their own houses the whole year round. Be gracious, Hephaestus, and grant me success and prosperity![614]

Hephaestus was said to have made arrows for the god Eros, and a mechanical giant called Talos (Grk. meaning patient, enduring,) designed to protect Crete. The giant Talos was the last survivor of the previous aion, the Age of Bronze. The Greek poet- philosopher Hesiod of the 8th century BC, wrote in the Cosmogony and Theogony that there were four races preceding the present day: the golden, silver, bronze, and iron. The French Voltaire was convinced of the reality of Atlantis, and wrote after analyzing the classics: “the descendants of Atlantis were called the fourth Root Race of Iron and the giants before the flood were of the race of bronze.” Apollonius of Rhodes in his work the Argonautica described the giant Talos:

He was of the stock of bronze of the men sprung from ash-trees, the last left among the sons of the gods; and the son of Cronos gave him to Europa to be the warder of Crete and to stride round the island thrice a day with his feet of bronze.[615]

Hephaestus was the Greek craftsman god who had fallen to the earth, according to myth, and created Talos of the race of giants who existed before the flood. The book of Enoch applies a distinctive name—watchers—to the heavenly beings who descended to the earth and created the race of giants:

…Heal the earth which the angels have corrupted, and proclaim the healing of the earth, that they may heal the plague, that all the children of men may not perish through all the secret things that the Watchers have disclosed and have taught their sons…And to Gabriel said the Lord: “Proceed against the bastards and the reprobates, and against the children of fornication: and destroy the children of fornication and the children of the Watchers from amongst men.”[616]

These beings called the Watchers in the Book of Enoch are mentioned by the prophet Daniel in reference to their interactions with the king of Babylon before he was humbled by a bout with lycanthropy (he thought he was a wolf):

This matter [is] by the decree of the watchers, and the demand by the word of the holy ones: to the intent that the living may know that the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever he will, and setteth up over it the basest of men. (Dan 4:17)

The Hebrew word for “watcher” in the Book of Enoch is Irin. An Ir is “one who watches.” Interestingly, the god Irra or Erra was an aspect of the Babylonian Nergal, god of Mars, fire and war.

In Strong’s concordance a similar word is found in connection to the “ones who came down’, the Zophim : 6839 Tsophiym {tso-feem’} Zophim = watchers; a spot on or near the top of Pisgah, the site of Balaam’s oracles.

Because the “fallen ones” corrupted the human race, the Hebrew God destroyed them, in much the same way as Jove tired of the evil Telchines and “sank them all beneath his brother’s [Poseidon’s] waves.”[617]

The earth also was corrupt before God, and the earth was filled with violence. And God looked upon the earth, and, behold, it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted his way upon the earth. And God said unto Noah, The end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth is filled with violence through them; and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth. (Gen 6:11-13 KJV)

From the accounts of the Flood of Deucalion to the sinking of Atlantis, ancient chroniclers provide a moral reason for the worldwide cataclysmic flood that destroyed civilization. Supernatural beings on the face of the earth had angered the gods. A description of the corruption is found in the Hebrew account of Genesis 6:

There were giants (Nephilim literally “fallen ones”) in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God (B’nai Elohim) came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown. And GOD saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually And it repented the LORD that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart. And the LORD said, I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and beast, and the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I have made them. (Gen 6:4-7)

In many accounts, the global flood was prophesied to the hero and he was given instructions to prepare: Vishnu warned King Manu, Prometheus warned Deucalion, and Noah was warned according to the book of Enoch:

Then said the Most High, the Holy and Great One spake, and sent Uriel to the son of Lamech, and said to him: “Go to Noah and tell him in my name; Hide thyself!; and reveal to him the end that is approaching: That the whole earth will be destroyed, and a deluge is about to come upon the whole earth, and will destroy all that is on it. And now instruct him that he may escape and his seed may be preserved for all the generations of the world.” (Book of Enoch [Chapter 5: 1])

The Book of Enoch was translated by Scottish born Richard Laurence in 1821 from scrolls found hidden in caves in Ethiopia in 1773. It is a pseudepigraphical work (one purporting to be from a Biblical character) that embellishes the story of Genesis 6:

In those days, when the children of man had multiplied, it happened that there were born unto them handsome and beautiful daughters. And the angels, the children of heaven, saw them and desired them; and they said to one another, “Come, let us choose wives for ourselves from among the daughters of man and beget us children.” And Semyaz, being their leader, said unto them, “I fear that perhaps you will not consent that this deed should be done, and I alone will become (responsible) for this great sin.” But they all responded to him, “Let us all swear an oath and bind everyone among us by a curse not to abandon this suggestion but to do the deed.” Then they all swore together and bound one another by (the curse). And they were altogether two hundred; who descended in the days of Jared (Jared literally “to descend”) on the summit of Mount Hermon, and they called it Mount Hermon, because they had sworn and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it… ” (I Enoch 6:1-6).[618]

The Book of Enoch was preserved primarily in Ethiopia, and dates to the pre- Maccabean period, before 165 B.C.E. Latter parts of it appear to be additions made in the post Maccabean period, down to about 104 B.C.E. It is a book representing numerous periods and writers. The Book of Enoch is a useful for resource as it preserves an oral history that was contemporary of the time of the New Testament writers. Both Jude and Peter were aware of the contents of the Book of Enoch, and Jude even cited it directly. It can be assumed the Book of Enoch was acceptable to the early Christians of the New Testament, as they made no attempt to discredit its contents.[619]

Five generations of Adam’s children lived before the descent of the Nephilim, a period of 460 years according to the chronological account in Genesis. The Nephilim came down to earth on Mount Hermon during the birth of Jared, son of Mahalaleel. Jared in Hebrew means “descent.” The book of Enoch, explains how Jared received his name:

…and he [Mahalaleel] called his name Jared, for in his days the angels of the Lord descended on the Earth, those named the Watchers…

Mount Hermon is on the northeastern border of Israel and Lebanon, its melting snow the source for the Jordan River—the name Jordan is derived from the root of Jared and means “place of the descent.”[620] The actual meaning of Hermon is from a primitive Hebrew root word khaw-ram’; to destroy utterly, exterminate or consecrate, devote and dedicate for destruction. At the base of this mountain in Lebanon are the settlements of the oldest cities in the world, established it would seem immediately upon the descent of the Nephilim from Mount Hermon. This was the land that came to be called “Sidonia.”

The demi-gods of the Sumerians and Greeks were called Nephilim in the Hebrew accounts. Nephilim walked the earth alongside humans until the day Noah entered the ark: “And Noah [was] six hundred years old when the flood of waters was upon the earth.” (Genesis 7:6) The book of the generations of Adam in Genesis records the patriarchs from Adam to Noah and their ages. The list shows that when Jared begat Enoch he was 162. Enoch was 65 when he had his son Methuselah. Methuselah was 187 when he had Lamech and Lamech was 182 when he begat Noah. The number of years added together is 162+65+187+182+600= 1,196. For one thousand one hundred and ninety six years the Nephilim influenced humanity. The Ouroboral sign of the marriage of heaven and earth was visible for nearly the entire duration—from the descent of the gods bringing knowledge to humans, to the destruction of the hybrid demi-gods (products of the gods [angels] and humans) at the cataclysmic finale of that aion. The Book of Enoch described the gods—the rebel angel B’nai Elohim—who taught magic to the human women they chose. Just as the Olympian gods of Greek myth fathered heroes with mortal women, so the angelic B’nai Elohim of Genesis caused their chosen women to bare the hybrid demi-gods called in the Old Testament “Nephilim”:

And they took wives unto themselves, and everyone (respectively) chose one woman for himself, and they began to go unto them. And they taught them magical medicine, incantations, the cutting of roots, and taught them (about) plants. And the women became pregnant, and gave birth to great giants whose heights were three hundred cubits [evidently a textual error; more probable, 30 cubits, based on other evidence]. (I Enoch 7:1–6).[621]

The Hebrew legends found in the Book of Enoch and the Old Testament describe a period of time that lasted over 1000 years, in which supernatural beings—the B’nai Elohim or Watchers—descended to the earth and created hybrid offspring, the Nephilim. Like the evil Telchines of Rhodes who foresaw the coming Deluge and scattered to take shelter, some of the Nephilim must have taken measures to survive and were not completely destroyed by the Flood:

There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare [children] to them, the same [became] mighty men which [were] of old, men of renown.

The “mighty men” described in this passage are called in Hebrew Gibborim or geber from gabar (to be strong); these Hebrew Gibborim are contemporary with the demi-gods and semi-divine heroes of Sumerian and Greek myth. This is the origin of the Kibborim and Kabiroi known throughout the Mediterranean as the gods of the Pelasgians, and their descendents the Sidonians. The author of the Book of Enoch explained that though the flesh of the giants may have perished in the Flood, their disembodied spirits still inhabit the earth:

And now, the giants, who are produced from the spirits and flesh, shall be called evil spirits upon the earth, and on the earth shall be their dwelling. Evil spirits have proceeded from their bodies; because they are born from men, and from the holy Watchers is their beginning and primal origin; they shall be evil spirits on earth, and evil spirits shall they be called. [As for the spirits of heaven, in heaven shall be their dwelling, but as for the spirits of the earth which were born upon the earth, on the earth shall be their dwelling.] And the spirits of the giants afflict, oppress, destroy, attack, do battle, and work destruction on the earth, and cause trouble: they take no food, but nevertheless hunger and thirst, and cause offenses. And these spirits shall rise up against the children of men and against the women, because they have proceeded from them. (1 Enoch 8–12)

The Nephilim, whose bodies perished in the Flood, lived on in a spiritual form that the Hebrews called the Rapha (shades or spirits)[622]—beings called Diamon in Greek. The Old Testament Book of Job describes that the “race of giants” called the Rephiam (Genesis 14, Deuteronomy etc.) had drowned:

The Rapha-im are made to writhe from beneath the waters, and their inhabitants. (Job 26:5)

Some of the Nephilim, however, survived and “were in the earth even after” the Flood, according to the Genesis account. Giants were found living in the land of Canaan (Sidonia) many generations after the Deluge. Among the most notable post-Flood giants described in the Bible were Goliath of Gath and his 4 brothers, and King Og of Bashan—descendants of the Nephilim. These giants dominated Canaan from before the arrival of the Israelites out of Egypt.

The Lost Golden Age

Hesiod described an age when a “Golden Race,” populated the earth concurrent with the Genesis accounts of descended Watchers and Nephilim:

First of all the immortals, who possess the Mansions of Olympus, made a golden race of articulate speaking men. These lived in the time of Cronos, when he ruled in heaven. Like gods they spent their lives, with hearts void of care, apart and together free from toils and trouble. Nor did miserable old age threaten them: but ever alike strong in hands and feet they rejoiced in festal pleasures far from the reach of all ills. And they died as if overcome by sleep. All blessings were theirs. And spontaneously the fruitful soil would bear crops great and abundant. And so they occupied their cultivated lands in tranquility and peace with many goods, being rich in flocks and dear to the blessed gods. But after that earth had covered this generation, they indeed by the counsels of the mighty Zeus became demons, kindly ones, haunting the earth, being guardians of mortal men. These I ween, shrouded in mist, and going to and fro everywhere upon the earth, watch both the decisions of justice and harsh deeds, and are the dispensers of riches. Such a royal prerogative is theirs. (Hesiod, Works and Days 109–26)

According to the Greek scholar Varro, Thebes was the oldest city in Greece, founded by a pre-Flood giant king named Ogyges.[623] The pre-Flood world was populated with giants and magical beings, gods and demi-gods, which flourished in an environment fondly remembered in myth as a virtual paradise, or a “Golden Age.” The most prominent of these legends describes Arcadia, associated with an actual kingdom in the central area of Greece of the same name. The root of the name “Arcadia” can mean several things in Greek: arc= arch, arch(ae/i)= ancient, arct(i/o)= north, bear, are=space. The layers of meaning in “Arcadia” made it an suitable name for the land of “secret knowledge” that existed during the pre-Flood aion when gods and demi-gods educated humans. The first Arcadian king was the Titan Atlas; the mountain Killini in Arcadia was previously named Mount Atlas to honor the god king Atlas. Arcadia was previously called Gigantis, the Land of the Giants.[624] In his overview of ancient history, Dionysius of Halicarnassus (1st C B.C.) wrote:

Atlas was the first king of the country that is presently called Arcadia. Zeus married his daughter Elektra and their children, who inherited Atlas’s throne, reigned for a long time in Arcadia. After that there was a great flood in all Arcadia, and water covered the valleys for a long time making them unsuitable for growing.[625]

Atlas is said to have ruled in Arcadia, succeeded by Deimas, son of Dardanus the founder of the Pelasgian city of Troy. The Pelasgians, founders of the mystery schools and ancestors of the Sidonians, were from Arcadia:

That this tribe (the Pelasgi) were from Arcadia, Ephorus states on the authority of Hesiod; for he says: “Sons were born to god- like Lycaon whom Pelasgus once begot.[626]

The ancient Arcadians called themselves “offspring of the daughters of Atlas”[627] The daughters of Atlas were the seven Pleiades or Hesperides, guardians of the Golden Apples in the mysterious Garden of the Hesperides. The daughters of Atlas were attended in their garden by the menacing dragon Ladon: the symbol of a serpent or a group of seven connotes the preservation of “hidden knowledge” in myth. For our purposes it is interesting that the generations of Arcadia were linked directly to the Greek aspect of the god of Mars. After the great flood, the daughter of Nyctimus & Arcadia (survivors of the deluge), Phylonome consorted with Ares, who appeared to her in the guise of a shepherd; the resulting twins from the union of Arcadia’s daughter and Ares were cast into a river, but survived hanging onto a branch. A wolf suckled the twin grandsons of Arcadia, and a shepherd reared them as his own; one of the twins grew up to rule as a king of Arcadia.[628]

The myth of the Arcadian twin sons of Ares preceded Romulus and Remus, the twin sons of Mars. Both sets of twins were fed milk from a “she wolf” and protected by a shepherd. An older version of this myth—from Cydonia—confirms the link to Mars.

Kydon was a twin, abandoned and suckled by a wolf, who grew up to found the kingdom of Cydonia on the Pelasgian/Sidonian island of Crete. In the various accounts of this myth, Kydon was born of divine parentage; if Kydon was a son of Tegeates and Maia, daughter of Atlas, then he was of Arcadian origin—that is—of the generations of Ares; if Kydon was the son of Hermes and Akakallis, daughter of Minos, then he was the half-brother of the Minotaur, the astral secret in the labyrinth of Knossos [Pau.8.53.4; Parth.36]. The Martian continuity in the latter genealogy is the link between the walls of King Minos’s labyrinth and the labyrinthine dance of the Roman Salii priests of Mars—who leap in commemoration of the twin founders of their city walls. Intriguingly, the name of Kydon’s mother in the Cretan version is Akakallis, meaning “without the walls.” In another version of the story, Cydon was born of Akakallis and Apollo, and it was Apollo’s wolf that suckled the abandoned Cydon. Clearly there is a secret preserved in the dualistic myths of twins, wolves, and walls.

Cydonia is the city of Crete. It was called Apollonia. It took its name by Cydon, son of Apollo and Akakallis, daughter of Minos.[629]

The legends of Greece generally have different forms, and this is particularly true of genealogy. [Pausanias 8.53.5]

Arcadia is the common reference in the different versions of the origin of Cydon; Hermes, Maia and Tegeates were born in Arcadia. Pausanias described Kydon as the son of Arcadia, or Akakallis, daughter of Hermes.[630] Pliny and Macrobius identified Apollo with Hermes. Apuleius asserted that Hermes and Apollo were alternate names for a composite god called Stilbon, “The Gleaming One.”[631]

The early Pelasgian cults on the islands of Samothrace, Imbros and Lemnos called their equivalent of the Greek god Hermes, Kadmilos or Kasmilos. These versions of the name Cadmus show that the messenger god of the Aegean Islands and later Greece shared a common ancestry with the lineage of Sidon. Hermes and Mercury seem to have been originally Cydonian. Cadmus the Sidonian of Canaan was at least an ancestor of Kydon of Crete the Kydonian or Cydonian.[632]

The coins of Crete depict Sidonian gods: Dionysus, Athena the Cydonian, Apollo, Demeter, and Persephone. King Kydon graces a coin from the 4th C B.C., shown as a youth feeding from the milk of a she-wolf. This is the scene from the legend of Arcadia combining the story of the birth of the twins of Phylonome with the same king and founder of Cydonia of Crete. The picture on the Cydonian coin could be easily confused with images found on coins minted in Rome.[633]

The “Cydonians” lived on the west side of the island of Crete and even today the name of the province around Chania is Kydonia. Cydonia is mentioned by Homer as one of the most important Cretan cities, called, like its Canaanite counterpart, the “the mother of all Cretan cities.” The port city of Cydonia according to legend was named after its founder and king Kydon, who according to the majority of mythological chroniclers, had migrated to Crete from Sidonia or from the Greek coast of Boeotia founded by Cadmus the Sidonian. Diodorus described Crete as the origin of the Mystery Schools of the Pelasgians, that is, the ancestors of the Sidonians of Phoenicia.

Such, then are the myths, which the Cretans recount of the gods who they claim were born in their land. They also assert that the honors accorded to the gods and their sacrifices and the initiatory rites observed in connection with the mysteries were handed down from Crete to the rest of men, and to support this they advance the following most weighty argument, as they conceive it: the initiatory rite which is celebrated by the Athenians in Eleusis, the most famous, one may venture, of them all, and that of Samothrace, and the one practiced in Thrace among the Cicones, whence Orpheus came who introduced them—-these are all handed down in the form of a mystery, whereas at Knossos in Crete it has been the custom from ancient times that these initiatory rites should be handed down to all openly, and what is handed down among other people as not to be divulged, this the Cretans conceal from no one who may wish to inform himself upon such matters. Indeed, the majority of the gods, the Cretans say, had their beginning in Crete and set out from there to visit many regions of the inhabited world, conferring benefactions upon the races of men and distributing among each of them the advantage which resulted from the discoveries they had made.[634]

The land called Sidonia by the Greeks encompassed the land called Canaan in the Bible. The historian Eusebius cited the link between Cronus, the Greek “Time God”—embodiment of the ouroboros—and Ham, the descendent of Cain. Ham dedicated the Sidonian city of Byblos to Neptune (Poseidon, the Ouroboros) and the Kabiroi (the craftsman gods “Fallen Ones”).[635] The origin of Byblos at the hands of Cain’s descendents—who would have been familiar with the traditions of their famous ancestor—confirms the pattern of “foundation myths”; cities and religious systems were rebuilt upon the foundations remaining after the cataclysm at the end of the aion. The land of Canaan, Sidonia, was populated by the descendents of Cain, living among, and marrying into, the lineage of the Nephilim both before and after the Deluge. These were the “mighty men which were of old, men of renown,” of whom legends and myth were written.

Chapter Five: A Coin for Charon

Please assume…that there is in our souls a block of wax, in one case larger, in another smaller, in one case the wax is purer, in another more impure and harder, in some cases softer, and in some of proper quality… Let us, then, say that this is the gift of Memory, the mother of the Muses, and that whenever we wish to remember anything we see or hear or think of in our own minds, we hold this wax under the perceptions and thoughts and imprint them upon it, just as we make impressions from seal rings; and whatever is imprinted we remember and know as long as its image lasts, but whatever is rubbed out or cannot be imprinted we forget and do not know. (Socrates to Theaetetus. Plato’s Theaetetus 191d)

The constellation Sagittarius was associated with Crotus, the son of the Greek god Pan and the nymph Eupheme (auspicious words). Crotus, whose name means “rhythmic beat,” was the inventor of “hand clapping” or applause. Crotus was a skilled hunter—in Hebrew tzidon is the root word for “hunter” and for “Sidonian.”[636]

Crotus was skilled in the arts and sciences taught to him by his childhood companions the Muses—daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne (Memory).[637] The Muses loved Crotus so much that when he died, they asked Zeus to place him in the sky; Zeus gave Crotus the body of a horse, the bow and arrow of a great hunter (Sidonian), and the tail of a goat in honor of his father Pan. Crotus, the horse-man, and his constellation Sagittarius, have long been associated with the learning at the foundation of civilization: astrology, philosophy, religion, and the arts.[638]

Sagittarius appears in the zodiac as a centaur, or Kentaurus. The Greek word ken means “to know or discern,” and the word aurus means “light of the heavens.” The English word “cunning” comes from the root Canaan; the word “kenen” meaning “to know” in English is from the same Hebrew root.[639] Symbolically, a Ken-Taurus is a “knower of the heavens.” The first born of the Ken-taurs—knowers or priests of the heavens—was named Chiron, meaning “hand.” In Greek myth Chiron was the teacher of magic and sciences, the son of Chronus and Rhea and of an entirely different origin than the later “centaurs” of myth. Chiron was the teacher of Apollo’s son Aesculapius, whose daughter was the goddess of the Pythagorean Pentagon Hygeia, who became the Latin goddess Salus after whom the Roman Salii priests of Mars were named.

The race of Centaurs (excluding Chiron) was the result of the union between the first Greek city-builder Ixion (Tied to a Wheel) and a nymph named Nephele (wraith or cloud).[640] Ixion was called a son of Ares, and had killed his father in law—the first murder, according to Pindar. Like Cain, the Greek Ixion was not only the first city- builder but also the first murderer, for which Ixion was sentenced to wander the earth. This Greek myth of the origin of the Centaurs links Ixion, the Greek counterpart for Cain, directly to the disembodied spirits of the Nephilim. Zeus forgave Ixion the transgression of murder, but then Ixion tried to seduce Zeus’s wife Hera (Hestia or Vesta in Rome, the goddess whom Romulus’s Vestal Virgins revered). In retaliation Zeus created Nephele, a ghostlike double of Hera from which Ixion produced the Centaurs.

The illuminating god Apollo taught Chiron the skills of healing, medicine, and hunting (tzidon) with arrows.[641] Chiron in turn provided education in healing and archery to other worthy Greek demi-gods, such as: Aesculapius, Jason, and Achilles.

But save me. Take me to the ship, cut this arrow out of my leg, wash the blood from it with warm water and put the right things on it—the plants they say you have learned about from Achilles who learned them from Chiron, the best of the Centaurs. The Iliad of Homer, Book XI

In Greek legend Abaris (Landsman) was a priest of the archer-god Apollo and mentor to Pythagoras.[642] Apollo gave Abaris a golden arrow that had the power to cure diseases, give oracles, and render the possessor invisible. Abaris is said to have given the arrow to Pythagoras.[643] Herodotus described the arrow of Abaris in his histories On the Scynthians:

A guiding arrow in order that it may be useful to him in all difficulties in his long journey. As for the tale of Abaris, who is said to have been a Hyperborean, and to have gone with his arrow all round the world without once eating, I shall pass it by in silence.[644]

The dart of Abaris carried the philosopher wheresoever he desired it.

—Willmott.

The Greek legend of the origins of centaurs involved the union of the first builder Ixion with an ethereal ghost-like being tellingly named Nephele. The “ethereal” is emphasized in these myths of the horse and arrow; the golden arrow of the first centaur Chiron’s patron Apollo caused the holder to become invisible, or “ghost-like” as well. The centaur Sagittarius has already been linked to the Milky Way, pointing with his arrow at the mouth of the Ouroboros. The Roman writer Macrobius described the Milky Way as the means by which souls of the dead ascended—by way of Capricorn—and descended, to be reborn through the gate of Cancer. Although Macrobius described Capricorn and Cancer lying where the zodiac crossed the Milky Way, he was speaking of the tropic lines of Cancer and Capricorn, which mark the solstices.[645] This description of the discorporated soul’s travel to the entryway of the celestial river is a concept the Greeks and Romans inherited from the Egyptians. The Greeks called the gateway to the river of the dead the pylai (gates), the Egyptians called it the Duat.

Egyptologists are vague about the location of the duat, many claiming that the Egyptians considered the duat the region in the sky from Leo to Orion. According to the hierarchy of the Egyptian mystery schools, only the priests and adepts knew the exact location of the duat. The Egyptians referred in arts and sciences to this gateway to the world of the dead, which was also the region of new beginnings. The word duat was represented in hieroglyphs by a symbol familiar to the initiates of the mystery school of Pythagoras; “duat” was a circumscribed five-pointed star.[646] This symbol combined the 360-degree circle touched by the pentagram at 72-degree intervals. The precessional or Platonic year was found by multiplying 72 with 360, equaling 25,920 years. The pentagram star was also the Egyptian glyph for Isis, that is, Sirius.

At the entrance of the duat the Ouroboros devoured its tail, guarded by Chiron the Centaur, the constellation Sagittarius. In the language of myth, the Roman Charon is more than a homophonic name; Charon, the demi-god of the gateway to the river of souls, was the son of Erebus (Darkness) and Nyx (Night), the domain of the Ouroborus was the night sky. Charon is similar to the Etruscan demon of death “Charun” who also guards the entrance to the underworld.[647]

The Romans believed that when a person died, Mercury would escort them to the River Styx the boundary of Hades. The word “Hades” derives from the Greek word aeides, “invisible.” Diodorus Siculus, in his commentary on Egyptian afterlife, wrote:

They call the habitations of the living, inns, because we dwell in them for a short time; but the abodes of the departed they style hidden houses, because in the unseen they remain the unknown cycle. (lib. 1.51).

At the edge of the river Styx, the spirits of the dead met Charon (Chiron) the ferryman. A coin called an obolus would have been placed in the mouth of the deceased to pay Charon. Without this fee Charon refused to convey the soul into Hades. Cerberus and Orthrus, the twin guardian dogs of Hades on the opposite shore admitted the dead into Hades. Cerberus and Orthrus represented the constellations at the opposite end of the duat, the point where the Milky Way crosses the ecliptic near Sirius in Canis Major and Canis Minor, the big and little dogs.

In Greece measures of weight were once made from bronze in the shape of arrows (in Latin sagitta). The arrow-shaped coin was called an obolus, from the Greek word oboloi, an arrow or “spit.” Plutarch explained: “the old money was… in some countries, copper skewers, whence it comes that we still find a great number of small pieces of money retain the name of obolus.”[648] An obelus was a loaf of bread baked on a spit, which looked like the familiar sign of Mars,  An arrow was the payment for achieving immortality—the arrowman, Sagittarius (the Ken-Taur), held the price of the knowledge of entry into the next world.[649]

The skill of hunting and invention of archery was credited to the Kabiroi or Kouretes, the origin of the name for the island of Crete. The Semitic word for hunter is tzidon, the root of “Sidonia” and “Cydonia.” The development of bow and arrow skills was taught to the primitive inhabitants of Crete by the ancient craftsman gods. The Cretan bows were famous, especially Cydonian bows, and preferred by them to all others:

After the Daktyloi Idaioi [who lived in Krete], according to accounts we have, there were nine Kouretes. Some writers of myths relate that these gods were born of the Earth, but according to others, they were descended from the Daktyloi Idaioi. Their home they made in mountainous places which were thickly wooded and full of ravines, and which, in a word, provided a natural shelter and coverage, since it had not yet been discovered how to build houses. And since these Kouretes excelled in wisdom they discovered many things which are of use to men generally; so, for instance, they were the first to gather sheep into flocks, to domesticate the several other kinds of animals which men fatten, and to discover the making of honey [one of them was named Melisseus or Honey-Man]. In the same manner they introduced the art of shooting with the bow and the ways of hunting animals, and they showed mankind how to live and associate together in a common life, and they were the originators of concord [which means Apollo] and, so to speak, of orderly behaviour. The Kouretes also invented swords and helmets and the war-dance, by means of which they raised a great alarm and deceived Kronos. And we are told that, when Rhea, the mother of Zeus, entrusted him to them unbeknown to Kronos his father, they took him under their care and saw to his nurture … The myth the Kretans relate runs like this: when the Kouretes were young men, the Titanes, as they are called, were still living. These Titanes had their dwelling in the land about Knosos. (Diodorus Siculus 5.65.1)

According to Greek myth a living person who wished to go to the underworld need a golden bough, obtained from the Cumaean Sibyl. The city of Cumae (Kymé in Greek) where the Sibyl resided was the oldest permanent Greek settlement on the Italian mainland, the legendary site where the Romans had inherited their alphabet.[650] Through the comprehension of the Greek alphabet invented by the Semites (Sidonians, Hebrews), the Romans learned the secret location where heaven symbolically touched the earth. The Athenian craftsman Daedalus, architect of the Cretan Labyrinth at Knossos, built the temple at Cumae. Daedalus constructed the Cumae Temple to Apollo after that unfortunate flight with his son Iccarus, who had fallen to the earth.

History records that the Apollonian sibyl who dwelt by the spring at Cumae Italy originally offered the Roman emperor Tarquinius Superbus (534-510 BCE) nine books of prophecy in Greek hexameters. Tarquinius rejected the offer thinking the price too high, but learned that the sibyl was burning the books of wisdom one by one. When the sibyl offered the remaining three books for the same exact price as the original nine, Tarquinius finally paid for them.[651] These books were stored in subterranean chambers of the Capitoline Hill in Rome and were believed to hold the future of Rome as well as the knowledge of the alignments of Heaven and earth. The arrow in the bow of Sagittarius functions as the hand of a clock, providing the symbolic directions for reading the cosmic clock of the Ouroboros.

The descendents of Cain who populated Canaan, Sidonia, and Cydonia preserved their “kent aurus” or “knowledge of the heavens,” through the rites of the mystery schools, and the myths of craftsman gods and teacher deities. The Sidonian Kabiroi taught the knowledge of the heavenly Archer to the Cydonians of Crete, who transmitted this knowledge through their god Apollo, and the Cen-taur Chiron, preserved in the zodiac as the arrow-wielding Sagittarius, indicator of the entrance to the Milky Way river of souls, at the mouth of the Ouroboral serpent in the heavens. The god who wielded an “ arrow of knowledge,” Apollo, was also a diviner of the future and associated with a great serpent; ancient authors referred to Apollo and Hermes as incarnations of the same deity, both were preserved in myth as the father of Cydon, both were depicted with a “rod of knowledge” and as the companion of a serpent. Those schooled in Hermetic arts—the knowledge taught by Cain and his descendents—joined a tradition of priests who “knew the heavens,” the “centaurs.” The caduceus symbol of Mercury and the staves of the Salii priests of Mars are references to that knowledge of the heavens.

In the metaphor of alchemy, the “philosopher’s stone” was known to have the power to “open or close” the Ouroboros.[652] The Philosopher’s Stone was synonymous with the benben stone, which originated from the “Mansion of the Phoenix,” literally the “Mansion of the Red.” The memory [Mnemosyne] of the origins of “that which fell from heaven”—stones, gods, wisdom, architectural templates—was preserved in myth, and the “arts and sciences” [Daughters of Mnemosyne]. The red fiery origins of the wisdom of the aions was symbolized by the god wielding the branch, rod, caduceus or arrow—the sign of that origin was the sign of the planet Mars. The symbols of Mars have the power to open or close the Ouroboros—the arrow points the way to the river of souls, the golden bough allows even the living to have access, the rod of knowledge indicates the time on the cosmic clock.

Pillars of Wisdom

According to the Gnostic mystery schools, Cain was a scribe for the “gods,” the rebel Watchers and their hybrid offspring the Nephilim. Cain himself was the first sage to carry the heavenly knowledge to civilizations around the earth. The demi-gods, the Nephilim, were in the earth even after the Flood, according to Genesis. They settled in Sidonia, the very place the Watchers had originally descended in the time of Jared, in the area around Mount Hermon as mentioned in the Book of Enoch. In myth, the hero or god who dispersed the knowledge of the heavens was known by various names alluding to his origin. Hermes was the scribe of the gods, credited with all the sacred books of hidden wisdom of antiquity. Hermes bore the knowledge of those who descended upon Mount Hermon. Iamblichus, a Neo-platonic Syrian philosopher ca. 250-300 BC, recorded that Hermes wrote 20,000 books. The Egyptian Manetho credited Hermes with the authorship of over 36,000 books.[653]

The Egyptian counterpart of Hermes was the scribe of the gods named Thoth. Mystery schools of alchemy and gnosticism concur that the greatest of the works compiled from the heavenly knowledge disclosed by the gods was the “Emerald Tablet of Thoth.”

Medieval Alchemists regarded the work as “the whole of magic in a single page.” The legendary Emerald Tablet is said to still exist in a Latin version from the 7th century. This Hermetic work was so valued by the renowned medieval alchemist Paracelsus, that he wrote: “The ancient Emerald Tablet shows more art and experience in Philosophy, Alchemy, Magic, and the like than ever could be taught by you or your crowd of followers.”[654]

The oldest known reference to the famous Emerald Tablet of Thoth occurs in the writings of Al-Jabir, who quoted it from The Secret of Creation by the Greek Pythagorean Apollonius of Tyana. Al-Jabir was the son of Hayyan, a Shi’ite druggist of the Azd tribe from the town of Kufa. Jabir was born in the town of Tus in 721 where he founded an alchemical school. Jabir originated the idea that metals were composed of mercury and sulphur. Trade with China brought Chinese alchemical knowledge to the attention of Arabian scholars.[655] Medieval writers and initiates of the mysteries have called this Hermetic work “The Alchemist’s Creed.”

The Hermetic Emerald Tablet of Thoth condensed and preserved the knowledge that the wisdom of the gods was dispersed due to the heaven and earth alignment.

That which is above is as that which is below; and that which is below, is as that which is above, for performing the marvels of the Kosmos. As all things are from the One, by the mediation of the One so all things arose out of this One Thing by evolving.

The mystery schools obscured the wisdom they were preserving through symbolism and cryptic language. This was done to prevent all but the most dedicated initiates deciphering the meaning. The truth found in the Hermetic works was unclear to those who were not chosen, for it was Hermes himself who deemed to “open their eyes.”

Information in the archives of the Theosophical Society stated that an Essenian initiate located the Emerald Tablet of Thoth at Hebron, the city of the kabeiroi (ie. the gibborim , “Mighty Ones”).[656]

The famous Sidonian founder of Thebes, Cadmus, was counted among the Kabiri of Samothracian legend. Cadmus was identified with Hermes. According to Blavatsky, it was Cadmus who was the author of the Emerald Tablets. Blavatsky also emphasized that Cadmus was one of the beings who belongs to the classification “hero”—those who succeeded the reigns of the gods and demigods on earth as instructors of mortals. Masonic mystery schools have written that Cadmus was a Canaanite descendent of Eve and the particular fallen god they called “Lucifer.” The tablets Cadmus carried with him were either real objects or a metaphor for the knowledge he passed on to the Greeks.

According to the genealogy of the gods, Hermes was born in a cave on mount Cyllene in Arcadia. Hermes was the son of Zeus (who was raised on Crete) and Maia (one of the Pleiades), daughter of the Titan Atlas. Like Kydon, the legendary founder of Cydonia, the parentage was changed according to the hidden knowledge that was being preserved and conveyed. King Cydon himself was said to be a son of Maia, one of the Pleiades, or Hesperides who guarded the Golden Apples. In the alternate version of Cydon’s origin, he was not the brother of Hermes (as the son of Maia) but the actual son of Hermes. As the founder of Cydonia on Crete, Cydon was preserved in legend as either the twin brother or twin son of Hermes.

The seemingly contradictory versions maintain a consistent reference to Arcadia, preserving through time the same hidden meaning. Both Hermes and Cydon had an Arcadian origin, and were grandsons of Atlas through his daughter Maia. Myth tells us the children of Atlas ruled “Atlantis” or “Arcadia.” According to Plutarch, twins were born to the god Mars and the nymph Phylonome, named Parrhasius and Lycastus. Phylonome abandoned the twins on a mountain, where they were saved by a she-wolf until discovered by a shepherd who reared them as his own. These twins later seized power in Arcadia.[657]

The name of the mother of the Arcadian twins Phylonome means “source of peoples.” The same idea is represented by the name of the mother of Romulus and Remus, Rhea Silva; Greek rheo (to flow) or rheos (stream) and silva (of the tree). Parrhasius means “of the fruit” and Lycastus means “wolf man”; both names of the twin sons of Mars and Phylonome describe the constellation Gemini under which Canis Major and the star Sirius lie. The “mother” in foundation myths (like Romulus, and Cydon, Hermes was the founder of the city of Thebes in his incarnation as Cadmus) is an aspect of the Biblical Eve. The two mythical sons are Cain, the first city-builder, and his brother Abel. The god of the planet Mars (Ares) is Lucifer, the rebel angel whose former abode was the planet Mars and who was later described as the serpent in the garden. Cain’s name means “possessor,” while Romulus, the twin who murdered his brother and took possession of the rulership of Rome, means “exalted.” Remus, the murdered brother, means “branch,” while his Biblical counterpart Abel, wields a shepherd’s staff.[658] Cain later usurped the staff of Abel as a symbol for knowledge and the serpent of the tree from the garden is consistently depicted wound around it.

Cain, “the possessor,” is viewed from antiquity as Thoth, Hermes, or Mercury, god of commerce and possessions. He is the human carrying the bloodline of Lucifer according to Gnostic belief. A variation of Hermes in the Occult literature is Pymander, from the Greek Poimandres “shepherd of men,” a title of Hermes himself.[659] In The Illiad Homer described Hermes as “the helper, cunning beyond all others in his mind.” This is the same description of the serpent in the Garden of Eden.[660]

Symbols of the Mysteries

Florence, the city founded by Mars, that Satan who first turned his back on his Maker, and from whose envy such great grief has come, coins and spreads that accursed lily flower, that has sent the sheep and lambs astray, since it has made a wolf of the shepherd. (Dante’s Paradiso Canto IX:127–142.)

The Roman Salii priests of Mars wore a white cap called an “apex,” an eggshell shaped hat surmounted with a flat or crescent shaped disk and a point from the center.[661]

The symbolism behind the headgear of the Salii connected the ancient worship of the dualistic twins of Greek legend to the twin founders of Rome. While the Salii priests were a brotherhood which revered their “father” Mars and their “brothers” Romulus and Remus, the caps they wore represented the “egg shells” worn by the Greek Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux (Polydeuces). The twins of Gemini wore eggshell caps on their heads commemorating their birth from Leda who had been impregnated by Zeus in the form of a swan. Cygnus the swan is found in the heavens along the Milky Way.

The disk and point of the Salii’s caps also closely resembled the Egyptian hieroglyph for the star Sirius. Sirius is represented in cartouche with an obelisk next to a crescent circle that hovers over a 5-pointed star. All of these connections originate from the Egyptian cult of Isis, Osiris, and Horus.

These three deities took on other names in their various aspects, but remained in essence the same. The goddess Isis was primarily symbolized by the star Sirius, but was also the moon, the constellation Virgo, associated with her friend the canine “Anubis” and various feminine aspects of nature. The god Osiris was associated with the stars of Orion, but also the sun, the constellation Leo, fire, Taurus the bull, the rising of the Nile River, and other masculine aspects of nature. Horus was the dualistic deity resulting from the union of Isis and Osiris, and was accurately rendered by a symbolic creature that was the union of Virgo and Leo, the sphinx , called Harmakhet , “Horus of the Horizon,” a specific location on earth in relation to the heavens. Horus was the aspect of the mysteries—the union of the masculine and feminine, of Osiris and Isis, the sun and the moon, the heavens and the earth—represented by the dualistic siblings and twins of myth, such as Janus, Dionysus, Diane and Apollo, the Dioscuri, and Romulus and Remus. Isis and Osiris themselves had twin aspects who were their “dark side,” represented by Nephthys and Set, respectively.

The Minoan culture on Crete was named after the ancient King Minos of the Labyrinth and Minotaur legend. In the ruins of pillar crypts of Minoan palaces and villas on Crete, square piers have been found incised with a variety of evocative symbols, including the double axe, stars, and tridents. Although these pillars served a structural function, they were also considered by the Cretans to be sacred. The pier or pillar was a reminder of the connection between the earth and the heavens.

The trident symbol often found on the Minoan pillars is very similar to the 23rd Greek trident shaped letter ( ) Psi. The Greeks inherited this letter from the Pelasgians, along with their mystery religion. The word “trident” actually means three teeth and was always associated with Poseidon. It was trident-wielding Poseidon’s grandson Cadmus who sowed the teeth of the dragon of Mars producing the Spartans. It was King Minos, grandfather of Cydon the founder of Cydonia, who built the Labyrinth at Knossos due to a punishment inflicted upon him by angered god Poseidon. In Hebrew the letter Shin meaning “teeth” was the penultimate letter of the alphabet, as was the Greek Psi.

The shin was considered by Jewish scholars to represent the name of God. In the time before Moses, Abraham and his descendants had used the Shin as the first letter in the Hebrew name of God, Shadai. The shin is still written on the outside of the Mezuzah, prayer boxes that are attached to the doorframes of Jewish houses. In Israel when the temple to God in Jerusalem was in use, Levite priests would hold their hands in a form of the shin while reciting blessings and prayers. This symbol can still be seen on the ancient gravestones of Priests in Israel.[662]

Poseidon was worshiped in Greece during the festival Neptunalia that was held on the 23rd of July. During this time the star Sirius rises from behind the sun after having been hidden. On July 23rd both the Sumerian and Egyptian New Years were celebrated according to the rising of Sirius. This time has been called the “Dog Days of Summer,” because the “hot” star Sirius rose in the east after its long absence. The Greeks considered the 23rd letter Psi a representation of the human soul. Plato used it to represent the tripartition of the soul ( ) in Greek, transliterated psuchè.

Plutarch, a Greek author of the second century A.D., wrote that the Carian (a southwest Anatolian population) word for double ax was labyrs, a word connected with the Palace of Minos at Knossos Crete, and the Minotaur’s lair, the Labyrinth. A labyrinthos can mean, “the place of the double ax.”[663] The double ax, and especially the type of double ax most represented in Minoan art, was a very accurate symbol for the shape of the constellation Orion, underlying Taurus the bull. The bull, ax, snake and woman were the main symbols of the Cretan mysteries. The lily and the iris were favorite flowers among the Minoans and appear in both natural and conventionalized forms that are hardly distinguishable from each other. Both the lily and Iris, like the lotus of Egypt, had a symbolic and religious meaning. Early representations of the lily were discovered in a villa in Amnisos, Crete, which dates from the Minoan Period, about 1580 B.C.[664] The lily was the Minoan sacred flower, a special attribute of the Great Minoan Goddesses who originated from Neolithic times.

In Greek and Roman myth the lily was dedicated to the goddess Hera, the wife of Zeus. Zeus wished that his half mortal son Hercules partake more fully of divinity. To this end he brought the baby Hercules to Hera and placed it at her breast while she slept. Hera awoke in surprise and flung the baby from her. Some of her milk gushed across the heavens and formed the Milky Way. A few drops fell to earth and from those drops sprang the first lilies.[665] The lily has adorned the coat of arms of the kings of France since 1179. Chlodwig I allegedly received this fleur de lys symbol from an angel. King Louis XI (the 11 th ) of France had as his motto: Domine Elegisti Lilium Tibi (O Lord Thou hast chosen the lily for Thyself ). The lily was featured on the coat of arms of the Venetian Medici family, and later on the arms of Florence and Tuscany.[666] The three-pronged lily or iris is a naturally occurring trident like the Greek letter Psi or Hebrew letter Shin, which in its earliest Greek form was the personal weapon of Poseidon, the trident.

Poseidon was the inventor of horses. The winged horse Pegasus was the son of Medusa and Poseidon, the god who embodied the cosmic time clock of the Ouroboros—Milky Way. Pegasus preserved a mystery in his name, from the Greek pega “springs” combined with sus from the Hebrew meaning “horse,” or more significantly, “leaper.” This again corroborates the connection between Poseidon and Mars. Pegasus, “the leaper,” was the son of trident-wielding Poseidon, and the “leaping” Salii priests of Rome, in their pointy apex caps, considered themselves the sons of Mars. The first horse Arion, from aris (first) the same root and meaning as the god Ares, was the offspring of Poseidon or Neptune (god of the sea) and Ceres (goddess of the harvest). The literal meaning of the patriarch Moses is “water leaper” or “springing forth from the water.” When the daughter of Pharaoh took Moses out of the water she called him in the Egyptian language MOU-SES or as later Grecianized “Moseus.” Ancient authorities confirm that the Egyptian word for water is MU (similar to the Hebrew Mem), and SES in both languages means “leaping out.”[667]

The origin of the Greek Aphrodite lies in the previous aion, in the myth of the overthrow of Uranus, the elder god of the heavens, when Chronos (Time) castrated him and tossed his severed genitals into the sea. The sea-born goddess Aphrodite arose from the foam (aphros) of the sea, and has been remembered in myth as the great love of the god of Mars, Ares. The origin of Aphrodite was echoed in that of Pegasus, who sprang forth when the blood of Medusa made contact with the seafoam. In the heavens both Pegasus and Sirius (Isis Aphrodite) can be found on the edge of the ocean of foam, the Milky Way. The constellation Pegasus is between Aquarius and Pisces, demarking the first, and the last, of the five suntelias that will have occurred during the Great Year of the Precession of the Equinox. The concept of “lying between,” or of an equinox, is embodied in the Roman word for horse, Equus.

Ares was often called Ares Hippios, God of Horses. Like his Greek counterpart, the Roman Mars was the patron of horses as well. The Equiria, a festival said to have been instituted by Romulus in honour of Mars, was celebrated in ancient Rome on February 27 and March 14, traditionally the time of year when new military campaigns were prepared. Horse races in the Campus Martius marked the celebration.[668] Melkart, the Sidonian god of Mars and of Tyre, was depicted in art riding a hippocampus, Greek for “seahorse.”[669]

Pegasus, the “leaper” son of Poseidon, was a popular subject for artists, since it was from under the feet of Pegasus that source of the sacred springs of the Muses (goddesses of inspiration) arose. The Muses were the Daughters of Mnemosyne (Memory), who inspired the arts and sciences, associated with the origin of Sagittarius.

In the Greek myth, the hero Bellerophon (Dart Bearer, similar to Sagittarius Arrow Bearer) tamed Pegasus. Bellerophon rode Pegasus and with the help of Athena, killed Chimaera (she goat) offspring of the serpentine Typhon and Echidna. Interestingly, myth preserves Chimaera as a sibling of the Theban sphinx that was defeated by Oedipus. The Theban sphinx strangled all who were ignorant of the answer to her riddle. The Chimaera “she goat” was a sacrifice made when one had sinned through ignorance, according to the Hebrew authors of the Old Testament (Numbers 15:27).

Clearly the Egyptians realized that the layout of their country itself mirrored the Orion constellation, the abode of Osiris. The Nile was the earthly Milky Way. The fish of the Nile was actually the fish of the Milky Way, Pisces who swallowed the knowledge that Sagittarius/Mars guarded the mouth of the Ouroborus. During the age of Pisces immediately after the age of Aries, the knowledge of Martian civilization and its influence went underground. The phallus represented the portion of Osiris necessary for complete recovery of the lost knowledge of the Nephilim . The obelisks of Egypt were phallic images as well as symbols for the rays of the illuminating sun. Obelisks were also arrow shaped monuments that represented the arrow pointing out the location of the Egyptian Duat at the mouth of the Ouroboros. At the location where the ecliptic intersected with the Ouroboros, Sagittarius served the function of a guardian of heavenly knowledge. Sagittarius the arrow holder possessed the lost body part of Osiris. The secrets of Isis could once again come to light when the next sunteleia arrived in the sign of Sagittarius.

Euphratean Cuneiform inscriptions associated the constellation Sagittarius with Nergal, the god of Mars. These texts called the constellation Sagittarius “the Strong One” or the “Giant King of War, Illuminator of the Great City.” Nergal of the Sumerians was known as the “great hero” and the “god of the chase,” that is, “The Hunter” (tzidon).[670]

The Mesopotamian archer-god Nergal was associated with war, fire and the planet Mars, and was the double of the constellation Sagittarius, the arrow-man who pointed the sign of the suntelia in the mouth of the Ouroboros.

Myth was a preservation of the mysteries in a form that could be remembered—a gift of Mnemosyne and her daughters the Muses. The prototypical centaur Crotus—beloved of the Muses—was deified as the centaur with the Cydonian bow, Sagittarius. The Cydonian Archer was an incarnation of the god of Mars, Ares, who was placed in the heavens guarding the gateway to the “sacred river of souls” the Milky Way, which was also the serpent Ouroborus. The truths were remembered in other incarnations as well, most notably the foundation story of Thebes. In this version it was the Dragon of Ares who guarded the gate to the “sacred springs,” and the Cydonian Cadmus who defeated him, founding the city of Thebes by sowing the “teeth of the dragon of Ares.” The Cydonian Poseidon, the god of the Ouroboros, weilds the “three teeth” trident.

At the Sunteleia, the sun rises at equinox or solstice from the mouth of Ouroboros into the Phoenix beginning the new Aion.

Fleur de lis circled by the Ouroboros.

Various forms of the bow and arrow of Sagittarius. The fleur de lis, Greek letter psi, Hebrew letter shin, and ionic Greek column.

The astrological glyph of Neptune.

The 21st Hebrew paleo & square script letter shin.

The zodiac sign Sagittarius holding the psi-shaped bow and arrow.

Psi, the 23rd Greek letter.

Poseidon riding his sea-horse-pulled chariot and holding his trident.

Stylized Armenian rendering of Sagittarius with his arrow aimed at the mouth of Ouroboros. “Symphony of the Zodiac,” 1461.

Alchemical manuscript image of Hermes.

A Salii, (Mars) priest. [A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875.]

Eggshell caps worn by Gemini.

Chapter Six: The Key of Isis

And Hermes mingles now with all men and gods. And even though he helps a few people he cheats an endless number of the race of mortal men in the darkness of night.

—Homeric Hymn to Hermes

The knowledge of “building” originated with the gods. The Sidonian hero Cadmus founded the city of Thebes at the location indicated by the goddess Pallas Athene. The palladium of the goddess fell from the sky and disclosed the proper location for building the city of Troy. The seven Vestal virgins kept the sacred flame of the goddess of the mystery religion set up by the founder of Rome, a twin son of Mars, foster child of a she- wolf. The seven flames of the goddess appeared on Samothrace, indicating the holy places in which to hold the ceremonies of the ancient Pelasgian mysteries. From the Pelasgian-Sidonian mystery schools the tradition of sacred building sites was transmitted throughout the Mediterranean.

The knowledge of building came from the heavens at a time when the heavens “married” or mirrored the earth; the builder gods of myth fell from the heavens bringing that knowledge, and their symbols alluded to the fiery place of the builder-god’s origins. The builder gods of the Egyptian Edfu texts were adamant about the proper location for building: in order to have the desired affect, the building must occur in the holy places. A successful undertaking—the building of city walls, temples and mystery religions in the holy places—would bring about a “resurrection of the destroyed world of the gods.”[671]

Monument building was a way to preserve the ancient knowledge of the gods; ruins of monuments indicated the holy places in which to rebuild, and the architecture hinted at the technology of the previous age. Scholars and initiates of the mystery schools have noted that the Giza monuments were built in an ancient “holy place,” utilizing knowledge of the geometry of the earth which was not thought to have existed at the time, and technology that has not been surpassed in our modern age. The purpose of the Great Pyramid of Giza has been recorded in legend.

According to Arab historian Abu’ l Hassan Ma’ sudi, two great pyramids were constructed 300 years before the Deluge in the reign of King Surid. The king caused the two great edifices to be built after he had a dream that a huge planet would fall to earth and destroy it. King Surid ordered his priests to deposit the secrets of their sciences and wisdom in the two pyramids.[672]

A similar story is contained in the Medieval Alchemical writings of Ranulf Higdon’s Polychronicon, 1350 A.D. and the “Masonic” Cooke Manuscript (ca. 1410). These writings explain how Lamech’s son, Jabal, erected twin pillars, so that the sacred science would “neither burn nor sink in water.”[673] The Jewish chronicler Flavius Josephus’s Antiquities of the Jews stated that Seth, the son of Enoch, had inscribed pre-flood knowledge on two pillars, one of brick and the other of stone.

…in case the pillar of brick should be destroyed by the Flood, the pillar of stone might remain, and exhibit those discoveries to mankind, and also inform them that there was another pillar of brick erected by them.

Josephus claimed that the pillar of stone existed in Egypt, which he called Siriac in his day.[674] Enoch was the peculiar Biblical figure who is said to have “walked with God” and then later imparted the “knowledge from on high” to his son. The renowned traveler Ibn Battuta born in Tangier Morocco some time between 1304 and 1307, went on a pilgrimage to Mecca when he was twenty and continued traveling, eventually covering about 75,000 miles in the Muslim world.[675] Battuta learned from the Egyptians that “Enoch” was the architect of the Great pyramids, and that he built the pyramids knowing that a deluge would take place, “to contain books of science and knowledge and other matters worth preserving from oblivion and ruin.”[676]

Myth and legend recorded that the purpose of the Great Pyramid of Giza was to preserve through an impending cataclysm the wisdom from before the Flood.[677] Modern “pyramidologists” have pointed out that the numbers found in the physical architecture of the Pyramid have a counterpart in the geometry of earth. Researchers like Peter Tompkins have compiled mathematical correlations found in the Great Pyramid, and have commented on the “pyramid inch”—a standard of measurement which was embossed in the actual wall of the structure.[678] E. Raymond Capt noted that the Great Pyramid is located in the center of earth’s landmass, as calculated in his book The Great Pyramid Decoded. These researchers have realized that the Great Pyramid of Giza is a significant tool to be used to uncover some hidden ancient knowledge.

The antediluvians ascribed the pre-Flood knowledge to the interaction of humans with the gods of legend, or the Watchers of Hebrew tradition: the knowledge from the heavenly Watchers was recorded on “tablets” or “pillars.” Flavius Josephus explained one pillar as the Great Pyramid of Giza.[679] The legendary mystery contained in the famous “Tablets of Thoth” (or Hermes) was also related to the pillars of heaven and earth. The myths preserving the union of heaven and earth—when the gods and their heavenly knowledge fell to earth—refer to two pillars. Mention of knowledge inscribed in pillars is found in the legend of the earliest civilization, Atlantis:

Now the order of precedence among them and their mutual relations were regulated by the commands of Poseidon which the law had handed down. These were inscribed by the first kings on a pillar of orichalcum, which was situated in the middle of the island, at the temple of Poseidon, whither the kings were gathered together every fifth and every sixth year alternately, thus giving equal honour to the odd and to the even number. (Plato’s Critias)

The Great Pyramid was constructed long before the date agreed upon by mainstream Egyptologists. The acceptable textbook explanation of the Great Pyramid declares that the Pharaoh Khufu [Cheops in Greek] built the Great Pyramid in the 4th Dynasty 2613–2498 B.C. Many modern researchers, however, dispute this claim. Khufu himself left no record that he built the Great Pyramid, instead claiming only to have done repair work on the structure. The “Inventory Stele” found in the Isis Chapel at Giza in the 1850’s by Auguste Mariette tells of Khufu’s discoveries made while clearing away the sands from the Great Pyramid. This stele dates to about 1500 BC, but shows evidence of having been copied from a far older stele of the fourth dynasty.[680] In the early 1990s researcher Anthony West and geologist Robert Schoch, professor from Boston University, proposed that the erosion of the Giza plateau on which the Great Pyramid stands exhibited extreme water erosion. The amount of erosion in the plateau indicated the Great Pyramid was built during a time when the Saharah Desert did not exist, at least 10,000 years ago.[681]

Remarkably, British Orientalist Sir Godfrey Higgins proposed the same theory 123 years earlier in his book Anacalypsis; an attempt to draw aside the Veil of the Saitic Isis, or an Inquiry into the Origin of Languages, Nations, and Religions. This massive historical work required 20 years of research and was first published 30 years after his death in 1863. Higgin wrote:

I shall, in the first place, give an extract from the work of a learned priest of the name of Gab, of the Romish Church, [Gab’s Finis Pyramidis] which contains a statement of several curious and unobserved facts […] But if this deposite of sand is not the effect of the winds, by what agency came it here? Not by any extraordinary overflowing of the Nile, from which a sediment might be left: for it is known, that river never rose to near the height of that plain of rock, nor are there any kind of shell-fish in the Nile: whereas shells and petrified oysters are found in the sands about the Pyramids. And it must be allowed, when this Pyramid of Giza was built, there were no such depths either of sands or of earth upon the rock, as in the time of Herodotus, from the absurdities that would follow such a supposition: since the builders must first have dug out their depth of sand equal in extent of twelve English acres: and when their work was completed, must be argued to have filled in, against the declining sides, to the level of the former surface, and thus have buried a considerable part of their own work. From these positions, it evidently appears, this Pyramid must have been erected by the Antediluvians before the universal deluge, called Noah’s flood, and the description given of it in Holy Writ will account in a satisfactory manner for the lodgment of sand on the surface of that extensive rock.[682]

Myth preserves the theme of antediluvian knowledge surviving encoded in megalithic architecture and in the symbols of the mystery schools. The symbolism, properly decoded, provided the key to the ancient knowledge. Many ancient documents—translated from texts that are older still—share the common theme that knowledge has been conveyed from heaven to the earth, symbolized by the union of the two. Among the ancient texts called the “Gothic Constitutions,” are the intriguing Regius Manuscript (c.1390), a gift presented to the British Museum by King George II in 1757, and the Cooke Manuscript (c.1400 AD). Both contain descriptions of a “key” to understanding the knowledge of heaven and earth.[683] The work discovered in 1936, the Graham Manuscript (c.1726), provides a clear analogy of the uniting of heaven and earth. This manuscript describes the desire of the sons of Noah to recover their dead father’s sacred knowledge after the Flood. In order to recover the Lost Knowledge of the union of heaven and earth, the brothers Shem, Ham and Japheth, undertook a macabre ritual. The brothers attempted to revive Noah by mirroring his dead body with their own living body:

When they took a grip at a finger… it came away; so from joint to joint; so to the wrist; and so to the elbow. So they reared up the dead body and supported it, setting foot to foot, knee to knee, breast to breast, cheek to cheek, and hand to back, and cried out, “Help, Oh Father,” as if they had said, “Oh Father in Heaven, help us now, for our earthly father cannot.[684]

The mirroring ritual was intended to bring heavenly knowledge down to the earth. The symbolism of “mirroring” was echoed in myth by dualistic gods such as: Janus, Dionysus, Diana and her twin brother Apollo, Osiris and Set, Isis and Nephthys. The sky god Zeus and his dual aspect the sea god Poseidon are the best example of the preservation in myth of a “heavenly” truth. While Zeus was the head of the Olympian gods and the ruler of the heavens, his brother Poseidon represented not only the earthly ocean but the encircling ocean in the sky—encompassing the realm of his brother Zeus and absorbing him, becoming a far more powerful deity as the Ouroboros. Foundation myths populated with twins and gods who fell from heaven to the earth also echo that theme—the foundations of civilization are indicated by something in the heavens that has been brought down—or summoned—to the earth.

The summoning of heavenly knowledge was not undertaken randomly, but according to the patterns already established, as reiterated in the famous Hermetic phrase “As above, so below.” The mystic Alchemist Zosimus of Panopolis wrote in the third century that heaven must marry earth if heavenly knowledge lost to the Flood would be regenerated:

Above, the celestial things, below, the terrestrial; by the male and the female the work is accomplished. Join the male and the female and you will find what you are seeking.[685]

The Apocryphal Gospel of Thomas, a valuable resource in deciphering the tenets of the mystery school called “Gnosticism,” was discovered in Nag Hammadi, Egypt in 1945. Interestingly, the Nag Hammadi manuscripts (c. 4th cent. AD) totaled 53 works in all, including not only the Gospel of Thomas but also a copy of Plato’s Republic. Originally composed in Greek, they were translated in the 3rd C. A.D. into Coptic. The Gospel of Thomas was a collection of extra canonical writings espousing the mysteries of Gnostic Dualism (knowledge of twos). Throughout this Gnostic resource the formula of mirroring or “twinning” the heavens upon the earth is repeated, in order that the lost knowledge might be revived. Perhaps the greatest clue to the secret of how heaven is connected to earth is found in the attributed name of the Gnostic text itself, Thomas (The Twin).

When you make the two one, and when you make the outside like the inside, and the above like the below, and when you make the male and the female one and the same, so that the male not be male nor the female, female; and when you fashion eyes in the place of an eye, and a hand in place of a hand, and a foot in place of a foot, and a likeness in place of a likeness; then will you enter the kingdom. (Gospel of Thomas, log. 22, 2. 17)

Since the earliest times, knowledge of the location to build cities and temples was said to have been dispersed when heaven and earth were united, or aligned. A brother of a 20th century mystery school, Manly P. Hall wrote:

The ancients believed the earth to be surrounded by the sphere of the constellations, and they assigned to each country the star groups which were above that country’s particular area of land.[686]

The Greek astronomer Eudoxus described the motions of the heavenly bodies by means of the celestial globe, or sphere of heaven. He concluded that the stars were fixed to a sphere that rotated at a constant speed. The earliest complete description of the constellations themselves was given in Aratus of Soli’s poem The Phenomena, (270 B.C). The Alexandrian astronomer Ptolemy (c. 137 A.D.) compiled the earliest complete catalogue of the stars, describing each star by its place in its constellation with a celestial latitude and longitude added. The concept of the fixed longitude in Ptolemy’s map created a celestial benchmark from which all constellations could be measured—a mark of longitude in the heavens fixed orientation east to west.

Today astronomers divide the sky above the Northern hemisphere in 360 degrees, misleadingly setting the 0 meridian at the first point of Aries, the so-called “celestial prime meridian.” The 0 meridian is set there, astronomers claim, because the zodiacal sign Aries was the constellation in which the sun rose at the beginning of the New Year in the classical age of the Greek astronomers. The modern celestial prime meridian set according to a zodiacal age provides an imperfect benchmark; due to the Precession of the equinox, all 12 signs of the zodiac will have appeared as the backdrop of the rising New Year sun. In the beginning of civilization the celestial Prime Meridian was not set in Aries. The ancient “anchor” of the heavens with the earth, the location of the “pillar” uniting the two, was not assigned to the symbol in which the sun rose at the start of the New Year. It was assigned to the star that out-shines all others in the Northern Hemisphere.

The Egyptians considered the star Sirius the companion of the brightest constellation in the Northern Hemisphere, Orion. Sirius in Canis Major (the big dog) and Orion were the two most important cosmological symbols in the ancient world. The Greek version of the Canopus Decree describes the rising of the star of Isis (to astron to tés Isios) as marking the beginning of the New Year; the hieratic and hieroglyphic versions assigned the duty of New Year demarcation to Sothis, or Sirius.[687] The Roman grammarian Censorinus (c. 2nd C A.D.), wrote De Die Natali (On the Day of Birth), an essay discussing ancient methods of computing time.[688] Censorium recorded that temples erected to Isis were oriented to the exact spot where Sirius, also called Sothis, would rise. Sothis was the leader of 36 stars, called the Deccans, that followed each other at intervals of ten days throughout the year. By the helical rising of these stars, the Egyptians kept track of their calendar, adding five days to complete the year.[689] Diodorus Siculus described the connection of Isis with the star Sirius found inscribed on a stone memorial to Isis in the Arabian city Nysa:

And in that place there stands also a stele of each of the gods bearing an inscription in hieroglyphs. On the stele of Isis it runs: “ I am Isis, the queen of every land, she who was instructed of Hermes, and whatsoever laws I have established, these can no man make void… I am she who riseth in the star that is in the Constellation of the Dog.[690]

Ancient authors preserved Egyptian traditions concerning Isis, Osiris and Horus, often working with mere fragments of the original legend. The most frequently recounted version, Plutarch’s On Isis and Osiris, is significant for its influence on the modern mystery schools, which will be discussed in later chapters. Plutarch (46-120 A.D.), a priest of Pythian Apollo in Boeotia (founded by Cadmus the Sidonian), wrote his version of the legend, which was popular in his day. The story of Isis, Osiris and Horus began with the union of heaven and earth. According to Plutarch the goddess Rhea [Nut the heavens], the wife of Helios [Ra], was beloved by Kronos [Geb the earth]. When Helios discovered the adultery, he cursed his wife and declared that she should not be delivered of her child in any month or in any year. Then the god Thoth [in Greek Hermes], who also loved Nut, threw dice with Selene [the moon] and won from her the seventieth part of each day of the year, which, added together, made five whole days.[691]

Osiris was born on the first of the new five days. He became king of Egypt, and devoted himself to civilizing and teaching his subjects. Having established civilization in Egypt, Osiris set out to instruct the other nations of the world. During his absence his wife Isis ruled. When Osiris returned, Typhon [Set] his twin brother plotted with seventy- two comrades to slay him. They secretly obtained the measure of the body of Osiris, and designed a chest which would just encase him. The chest was then filled with jewels and precious metals, and brought before Osiris in his banquet hall among his guests. Set/Typhon pronounced that anyone whom the chest fit exactly would win its contents. Every guest was eager to try but one by one they failed. Eventually Osiris was induced to lie down in the chest, which was immediately closed and sealed by Typhon and his fellow conspirators, who threw it into the Nile River.[692]

Isis heard the news of Osiris’s death, cut off a lock of hair, put on her widow’s clothing, and then set out to find her husband’s body. In the course of her wanderings she discovered that Osiris had fathered a child, Anubis, with her twin sister Nephthys. Anubis had been abandoned at birth, however, and Isis with the help of her gods, befriended the young god who grew up to be her loyal guard and consort. Soon after, Isis learned that the sea had carried the body of Osiris to Byblos in Lebanon, where it had come to rest in a tree that had grown around and enclosed the chest within its trunk. The Phoenician king of Byblos cut down the tree and made a pillar for the roof of his house. Isis went to Byblos where she was made nurse to one of the king’s sons. Instead of nursing the child in the ordinary way, Isis wished to make the child immortal. Each night Isis put the child into the fire to consume his mortal parts, meanwhile changing herself into a swallow and fluttering about bemoaning her fate. When the Phoenician queen happened to see her son in flames, she put an end to the ritual of Isis, and deprived him of immortality. Isis then explained her plight to the Phoenician queen, and received from her the pillar containing the body of Osiris. Isis retrieved the body of Osiris and returned to Egypt. Then she hid the chest in a secret place.

One night while hunting (tzidon), Typhon found the chest containing the body of Osiris and tore it into fourteen pieces and scattered the remains. When Isis heard of this she took a boat made of papyrus to gather the fragments of Osiris’s body. After a tedious search, Isis had found thirteen pieces, but a Nile fish had eaten the phallus. Isis replaced this missing piece with an imitation made of wood, and buried the body. Wherever Isis found a part of Osiris, she erected an obelisk to remind her followers to continue searching for the “lost part of Osiris,” the generative phallus that had been swallowed by a fish. According to Plutarch, the ancient story is a metaphor for the search for the lost knowledge:

The yearning for the truth, especially for truth concerning the Gods, is a yearning for the Divine since the learning and the search involve the investigation of holy things and is more pious work than a devotion to purity and temple attendance. Moreover this search is especially pleasing to the wise and wisdom-loving Goddess whom you worship, whose very name seems to show that knowledge and understanding are her province. “Isis” [supposedly a derivative of “I know”] after all is a Greek word and so also is the name of her enemy “Typhon” who is puffed up [from tufî “I am puffed up”] with ignorance and lies. It is he who tears up and destroys the sacred text which the Goddess gathers up and puts together again to give to the initiates.[693]

Plutarch described the Egyptian symbolism as non-literal, but containing hidden truths nonetheless:

This doctrine [of the Egyptians] however conceals most of its chief tenets in myths and stories, which express only obscure images and suggestions of the truth. They make this clear by fittingly erecting sphinxes in front of their temples to show that their philosophy is an enigmatic sort of wisdom. The statue in Sais of Athena whom they identify with Isis had this inscription: “I am what has been, what is and what will be and no mortal has yet drawn back my robe.” Most people believe that the proper name for Zeus among the Egyptians is “Amoun”… Manetho of Sebennytos however thinks that “hidden” and “hiding” are meant by this word. The wisest of the Greeks bear witness to this, Solon, Thales, Plato, Eudoxos, Pythagoras and, some say, Lykourgos, all of whom went to Egypt and spent time with the priests. They say that Eudoxos studied with Chonuphis of Memphis, Solon with Sonchis of Sais and Pythagoras with Oenuphis of Heliopolis. The Egyptians were impressed by Pythagoras and Pythagoras was so impressed by them that he imitated their symbolism and mystery teaching by mixing riddles in with his dogmas. Many of the Pythagorean precepts are equal in value to the so-called hieroglyphic writings…They portray Osiris, the Lord and King, symbolically by an eye and a scepter…They depict the heavens as a heart beneath a brazier of incense. When therefore you hear the stories which the Egyptians tell about the Gods, their wanderings, dismemberments and many similar experiences you should recall what I have just said and not believe that any of these things happened or was done in the manner recounted. For the Egyptians do not call Hermes a dog in earnest but they attribute to the most intellectual of their Gods the watchfulness and wakefulness of that animal as well as its wisdom and its ability to distinguish the friendly from the hostile by its knowledge of the one and its ignorance of the other. Nor do they believe that the sun rises from the lotus as a new-born baby but they portray the rising of the sun in this way to express enigmatically its rekindling from the waters.[694]

Plato’s Timaeus described the knowledge of ancient Athens of 9,000 years earlier as having been taught by the goddess :

Then as to wisdom, do you observe how our law from the very first made a study of the whole order of things, extending even to prophecy and medicine which gives health, out of these divine elements deriving what was needful for human life, and adding every sort of knowledge which was akin to them. All this order and arrangement the goddess first imparted to you when establishing your city; and she chose the spot of earth in which you were born, because she saw that the happy temperament of the seasons in that land would produce the wisest of men. Wherefore the goddess, who was a lover both of war and of wisdom, selected and first of all settled that spot which was the most likely to produce men likest herself. And there you dwelt, having such laws as these and still better ones, and excelled all mankind in all virtue, as became the children and disciples of the gods.[695]

The priests emphasized that both the Greeks and the Egyptians shared the same goddess of wisdom:

For there was a time, Solon, before the great deluge of all, when the city which now is Athens was first in war and in every way the best governed of all cities, is said to have performed the noblest deeds and to have had the fairest constitution of any of which tradition tells, under the face of heaven. Solon marveled at his words, and earnestly requested the priests to inform him exactly and in order about these former citizens. You are welcome to hear about them, Solon, said the priest, both for your own sake and for that of your city, and above all, for the sake of the goddess who is the common patron and parent and educator of both our cities. She founded your city a thousand years before ours, receiving from the Earth and Hephaestus (the craftsman god who fell to earth) the seed of your race, and afterwards she founded ours, of which the constitution is recorded in our sacred registers to be eight thousand years old.[696]

Although the name of the legendary goddess varied, she provided the continuity as the body of wisdom was carried from culture to culture. This body of knowledge was in existence from an age before a worldwide cataclysm scattered it abroad. An intriguing epithet of the patron of Athens, Pallas Athene, identifies her with Pallas the Greek Titan and with Pales, after whom the Palatine Hill and festival celebrating the founding of Rome was named. At the root of these gods is Phalia, a Greek form of the name Peleg, or Phalec, who was named “division”: “for in his days was the earth divided (niphleghah) (Genesis 10:25).” This division was associated with the confusion of the languages and scattering of the world’s population recorded in the account of the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1–9). In Aramaic pelagh and Arabic phalaj mean “division” but in Hebrew pelegh is defined as “watercourse” (Strong’s 06388). A “divisive watercourse” describes the cosmic clock of the Milky Way, the Ouroboral alignment that occurred during the suntelia of Babel, 4,468 B.C. As Isis was the Egyptian goddess associated with the scattering—and regathering—of the body of Osiris, so Athene Pallas was the Greek aspect of the goddess from the “time of the scattering.”

According to the Egyptian Hymn to Osiris and a Legend of the Origin of Horus, the goddess Isis was able to navigate and locate the pieces of Osiris’ body, but also to resurrect and incarnate her brother as their son, Horus.

Thy sister [Isis] acted as a protectress to thee. She drove [thy] enemies away, she averted seasons [of calamity from thee], she recited the word (or, formula) with the magical power of her mouth, [being] skilled of tongue and never halting for a word, being perfect in command and word. Isis the magician avenged her brother. She went about seeking for him untiringly. She flew round and round over this earth uttering wailing cries of grief, and she did not alight on the ground until she had found him. She made light [to come forth] from her feathers, she made air to come into being by means of her two wings, and she cried out the death cries for her brother. She made to rise up the helpless members of him whose heart was at rest, she drew from him his essence, and she made therefrom an heir. She suckled the child in solitariness and none knew where his place was, and he grew in strength. His hand is mighty (or, victorious) within the house of Keb, and the Company of the Gods rejoice greatly at the coming of Horus, the son of Osiris, whose heart is firmly stablished, the triumphant one, the son of Isis, the flesh and bone of Osiris.[697]

This passage confirms the importance of the myth of Osiris and Isis in preserving the hidden pre-Flood knowledge. While both Osiris and Isis are symbols referring to greater truths in myths and the mystery schools, Isis was given primacy as the source by which the myths could be navigated and the truth revealed.

For thousands of years, navigators of the Mediterranean used the Isis’s star Sirius as a reference point for determining their location on the seas because of its great brightness. Osiris has long been associated with the most easily recognizable of the constellations in the night sky, Orion. The secret knowledge preserved in myth and the mystery schools refers to the union of the heavens and the earth, anchored at specific locations with respect to Isis/Sirius and Osiris/Orion. The stars of Orion, the representation in the heavens of Osiris, have a “mirror” on the earth, constructed at Giza. Researcher and engineer Robert Bauval realized that the three main pyramids on the Giza plateau were configured slightly askew in order to represent the three “belt stars” of Orion. Bauval theorized that the Giza sphinx and the Great Pyramid were built to align to the rising of the constellations of Leo and Orion as they would have appeared before the sunrise on the spring equinox 10,500 years B.C.[698] While the significance of Bauval’s “Correlation Theory” is undeniable, this alone does not account for the pattern of megalithic structures built across the globe.

While Hancock, Bauval and West have researched monuments that seem to be aligned to stars and constellations, some of the greatest megalithic structures in the world—such as those located in Peru and Bolivia of South America—do not seem to correspond to any significant motions of stars at any particular dates. Modern researcher and “archaeocryptographer” Carl Munck has pointed out that monuments seem to be built according to longitude with respect to Giza, but again many monuments do not fit into that simple explanation of the significance of the Great Pyramid. The pillars uniting the heavens and the earth—the marriage of the celestial with the terrestrial—are represented by a much larger system of monuments and stars. The key to decoding this pattern is found not in Osiris as represented at Giza, but in the star of the goddess Isis.

Just as the constellation of Osiris has a correlating construct built upon the earth, so the mysteriously “veiled” Isis is represented on earth as well. Egyptian myth described Isis as the connection on the ground between the heavenly son Horus and the earthly underworld ruler Osiris. Long before the Greeks called her Isis, her name in Egyptian was Ast, the Lady or Ruler of secret places.[699]

The sciences of reckoning time, movement and location on the earth were inextricably linked to Egyptian doctrine. Geometry, meaning measuring the earth, remained foremost in the symbolic transfer of sacred knowledge in Greek thought. The earth according to Plato reflected the heavenly patterns already established. Isis, the holder of the “body” of knowledge, maintained her primacy under various names among the mystery schools. Her consort Osiris represented the body of knowledge—with that one missing piece that was sought after—an almost complete body of knowledge composed of the written wisdom of the ages. The Syrians called the constellation Orion, associated with Osiris, Gabbara, and the Arabians named it Al Jabbar—both meaning “the giant.”[700] The Arabian word for Orion, The Giant, has become the familiar word Algebra, the system of letters and symbols referring to particular quantitative relationships in mathematics. Sirius, the star of the goddess, was the key to finding the location of the literal connection between heaven and earth. Sirius is 31 degrees west of the constellation of Orion in the heavens. A mirror of Sirius upon the earth would appropriately lie 31 degrees west of the Orion’s mirror, the pyramids of the Giza plateau. The area of the Sahara desert lies 31 degrees west of Egypt, a region seemingly barren of monuments, megaliths and cyclopean architecture. However there is an important construct residing exactly 31 degrees west of the Giza monuments. At this location on earth the mystery schools have agreed upon an imaginary line, which the nations use to measure time and space relative to any point on the surface of the earth. Just as the mirror of Osiris’s constellation Orion was built at the corresponding longitude on earth, at Giza, so the mirror of Sirius has been located on the earth, and called by modern initiates of the mysteries the Prime Meridian. The Prime Meridian is the hidden location of the mirror of Isis upon the earth. The Prime Meridian and the Great Pyramid of Giza were the two pillars that symbolized the union of heaven and earth, supporting the one as it was “twinned” or “mirrored” by the other. The location of ancient megalithic monuments confirms that the understanding of the meridian system is ancient in the order of tens of thousands of years.

The mystery schools have preserved the knowledge of the true mirroring of heaven upon the earth, anchored at Sirius (Prime Meridian) and Orion (Giza). The present day celestial prime meridian, supposedly borrowed from the Greeks, is an intentional diversion. The celestial sphere—the signs of the Zodiac and the stars—were symbolically superimposed on the sphere of the earth; from the beginning of civilization the star Sirius was the celestial prime meridian anchored at the earth’s Prime Meridian.

The meaning behind the myths of a celestial goddess who indicates the proper location to build—whether through the descent of her image, statue, or palladium, or through the guidance of her flame or consort animal—is clearly related to the star of the goddess, Sirius. The goddess guides navigation from the heavens and presides over the building of cities and temples upon her meridians on the earth.

The redundancy of twins in foundation myths is explained by this heaven-to-earth connection at Sirius. The Twins of Gemini are the ruling sign of the true celestial prime meridian. That the ancients knew the twins of Gemini were the patrons of navigation—due to their association with Sirius—was recorded as early as Homer’s Odyssey. The accounts of the travels of Paul the apostle (Acts 28:11) also refer to the twin patrons of navigation. Occult authority Albert Pike wrote the compendium of early 20th century understanding of the mysteries called Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry. In this work intended to teach modern initiates of the mystery schools, Pike wrote of the significance of Gemini in relation to the mysteries of Eleusis.

The Priests of the Island of Samothrace promised favorable winds and prosperous voyages to those who were initiated. It was promised that the Kabiri and Castor and Pollux, the Dioscuri should appear to them when the storm raged, and give them calm and smooth seas.[701]

Pike gleaned this information from records left by the Greek poets and historians writing of the mysteries of the Pelasgians. Apollonius of Rhodes (3rd C B.C.) wrote in his Greek epic The Argonautica:

They [the Argonauts] beached this ship at Samothrake … He [Orpheus] wished them, by holy initiation, to learn something of the secret rites, and so sail on with greater confidence across the formidable sea. Of the rites I say no more, pausing only to salute the isle itself and the Powers [the Kabeiroi] that dwell in it, to whom belong the mysteries of which we must not sing.—Argonautica 1.916f

Long before the Romans, the earliest civilizations not only rendered Orion on the ground at Giza, and built monuments according to the prime meridian at Sirius, they fixed all the major constellations on the ground in a pattern around the earth. The knowledge that the heavenly constellations were mirrored upon the earth was preserved in the numbers and names reoccurring in myth and the rites of the mystery schools, and in the architectural representations built at physical locations around the globe.

The constellations are represented on the earth relative to each other as they are found in the sky, with the Prime Meridian located at Sirius in the heavens and 0 degrees longitude upon the earth. This was the mystery that Apollonius said must not be sung. This was the marriage of heaven with earth that Zosimus described: “Above, the celestial things, below, the terrestrial.” This was also the meaning behind the most ancient of the founding myths. It is the joining of Geb with Nut or Oranous with Gaia—the union between the god of heaven and the god of earth.

The Sidonian Cadmus founded the Greek region of Boeotia, and gave to the Greeks their Pelasgian—that is Sidonian—mystery traditions, as well as their written language. The Sidonian Greeks of Boeotia referred to the twins of the constellation Gemini as The Amphisians (on both sides).[702] Boeotia was the center of a mystery school which honoured the twins as the “Boy Kings.” Pausanias wrote of the twin youths revered in the ancient Pelasgian mysteries:

…some said the Boy Kings were the Dioskouroi, (Gemini) and others, who pretend to have fuller knowledge, hold them to be the Kabeiroi.[703]

The fiery craftsman or builder gods of the Sidonians were associated with the Amphisian twins of Gemini. Pausanias also explained that the ancient incarnation of the god of Mars, Enyalius of Crete, was worshipped in the temples of the Dioskouroi during the reign of King Agamemnon: “Not far from Therapne, is what is called Phoebaeum, in which is a temple of the Dioscuri. Here the youths sacrifice to Enyalius (Ares).”[704]

Because of pivotal meaning of Gemini as the “pillars” between heaven and earth, Romans often used their names in a common Latin oath: Mecastor (I swear by Castor) Edepol (I swear by Pollux).[705] The qualities of Castor and Pollux mirrored those of the twin founders of Rome (Romulus & Remus) so well that it is difficult to separate them as entirely distinct. It was common practice in the ancient world to worship a monolateral system of gods and goddesses, assigning different names to the deity according to the various functions the deity fulfilled. Romulus was worshipped as both the founder of Rome and as the deified Mars Quirinus, having assumed the role of his own father, the Roman war god Mars. The Egyptian god Horus was also an incarnation of his father Osiris, embodying the concepts of “time” (hours) and “location” (horizon) with respect to his consort and mother Isis, the literal anchor of the heavens to the earth through her star Sirius.

The Egyptian text The Legend of Ra and Isis described the god Ra, creator of heaven and earth, who was bitten by a serpent and healed by Isis when she learned his secret name:

Behold, the goddess Isis lived in the form of a woman, who had the knowledge of words [of power]. Her heart turned away in disgust from the millions of men, and she chose for herself the millions of the gods, but esteemed more highly the millions of the spirits. Was it not possible to become even as was Ra in heaven and upon earth, and to make [herself] mistress of the earth, and a [mighty] goddess-thus she meditated in her heart-by the knowledge of the Name of the holy god? […] The holy god opened his mouth, [saying], I was going along the road … when I was bitten by a serpent which I did not see; And Isis said unto Ra, “O my divine father, tell me thy name, for he who is able to pronounce his name liveth.” […] Ra said, “I will allow myself to be searched through by Isis, and my name shall come forth from my body and go into hers.” And it came to pass that she said unto her son Horus, “The great god shall bind himself by an oath to give his two eyes.” Thus was the great god made to yield up his name, and Isis, the great lady of enchantments, said, “ …Verily the name hath been taken away from the great god. Let Ra live, and let the poison die; and if the poison live then Ra shall die. And similarly, a certain man, the son of a certain man, shall live and the poison shall die. These were the words which spake Isis, the great lady, the mistress of the gods, and she had knowledge of Ra in his own name.[706]

The initiates among the ancient Greeks considered that the pattern of things on earth must have possessed the pattern of things in heaven. Timaeus explained this pattern to Socrates:

Which of the patterns had the artificer in view when he made the world—the pattern of the unchangeable, or of that which is created? […] Every one will see that he must have looked to the eternal; for the world is the fairest of creations and he is the best of causes. And having been created in this way, the world has been framed in the likeness of that which is apprehended by reason and mind and is unchangeable, and must therefore of necessity, if this is admitted, be a copy of something. In the likeness of what animal did the Creator make the world? […] There is and ever will be one only-begotten and created heaven. Now to the animal [heaven] which was to comprehend all animals, that figure was suitable which comprehends within itself all other figures. […] Wherefore he made the world in the form of a globe, round as from a lathe, having its extremes in every direction equidistant from the centre, the most perfect and the most like itself of all figures; for he considered that the like is infinitely fairer than the unlike […] Such was the whole plan of the eternal God about the god that was to be, to whom for this reason he gave a body, smooth and even, having a surface in every direction equidistant from the centre, a body entire and perfect, and formed out of perfect bodies. And in the centre he put the soul, which he diffused throughout the body, making it also to be the exterior environment of it; and he made the universe a circle moving in a circle, one and solitary, yet by reason of its excellence able to converse with itself, and needing no other friendship or acquaintance. Having these purposes in view he created the world a blessed god.[707]

Plato revealed the reasoning of mystery school initiates, those who seek knowledge from heaven. Philosophers did not limit themselves to the interpretation of the patterns of nature, but took every concept into account according to how it fit into the mirrored pattern of heaven revealed on earth, including the significance of place names and arrangement of countries, the manner of time and space, and such seemingly trivial things as the affairs of men in their thought and speech. Modern initiates of the mysteries still assess earthly occurrences according to the degree with which they replicate the higher patterns of the heavens.

The sight in my opinion is the source of the greatest benefit to us, for had we never seen the stars, and the sun, and the heaven, none of the words which we have spoken about the universe would ever have been uttered. But now the sight of day and night, and the months and the revolutions of the years, have created number, and have given us a conception of time, and the power of inquiring about the nature of the universe; and from this source we have derived philosophy, than which no greater good ever was or will be given by the gods to mortal man. God invented and gave us sight to the end that we might behold the courses of intelligence in the heaven, and apply them to the courses of our own intelligence which are akin to them, the unperturbed to the perturbed; and that we, learning them and partaking of the natural truth of reason, might imitate the absolutely unerring courses of God and regulate our own vagaries.[708]

Aristotle continued the tradition among Greek philosophers of teaching the science of “metaphysics”—those things that pertained to the nature of existence. Aristotle’s Metaphysics was designed around the wisdom Plutarch had ascribed to the priests of Egypt. Aristotle had been educated by Plato in the academy of Athens. After his own student, Alexander the Great, left for Asia, Aristotle returned to Athens and founded the Lyceum in 335 B.C. Aristotle understood the Sirius anchor of heaven to the earth, and named his Academy Lyceum meaning in Greek “district of the wolf.”[709]

The Romans called the Canaanites in Latin Cananaei, or Canaorum. These words are related etymologically to the Latin word for female dog “Canarius.” The rite called by the mystery schools the canarium (sacrificium) was a sacrifice of a russet-red female dog (at the time of the heat wave, for the goods of the ground).[710] The Latin adjective canîculâris meant “pertaining to the Dog Star”: the time referred to as the “dog days” was related to the rising of Isis’s star canicula, that is, Sirius. 44 These Latin words trace their origin to the Greek kuna or kunas meaning “the dog-star,” called by Homer, “the hound of Orion.” “Kuna “ is Greek for “watchdog” and significantly “a guardian of the servants, agents or watchers of the gods.”[711] The etymology of the Latin word for “dog” reveals its origin off the coast of Sidonia, among the rebuilt cities of Canaan after the Flood. The brightest star in the celestial sphere was called Canicula, the dog-star, commemorating the gift of the knowledge of the heavens given to the Sidonian Canaanites by the Nephilim, offspring of the Watchers.

The philosophy espoused by Aristotle—that the patterns of heavenly things governed the patterns of earthly things—profoundly influenced Alexander. He believed that the gods determined his destiny, and that patterns could be discerned to determine the proper course of action. Legend records that Alexander dreamed he had caught a satyr the night before the siege of the city Tyre. His advisors told him it was a good omen, because the Greek word for “satyr” was an anagram for “Tyre.” The city fell the next day.[712]

During his campaign for Egypt, Alexander came to a holy place called Siwah, dedicated to the Egyptian god Amon-Ra, “the father of the pharaohs,” who was depicted at this particular shrine with ram’s horns curving downwards around his ears.[713]

Originally, Siwah had been the location of the Libyan god who had the shape of a ram, corresponding to the Greek Aries. The Egyptian priests hailed Alexander as the son of Amon-Ra, and Alexander sometimes wore the horns of his divine father Ammon on public occasions. After his death, Alexander was depicted wearing the horns of a ram on his head, which can be see on coins of Lysimachus 290 BC. The Libyan god of the ram may have been related to Baal Hammon, a god venerated by the Sidonians, also called Ammon, or Hermon. Baal Hammon literally means “Lord” of Ham, the son of Noah and father of Canaan and Sidon. Baal Hammon, the Lord of Ham, was among the gods who descended to earth from Mount Hermon.[714]

In the pattern-finding philosophy of Aristotle, anagrams and homophones were significant. The words “Aries” and “Ares” [or for that matter “arrows” and “Eros”] are the same to the ears, and unconscious mind, of the listener. The symbolic connection between the Ram of Aries and the Greek god of Mars, Ares, is seen further in the legend of Jason’s hunt for the Golden Fleece. The Golden Fleece from the Ram of Zeus, embodiment of the symbol of the zodiac sign Aries, hung in the grove of the war god Ares. The sylvan grove was guarded by Ares’s serpentine dragon who never slept, and administered by the mysterious King Aeetes, whose name is tellingly similar to Hades, from the root that means “invisible” (aeides). Astrologers have associated the zodiac sign of Aries the Ram with Ares the Greek god of Mars.

Royal Astrologer to Queen Elizabeth, Dr. John Dee was one of the most influential occult philosophers of the 16th century. Born in London, 13 July 1527, Dee was the first to translate Euclid’s Elements into English. Ever the avid scholar (he possessed a library of over 4000 books) Dee taught his knowledge of mathematics to his student, Elizabeth. Dee was later commissioned by Queen Elizabeth to establish the legal foundation for colonizing North America.[715] In 1564 Dee published Monas hieroglyphia (The Hieroglyphic Monad) a book of hermeticism, cabala, and alchemy in which he explained the astrological symbol of Mars:

The Sun has the supreme dignity, and we represent him by a circle having a visible centre. —THEOREM III

The mystical sign of the Ram, composed of two semicircles connected by one common point, is very justly attributed to the place of the equinoctial nycthemeron, [where the Zodiac begins in Astrology] because the period of twenty-four hours divided by means of the equinox denotes most secret proportions. —THEOREM XI

Now regard the mystical character of Mars! Is it not formed from the hieroglyphs of the Sun and Aries, the magistery of the Elements partly intervening? —THEOREM XIII.[716]

The Mars astrological glyph commemorates the point in history—during Aries—when the Greeks achieved the godly knowledge associated with the planet Mars. The sun began the New Year in the 2,220 BC at dawn in the zodiac sign Aries, continuing to rise in Aries at each New Year for a span of 2,160 years, until c. 60 BC. Greek myth has preserved the date of the foundation of Thebes by the Sidonian King Cadmus as 1313 B.C., when the year began near the center of the sign of Aries.[717] The Age of Aries encompassed the period when Greek civilization—the arts and sciences—flourished due to the influence of Cadmus’s Sidonian alphabet. The sign of Aries was still dominant by the time Alexander the Great conquered the “civilized world.” The age in which the Greek philosophers and astronomers were initiated into the mysteries—when the Greeks became “illuminated”—was that of Aries the Ram. The symbols associated with the Ram, Mars, Aries and Ares have been used to illustrate and illuminate such occult concepts as those espoused by initiates like Dee.

The Tower of Mars

The previous alignment of the ouroboros and sign of the sunteleia had occurred during the zodiacal sign of the Taurus, portending one of the cyclic cataclysms that affected man’s advancement. As Plato explained:

Whereas just when you and other nations are beginning to be provided with letters and the other requisites of civilized life, after the usual interval, the stream from heaven, like a pestilence, comes pouring down, and leaves only those of you who are destitute of letters and education; and so you have to begin all over again like children…(The Timaeus)

The approach of the Ouroboros as it neared alignment with the horizon was regarded with apprehension. Because the ancients had preserved the Flood Myths of the previous suntelia of 10,500 B.C. a monumental fear arose among the learned population of the earth. The Hebrew tradition described the efforts of those united in the effort to avoid the cataclysm they saw approaching as the aion neared:

They said: Come, let us make a city and a tower, the top whereof may reach to heaven; and let us make our name famous before we be scattered abroad into all lands. (Genesis 11: 4)

The builders of the Tower of Babel, according to some sources, were motivated by the fear of a world conflagration.[718] The Biblical account of the tower of Babel corresponds to the cataclysmic suntelia of c.4,468 B.C. For the duration of the building of the Tower of Babel, the Ouroboros aligned with the earth’s horizon and the sign of the suntelia, indicated by the arrow of Sagittarius, was visible in its mouth.

The Nephilim or Gibborim who still walked the earth alongside man 6,480 years after the Flood recalled the events when they had last viewed that sign in the heavens. Tales of the previous Ouroboral alignment motivated the world’s civilization to unite, symbolized by the megalithic monument of the Tower of Babel. The pseudepigraphical Book of Jubilees 10:21 says that the builders worked for 43 years. The tower’s height amounted to 5433 cubits and 2 palms, and (the extent of one wall was) thirteen stades (and of the other thirty stades) a structure one and a half miles high. Rabbinical sources explain that the purpose of the Tower was to secure a shelter for the city of Babel in case a catastrophe should occur yet again:

The men who were before us God has destroyed with a deluge; if he shall again think fit to be wroth with us, and seek to destroy us even with a deluge, we shall all perish to a man. But come, let us prepare bricks and burn them with fire, that they may withstand the waters and building them together with asphalt, let us make a high tower the top of which shall reach to heaven, in order that being delivered from the deluge we may find safety in the tower.[719]

Eupolemus, an early defender of Christianity, drew on both sources in asserting that:

…the city of Babylon had been founded by those who saved themselves from the deluge: they were giants, and they built the famous tower. [720]

The Book of Jubilees described the survival of “demons” after the Great Deluge who continued to do their will upon the earth:

And in the third week of this jubilee the unclean demons began to lead astray the children of the sons of Noah, and to make to err and destroy them. And the chief of the spirits, Mastêmâ, came and said: “Lord, Creator, let some of them remain before me, and let them harken to my voice, and do all that I shall say unto them; for if some of them are not left to me, I shall not be able to execute the power of my will on the sons of men; for these are for corruption and leading astray before my judgment, for great is the wickedness of the sons of men.” And He said: “Let the tenth part of them remain before him, and let nine parts descend into the place of condemnation.”[721]

The confusion of languages described in the account of the Tower of Babel mitigated the ever-increasing influence of the post-Flood Nephilim. Technology and “heavenly knowledge” could not be spread as easily if neighbors didn’t understand each other. The scattering that the builders of the Tower hoped to avoid occurred nonetheless. The memory of the division of the languages and the scattering of the populations which corresponded to the Ouroboral alignment of c. 4,468 B.C is preserved in the Bible as the descendent of Noah named “Peleg” (divisive watercourse), and in Greek myth as Pallas Athene. Intriguingly, Pallas Athene, whose name refers to the confusion of the languages which necessitated the invention of written symbols to represent language, was the goddess who befriended the Sidonian Cadmus, the legendary hero who brought the Phoenician alphabet to the Greeks. Athene was associated in legend with the serpentine deities Cecrops, and her “son” Erichthonius who sprang from the earth of the Acropolis after it was fertilized by Hephaestus, the Greek god of metalworking. Both Pallas Athene and Hephaestus shared altars on the Acropolis, and both of them were gods of the “scattering.” Hephaestus, the god who fell from heaven, comes from the Hebrew Hephaitz, meaning “the scattering or dispersion.”[722]

Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the LORD scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth. (Genesis 11:9)

Tubalcain, whose name means “brought forth of Cain,” was the first to distribute the technology of the Watchers, the skills of metal smithing and weapon making. The Greeks preserved Cain’s descendent Tubalcain in the myths of the Telchines, the magickal craftsman gods of the islands. Tubalcain was the prototype for the smith-god Hephaestus, the “god of the scattering,” confirmed by the name of the Roman smith god Vulcan (Balcain). The name Tubalcain incorporates the name of Baal as Bel, “The Confounder,” another reference to the aion in which the languages were confounded and the population scattered.[723]

In the rabbinical concept of the seven earths, it is explained that generations of humanity were molded one out of another in successive catastrophes. This belief concludes that the generation that built the Tower of Babel had inhabited the fourth earth; but went on to the fifth earth when the men became oblivious of their origin and home. Those who built the Tower of Babel were told to forget their language—their generation was called “the people who lost their memory.” The earth that these people inhabited was called “the fifth earth, that of oblivion.” In the Hebrew Tractate Sanhedrin 109a it is said:

…the place where the Tower once stood retains the peculiar quality of inducing a total loss of memory in anyone who passes it.[724]

The Egyptians attributed the differences in language to the god Thoth: “the deity that made different the tongue of one country from another.”[725]

Proclus described Hermes as “responsible for distinguishing and interpreting things, recalling to memory the sources of the intellect” and that he “has a particular affinity for the uniquely human faculty of language: The faculty of language [corresponds to] Hermes.” In Roman myth Mercury was the god of speech and the interpreter of the gods.[726] Macrobius wrote: “We know Mercury to have power over the voice and over speech.”[727] The mystery schools throughout history have revered the god of speech and letters, in his various incarnations as Hermes, Thoth, Mercury, and Pymander. The Egyptians called Thoth the “scribe of the gods” and “lord of books.” Egyptian texts call Thoth the “lord of divine words” and “mighty in speech.” According to E. A. W. Budge:

…from one aspect he is speech itself…Thoth could teach a man not only words of power, but also the manner in which to utter them. […] The words, however…must be learned from Thoth.[728]

An Egyptian hymn assigns to Thoth control over man’s powers of memory, invoking him as the deity “that recalls all that had been forgotten.”[729]

It is clear from the historical records that Thoth/Hermes/Mercury was not only considered responsible for teaching man the technology of sciences, he was also the inventor of letters. The heavenly knowledge of the gods, as well as the identity of the god who provided it, was passed through the invention of the first phonetic alphabet. Legend tells us that Cadmus—the hero who founded Thebes at the place Athena the goddess of wisdom had indicated, who had defeated the Dragon of Ares who guarded the gate of the sacred spring, the Sidonian brother of the princess whose great-grandson was King Cydon of Crete—gave the written language to the Greeks. Hermes was called the “interpreter of the gods,”[730] passing along the knowledge that came from the Watchers who descended on Mount Hermon in language and symbols that man—when properly initiated—can understand. Hislop affirmed that Her-mes is an Egyptian term for “son of Ham,” a descendent of Cain.[731] The Egyptian “scribe of the gods” and “lord of sacred words”[732]  was Thoth, said to have written books of pre-Flood wisdom, most famously the Emerald Tablets in which was inscribed the maxim “As above, so below.” As authors of books compiling the wisdom of the gods, Thoth and Hermes Trismegistus are interchangeable in the mystery schools.[733] Hebrew legends have preserved a tradition that Enoch possessed “heavenly tablets,” upon which wonderful secrets were written. Enoch told his son, Methuselah, to faithfully preserve them for future generations.[734] This secret knowledge included information concerning the Flood and how to prepare for it.[735]

The third-century founder of European alchemy, Pseudo-Democritus, claimed to have learned the tablets of Enoch from his dead Master, “Ostanes the Persian,” who had died before passing his wonderful knowledge to his sons. When Democritus succeeded in resuscitating the shade of Ostanes, he learned that the lost pillars could still be found in a certain Temple. These he eventually located and opened, discovering a great mystery which taught that immortality was transferred between heaven and earth: “ when one nature unites with another”…[736] Reminiscent of Sagittarius pointing at the mouth of the Ouroborus, the name of the shade that Democritus necromanced,Ostanes, is a Greek variation of oistus, meaning “arrow.”[737] The ethereal “arrow man” Ostanes bestowed the knowledge of the location of the lost tablets, or “pillars.”

The Sumerian Kings List contained a myth very similar to the story of Enoch and his encounters with the Watchers. The Kings List was dated by its author in the reign of King Utukhegal of Erech (Uruk), which places it around 2125 B.C.[738] The Kings List recorded all the rulers of Earth over a time span of +400,000 years. All the early rulers in the list were described as gods—immortal beings in the same class as the Greek Titans—having earthly reigns of thousands of years. Demi-gods and the more recent reign of heroes were included in the List. After a Great Flood, the List describes the length of “human” king’s life spans and reigns as considerably shorter in duration. One king mentioned who reigned immediately before the flood was called Enmeduranki, whose name meant “ruler whose powers connect Heaven and Earth.”[739] The list described how Enmeduranki was taken, like Enoch of the Old Testament, into the company of the Watchers. Ancient human interaction with the Watchers is also preserved in the name of the land ruled by the Kings of Sumeria. Shumer means “Land of the Watchers” in the Semitic language Akkadian.[740]

Shamash and Adad took him to the assembly of the gods… They gave him the Divine Tablet, the kibdu secret of Heaven and Earth… They taught him how to make calculations with numbers.[741]

Like the philosophers Plato and Aristotle, medieval mystics believed that divine patterns were reflected in the earthly lives of men underneath the heavens. To that end, they studied the symbols, letters, words, anagrams and numbers that were the tools given to man by Thoth or Hermes, in order to discern those patterns. A group of Jewish mystics living in France and Spain during the 12th and 13th centuries popularized the study of Kaabalah (oral tradition) as an esoteric division of Judaism. They believed that letters and numbers were the building blocks of the universe—the powers used in the process of earth’s creation. They believed that all mysteries in the universe could be derived from names, phrases and existing passages of scripture. The Kaabalists studied occult number theory in the Old Testament. Based on the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet, each letter is arranged on interconnecting pathways of 10 points on a symbolic tree called the Sephiroth (Tree of Life). It was said that those who seek to follow the path of Wisdom—also known as “The Path of the Serpent”—symbolically move along the Tree’s twenty-two interconnected pathways. The 5th point of the Tree of Wisdom was called Geburah, meaning: Tower, Severity, Awe, Strength, and Fear.[742] The Tower or Geburah was also considered a symbol for the planet Mars.

Symbolism used by the mystery schools illuminated the writings of Italian poet Dante, who wrote of the connections between the Tower of Babel, Giants and Mars. Intriguingly, Dante identified Mars with Satan. Paradiso Canto IX:127–142 :

Florence, the city founded by Mars, that Satan who first turned his back on his Maker, and from whose envy such great grief has come, coins and spreads that accursed lily flower, that has sent the sheep and lambs astray, since it has made a wolf of the shepherd.

Dante wrote of a journey into hell, where he saw what at first appeared to be “towers,” but eventually came to the realization that they were “giants.” These giants were condemned to hell because of their rebellion against the gods. One giant Dante named was Nimrod, condemned for trying to build a tower to heaven. Tityos and Typhon are in hell for having insulted Jove. Dante also identifies these giants as, “agents of Mars,” Virgil explains:

Let me tell you that these objects you first thought were towers are in fact giants,—The terrifying giants, whom we can still hear. Threatened by Jove whenever he sends his thunder from heaven. I could now distinguish clearly The face of one of them, and see with wonder. When the rebellious Titans, or Giants, tried to attack Mount Olympus, home of the gods, Jove struck them down with thunderbolts. In Hell they are still afraid of his thunder. Nature did well when she stopped producing new Creatures like these, hoping to curtail The number of Mars’ henchmen […] This is Nimrod, because of whose evil creation A single world language is no longer used. (Virgil said) Just leave him alone, don’t waste your conversation—He’s as ignorant of every other language As everyone is of his—forgot communication. Dante’s Inferno Canto 31(21–22).

Nimrod was preserved among the initiates, like Dante, as a giant and as the author of the Tower of Babel which resulted in the confusion of the languages. Nimrod, who was the son of Belus (Bel “The Confounder” according to Hislop) was a Gibborim, a mighty “hunter” or tzidon. Nimrod the Cydonian was a giant of the race of Nephilim who authored the plan for the tower. Nimrod has been associated in myth with Nergal, the Babylonian god of Mars. The Tower of Babel was a tower to Mars.

When heaven and earth were aligned and anchored in ancient times by the knowledge of the Elder gods, the constellations above the earth designated the location for where cities should be built underneath them. However, the full understanding of the earliest myth is not completely symbolic. The same ancient literary works that hold the knowledge of heaven and earth in their pages also maintain that the origin for that knowledge was the gods themselves. The ancient Cabiri (Gibborim) who built Cyclopean walls and megalithic fortresses took many forms, but they all originated from the same place. They came down from heaven to the earth. According to ancient Sumerian myth, when Nergal the god of Mars was ejected from heaven he descended with 14 demons. Demons or daimones are spiritual guides who literally interfere and influence the daily lives of mankind. In On Isis and Osiris, Plutarch described DAIMONES as teachers of mankind and the superhuman intelligences found in myth.

The opinion is better founded of those who believe that what has been recorded about Typhon, Osiris and Isis are the experiences neither of Gods nor of human beings but of great daimones. Plato, Pythagoras, Xenocrates and Chrysippos follow the earlier theological writers in describing the daimones as being more powerful than men and by nature far surpassing men in ability.

Plutarch continues, delineating between virtuous daimones and those who were evil:

They do not however possess the pure and unmixed divine nature but combine the nature of the soul with the body’s openness to sensation so that they are exposed to pleasure and pain and to the whole range of experiences proper to these affective faculties that disturb some more than others. Among the daimones therefore there are differences of virtue and evil. The deeds of the Giants and the Titans celebrated among the Greeks, the sacrilegious activities of Kronos, the persistent opposition of the Pytho to Apollo, the fleeings of Dionysos and the wanderings of Demeter are fundamentally similar to the deeds of Osiris and Typhon and to the stories all may easily hear from the tellers of myth. The same explanation applies to the things which are kept hidden in the sacred mysteries and which must not be spoken of by the initiates nor shown to the masses.[743]

Apuleius of Madauros (born c. 123 AD, d. c. 170) is best known as the author of the Metamorphoses, otherwise known as The Golden Ass. He was a poet, philosopher, and rhetorician from whom numerous works survive. In his work The Defense he wrote:

I do, however, believe Plato: certain divine beings, intermediary in character and position, have been placed between the gods and human beings, and they guide the divinations and miracles of magicians.[744]

The 19th century initiate of the mystery schools, H.P.Blavatsky wrote:

A long chain of influence extends from the highest spiritual guide who may belong to any man, down through vast numbers of spiritual chiefs, ending at last even in the mere teacher of our youth. Or, to restate it in modern reversion of thought, a chain extends up from our teacher or preceptors to the highest spiritual chief in whose ray or descending line one may happen to be. And it makes no difference whatever, in this occult relation, that neither pupil nor final guide may be aware, or admit, that this is the case. Theosophical library, Blavatsky, “Letters that have helped me.”

The Greek philosophers from Plato onward believed the “demons” were guides for illumined men. The Neoplatonic term for spiritual illumination was Daimonion Photi (Greek)[745] Socrates said he had a lifetime daimon that always warned him of danger and bad judgment, but never directed his actions. This explained the source of Socrates wisdom, as coming from his daimon. Roman orator Cicero said:

Socrates was the first to bring philosophy down from the heavens. (Cicero Tusculan Disputations, V, 4, 10)

Plato recorded that Socrates said:

By the favor of the Gods I have, since my childhood, been attended by a semi- divine being whose voice, from time to time, dissuades me from some undertaking, but never directs me what I am to do.

Socrates implied that daimons are the children of divine and human parents, (i.e. demigods).[746]

Xenophon in the Apology for Socrates quotes him saying:

This prophetic voice has been heard by me throughout my life; it is certainly more trustworthy than omens from the flight or the entrails of birds; I call it a God or a daimon. I have told my friends the warnings I have received, and up to now the voice has never been wrong.[747]

In I Corinthians 10:20 Paul used the same word for disembodied spirit that Socrates used, daimon translated “devil” in the NT. Paul said that believers in Jesus Christ were not to have any interactions with “daimons” whatsoever. The Socratic Principle of listening to a personal guiding spirit daimon has long been a major part of the Gnostic, Masonic and Theosophic mystery schools, and continues even today. The 19th century theologian G.H.Pember wrote:

But he (Satan) is also called “the Prince of the Power of the Air” (Eph. 2:2). This principality would seem to be the same as “the heavenly places” (Eph. 6:12) which as Paul tells us, swarms with the spiritual hosts of wickedness. It is by no means necessary to restrict it to the eighty or a hundred miles of atmosphere supposed to surround earth…the kingdom of the air would include the immense space in which the planets of our centre revolve.[748]

Neoplatonism was developed in the 3rd C A.D. by the Hellenistic thinker Plotinus (c. 204–70 AD), born in Egypt and lived in Rome. The theories of Plotinus included laterdoctrines of Plato, especially those found in the Timaeus, based on the Egyptian wisdom given to ancient Athenian lawgiver Solon. Among noted Neoplatonists were: Plotinus, Porphyry, Theodorus of Asine, Iamblichus, Syrianus, Proclus, Damascius, Simplicius, Olympiodorus.[749]

The Neoplatonists of the school of Iamblichus were called “theurgists,” a term that still applies to the methodology of modern initiates in the mysteries. Theurgy was a method of individual communion with the gods, of bringing the wisdom of the gods down to earth—or bringing down the gods themselves. Iamblichus and his adepts performed ceremonial magic, evoking the simulacra or the images of the ancient heroes, gods, and daimonia (spiritual entities). In the rare cases when the presence of a tangible and visible spirit was required, the theurgist had to supply a portion of his own flesh and blood to the apparition—he had to perform the theopaea, or the “creation of gods.” The Enneads was the major Neoplatonic work. It was collected and published after the death of Plotinus by his Phoenician student Porphyry. In Rome 253 A.D. Porphyry edited and arranged Plotinus’s Enneads into six groups with nine treatises in each of them.[750]

Theurgy was practiced with the understanding that a “design” for the universe had first to be learned in order for man to associate with the forces in it. The design followed laws of time and space.

…the celestial soul- and our souls with it- springs directly next from the Creator, while the animal life of this earth is produced by an image which goes forth from that celestial soul and may be said to flow downwards from it […] The magician too draws on these patterns of power, and by ranging himself also into the pattern is able tranquilly to possess himself of these forces with whose nature and purpose he has become identified. […] All teems with symbol; the wise man is the man who in any one thing can read another, a process familiar to all of us in not a few examples of everyday experience. […] Even the Celestials, the Daimones, are not on their unreasoning side immune: there is nothing against ascribing acts of memory and experiences of sense to them, in supposing them to accept the traction of methods laid up in the natural order, and to give hearing to petitioners; this is especially true of those of them that are closest to this sphere, and in the degree of their concern about it…For everything that looks to another is under spell to that: what we look to, draws us magically. Only the self-intent go free of magic. Hence every action has magic as its source, and the entire life of the practical man is a bewitchment: we move to that only which has wrought a fascination upon us.[751]

The “work” within the doctrine of the Enneads would involve the hand of man in an act of the gods. The reward for the Theurgist, then, was the understanding of the design of the gods and the wielding of power that flowed through him. Theurgy, or “Divine Work,” was thought to influence the gods; the theurgist believed man could move the gods to impart divine mysteries, and even cause them to become manifest.

Additionally the theurgist sought to ascend into the god’s presence by using symbols, signs, words, sounds, godly materials called Seirai (Chords, Chains, “Processions”) which united Orders of Being with Celestial Bodies, a “Great Chain of Being.” The practice of theurgy would only convey influence from the gods if the symbols and rituals used were actually taught by the gods. This is why Plato said that “great power of geometric equality [exists] amongst both gods and men.”[752] The Theurgic concepts suggest that the use of anagrams, symbols and numbers by Pythagoras and his followers expressed more than the mystery teachings of the Egyptians… the symbols were used to invoke Diamones.

Images for CYDONIA” file with following caption: “Cydonia Crete Silver Drachma c. 350 B.C. Arthur S. Dewing Collection.

Roman coin—The shepherd Faustus, Romulus and Remus, and the Sabine wolf.

The “wolf mother” feeding Cydon, founder of Cydonia, on Crete and Romulus and Remus, founders of Rome. The wolf symbolizes the star Sirius, the anchor of heaven and earth.

Chapter Seven: The Star-Covered World

The voyage of discovery lies not in seeking new horizons, but in seeing with new eyes.

—Marcel Proust

The building sites for temples and cities, names of geographic features and civilization founding myths reflect theurgic knowledge consistent with the template of heaven mirrored upon the earth. The celestial sphere is anchored to the earth at Sirius in the heavens and the Prime Meridian on earth. Civilizations from remote antiquity to the present have retained the symbols through names or myth of an understanding where it resided under the heavens.

Ancient initiates of the mysteries ingeniously mirrored the constellations architecturally on earth, in the locations where cities and temples were built. Egyptians depicted Osiris/Orion with the head of a bull, knowing that directly above Orion in the heavens was Taurus. The Egyptian bull god Apis was linked directly with Osiris/Orion. The Taurus Mountains are under the constellation Taurus, and so is the ancient city Epaphus in Turkey. Apis in Greek tongue is Epaphus, according to Herodotus.[753]

Intriguingly, above the land of the ancient Medes and Persians dwell the namesake constellations Andro-medes and Perseus.[754]

The Minoan culture in Crete—knowing they were under the constellation Taurus when the sphere of the heavens was correctly aligned with the earth—revered the bull, incorporating it into religious ceremony and art. The legend of the hybrid bull-man originated in Crete. The Minotaur (Bull of Minos) lived in the city Knossos, a city named for the same root word that “Gnosis” meaning knowledge and “Gnostic” knower were derived from. The hero Theseus defeated the Minotaur and escaped the confusing walls of the Labyrinth by using Ariadne’s thread called a “clue.” This myth’s correlation to the constellation Taurus can be seen on Cretan coins dating from the 2nd C B.C. from Knossos, depicting the labyrinth designed around a bull horned center. A “bull leaping” ritual depicted on famous Cretan ceramics was performed by Minoan women as homage to the star Sirius which leapt ahead of Taurus at its rising and landed first on the opposite horizon at its setting. The knowledge of the mystery schools preserved in this myth can be seen in the names of the characters: the hybrid bull-man secretly kept in the center of labyrinthine walls, the Minotaur, was named in some versions of the story Asteria, a “star,” Ariadne means in Greek “high fruitful mother,” and Theseus means “to set” from the word tithesthai.[755]

The symbol of twins was associated with both Isis and Osiris. Both deities were born as twin pairs, Osiris’s brother was Set and Isis’s sister was Nephthys.         The zodiac explains the reason for the predominance of twins in myth; Sirius lies directly under the sign, Gemini, the Twins.The Egyptians consistently paired Isis with the jackal god Anubis. The jackal is a native dog of the Sahara and remains the symbol for the constellation incorporating Sirius, Canis Major. The Akkadian name for Sirius was Mul- lik-ud, which means: “the Dog Star of the Sun.” In Babylon, Sirius was known as Kakkab-lik-ku, which means: “Star of the Dog.” The Assyrians knew Sirius as Kal-bu-sa mas, “the Dog of the Sun.”[756] The proximity in the heavens of Sirius and Gemini accounts for the myths of wolves, and other canines, involved with twins in the corresponding cultures on the earth residing under those stars.

When the sphere of heaven is anchored to the earth at Sirius, the constellation Gemini extends 15 degrees to either side of the Prime Meridian. Gemini then overlays Rome, accounting for the Roman foundation myth of the twins who were sustained with the milk of a she-wolf. The wolf saved Romulus and Remus after they were thrown into the Tiber River. Both the “dog-star” Sirius and Gemini “the twins” are near the “dividing river in the heavens” the Milky Way. The Milky Way crosses the Prime Meridian under the feet of Gemini dividing the sky in half so that there are 6 zodiac signs on either side of it. Tiber means in Latin “The Divider.” Myths and festivals preserved the knowledge of the location of Rome under the heavenly mirror. According to Ovid, during the Roman festival Porta Catularia when the Dog Star Sirius was rising, a dog, the sacrum canarium would be sacrificed and consumed. The historian Pliny mentioned an augurium canarium (dog sacrifice for crops) being made in late spring before the ears of grain emerged from their husks when the star Sirius was setting.[757]

The proper alignment of the heavens with the earth yields the truth behind the quintessential foundation myth of a city or civilization. After the twins Romulus and Remus were saved from the Tiber River by the she wolf (Sirius), they were fed on her milk (Milky Way). Then the shepherd Faustes adopted the twins. In the celestial hemisphere directly above Gemini in the zodiac is the constellation Auriga, “the shepherd.” The sons of Mars, Romulus and Remus, were said to have been born of the queen Rhea Silva from a city in the north called Alba Longa or “White and Long.” The name Rhea means, “to flow,” from the Greek rheo “stream.”[758] Similarly the Amphisian twins, whose name means “whiteness,” built the walls of the city Thebes in Greece.[759]

This mythical repetition represents a major feature found among the constellations of Gemini, Canis Major, Orion and Taurus, the long white Milky Way.

The twins of Gemini, whose Astrological glyph is two pillars II, were the inspiration for not only the foundation myths of Rome and Thebes, but also for Atlantis. Atlantis was ruled by seven sets of twins, the most famous king being the son of Poseidon, Atlas. The Atlas Mountains in Algeria lay directly under Sirius and Gemini.[760] Atlas, it was said, held up the pillars where heaven and earth connected. According to Herodotus, the Libyans living around the Atlas Mountains professed to know the measurements of the earth:

These mountains are very high and were believed to touch heaven, but were altogether inaccessible because of the density of trees and [they] call this mountain “the Pillar of Heaven”; and they themselves take their name from it, being called Atlantes.[761]

In myth and accounts of the mystery schools, there has been preserved a tradition of “twin” pillars. Intriguingly, the passage above is the clue to the identity of the two pillars of legend. Two pillars were “built” by the pre-Flood civilizations so that the knowledge of heaven coming down to earth would survive. Josephus said that the remaining pillar in Siriac would attest to the fact that there was another pillar. The one Pillar that survived the Flood, according to legend, was the Great Pyramid of Giza. The Great Pyramid was the counterpart on the earth of Isis’s consort Osiris, a Pillar that extended from Giza towards the constellation Orion in the heavens. The other “Pillar of Heaven” was located on the Prime Meridian, as it extended to heaven anchored at its counterpart, Sirius.

South of Algeria along the Prime Meridian is the African country Mali, home of the mysterious Dogon tribe. The Dogons maintain a tradition that they were taught by beings from the star Sirius. This culture astounded missionaries by describing a small companion star orbiting Sirius whose size was “like a seed” but whose weight was “so great all the people of the earth could not lift it.”[762] Their assertion that Sirius had an invisible companion was preserved in Dogon tradition from before the actual discovery of Sirius B, the dwarf sun orbiting the red giant star Sirius A.The Dogons attributed their knowledge of the heavens to the fish-man teacher called Oannes, a hybrid of the zodiac signs Pisces (Dagim) and Aquarius.

The Prime Meridian—the earthly counterpart of Sirius—lies in the middle of the Pyranees Mountains in Europe. The Pyranees on the 0 meridian was home to the mysterious Basques, a people who claimed their land was the location of the Garden of Eden.[763] The ancient Basques possessed the characteristics of the ancient Greek proto- Sidonians, the Pelasgians. They were said to be megalith builders, expert sailors and navigators long before the Romans arrived in their country. Their unique non Indo-European language sets their culture apart from other Europeans. The occurrence of Rh- negative blood types among the Basques is twice that of the usual European rate, seeming to point to their separateness and uniqueness as a people.[764]

It has been discovered that the Basques made regular visits to North America—long before Columbus—to fish and to trade for beaver skins. Recently unearthed British customs records show large Basque imports of beaver pelts from 1380–1433.[765] The beaver Castor canadensis is native only to North America. It is significant that the beaver, named after the Gemini twin Castor along the Prime Meridian, would be of such importance to the Basques. Castor was associated with the beaver because of its innate ability to build structures using branches from trees. Brotherhoods of builders and initiates of the mysteries have long used the symbol of the Gemini twins, and this zodiac sign is associated with building in other cultures as well. “Bricks” was the Sumerian name for the month when the sun was in Gemini, May–June.[766] Similarly, it was twins who built Rome, Thebes and according to the Egyptians, all civilizations.

Peru is home to three of the greatest megalithic sites on the earth, Sacsayhuaman, Machu Piccu and Olantaytambo. Sacsayhuaman, near Cusco Peru, is an immense complex of megaliths that once traced out a gigantic puma whose body extended into the city of Cusco with its head facing west. The head of the puma, which still exists above the city, is comprised of three levels of zigzagging walls about 50 feet high representing teeth. The boulders used for the first or lower levels weigh as much as 200 tons with the largest calculated to weigh 355 tons. These walls were made with black andesite, quarried in the mountains north of San Jeronimo, about 22 miles distant.

Garcilaso de la Vega (b.1539) wrote of Sacsayhuaman:

The largest and most magnificent work which they ordered built to demonstrate their power and majesty was the fortress of Cuzco, the magnitude of which is incredible to those who have not seen it, and those who have seen and looked with attention it makes them imagine and even believe that its greatness is made by way of enchantment and was made by devils and not men, because the multitude of so many stones of such great size, such as those placed on the three terraces (which are megaliths moreso than stones), cause admiration in imagining how they could be cut from the quarries from which they were taken […] many of them are so fitted that the joint hardly shows, and to think how they could fit stones so immense so well that you can scarcely insert the point of a knife between them. (Comentarios Reales de Los Incas)

Each megalithic block is uniquely faceted to fit those that surround it. Though the technical skill with which the monument of Sacsayhuaman was constructed remains unparalleled, what is most intriguing is its location on the earth with respect to its mirror in heaven. The geomorphic Puma of Sacsayhuaman is the representation on the ground of the constellation Leo the Lion. When the celestial sphere is aligned to earth, anchored between Sirius in the heavens and the Prime Meridian on the earth, South America is dominated by the constellation Leo, residing between 45 and 75 degrees west longitude.

The name Peru—a land encompassing three great monuments aligned with the stars—shares the same Greek root word found in the most famous megalith, the Great Pyramid of Giza. The Greeks coined the word PURAMOS specifically for the Great Pyramid of Giza. Until the Romans later adopted the name, the word puramos referred only to the Great Pyramid, with significant Martian connotations. The word “pyramid” is from the Greek puramos, the root of which is pur meaning “fiery.” Though the Greeks referred to their god of Mars as “Ares,” the planet Mars was called by the name Pur-oeis from the fiery root pur as well.[767]

The third star is that of Mars [Ares], though others say it belongs to Hercules… Since she [Aphrodite] inflamed him violently with love, she called the star Pyroeis, indicating this fact.

The suffix of “Puramos,” ammos in Greek means “a heap or mound.”[768] The most accurate translation for pyramid would be “The Mound of Mars.” Appropriately, the city built around the most famous pyramids—those constructed as an earthly mirror of the heavenly Osiris embodied in the constellation Orion—had a Martian origin. The Egyptian city Cairo comes from the old Arabic, El Kahir, meaning both “victorius city” and the “City of Mars.”[769] Cairo, the city dedicated to Mars, was located on the earth with respect to the consort of Isis, Osiris, indicating that within the mystery schools, worship of Osiris was worship of Mars.

Because the ancients preserved the knowledge of the heavenly grid anchored at Sirius in the actual locations that were chosen—in the “holy places” which had been indicated by the goddess—the places around the globe where one finds a Puramos, a “Mound to Mars,” are those places sacred to Mars, the god of the city, and his consort the goddess. Peru, the Greek name of the country in South America, actually means, “to glow red” and Peru’s neighbor Brazil the largest country in South America, has a name that comes from the Arabic word braza meaning “bright red.”[770]

Central America lies two thousand miles to the north of Peru, occupying the region of earth overshadowed by the zodiac figure Virgo, when the celestial sphere was properly aligned to earth with Sirius positioned over the Prime Meridian. The Olmec culture flourished in this area, at a time predating the Mayan and Aztec civilizations. The demarcation between Virgo and Leo in the heavens nearly bisects Central America from South America on the corresponding area on earth. The Olmecs related the myth that a woman united with a jaguar in primordial times, producing a race with both features. The area on the earth that was overshadowed by the constellations Leo and Virgo is the location in which this human-feline cult was popularly practiced: the Yucatan, Gulf region, Belize and Guatemala.[771] This human-feline deity was said to have dominance over all things terrestrial and celestial. The legendary Olmec human-feline race was an echo of the Middle Eastern idea of the celestial being combining Leo and Virgo, the sphinx. While the Giza Sphinx commemorated a time, the Olmec’s Jaguar Woman preserved knowledge of their location under the heavenly mirror.

Mayan myth of the creation of civilization is strikingly similar to the creation stories of Egypt and Sumeria. The creator god of the Maya, Hunab Ku, rebuilt the world after three deluges that were caused by a great serpentine sky god—the Mayan myth of the Ouroboral alignments that corresponded to cataclysms. The first world he created was inhabited by dwarfs, who built the first cities—the Mayan version of the fallen Cabiri or Gibborim. Beings similar to the Telchines, called Dzolob, “the offenders,” inhabited the second world. The third and final world Hunab Ku created for the Maya themselves.[772]

Mexico City, the most populated city in the world, lies north of the Olmec sites. According to the Mexico City foundation legend, Huitzilopochtli the Aztec god of war—who was also the god of building—told the Mexica to leave their homeland to search for a new location to build a city. Huitzilopochtli declared that he would show them the exact location for construction by appearing in the form of an eagle holding a snake in its claws.[773] The legend says that exactly such an omen was seen by the leaders of the Mexica and was interpreted as a signal from their god to move their entire population to a swampy island in the middle of Lake Texcoco, an unbelievably inhospitable place, in A.D. 1325. Why would the war god Huitzilopochtli choose a mosquito-infested swamp as the perfect building site for the capitol city of his empire? The map according to the heavens overlaying the earth discloses the reason for this particular location. The national symbol for Mexico—an eagle perched on a cactus, holding a snake in its talons—has its origin in the heavens. Directly below the Virgin in the heavens overshadowing Mexico is the sign of Corvus, an eagle holding the serpentine Hydra in its claws.

The Aztecs worshipped the solar war god Huitzilopochtli as founder and patron of their civilization, and his mother the goddess Coatlicue, similar to the Isis, Osiris and Horus trinity of Egyptian myth. The goddess Coatlicue “immaculately” conceived Huitzilopochtli when a ball of hummingbird feathers touched her. The main sacrifice for Coatlicue and the sun god was human blood. More important in the ritual of Aztec sacrifice was the heart from which the blood poured. The ritual engaged in by the priests of Coatlicue involved thrusting an obsidian dagger into the chest of their victims, tearing out the heart, and offering it still beating to the sun.

The Aztecs practiced the ritual of human sacrifice yearly to the average toll of 20,000 lives. These victims were not only prisoners taken in war but also Aztec citizens, men women and children, specially selected for ritualistic slaughter. During the great famine in Mexico of 1452–1454 due to drought, 80,000 people were sacrificed in hopes of bringing relief to the region. The conquistador Cortez encountered the barbarous practice in 1519 and was motivated to mercilessly destroy Tenochtitlan in1521.[774] It was only a short span of ten years from the violent overthrow of Mexico by Cortez that the country suddenly embraced Roman Catholicism.

The Catholic religion of Rome had absorbed and supplanted that of the Martian priests who worshipped the war god Mars Quirinis (Romulus) who was the son of the Vestal Virgin Rhea Silva (Flowing Stream), from the location called Alba Longa (Long White as in the Milky Way). It was not hard for the populace to exchange one form of worshipping the virgin’s son Mars, the god of war, especially when that virgin called herself by the cue word Guadalupe, meaning “River of the Wolf.” The twins of Rome had been thrown into the river and rescued by the wolf; the heavenly river of the wolf, the Milky Way, is presided over by Isis, in her guise as Sirius the Dog Star. The Mexican conversion to Roman Catholicism was precipitated by a visit from the Virgin of Guadalupe (River of the Wolf).[775]

The river of the wolf, Guadalupe, has at its root the Latin lupus. In Roman times the lupa represented a prostitute and the wolf’s lair, the upanar, was a brothel.[776] There was a cult of the wolf in Arcadia in central Greece. Plato wrote of the rites of Zeus Lycaeus in which the animal was sacrificed and eaten and its essence absorbed. Devotees who partook of this rite called themselves Lukoi.[777] In Chaldea, Sirius was called Kak-shisha, or “the Dog Star that Leads,” and also Du-shisha, “the Director.” The wolf was worshipped by the Delphians who set up a bronze image of the wolf at Delphi, sacred to the god Apollo. According to Aelian the animal was also sacred to Greek god of Mars, Ares.[778]

The “virgin of the river of the wolf” can still be seen in the heavens, where the Milky Way traces a river-like path through the celestial northern hemisphere along Sirius and Orion. The goddess of Mexico was yet another aspect of Isis, the ancient matron of Egypt.

The name Mexico has intriguing Martian associations. Mexico was derived from the word Mexitli, another name for the Aztec god of war, Huitzilopochtli. The suffix co signifies “place.” Mexico means literally “Place of the War God.”[779] The god of war of Mexico was an aspect of the Roman god of war, Mars.

China lies under the constellations classified as water signs in astrology, Pisces and Aquarius. Not surprisingly the Chinese New Year falls when the new moon enters Aquarius, about the 4th or 5th of February.[780] In China the animal most associated with water, especially water from heaven, is the dragon. As the emblem of the Emperor and the Imperial command, the Chinese Dragon permeates the ancient Chinese civilization and culture. The Chinese proudly proclaim themselves Lung Tik Chuan Ren (Descendents of the Dragon).[781] The Chinese dragon, called Lung, controls the rain, rivers, lakes, and seas and is a divine bringer of rain. The water dragon symbol so frequently referred to by the Chinese reflects their knowledge of where they lie under the heavens—under Pisces and Aquarius. In China it is said that some of the worst floods were caused when a mortal had upset a dragon. The Lung of myth has 117 scales covering its body, preserving in myth the corresponding longitude of the capital of China, Beijing, on the 117th meridian.[782] The ancient Chinese evidently knew where they were located on the heaven to earth grid anchored at Sirius and the Prime Meridian.

The greatest concentration of pyramids in the world are located in a 62.4 square mile area south and west of the city Xi’an, in China.[783] Xi’an was the ancient seat of power where the first emperor consolidated the many warring states and established monumental works such as the Great Wall. Xi’an is also well known as the location of the terra-cotta warriors discovered in 1978.[784]

Normally described as “burial mounds,” these structures are entirely pyramidal in shape. It is believed that China has downplayed their findings in order to protect the sites from foreign archaeologists and looters. In the fields southwest of Xi’an there are purported to be perhaps a hundred earthen pyramids, each of a size comparable to the pyramids of the Yucatan or those of Egypt. Some pyramids are small and some are colossal. One, dubbed “the Great White Pyramid” is said to be approximately 1000 ft. high, or twice the height of the Great Pyramid of Egypt.[785]

China has adopted a policy of concealment, even going so far as to restrict access to the whole zone in which the pyramids lie, forbidding photography, and even placing trees on the sites to make them less easily detected by remote means, including satellite. On a map of Xi’an China, the area of the mysterious pyramids lies on the 108th meridian.

The Italian explorer Marco Polo, whose 24 years of travel took him through China and into Mongolia in 1275, may have traveled through the province of Xi’an. At the furthest reaches of his expedition Polo came to a city 200 miles north east of Beijing, called Xanadu, modern day Chengde. Kublakan the son of the Mongolian conqueror Gengis Kan had founded the ancient city as the crowning jewel of his empire. Gengis Kan’s empire in measure of landmass was the greatest in history stretching from the eastern seaboard of China to the middle of Europe. According to the local language of the area, the name Xanadu meant, “City of 108 Temples.”[786]

While the city of Xanadu, or Shang-tu, was not quite located on the 108 meridian, it was still a city commemorating a number sacred to the gods throughout many cultures. Certain Hindu deities have 108 names. The Buddhist rosary is comprised of 108 beads. There are 108 books containing the complete teachings of the Buddha (Kanjur) and some Buddhist scholars believe that there are 108 Bodhisattvas, beings who are fully enlightened but have agreed to stay in this world to help lead others to enlightenment. There are said to be 108 states of sinful desire or defilements that must be overcome if one is to reach Nirvana. Many Buddhist temples have 108 steps, and the Buddhist New Year is often signaled by the ringing of bells or gongs 108 times.[787]

In January 1997 the archaeologist Stephen H. Lekson published a remarkable discovery in the magazine Archaeology. Near the four corners area of south western United States, the ancient Anasazi Indians created villages all perfectly aligned on the 108th meridian for more than 372 miles.[788]

The ancients recognized the significance of the number 108, among others, with respect to the location of the “holy places” indicated by the goddess. The pattern of both the heavens and the symbol of the goddess can be seen when the full geometric design of the heaven to earth grid system is examined (see illustrations at the end of this chapter).

When the celestial sphere is correctly mirrored and superimposed upon the earth, one of the “pillars” between heaven and earth extends from Sirius to the Prime Meridian, anchoring that location where the longitudinal grid system starts at 0 degrees. The other “pillar” extends between Orion-Osiris in the heavens and the “Mound of Mars” the Great Puramos at Giza on the earth, with its own identical design but “invisible” grid system calculated from a “secret” 0 degrees at Giza.

The megaliths on the earth which were built in the places sacred to the Goddess Isis/Aphrodite and her consort Osiris/Mars were laid out in a pattern that was discernable in the correlating numbers of sacred geometry. The geometric shape of a pentagram best illustrates the heavenly pattern mirrored upon the earth. The significance of the pentagram and its interior pentagon was explained in the mystery school of Pythagoras. The Pythagorean Pentagram expresses a redundancy of that number 108 emphasized by ancient builders, and is the symbol best expressing the properties of goddess worshipped in the mysteries.

The Points of the Pentagram

To measure is to know.

—Kelvin

In the most illustrative legend of the mystery schools, the 14th piece of Osiris was the one part of his body never recovered by Isis or her followers. In the mysteries pertaining to Osiris, the “missing phallus” and the number 14 represent the same the principle of hidden knowledge. 14 is a number referring not only to the 14th piece of Osiris, but also to a geometric pattern that was a template for the heavens mirrored upon the earth. In the mystery school of Pythagoras, and the later mysteries of Gnostic Dualism (Knowledge of Twos) 14 is significantly the product of seven times two. 72 is the number of years associated with a one-degree movement in the precessional equinox. The Egyptians also incorporated the number 72 in the Osiris myth. As Egypt’s greatest king, Osiris traveled to other lands to teach his civilizing technology after he finished teaching the Egyptians. Osiris left his consort Isis as regent while he was away. During this time Osiris’s brother Set, and 72 conspirators, plotted to murder him. The number 72 is the quintessential number referring to the earth overlaid by the pentagram of the goddess.

Proclus Lycaeus Diadochus wrote:

We must next speak of the origin of geometry in the present world cycle. For, as the remarkable Aristotle tells us, the same ideas have repeatedly come to men at various periods of the universe. It is not, he goes on to say, in our time or in the time of those known to us that the sciences have first arisen, but they have appeared and again disappeared, and will continue to appear and disappear, in various cycles, of which the number both past and future is countless. But since we must speak of the origin of the arts and sciences with reference to the present world cycle, it was, we say, among the Egyptians that geometry is generally held to have been discovered. (Commentary on Euclid’s Elements)

In nature, patterns of many flowering plants, leaves and fruits exhibit a five-fold symmetry, seeming to mirror a divine pattern that was thought to exist in the heavens. History recounts a story of Pythagoras, the legendary 5th C B.C. Greek philosopher and mathematician, who demonstrated this symmetry to his new initiates. When asked to teach a new pupil, Pythagoras handed him a knife and an apple. The initiate, if worthy would divide the apple at its equator revealing a natural pentagram within.[789]

Pythagoras brought the pentagram of the Egyptian mystery schools to the island Samos, exporting the knowledge he learned from the temples of Egypt to Greece. The Egyptians celebrated Isis as the supreme teacher of men, and the symbols of Isis were used among the Greek disciples of the Pythagorean College to recognize each other, and to remember and convey the knowledge of her mysteries. It was said that to reveal the secret meaning behind the pentagram meant death. The Greek historian Diogenes Laertius wrote:

He [Pythagoras] had three silver flagons made and took them as presents to each of the priests of Egypt… While still young, so eager was he for knowledge, he left his own country and had himself initiated into all the mysteries and rites not only of Greece but also of foreign countries. Now he was in Egypt when Polycrates sent him a letter of introduction to Amasis; he learnt the Egyptian language, so we learn from Antiphon in his book On Men of Outstanding Merit_, and he also journeyed among the Chaldean and Magi. (Diogenes Laertius VIII. 2–4)

The initiates at the Pythagorean College assessed things according to how it was related to numbers and geometry. The students were taught mathematics (geometry, its highest form), music, astronomy and magic.[790] The ideas of Pythagoras were adopted by Plato whose writings later influenced the mystery schools of gnosticism, alchemy, and masonry, among others. The beliefs of Pythagoras were similar to the precepts outlined in the mystery schools of Egypt according to Plato in his dialogues:

(1) that at its deepest level, reality is mathematical in nature, (2) that philosophy can be used for spiritual purification, (3) that the soul can rise to union with the divine, (4) that certain symbols have a mystical significance, (5) All brothers of the order should observe strict loyalty and secrecy.[791]

These core philosophical beliefs have been maintained throughout history within the ritual symbolism of the mystery schools. It is important to reiterate that the sciences of reckoning time, movement and location on the earth are inextricably linked to Egyptian doctrine. Geometry, meaning measuring the earth remained foremost in the symbolic transfer of sacred knowledge in Greek thought. As we have seen, the earth according to Plato reflected the heavenly patterns already established. Isis in all her incarnations symbolized the “holder of the body of knowledge.”

The ancient Egyptian hieroglyph for the star Sirius was a pentagon. This icon painted on the walls of the famous Temple of Isis/Hathor at Denderah represents both the star Sirius and the deity Isis.[792]

The mystery schools of both ancient and modern times realized that Isis was the key to the body of ancient knowledge (Osiris). Isis symbols are employed during initiations into her mysteries, as portrayed in Apuleius’s [Metamorphosis] Golden Ass. Isis declares:

You see me here. I am Nature, the universal Mother, mistress of all the elements, primordial child of time, sovereign of all things spiritual, queen of the dead, queen also of the immortals, the single manifestation of all gods and goddesses that are. My nod governs the shining heights of Heaven, the wholesome sea breezes, and the lamentable silences of the world below. Though I am worshipped in many aspects, known by countless names, and propitiated with all manner of different rites, yet the whole round earth venerates me. The primeval Phrygians called me Pessinuntica, Mother of the gods; the Athenians, sprung from their own soil, call me Cecropian Artemis; For the islanders of Cyprus, I am Paphian Aphrodite; For the archers of Crete, I am Dictynna; For the trilingual Sicilians, Stygian Proserpine; and for the Eleusinians and their ancient Mother of the Corn. Some know me as Juno, some as Bellona of the battles, others, Hecate… The Egyptians, who excel in ancient learning and worship me with ceremonies proper to my godhead, call me by my true name, namely, Queen Isis.[793]

Despite the great antiquity of the Sumerians, there is evidence that the 12-constellation zodiac is even older. Prehistoric evidence for the system was discovered in 1940 in a cave in Lascaux France. A painting of a bull on the wall of this cave which dates back 16,500 years, depicts the constellation Taurus with the star cluster Pleiades in its neck, in the same configuration used today.[794]

It is certain that the 360-day year at least in the beginning was an integral part of the Roman religious system that was mythically founded by Romulus. Plutarch writes in his work, Numa Pompilius;

During the reign of Romulus, they (the Romans) had let their months run on without any certain or equal term; some of them contained twenty days, others thirty-five, others more; they had no sort of knowledge of the inequality in the motions of the sun and moon; they only kept to the one rule that the whole course of the year contained three hundred and sixty days.

Due to the tilt of the axis of the earth—commemorated in the trident-bearing Ouroboral god Poseidon—the pole of the earth traces a very slow circle in the heavens, like a wobbling top, completing a circle in the northern sky every 25,920 years, called the Platonic Year or the Precession of the Equinox. It is known that the Greek astronomer Hipparchus described the precession as early as 120 B.C. chronicling his discovery at the library of Alexandria. Debate has persisted over crediting Hipparchus with first discovery of the precession, however. There is evidence the Egyptians adjusted the entire layout of temples to accommodate the precession of stars they were aligned with. English astronomer Sir Norman Lockyer concluded that the Egyptians knew the length of the Platonic year, orienting temples to stars as early as 6000 B.C.[795]

Knowers from the heavens possessed a unifying theory for the arrangement of the universe in remotest antiquity. Its rediscovery was the goal of many prominent astronomers and thinkers of the last 1,000 years. Johannes Kepler believed he had found a geometric arrangement for the orbits of the planets in our solar system in the 16th century. His theory was based closely on the writings of Aristotle and the fragments of the proto philosopher Pythagoras. Kepler’s geometric solar system employed platonic solids placed at the orbits of each planet. Significantly Kepler placed the pentagon and the tetrahedron in connection with Mars:

Anyone with the least knowledge of geometry … would immediately recall the five regular solids with the ratio of circumscribed orbs to the inscribed ones, and there would immediately appear before his eyes the Euclidean … proposition … where it is proved that there cannot be, or be imagined, more regular solids than five … As a memorial of the event [in which he made this discovery] I present you with this idea, just as it occurred, in the words conceived at that very moment: The Earth is the circle which is the measure of all. About it circumscribe a dodecahedron [a solid made from 12 pentagons]. The circle enclosing this will be Mars. About Mars circumscribe a tetrahedron [a pyramid made from four equilateral triangles]. The circle enclosing this will be Jupiter.[796]

The ancient Egyptian word for “five” was the same as the word for “hand.” This corresponded to the most important part of man with respect to his ability to extend his will into reality. This idea corresponds to the shape of the pentagram having five points all with the angle of 36 degrees, (also the number of the constellations in Egyptian astrology). Between each point of the pentagram is a 72-degree angle.

The Sumerians and the Egyptians divided the ecliptic of the zodiac into 12 signs with 2 above and below each totaling 36. 45 Because of this number of signs, in one 24-hour day, 36 signs pass overhead. In three days of 72 hours, the numeric signature of a pentagram, 108 signs will pass across the vault of heaven. Again the geometric symbol of the pentagram demonstrates this cosmology uniquely. The pentagram has 5 points each of 36 degrees.

These pentagonal numbers are found throughout ancient myth and architecture of the Middle East. However the same geometry is displayed throughout the world incorporated in megalithic structures and their actual location under the earth-heaven alignment. For example, the megalithic site of Sacsayhuaman lies exactly on the 72nd meridian West of Greenwich. In fact the 3 greatest megalithic sites in Peru—Ollantaytambo, Machu Picchu and Sacsayhuaman—all lie in a line straddling the West 72nd meridian. Realizing that the ancients fixed the earthly location of Sirius on the prime meridian also provides an answer for location of these megaliths.[797]

The Pythagorean pentagram with Greek letters at each point spelling hygieia, “health” or “blessed.”

Pentagonal arrangement of megalithic monuments on the earth.

Cross section of a Quince (Pyrus Cydonia) showing its pentagonal symmetry.

72 x 5 = 360 [insert line break here] 72 x 360 = 25,920 = the Platonic year or one complete circuit of the precession of the equinoxes.

D &M pyramid, Cydonia, Mars.

United States Pentagon, Arlington, Virginia.

A pentagram ring from Crotona, Italy, circa 525 B.C.E., probably related to the school Pythagoras founded there in 529 B.C.E. Also known as the “Ring of Solomon” according to the Pseudepigraphic text “The Testament of Solomon,” where it was used by Solomon to harness “Jinn” or spirits in order to build his temple. (Note the Ouroboros with four fins circling the pentagram at the top of the ring.) [Ring image from the book “Imagini Degli Dei Antichi” by V. Catari, 1647.]

“Him the Almighty Power hurled headlong flaming from the ethereal sky” [line break here] The expulsion of Satan and his angels from heaven by the archangel Michael. Wood cut by Gustave Dore “Paradise Lost.”

Chapter Eight: The Altars of Mars

The Edfu texts recorded that the previous world of the gods had been destroyed by water. They further explained that “sacred mounds” constructed in the “holy places” would make possible the re-creation of the age that was destroyed, and bring about the resurrection of the age of the gods.[798] Ancient cities, temples, and mounds have been constructed along the grid system of the heaven to earth alignment. Mounds in particular have an association with the Ouroboros as it encircled the earth at the cataclysmic shifting of the aion. A mound commemorates the original time of the cataclysm—when the earth was encircled by the great ocean of stars, and Sagittarius the Cydonian Archer (Nergal or Mars) pointed his arrow at the mouth of the Ouroboros as the sun rose during the sign of the suntelia.

The kingdom of Atlantis as set up by Poseidon—the embodiment of the Ouroboros cosmic clock—was described by Plato as a Mound in the center of a ring of Ocean:

There he begat children whose mother was a mortal. Towards the sea and in the centre of the island there was a very fair and fertile plain, and near the centre, about fifty stadia from the plain, there was a low mountain in which dwelt a man named Evenor and his wife Leucippe, and their daughter Cleito, of whom Poseidon became enamored. He to secure his love enclosed the mountain with rings or zones varying in size, two of land and three of sea, which his divine power readily enabled him to excavate and fashion, [the shape fashioned by Poseidon is a duplicate on land of the Milky Way-Ouroboros ringing the mound of earth during the suntelia] and, as there was no shipping in those days, no man could get into the place. To the interior island he conveyed under the earth springs of water hot and cold, and supplied the land with all things needed for the life of man. Here he begat a family consisting of five pairs of twin male children. The eldest was Atlas, and him he made king of the center island, while to his twin brother, Eumelus, or Gadeirus, he assigned that part of the country which was nearest the Straits. The other brothers he made chiefs over the rest of the island. And their kingdom extended as far as Egypt and Tyrrhenia. (Republic)

Poseidon’s kingdom of Atlantis was constructed as a symbolic reference to the time of origins, when the Milky Way “ocean of stars” rings the “mound” of earth. A mound encircled by water commemorates the cataclysmic transition of the aion.

In England barrows (artificial hills) are found in vast numbers. A recent estimate puts the number at around 40,000 and, because of the great age of the structures, may be but a fraction of the total number originally constructed. Round Barrows are the most common form of mound on the British landscape. Of these mound forms the bowl barrow is the most common type found in the area, so called because of their inverted bowl shape. There are a number of styles of barrows designated in Britain: the bermed, bell, disc, and saucer shaped, among others. The common factor among them all is that a ditch usually surrounds these mounds.[799]

Mounds with peripheral ditches are found in Northern America as well. During times of prolonged rain, the grooves around the artificial mounds fill with water. The mounds varied greatly in size, built in vast numbers for a mysterious purpose, throughout the Midwest. Many were destroyed by the spread of settlement and and the expansion of farmland.[800]

The original design for these structures can be found in the ancient writings of the Hebrews. The description of the building of a mound with a ditch surrounding it is described in the story of Elijah in his contest between the God of Israel and the god of the Sidonians, Baal.

And Elijah took twelve stones, according to the number of the tribes of the sons of Jacob, … And with the stones he built an altar in the name of the LORD: and he made a trench about the altar, as great as would contain two measures of seed. And he put the wood in order, and cut the bullock in pieces, and laid [him] on the wood, and said, Fill four barrels with water, and pour [it] on the burnt sacrifice, and on the wood. And he said, Do [it] the second time. And they did [it] the second time. And he said, Do [it] the third time. And they did [it] the third time. And the water ran round about the altar; and he filled the trench also with water.  (1 Kings 18:31–35)

Then the fire of the LORD fell, and consumed the burnt sacrifice, and the wood, and the stones, and the dust, and licked up the water that [was] in the trench. And when all the people saw [it], they fell on their faces: and they said, The LORD, he [is] the God; the LORD, he [is] the God. (1 Kings 18:38–39)

The altar of Elijah was designed after the specifications commanded by God[801] in Exodus 20: 24:

You shall make an altar of earth (Hebrew, mizbeach) for Me, and you shall sacrifice your burnt offerings and your peace offerings on it, your sheep and your cattle. In every place in which I cause My name to be remembered, I will come to you and bless you. And if you make an altar of stone for Me, you shall not build them of cut stones. When you swing your tool on it, you defile it.

After Israel entered Canaan, God designated the areas where each tribe of Israel was to settle. The Israelite tribes of Rueben, Gad, and the half tribe of Manassah while in Canaan, built a huge earthen monument, “an altar of grand appearance” (Joshua 22:9). Like the surviving “pillar” spoken of by Josephus, the purpose of an altar was to provide witness to future generations, to commemorate an occasion.

Let us now prepare an altar (mizbeach) not for burnt offerings and not for sacrifice, but it shall be a witness between us and you, and between our generations after us…and to our generations here after, we shall say, See the pattern of the altar of Yehovah, which our fathers made… it is a witness between us and you.

The name of the altar of Reuben and Gad also provides a clue for its representation of the Aion.

And the children of Reuben and the children of Gad called the altar Ed for it shall be a witness between us that the LORD is God. (Joshua 22:34)

The definition of the Hebrew word Ed or Uod, describes the representation of the Ourorborol alignment surrounding the earth—a mound within a circular ditch. An Uod means, “to surround, go round and round, to be restored, to bear witness, say again and again, to protest, give warning.”[802]

The Monuments on Mars

In 1976 NASA launched four Viking spacecraft to the planet Mars. At 41degrees north latitude in the Martian location significantly named Cydonia, the Viking orbiter cameras revealed a large hill resembling a human face 1.5 miles long, 1,500 feet high and 1.2 miles wide. At first dismissed by NASA as a “trick of light” the feature was again imaged, this time with a different sun angle 35 days later.[803] Many researchers have concluded from the Viking images that this was an artificially constructed building intended to symbolize a “face” staring up from the surface of Mars. Adding to the likelihood that the anomalies on Mars were artificially constructed, geometrically regular “pyramidal” objects appeared in images to the west of the “face,” as well as a 500 foot “mound” construct with a peripheral groove or “ditch” and spiral pathway.[804]

For the last 25 years, researcher Richard C. Hoagland has advocated strongly for the case of artificiality of the Cydonia complex. Hoagland chronicled his data in his book, The Monuments of Mars, examining the scientific evidence that might eventually prove that the Cydonia monuments are artificial. Speculation concerning this topic—are there monuments on Mars and if so, who constructed them and why—has continued unabated since the first discoveries were made. The identity of the intelligent beings who constructed monuments on Mars is not difficult to determine, if monuments are proven to exist.

Concerning this controversial topic, however, it is necessary to consider that NASA has allowed pictures seeming to show structures recognizable as a “face” and a “pentagonal pyramid” to become matters of public speculation. If NASA had not wanted the public to wonder whether there existed monuments on Mars, it would not have released photos which could be misinterpreted in that way in the first place. It is quite possible that the photos were intentionally and misleadingly released to the public. A pentagon, after all, is the quintessential symbol of the Mystery Schools of Isis, used for millennia by brothers to recognize each other, and to convey hidden messages decipherable only among their fellow initiates. The artificial monuments on Mars bare the symbolic thumbprint of the mystery schools.

The earliest myths speak of the creation of “holy places” across the globe designated by the goddess of wisdom. This is verified by the discovery of megalithic structures on earth mirroring the heavens, anchored at points of longitude that form a pentagram, the Egyptian symbol of Isis.

Even if the remains of the megalithic sites on earth were nothing but anomalous mounds of boulders, their geometric relationship one to another around the globe would demonstrate an intelligence behind the design. If researchers were looking for a “lost city” in satellite images taken high over desolate areas of the earth, they would first look for geometric shapes and patterns that do not occur naturally. Exactly such patterns were discovered in Cydonia.

Of all the evocative symbols one could expect to find made by a seemingly “alien” race, to find a Giza-like pyramid and a Giza-like sphinx on Mars is most baffling. Hoagland has suggested that the beings that constructed these symbolic monuments were not “alien” but were actually the progenitors of the human race—they were proto- humans. The evidence does indeed suggest that the monuments were not constructed by beings totally “alien” to the human race. An alternative identity, however, has been posited within this book from the beginning. The religion of the mystery schools was set up by the ancient Pelasgians who pre-dated the moon, who worshipped fallen builder- gods who knew magic, moved massive stones in mysterious ways, and mirrored the heavens with architectural constructs upon the ground. The ancient builder-gods who fell to the earth from some fiery place of origin in the heavens were at work building on the planet Mars before the race of Adam existed on earth.

Since the Giza complex of pyramids—from puramos “mounds of Mars”—graces the horizon of Cairo, El Kahir, the “City of Mars,” it is appropriately dualistic that a city of pyramids has been portrayed as existing on the face of Mars. In the theurgic religion of the philosophers, the redundancy of myths and ceremonies invoking Mars and his symbols was intended to “bring down” the daimones—literal intelligent non-human beings that they knew existed—from their place of origin, the realm of Mars. Like the monumental feline depicted at Puma Punku, and the famous Sphinx of the Giza complex (mirror on earth of Osiris-Mars), the face on the surface of Cydonia Mars conveyed a knowledge of the zodiacal connection between Leo and Virgo—the pre-Flood time of the descent of the gods to the earth. The hybrid nature of the Martian sphinx, exhibiting lion and hominid characteristics, was discovered by Richard Hoagland in 1976 and discussed in his book Monuments of Mars.

Many earth megalithic sites are oriented to the cardinal directions.   The Great Pyramid of Giza was aligned so accurately with true north that until the advent of space travel, man had not established a greater degree of accuracy. The face on Cydonia, was once on the Martian equator aligned upright to the north, but presently is located at 41° north latitude, tilted from upright (north-oriented) by an angle of 22°. Some cataclysmic event has occurred since the building of the Cydonia monuments on Mars, which destroyed Martian oceans and the atmosphere, and also tilted its axis of rotation.[805]

Evidence of an ocean shoreline exists on the cratered plain of Cydonia, near the city-like complex of pyramidal structures. Erosion deposits characteristic of massive flooding are evident throughout the Cydonia landscape. The monuments appear surrounded or partially covered with sediment and severely worn due to action by water. If there are monuments on Mars, they have survived a massive cataclysm, and were perhaps built in order to withstand that cataclysm, as a witness to future generations.

Images of the area southwest of the Cydonia “sphinx-face” show an immense five- sided pyramid.[806] This incredible pentagonal mountain has geometrically precise angles and what appears to be reinforced or buttressed edges. This amazing feature was discovered by two computer scientists, Vincent DiPietro and Gregory Molenaar in 1982 and was dubbed by Hoagland, “The D&M pyramid.”[807] The base of the giant pentagon is over a mile by 1.6 of a mile wide. The Martian Pentagon is 7 times wider than the Great Pyramid of Giza, (751 feet at its base).[808]

Apart from the concept that these monuments might very well be artificial there is a more incredible prospect. Perhaps one of the primary reasons for construction of the Martian monuments may have been as a message for earth.

Far north of Algeria on the Prime Meridian there are prominent megalithic structures representing the mystery of the heaven to earth connection. They are also the closest architectural representation on earth of the monuments on Cydonia Mars.

In the mound-dotted landscape of England, 1.51degrees west of the Prime Meridian there is a huge earthwork ditch about a quarter of a mile in diameter, the Avebury Circle. The Avebury Circle is the largest henge in Britain, covering an area of about 28 acres, and was originally about 30 feet deep. It is estimated that approximately four million cubic feet of material was excavated to create the giant circle, which is supposed to have been originally constructed in 2,600 B.C.[809]

At the center of the southern circle stood a tall stone over 20 feet in length called “the obelisk,” which is now missing. Millions of tons of earth had to be moved to create Avebury’s bank and ditch (the henge).[810] The standing stones of Avebury form, by far, the largest of Britain’s stone circles, with a diameter of nearly three-fourths of a mile. In addition, it is the only circle with a town inside it. Many of the stones that used to stand are missing. There are many other structures in the immediate area such as ley lines, dolmens, quoits, barrows, altars, hills and earthworks. Together, all of the sites and structures in the area formed a vast and impressive complex, constructed with a purpose.

Located just south of the village of Avebury in Wiltshire is Silbury Hill, the tallest man-made prehistoric mound in Europe (approximately 130 feet high), with a base circumference of 1640 feet. It is composed of over 12 million cubic feet of chalk and earth and covers over 5 acres. There has never been an adequate theory devised concerning the purpose of the Avebury Circle or the Silbury Hill. Excavations designed at uncovering burial chambers in both were inconclusive. In 1991 researcher David S Percy made a remarkable discovery. With a superimposed map of Cydonia’s eastern region over a large scale UK Ordnance Survey map of the Avebury/Silbury sites—at a ratio of approximately 14:1—Percy found the features of the Silbury plain and the features of Cydonia’s eastern half were mirrors of each other.[811]

Percy claims the Avebury Circle is a depiction of the Cydonia crater on Mars and that Silbury Hill corresponds with the Tholus or mound discovered by Richard Hoagland south of the Cydonia crater. Percy also noticed that a small mark on the Ordnance map of Avebury Circle rim matched the location on Cydonia where a tetrahedral pyramid appears to be constructed. The mark was located above a gap in the Avebury Circle, in the same way the Mars pyramid is above a gap in the Cydonia crater. Significantly it was the only mound indicated on the Avebury circle by the Ordnance map. The Tholus or mound feature discovered on Cydonia Mars rises 500 feet above the planet surface. Around it is a peripheral groove or ditch.[812]

There are many examples of ancient mound structures found all around the earth. The most common of them are designed exactly like an anomalous feature found in the images taken of a region on the planet Mars called Cydonia. A seemingly artificial structure that has been designated “the Tholus” of Cydonia appears to be built to the exact instructions God gave to Moses while on Mount Sinai. The intelligent beings who constructed Tholus mound on Mars were familiar with God’s “building code” that would be set down in the Bible, indicating that their identity could also most likely be found in the Bible. The giant mound on Mars is made of the soil of the planet, and the appearance of a ditch surrounding it provides a symbolic container for the waters of the sky.

The altar of Cydonia, like the altar of Gad and Reuben, was built as a witness to future generations, causing God’s name to be remembered. It is also a demonstration of God’s power over time and space. It is a gnomon for the fixing of eons. It explains not only the time of the previous alignment of the Milky Way on the horizon of the earth, but the set time for the next rebirth of the aion. The evocative symbolic “mound of Mars” found in the appropriately named area of the planet called Cydonia would be astounding enough on its own. However, there appear to be more recognizable symbols of the mystery schools on that planet, a complex of “mounds of Mars” and a giant Pentagon shaped Puramos, called the D & M Pyramid.

If the location of the monuments of Avebury and Giza are charted on a map, and a line is drawn from Avebury to Giza, west on Giza’s latitude to the Prime Meridian and north back to Avebury, a giant Pythagorean triangle is created. The Pythagorean triangle or Euclid’s triangle is a 3-4-5 right triangle. The Egyptians used the 3-4-5 right triangle to represent the union of their three gods, Isis, Osiris and Horus. The 14 to 1 ratio of Cydonia to Avebury echoes the number of the missing 14th part of Osiris’s scattered body. It is remarkable to find a representation of the eastern half of Cydonia located precisely in the place where the ancients fixed heaven symbolically to the earth at the apex of the Pythagorean triangle.[813]

Encoded into the layout of Cydonia are an incredible number of messages that are “earthly” in their designation—they can be intended for no other planet. In 1988 a cartographer named Erol Torun discovered that the Pentagonal Pyramid and the Sphinx- face were situated exactly 1/360th the distance of the polar diameter of Mars from each other. This encoded number—360—represents the foundation for which the rest of the geometry of Cydonia is interpreted. The simplest way to explain why a circle should be divided into 360 points or degrees is based on the number of earth days in a year. Though the actual solar year of earth is 365 days five hours 48 minutes, a 365-degree system does not fit evenly into the very ancient arrangement of the signs of the 12 constellations of the Zodiac.[814]

The D&M pyramid presents perhaps the greatest challenge to those scientists who argue against the prospect of artificiality of the Cydonia monuments. DiPietro and Molenaar considered a wide range of geological and meteorological phenomena for the possible formation of such an object and concluded that none was sufficient. Clearly no researcher has been able to explain how a mountain could “naturally” attain 5 sides of equal length, with 5 corners of 108 degrees. It becomes more and more difficult to ignore the possibility that the monuments of Cydonia are artificial given the compounding evidence inherent in their geometry and relationship to each other.

The D&M pyramid of Mars, the largest artificial structure in the solar system, is the key to the message of Cydonia. In ancient Egypt the hieroglyph for the star Sirius was a pentagon—the symbol of the star that has been used to anchor heaven on the earth. This icon is painted on the walls of the famous Temple of Isis / Hathor at Denderah, representing both the star and the deity Isis.[815] The D&M Pentagon directs mankind’s attention to the Sirius meridian anchor on earth.

The Romans—who considered themselves Martians—had a word for greatness, used in connection with their earthly rulers whom they considered ordained from heaven by Mars. MAXIMUS referred to greatness sanctioned by Mars. The root of this word max was borrowed from the Etruscans, the ancient ancestors of the Romans, originally meaning the number “five.”[816] The greatest festival celebrated by the Romans for their god Mars was called the Quinquatras, a five-day festival that took place in March, the first month of their calendar. This five-day festival commenced on the 19th day of the New Year celebrations of Mars, and ended on the 25th with the Hilaria, or the “Festival of Joy.”[817] The arrangement of dates for the festivals of Mars produces two of the most significant numbers found in the geometric layout of the monuments of Cydonia, the number 5 and, in the case of the Quinquatras, the special code number discovered by Richard Hoagland, 19.5.

19.5 is a number associated with the pairing of two geometric figures, the sphere and the tetrahedron, or 4 sided pyramid. Imagine a tetrahedron placed inside the earth, so that one of its 4 points touched either pole, the other 3 points would touch the inner sphere at 19.47 degrees latitude opposite the pole. This configuration is a universal mathematical constant. The discovery of the number 19.5 on Mars, described in R.C. Hoagland’s book, The Monuments of Mars, produced a base from which investigation of the artificiality of the structures on Cydonia was able to credibly proceed. This number is recorded in the angle between the D&M Pyramid, the city complex of pyramids, and the Martian Sphinx- face.[818] Symbolically the relationship of a tetrahedron within a sphere suggests the intersection of two dissimilar aspects. It is a profound mathematical way of depicting “duality” and “unity.” 19.5 is uniquely a number symbolizing the point at which one paradigm connects with another—similar to the gateway of the duat at the mouth of the Ouroboros, guarded by the Cydonian Sagittarius—a portal to another dimension.

Ancient earth mounds found all over the world are designed along the specifications of God for altars found in Exodus 20:24–26. These mounds also symbolize the Northern Hemisphere of earth rising from the celestial sea of the Milkyway at the beginning and the end of an Aion.

Cross views of mound types found in Great Britain.

Leviathan circling the earth symbolizing the alignment of the Milkyway with the earth’s horizon during the sunteleia of an Aion.

A reconstruction of the altar of Elijah built with un-hewn rocks surrounded by a water-filled trench. 1 Kings 18:32.

England’s Silbury hill.

Cydonia Mars “Tholus.”

Chapter Nine: The Shattering of Krypton

This is not a matter of today,

Or yesterday, but hath been from all times;

And none hath told us whence it came or how!

—SOPHOCLES

The end of what geologists call the Permian period c.250 million years ago was the first and greatest extinction event of the earth’s long history. The cataclysm at the end of the Permian period swept the earth clean of most life. 99 percent of all life forms were eliminated. At the same time the super continent Pangaea began to separate.

According to Wegener’s theory of continental drift, asteroids impacted the continent of Pangea with sufficient energy to break it apart. Pangea cleaved initially forming two massive continents, Laurasia and Gondwanaland. These continents began to drift apart eventually fragmenting further to form today’s continents.[819] It is theorized that asteroids were responsible for the majority of extinction events on the earth. The mechanism for the creation of asteroids in the solar system has been the subject of debate for over 100 years. The greatest concentration of asteroids in our solar system lies between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter. The modern “textbook” explanation for the creation of the asteroid belt, the “failed planet accretion theory,” states that during the primordial beginning of the solar system a planet was beginning to form in the place now occupied by the asteroid belt. Jupiter’s gravitational influence on this planet was too strong for it to fully solidify and so it fragmented.[820] This theory was not always accepted, however, and cannot be correct in light of the new evidence. The asteroids and comets of the solar system were formed due to a cataclysmic event.

In the latter half of the 18th century, when only six major planets were known, scientists studied the regularity of planetary orbits from the Sun. The Titius-Bode law of planetary spacing drew attention to the large gap between Mars and Jupiter, apparently just large enough for one additional planet, which was named Krypton or Astera by modern scientists.

Motivated by this theory, Giuseppe Piazzi searched the heavens and on the first day of January 1801, discovered an object that he first thought was a new comet. After its orbit was better determined, Piazzi realized that it was not a comet but more like a small planet. Piazzi named the asteroid after an incarnation of Isis, Ceres, the root of “cereal,” inspired by Virgo who holds a branch in one hand and a sheaf of grain in the other.

With the discovery of the second asteroid in 1802, astronomers of the day proposed that many more asteroids would be found based on a widely held theory that the “parent body” for the asteroids was a planet that had exploded. Oxford-trained astronomer Tom Van Flandern believes that a planet orbited the region of the solar system where the asteroid belt is now. A planet did indeed explode a little more than 250 million years ago, between the Permian-Triassic geologic eras.[821]

There is much evidence to support this theory. In 1987 in the October edition of Science magazine, D.P. Cruikshank and R.H. Brown reported a discovery of organic compounds on three asteroids, Murray, 103 Electra and Orguiel. With the process of spectral analyses of reflected light from these three asteroids, Cruikshank and Brown not only detected amino acids but also “aqueous alteration products,” or water born sediment such as clay, suggesting that the parent body had been affected by water.[822] If these asteroids did in fact contain sediment, it could not have been deposited without large quantities of liquid water. It would have required a time length sufficient to produce a build up of sediment, and an environment of gravitation strong enough to not only hold vast quantities of water, but an atmosphere dense enough to maintain it as a liquid. But as asteroids they were now too small to hold even a mist of an atmosphere. The same sedimentary characteristics have been found on the asteroid Vesta that has been studied recently with the Hubble Space Telescope. Vesta seems to have been differentiated into layers like the terrestrial planets.[823]

In the book Dark Matter, Missing Planets & New Comets, Van Flandern states that the parent body of the asteroids once sustained oceans and an atmosphere:

If a planet exploded between Mars and Jupiter with enormous energy, there would initially be debris all over the solar system. However, in just 100,000 years or so, Jupiter and the other planets swept up or ejected almost all the debris, except for the pieces between Mars and Jupiter which can never come close to any planet. This is where the surviving minor planets are found today…the orbits of minor planets, (and comets) show imprints of an explosion event. We have learned what such imprints look like from studying man-made satellites of the earth in a few cases where one of them has exploded. Other evidence comes from meteors from space which reach the ground without burning up and are recovered for study, where one can see first hand what sort of material the planet was made of. From the tracks of cosmic rays in these meteorites, we have learned that they have been traveling in space only some millions of years, a small fraction of the age of the solar system. Some of them show evidence of rapid melting a long time ago, as if they were affected by an immense heat blast. A few show evidence of shock, others are badly charred.

Dr. Van Flandern examined anomolies found throughout the solar system, supporting the theory of a planetary explosion. One such anomoly is the only known body in the outer solar system to rotate more slowly than once per month. Iapetus, Saturn’s outer satellite, requires nearly 80 days to complete one rotation. This means that at its distance from an explosion originating between Mars and Jupiter, there would be a spread of several weeks in the arrival time of different parts of the blast wave. Iapetus would have encountered the blast on only one side of its surface; and true to that prediction, Iapetus is known today to be heavily blackened on one side only.[824]

Most other moons have extremely black material scattered all over their surfaces. It is also known that certain meteorites called carbonaceous chondrites and ureilites were influenced by surprisingly large ancient magnetic fields during their formation. This could only occur if their origin was from a massive parent body, such as a planet.

Although over 10,000 asteroids have well-determined orbits, the combined mass of all other asteroids is not as great as that of the largest asteroid, Ceres. That makes the total mass of the asteroid belt only about 0.001 of the mass of the Earth. A frequently asked question is, if a major planet exploded, where is the rest of its mass?

Van Flandern considered what would happen if the earth exploded today. Surface and crustal rocks would shatter and fragment, but remain rocks. However, rocks from depths greater than about 40 km are under so much pressure at high temperature that, if suddenly released into a vacuum, such rocks would vaporize. As a consequence, over 99% of the Earth’s total mass would vaporize in an explosion, with only its low-pressure crustal veneer remaining. The greater mass a planet has the less of it would remain.

According to the hypothesis of Van Flandern, every planet of the solar system shared in the exploded planet cataclysm to a greater or lesser degree. An exploded planet is the smoking gun in the search for why the records of Edfu connect the birth of civilization on earth with intervention from an extraterrestrial source. On the surface of Mars we see a “world destroyed by a global cataclysm.” Perhaps this is the reason the megalith builders of earth displayed a full-fledged knowledge of architectural design which could withstand globally destructive epochs. They were taught the knowledge by intelligent beings intimately acquainted with such violent epochs.

Looking again at the vision of the prophet Jeremiah:

I beheld the earth, and, lo, [it was] without form, and void; and the heavens, and they [had] no light. I beheld the mountains, and, lo, they trembled, and all the hills moved lightly. I beheld, and, lo, [there was] no man, and all the birds of the heavens were fled. I beheld, and, lo, the fruitful place [was] a wilderness, and all the cities thereof were broken down at the presence of the LORD, [and] by his fierce anger. For thus hath the LORD said, The whole land shall be desolate; yet will I not make a full end. For this shall the earth mourn, and the heavens above be black: because I have spoken [it], I have purposed [it], and will not repent, neither will I turn back from it.” Jer 4:23-28 KJV

The blackness in the heavens created by this destructive event seems to have been permanently recorded on Saturn’s moon Iapetus. An intriguing question from the passage of Jeremiah 4 is raised with the mention of “the birds of heaven” fleeing. The literal Hebrew is “the shining, flying creatures of ‘space’ were chased away.”[825] The Old Testament actually describes these extinction events, for example in Isaiah:

behold, at my rebuke I dry up the sea, I make the rivers a wilderness: their fish stinketh, because [there is] no water, and dieth for thirst. I clothe the heavens with blackness, and I make sackcloth their covering. Isaiah 50:2–3

The prophet Nahum wrote of a global cataclysm:

The LORD [is] slow to anger, and great in power, and will not at all acquit [the wicked]: the LORD hath his way in the whirlwind and in the storm, and the clouds [are] the dust of his feet. He rebuketh the sea, and maketh it dry, and drieth up all the rivers… The mountains quake at him, and the hills melt, and the earth is burned at his presence, yea, the world, and all that dwell therein. Nahum 1:3–5

David the Psalmist wrote a Biblical passage that closely resembles the extinction of the dinosaurs:

For God [is] my King of old, working salvation in the midst of the earth. Thou didst divide the sea by thy strength: thou brakest the heads of the dragons in the waters. Thou brakest the heads of leviathan in pieces, [and] gavest him as food to the creatures inhabiting the wilderness. Thou didst cleave the fountain and the flood: thou driedst up mighty rivers. Psa 74:12–15 RSV

The mention of Leviathan in connection with the end of the “dragons” seems to show an understanding of the Aion cycle of the heavens by the early Hebrew scholars. It is well known in geology that the terrain of the earth has undergone many changes during the existence of the earth. Rivers are formed and dry up. Oceans are turned into deserts and vice versa. These changes are known to have occurred many times in the earth’s geologic history, especially during the extinction of the dinosaurs 60 million years ago. The extreme antiquity of destructive epochs recorded in the earth’s rocky strata does not conflict with the belief of early Jewish scholars. Nechunya ben HaKanah of the 1st century A.D. claimed the earth was 15.3 billion years old.[826]

The Planet of the Angels

Just as the Egyptian priest told Solon in Plato’s Timaeus, both fire and water have combined in past destructions of the earth. According to the account of the Deluge from the Epic of Gilgamesh: “… and the seven judges of hell … raised their torches, lighting the land with their livid flame. A stupor of despair went up to heaven when the god of the storm turned daylight into darkness, when he smashed the land like a cup.”[827]

Sanscrit texts describe a brilliant light appearing just before the Deluge. “Being ignited, all of a sudden, the entire terrestrial sphere blazed forth.” Twelve suns shone with “dazzling radiance” and consumed the world.[828] Accounts of the deluge occur in the Matsya Purana, ch. ii, the Padma Purana, ch. xxxvi, the Vishnu Purana, ch. iii, the Kalika Purana, ch. xxv, and in the Mahabharata, chapter “Matsyopakhyana.”[829]

The Old Testament records a similar global cataclysm:

[God] laid the foundations of the earth, [that] it should not be removed forever. Thou coveredst it with the deep as [with] a garment: the waters stood above the mountains. At thy rebuke they fled; at the voice of thy thunder they hasted away. They go up by the mountains; they go down by the valleys unto the place which thou hast founded for them. Thou hast set a bound that they may not pass over; that they turn not again to cover the earth. Psalm 104:5–9

And the waters prevailed, and were increased greatly upon the earth; and the ark went upon the face of the waters. And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth; and all the high hills, that [were] under the whole heaven, were covered. Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and the mountains were covered. And all flesh died that moved upon the earth, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of beast, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth, and every man: All in whose nostrils [was] the breath of life, of all that [was] in the dry [land], died. Genesis 7:18–22

An asteroid or comet impact would trigger waves many times greater than the any propagated by the biggest earthquake. It is estimated that a 3,000-foot diameter asteroid striking the ocean would raise a tsunami several hundred feet high upon reaching a continental coastline. After breaking on shore the wave would then continue hundreds of miles inland. 60 million years ago the dinosaurs were wiped out by a Mount Everest sized asteroid estimated to have been six miles across. The impact occurred in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of the Yucatan peninsula, producing a wall of water half a mile high that moved 600 miles an hour outward from the impact. The mountain-sized waves inundated the American continent as far north as Canada.[830]

An intriguing passage in the Old Testament seems to describe celestial stones impacting the earth, yet the record of the life of the Psalmist [David] does not record an astronomical event such as described in writings attributed to him. Was he writing about events of the extreme past?

Then the earth shook and trembled; the foundations also of the hills moved and were shaken, because he was wroth. There went up a smoke out of his nostrils, and fire out of his mouth devoured: coals were kindled by it. He bowed the heavens also, and came down: and darkness [was] under his feet. And he rode upon a cherub, and did fly: yea, he did fly upon the wings of the wind. He made darkness his secret place; his pavilion round about him [were] dark waters [and] thick clouds of the skies. At the brightness [that was] before him his thick clouds passed, hail [stones] and coals of fire. The LORD also thundered in the heavens, and the Highest gave his voice; hail [stones] and coals of fire. Yea, he sent out his arrows, and scattered them; and he shot out lightnings, and discomfited them. Then the channels of waters were seen, and the foundations of the world were discovered at thy rebuke, O LORD, at the blast of the breath of thy nostrils. Psalm 18:7–15

The 20th century researcher and cosmic theorist Immanuel Velikovsky compiled the accounts of the flood legend of diverse cultures. These stories from all over the globe refer to a global deluge under similar circumstances. In his book, Worlds in Collision Velikovsky wrote:

The traditions of the people of Peru tell that for a period of time equal to five days and five nights the sun was not in the sky, and then the ocean left the shore and with a terrible din broke over the continent; the entire surface of the earth was changed in this catastrophe. The Choctaw Indians of Oklahoma relate: “The earth was plunged in darkness for a long time.” Finally a bright light appeared in the north, “but it was mountain-high waves, rapidly coming nearer. According to the Lapland epic, after a sea-wall fell on the continent, gigantic waves continued to roll and dead bodies were dashed about in the dark waters.[831]

In the manuscripts of Avila and Molina, who collected the traditions of the Indians of the New World, it is related that the sun did not appear for five days, a cosmic collision of stars preceded the cataclysm; people and animals tried to escape to mountain caves.

Scarcely had they reached there, when the sea, breaking out of bounds following a terrifying shock, began the rise of the pacific coast. But as the sea rose, filling the valleys and the plains around, the mountain of Ancasmarca rose too, like a ship on the waves. During the five days that this cataclysm lasted, the sun did not show its face and the earth remained in darkness.[832]

In the Island of Haiti, there exists a legend of a cosmic serpent called Damballa who created all the waters of the earth. The movement of his coils formed hills and valleys and brought forth stars and planets in the heavens. He forged metals from heat and sent forth lightning bolts to form the sacred rocks and stones. When he shed his skin in the sun, releasing all the waters over the land, the sun shone in the water and created the rainbow. Damballa loved the rainbow and made her his wife, Aida-edo.[833]

The origin of the serpent’s connection to the rainbow becomes apparent in the flood account of Genesis 9:

And I will establish my covenant with you; neither shall all flesh be cut off any more by the waters of a flood; neither shall there any more be a flood to destroy the earth. And God said, This [is] the token of the covenant which I make between me and you and every living creature that [is] with you, for perpetual generations: I do set my bow in the cloud, and it shall be for a token of a covenant between me and the earth. And it shall come to pass, when I bring a cloud over the earth, that the bow shall be seen in the cloud. Gen 9:11 Gen 9:14

The rainbow-snake god was exported to Haiti and Surinam from Africa: Mason describes the West African legend of the serpent and the rainbow:

In the beginning, the world was created by Nana-Buluku, the one god, who was genderless. Nana-Buluku made itself a companion named Aido-Hwedo, who was a rainbow serpent. The dung from this serpent or dragon created the mountains, and nourished the earth so that plants could grow. When the world was complete, it was so overladen with plants, animals and mountains that they feared the world might collapse. Aido-Hwedo offered to help by forming a great circular loop, with its tail in its mouth, and enfolding the world. This serpent also has a dual nature rather than a female-male identity. When he appears in the rainbow, the male is the red part of the rainbow, the female the blue. Because the serpent Aido- Hwedo could not tolerate heat, Nana-Buluku created a great cosmic ocean for him to live in, and there he has stayed. He was fed iron bars by red monkeys that lived beneath the sea. If and when the monkey’s iron supply runs out, Aido-Hwedo will be so hungry that he will eat his own tail. Then, “… his writhings will be so terrible that the whole earth will tilt, and then slip into the sea, and that will be that![834]

Abraham Rockenbach (1602) Philosophical College Dean, Greek and Mathematics Chair at Frankfurt published the Latin treatise, De cometis tractatus novus methodicus:

After Noah had attained the age of 600 years, three days before the death of Methusalem, a comet appeared in the constellation Pisces and was seen by the entire world as it traversed the twelve signs of the zodiac in the space of a month; on the sixteenth of April it again disappeared. After this the Deluge immediately followed, in which all creatures which live on earth and creep on the ground were drowned, with the exception of Noah and the rest of the creatures that had gone with him into the ark. About these things it is written in Genesis, chapter 7.

Rockenbach wrote at the beginning of his treatise that he based his information, “ex probatissimis & antiquissimis veterum scriptoribus” that is, “from the most trustworthy and the most ancient of the early writers.”[835]

The astronomical cause of Noah’s Flood was formulated almost 2000 years ago by a Jewish astronomer, Rabbi bar Nachmani (3rd century CE). According to this tradition, two celestial bodies impacting the Earth caused the flood. This rabbi-astronomer recorded his idea in the Babylonian Talmud. Rabbi bar Nachmani claimed that the Flood was triggered by two “stars” which fell from the sky:

When the Holy One…decided to bring about the Flood, He took two stars from Khima, put [threw] them on Earth, and brought about the Flood.[836]

In Kabbalistic literature, there is an esoteric meaning to the scripture that lists the kings of Edom who reigned before Israel had a king in Genesis 36:31. Instead of placing the Edomic kings chronologically before Saul, the first king of Israel, the Jewish sages place them before the creation of Adam. The Edomite kings who pre-dated Adam lived in the Olam HaTohu, literally, “world of chaos,” the margin of time between the first and second verse of Genesis 1:

In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth…. And the earth was formless and void.

In the Jewish Talmud Bereshit Rabbah 9:2 it is written:

These are the kings who reigned in the land of Edom… This is the meaning of the verse, “For, behold, the kings assembled; together they passed away. They beheld, and they were sorely confounded; they panicked; they hastened [to flee]” (Tehillim 48:5-6). Where did they assemble? In the “land of Edom,” in the place where judgments unite together. “They passed away”—as it is written, “[…] died… and […] reigned in his stead.” They beheld… that they could not exist in their places—because the rectifications of the kings had not yet been completed… For this reason, [we have learned that] the Primitive Universes were destroyed.

According to the biblical account of the kings who reigned in the land of Edom the daughters of Sidonia and Canaan were their wives. Edom in Hebrew means red.[837]

Bereshit Rabbah continues:

The seven ancient “kings” [of Edom] who “died” are the seven primordial sefirot [channels of Divine power] of Olam HaTohu [the Universe of Chaos] that shattered, one after the other. The eighth “king” [sefirah] is Hadar, who reigned, but whose death is not recorded in the Torah, and who therefore parallels Olam HaTikkun [the Universe of Rectification, i.e. Atzilut]. It is thus written at the end of parashat Vayishlach:[838]

The Rashi Isaac ben Solomon (11th C A.D.) wrote a commentary to parts of the Talmud and the Bible which are still regarded as the most authoritative in the field of rabbinical knowledge even today. Rashi wrote concerning Khima, a celestial body mentioned in Job 9:9 and 38:31, and in Amos 5:8 Khima is described as “a star with a tail,” or a comet. [839] The explanation of Rashi ben Solomon—that Khima, a comet, was the cause of the Flood—echoed an ancient Sumerian cuneiform text of prophecy. The texts explained that a flood would occur when a comet assumed a direction with its head towards the Earth.[840]

The important word in this ancient description of what happened to cause the deluge is “Khima.” English translations of the Old Testament where khima is found in Psalms have translated it “Pliaedes.” However the word is a Chaldean root kuwmaz meaning “to store away,” found in the Old Testament as a description of the storing away of “tablets” and “ornaments.”[841] The imagery the word Khima creates is of “glittering rocks” left over from the destruction of a planet. The Tractate Brakhot Seder Zera’im of the Babylonian Talmud of the Hebrews explains the name Khima means “about a hundred (ke’me-ah) stars” and is referred to as Mazal Khima.[842]

Belief in a worldwide deluge was taken as fact by academics of the 18th and 19th centuries. British astronomer David Milne, Essay on Comets 1828 winner of Edinburgh University’s astronomy-prize wrote:

But if a comet, moving with the prodigious velocity which it acquires near its perihelion, should chance to strike a planet, as for instance the Earth, then coming in an opposite direction, the consequences would be truly disastrous [… ] The waters of the ocean, now attracted by the close approach and next driven from their ancient beds by the contact of the comet, would sweep over the face of the globe, covering even the highest mountains in their impetuous course, and involving all things in undistinguishable ruin. Whole species of plants and animals, existing in different quarters of the Earth, would, by this cataclysm, be at once overwhelmed and annihilated. Seeing, then, that the collision of a Comet and Planet is an event lying within the verge of possibility, Have we any reason to suppose that it is one which has ever happened? When we contemplate the broken and lacerate appearance which the map of the world exhibits; when we consider the irregularities and confusion characterizing the constitution of its crust; when we reflect upon the discovery of numerous plants and animals, in every different climate and situation buried under the surface;—we can hardly entertain a doubt that tremendous convulsions have taken place upon the Earth, attributable to sudden inundations from the oceans; and that event, of whose occurrence, geography, geology, and natural history combine to furnish evidence, the universal tradition of every people, however barbarous, serves to confirm. Now, it is quite evident, that there exists no agent on the earth itself, at all capable of creating such vast effects as those which have been described; seeing that there are no physical causes of change on the surface of our planet, but what are so local and gradual in their operation, as to be totally inconsistent with the sudden and extensive convulsions which we seek to explain. Since, then, this deluge cannot be referred to any agent residing in the Earth itself, the only foreign cause to which it can be ascribed, is either the near approach, or the actual contact, of a Comet.

Geologists estimate that two-thirds of all asteroid impacts were in earth’s oceans. The resulting cosmogenic tsunami (produced by asteroid impact) left significant evidence of their passing. Cosmogenic tsunami signatures include whirlpools bored into solid bedrock, boulders deposited against cliffs, and giant ripple marks found many miles inland. Evidence like this has been found along the coastlines of New Zealand, Northeastern Scotland and in Western Australia. At Sampson point Australia, 3 miles from the coast atop 262-foot high cliffs, giant wave patterns were carved into the bedrock. These ripples marks have wavelengths 3,280 feet long and amplitudes of 16 feet.[843] Along the New South Wales coastline of eastern Australia, giant boulders, some the size of boxcars and weighing almost 100 tons, are jammed 33 meters above sea level into a crevice at the top of a rock platform sheltered from storm waves.[844]

In the last 200 years of field mapping, geologists have not looked for traces of tsunamis in the rocks despite the fact that impact mega-tsunamis would have wiped every kilometer of the whole world’s coastline clean, probably more than once, in any given million years.[845] While the most well known and accepted theory of catastrophic die-off is the meteor impact at the end of the Cretaceous era, another extinction event occurred much more recently. This worldwide decimation of animal life produced massive stores of evidence of its passing, not in the form of an impact crater but in the remains and deposits of its victims.

If the earth had existed for “billions of years” before the cataclysm of Jeremiah, there is an enormous amount of time unaccounted for between earth’s creation in Genesis 1:1 and Genesis 1 verse 2.

Jeremiah wrote that “the fruitful place” and “all the cities” were destroyed yet also described the world as having no humans, literally “Adams.” There were no men, (descendants of Adam), yet there were cities that had been obliterated: these cities were not built or inhabited by human beings, but by some other intelligent being. Never in history, since the creation of Adam, has man been completely destroyed from the earth. Jeremiah seems to have been able to view the ages before Adam and described the destruction of the earth. Job describes a city that was destroyed, which may have been located some place other than on earth:

For he (God) bows the dwellers on high; he lays low the lofty city; he lays it low to the ground; he makes it touch even unto the dust. Isaiah 26:5

The Shattered Vessels of Edom

In the rabbinical text called the Genesis Rabbah 3:7, prior to creating this world, God created other worlds and then destroyed them.[846] The Kabbalists teach that there were seven such creations prior to our own. These seven worlds are referred to as the realms of chaos, olam hatohu or the world of Tohu. The secrets regarding these seven worlds are hidden in the Torah within the genealogy of the family of Esau in Genesis 36:31-39. It speaks of the “kings who reigned in the land of Edom, before there was a king in Israel.” These Edomite kings are an esoteric reference to those primordial worlds of old. It is said that these earlier creations did not properly receive the influx of God’s divine light. Each world is said to have been a vessel that needed to be filled with God’s light in order to exist. The seven worlds or vessels were not strong enough to receive God’s light and when his light did shine into them the vessels shattered and were destroyed.

The shards of the vessels are called the RaFaCh Nitzotzot shel Orot or “Sparks of the Lights.” But these same Vessels also belong to a higher world. The shattered fragments were sufficient to constitute the raw material for a lower world and they formed our present world, the Olam HaTikkun or “world of Rectification.” It is also from the broken pieces of these fallen vessels that the creation of evil came forth.

Other books of the Old Testament provide clues about the mechanism of earth’s cyclic destruction, referring to the shattered “Rahab.”

The established of the heavens are pulverized and stunned at His (God’s) rebuke, with His power He quiets the roaring and by His wisdom He shatters Rahab. Job 26:11–12

You have broken Rahab in pieces, as one slain: you have scattered your enemies with your mighty arm. Psalm 89:10

Many English translations of the Bible mistakenly use the word “Rahab”—boasting prideful, powerful or chaotic—to refer to the harlot in the book of Joshua. The words are not identical. Joshua’s Rahab is actually spelled in Hebrew Rakab meaning “wide fields.” The Rakab of Joshua is not the Rahab of Job, Psalms or Isaiah.

Awake! Awake! Arm of Yehovah, put on strength. Awake as in days of old, everlasting generations. Was it not You cutting in pieces Rahab, and piercing the monster? Isaiah 51:9

A closer look at Isaiah 51 reveals more clues of the correct interpretation for the word Rahab. Literally the phrase should read: “as in the days… | before… .| times, circles, revolutions. | which are hidden.”[847]

The authors of the Old Testament knew the story of Jericho. The falling of the wall of Jericho did not occur before “hidden” ages. Biblical sources confirm that Rahab was a planet, a kingdom on a planet, which was shattered; the planet Rahab exploded and the glittering remains exist as comets, asteroids and the detritus between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars.

The writings of the Hindu Puranas relate that, in a very remote period of the past, one of the gods of heaven was insufferably brilliant, “inflicting distress on the universe by his effulgent beams, brighter than a thousand worlds. Unless another more potent god had not interposed and cut off his head, the result would have been most disastrous.”[848]

Appropriately, the war god of Mars is also called Skanda, which means “leaper.” Another Hindu legend, found in the Bhagavad Gita and the Skanda Puranas, linked the god of war Karttikeya, to “shards” or “sparks” which fell from the heavenly eye of Shiva.

The debris from this explosion orbits through the solar system and from time to time encounters the path of other planets.

The planet Rahab/Astera exploded sending planet and asteroid size pieces of itself into the orbits of the terrestrial worlds. Asteroid impacts on the surface of Mars rocked the planet, oceans washed over its dry land. The Martian atmosphere was blasted into space. On earth virtually the same catastrophes took place. Because the earth’s gravitation was sufficient to pull back portions of the sky ripped away by collisions with shattered Rahab, its atmosphere was not destroyed.

Hesiod’s Theogony describes an earthly meteoric bombardment, coinciding with the cosmic rebellion during the transition between the aions and between the rule of the Titans and the Olympians. After the god Zeus had escaped being devoured by his own father, the Titan Cronus, he grew to manhood on Crete, the island of Cydonia. In revenge Zeus went down to Tartarus and freed the Titan Cyclops and the Hecatoncheires, ‘the hundred handed ones’ who had been imprisoned by their father Ouranos. Out of gratitude these Titans agreed to fight on the side of the Olympian gods. The Cyclops provided Zeus with lighting bolts for weapons and the Hecatoncheires set up a trap for the Titans. At the height of the last battle between the warring gods Zeus retreated drawing the Titans underneath the Hecatoncheires who rained down hundreds of boulders with such a fury the Titans thought the mountains were falling on them.

These, then, stood against the Titanes in grim strife, holding huge rocks in their strong hands. And on the other part the Titanes eagerly strengthened their ranks, and both sides at one time showed the work of their hands and their might. The boundless sea rang terribly around, and the earth crashed loudly: wide Heaven was shaken and groaned, and high Olympus reeled from its foundation under the charge of the undying gods, and a heavy quaking reached dim Tartaros and the deep sound of their feet in the fearful onset and of their hard missiles. So, then, they launched their grievous shafts upon one another, and the cry of both armies as they shouted reached to starry heaven; and they met together with a great battle-cry … And amongst the foremost [in the battle] Kottos and Briareos and Gyes insatiate for war raised fierce fighting: three hundred rocks, one upon another, they launched from their strong hands and overshadowed the Titanes with their missiles, and buried them beneath the wide-pathed earth,[849]

In 1797 the Jewish sage named Rabbi Horowitz compiled a teaching text called the Book of the Covenant or Sefer HaBrit. In it he explained the order of the physical universe and the nature of the stars and planets. Horowitz also examined the existence of rebel beings from a planet other than earth citing a passage in the book of Judges 5:23:

Curse ye Meroz, said the angel of the LORD, curse ye bitterly the inhabitants thereof; because they came not to the help of the LORD, to the help of the LORD against the mighty…LORD, when thou wentest out of Seir, when thou marchedst out of the field of Edom, the earth trembled, and the heavens dropped, the clouds also dropped water. The mountains melted from before the LORD, [even] that Sinai from before the LORD God of Israel.

The Talmud (Moed Katan 16A) records that Meroz is the name of a planet. This planet Meroz was thought to be inhabited, as the verse literally explains, “curse ye bitterly the inhabitants thereof.” The context in which the reference to Meroz is found defines it as a planet and not as a neighboring city. One verse earlier, Deborah stated, “From the heavens they fought, the stars from their orbits.” The Zohar also follows the opinion that Meroz is a star, yet also states that “its inhabitants” refers to its “camp,” (Zohar 3:269b).

Additionally the Sefer HaBrit explains that the beings of Maroz are ba’alei sekhel u’madah (masters of intelligence and science) but they lack the human componant of behirah which means, “Free Will.”[850]

The Midrash teaches that there were seven worlds.[851] The Zohar states that the seven worlds were separated by a firmament and were inhabited.[852] Although not inhabited by man, they were the domain of intelligent creatures. [853]

The record of the inhabitants of Mars—both before their world was destroyed and after—has been preserved in myth, languages, geography and maps. This knowledge, similar to what was uncovered at Edfu concerning the Zep Tepi, was preserved through the careful direction and teaching of the mystery schools through history. Many who have belonged to such societies have often times revealed the message of Mars to the modern age through some very unexpected channels.

Chapter Ten: The New Atlantis

Seneca the tragedian hath these verses:

Venuent annis Sæcula seris, quibus Oceanus

Vincula rerum laxet, et ingens Pateat Tellus, Tiphysque novos

Detegat orbes; nec sit terries Ultima Thule.

(There shall come a time when the bands of ocean shall be loosened,

and the vast earth shall be laid open; another Tiphys shall disclose new worlds,

and lands shall be seen beyond Thule.)

—A prophecy of the discovery of America—Francis Bacon

Throughout history, theurgists sought to call down the influences of the divine intelligences called gods or daimones. Theurgists used ritual and “mirroring” through “similarities” in order to motivate the daimones to bestow upon them political power, wisdom and vitality. These are attributes striven for by governments and initiated rulers even in this present age.

The greatest tool available to the theurgist was the knowledge of the heavens mirrored upon the earth, anchored by Sirius at the Prime Meridian. Armed with this secret, the theurgist could then employ two of the most powerful techniques to influence the gods. The most common method, mystical toponomy (place arrangements) incorporated both symbolic names and geometrically significant areas on the earth. The second common theurgic tool is called onomatonomy, the use of names in ritual, as they are related to the mysteries of the goddess and the heaven-earth alignment. Occult adepts from the greatest antiquity have used these two theurgical practices. Modern mystery schools engage in theurgic practices to this day.

One of the earliest “onomatonomous” languages of the theurgist was Egyptian hieroglyphics. Hieroglyph is a Greek word that means “sacred writing.” Hieroglyphics were more than mere “sacred writing”—they were the means of communing with the gods. Like the Greek theurgists, those Egyptians who were taught the ancient mysteries believed words contained a primal substance. The act of speaking was thought to mirror the event of original creation.[854]The power of creation through speech was called Heku, magic, which was an aspect of the original creative power that formed the cosmos and was perceived to be an intrinsic part of reality and the divine.[855]

The Egyptians believed that writing, medu netcher (the words of the gods) was given to them by Thoth, the keeper of records among the gods. To write hieroglyphs was to speak the divine language. The words of the gods were images of things; the entire world was spoken into creation by the gods. The Egyptians believed that images and symbols were words, and the universe, therefore, could be “read” and interpreted.

The religion of the Egyptians as it was absorbed into the philosophy of the Greeks maintained the knowledge of the heavens mirrored upon the earth. Neo-Platonist Proclus Diadochus, (412-485 AD) wrote the most accurate description of theurgic principles, of the reasoning behind the practices, and of the methods based on the maxim “As above, so below” designed to procure benefits from the spiritual entities called “the gods.” Proclus had access to books that are now lost, and his own handbook on theurgy, On the Sacred Art, was an extract from a lost work that was probably based on the Chaldean Oracles. He writes according to the continuation of Plato’s philosophy and the design of the “Sacred Science”:

Just as lovers move on beyond the beauty perceived through the senses until they reach the Sole Cause of all beauty and all perception (noêtôn), so too, the experts in sacred matters (hoi hieratikoi), starting with the Sympathy connecting visible things both to one another and to the Invisible Powers, and having understood that all things are to be found in all things, they established the Sacred Science (tên epistêmên tên hieratikên). They marveled at seeing those things which come last in those which come first, and vice-versa; earthly things in the heavens in a causal and celestial manner, and heavenly things on the earth in a terrestrial way.

Proclus realized that the celestial things were mirrored in the terrestrial. He continued with an explanation of theurgy, the bringing down of heavenly powers for the purpose of influencing literal intelligent beings called Daemonic Powers:

Thus there are to be seen on the earth suns and moons in a terrestrial form, and in the heavens all the plants, stones and animals after a celestial manner, alive in a spiritual way (zônta noerôs). Having contemplated these things, the wise men of old (hoi palai sophoi) brought together various things down here with their heavenly counterparts, and brought down Divine Powers into this mortal place, having drawn them down through Similarity (homoiotêtos): for Similarity is powerful enough to attach beings to one another… Longing to go beyond these and similar things, they came to know the Daemonic Powers which are essentially linked to the activities of nature and physical bodies, and by this means they drew down (epêgagonto) these Powers in order to communicate (sunousian) with them. From the Daemonic Powers they moved straight up towards the actual Doings of the Gods (autas…tas tôn theôn…poiêseis), instructed in some matters by the Gods themselves, but in others moved by their own efforts to an accurate conception of the appropriate symbols. And so, leaving nature and physical operations below, they came to directly experience (echrêsanto) the Primordial (prôtourgois) and Divine Powers.[856]

The modern theurgist, like Proclus and the Neo-Platonists, believes that words can produce magic if used in the right pattern. From at least as early as Aristotle, words and the patterns of letters within words, were seen to possess power. This concept was behind the popular word manipulation technique called anagrams. The study of anagrams has been called the “Great Art” or in Latin ARS MAGNA, which is itself a clever anagram of the letters in ANAGRAMS. The phenomenon of anagrams was said to have been discovered by the Greek poet Lycophron, (wolf-soul) in 260 B.C.[857]

W. Camden (Remains, 7th ed., 1674) defined Anagrammatisme as:

A dissolution of a name truly written into his letters, as his elements, and a new connection of it by artificial transposition, without addition, subtraction or change of any letter, into different words, making some perfect sense applicable to the person named.

In the book The Ordinall of Alchemy, Thomas Norton of Bristoll 1499, wrote:

Such like Francies were the results of the wisdome and humility of the Auncient Philosophers, (who when they intended not an absolute concealment of Persons, Names, Misteries, &c.) were wont to hide them by transpositions” (He might have added, like myself,—Ed.) “Acrostiques, Isogrammatiques, Symphoniaques, and the lyke (which the searching Sons of Arte might possibly unridle, but) with designe to continue them to others, as concealed things.[858]

The creation of America was from the beginning a theurgic work, incorporating the ancient symbols and designs that conjured power from the gods. Through the use of onomotonomy and mystical toponomy, the knowledge of Isis was connected to the earth. Significantly the constellation Virgo overshadowed the first 13 colonies of the United States on the heaven—earth map.

Thousands of years before Europeans settled the New World, America was aligned under heaven with Virgo. To the initiated, taking part in America’s political formation was a demonstration of divine preordainment. This is also why the Elizabethan writer Francis Bacon designated America the “New Atlantis” in his work of the same name. The virgin mother, Isis, was the distributor of secret knowledge to the Old World and her premier heavenly symbol (Virgo) reigned over the New World. The old Atlantis was the bastion of knowledge, a place that preserved and nurtured wisdom.

Bacon also knew that Poseidon’s kingdom of Atlantis, like America, was surrounded by ocean, a “water hill.” The capitol of the new Atlantis—America became Washington, meaning, “water hill” reminiscent of the English mound and surmounting ditch, and of the Ouroboros encircling the earth.

The name America was supposedly invented by a cartographer named Amerigo Vesspuci. This story of the origin of the name America is highly suspect for a number of reasons. Botticelli, the illuminated painter and brother-in-law of Amerigo used Amerigo’s sister, Simonetta Vespucci as the model for his “Birth of Venus,” as well as other paintings. The alleged namesake of America, the cartographer Amerigo, with his sister as the image of Venus/Isis, is too conspicuously “mystery school” to be ignored. The metaphor within the name America is too evocative, belying the true meaning intended by the mystery schools. The theurgic meaning behind the name “America” can be found in the French-Greek phrase “La Mere ica.” La is the feminine form of (the), mere is (mother), and ica comes from the Greek icha meaning “desire” or “yearn.”[859] The Greek mythological character Icarus, Ikaros in Greek, means literally, the “follower.” With these clues the real intention behind the appellation of the New World becomes more clearly resolved: Americans or La Mere Icans are “Followers of the Mother.”

In October 1884, at the request of the 21st President of the United States of America, Chester Alan Arthur, 41 delegates from 25 nations met in Washington, DC, USA for the International Meridian Conference. At the Conference the following principles were established:

1.A single world meridian to replace the numerous ones in existence at the time.

2.The Meridian passing through the principal Transit Instrument at the Observatory at Greenwich was to become the “initial meridian.”

3.All longitude would be calculated both east and west from this meridian up to 180°.

4.All countries would adopt a universal day.

5.The universal day would be a Mean Solar Day, beginning at the Mean Midnight at Greenwich and counted on a 24-hour clock.

6.Nautical and astronomical days everywhere would begin at mean midnight.

Though the Prime Meridian conference has been described in contemporary history books as ground breaking in its unity for establishing a world standard for location and time, historically Britain and the United States had used a Prime Meridian founded in Greenwich England since 1675.

In 1675 the British astronomer John Flamsteed, first Astronomer Royal to King Charles, directed the construction of the royal observatory of Greenwich built for the sole purpose of determining longitude for the earth for the kingdom of Britain. From the Greenwich observatory, the sun and stars were cataloged according to the exact time they passed overhead for every day of the year. Navigators possessing these catalogues could chart their location east or west from Greenwich according to the relative position of the stars or sun as long as an accurate clock set to Greenwich time was on board.

It has long been known that the most efficient star with which to determine latitude is the brightest, Sirius. Evidence that the zodiacal sign of Sirius, the twins of Gemini, were the patrons and guides of seafarers of the Mediterranean was recorded in Homer’s Odyssey. Castor and Pollux were implored by their magical speaking ship the Argo, as the only passengers sufficiently initiated into the mysteries to guide it out of a blinding storm.[860] In the writings of Paul in his voyage to Rome, the Dioscori or Gemini was the masthead of the ship that had wintered in Crete. Crete, an island named for the “ruling goddess,” was the center of the Cydonian mystery schools where Castor and Pollux had gained their guiding power.[861]

Every day at 1 o’clock, a bright orange ball slides down the top of a spire on the Flamsteed tower in Greenwich overlooking the Thames River, coupled with a report from a cannon. Ships on the Thames have set the time by this standard since 1675 in order to calculate while at sea their location relative to the Prime Meridian at Greenwich. Because Greenwich counts the day in 24 hours, and because there are only 12 hours on a clock face, 1 o’clock in the afternoon is also 13:00 hours (GMT) Greenwich Mean Time. Unknown to the casual observer, the Greenwich one o’clock ritual discloses a deeper meaning of the relationship of heaven to earth, and Sirius to the Prime Meridian.

The Sphinx, meaning, “bind together,” is depicted with a female head and a lion’s body, functioning as a bench mark for “reading” the twelve signs of the zodiac. Virgo, like Sirius, also represents Isis and the zodiacal sign Leo is another symbol for Osiris. In the Temple of Esneh in Egypt, there is a great sky painting in the portico on the ceiling that shows the whole picture of the zodiac with all its constellations. Between the figures of Virgo and Leo, there is carved the figure of the sphinx with the head of a woman and the body of a lion. The woman’s face is looking at Leo and the lion’s tail is pointing at Virgo, demonstrating where the zodiac begins and ends. Beginning at 1 o’clock on a dial of a clock, the first sign Virgo is designated. The sign Leo the lion occupies the 12 o’clock position. In a 24-hour day the 13th hour is 1 o’clock in the afternoon. The mystery schools that set up the ritual at Greenwich understood the significance of Leo and Virgo, and of Isis and Osiris.

By dropping a bright orange Sirius ball from the apex of a tower every day at 13:00 hours at the spot on earth designated as the Prime Meridian, the ancient knowledge of time, space and earth’s connection to the heavens is esoterically displayed. At the time of this writing, a continual worship of Isis Osiris and Horus has been accomplished with the Flamsteed ball through faithful ritual every day for the last three hundred and seventy seven years.

The number 13 has other distinctions with respect to the worship of Isis. The letter M is the 13th letter of English, Greek and Hebrew alphabets. M is also the astrological symbol for Virgo. In Ptolemaic Egyptian Hieroglyphs, the letter M was represented by an owl—a creature that can see in darkness. The owl was also the companion of Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom, an incarnation of Isis. In Egyptian hieroglyphs of the Owl, the letter M is clearly depicted on the top of its head.

The Salii priests of Mars had as part of their costume a tall obelisk-like point surmounting the top of their egg-shaped cap, reminiscent of the Egyptian cartouche for Sirius—a semi-circle with an obelisk and 5-pointed star. The ball and obelisk ceremony performed daily from the Flamsteed Tower preserved the mystery school wisdom of Isis and Osiris. Isis set up an obelisk in a pattern around the earth, where, it was said, pieces of the scattered body (of knowledge) had been located. The symbol represented many ideas, all connected. The obelisk was both the symbol of the reproductive portion of Osiris, “the progenitor of civilization,” and the oboloi arrow pointing to the entryway of the duat, the Milky Way as the river of souls.

Isis, who had searched for the missing pieces of the body of Osiris so that she might resurrect him, instituted the symbol of the obelisk as a reminder to her followers to continue to seek the lost piece of knowledge. In keeping with the mysteries of Isis, it is no coincidence that on the grounds of the Royal Observatory—which simultaneously discerns the heavens and aids ships in their navigation—obelisks mark the location where the Prime Meridian lies in Greenwich. The obelisk shaped Chingford Pillar, was erected on the edge of Epping Forest on the Meridian line established by Astronomer Royal Sir James Bradley in 1824.[862]

Later in 1851 the Astronomer Royal, Sir George Airy established a new Meridian marker alongside Bradley’s original just 5.79 meters to the east—a point also marked by an obelisk. Plaques on each obelisk indicate this difference. In fitting with the dualistic themes of Sirius worship, the source for international time is based on Airy’s line but Bradley’s line continues as the basis for map-making in Britain today. The Prime Meridian as defined by Airy, is a copper strip at the Observatory site where people are often photographed straddling the eastern and western hemispheres.

Due to the convergence of meridians of longitude towards the poles, these two Meridians are spaced 5.5m apart where they cross the East Coast and 5.9m apart where they cross the South Coast of England. A quick conversion from meters to feet explains the purpose of the mystery schools in maintaining two apparently randomly spaced Prime Meridians. The average distance between Airy’s and Bradley’s line as it extends across the English channel to France is 19.5 feet. The twin Prime Meridians must suit the Greenwhich intiates’s sense of appropriateness, or the two would be unified using modern equipment. Events, names, dates and places can be analyzed according to theurgic principles to discern their degree of significance. Consistent with the dualistic aspects of the mystery religion, the name Bradley means “wide expanse of land” from Old English “broad lay,” and Airy means “of the sky,” the dueling meridians signify heaven and earth.

In addition to the obelisks marking the Prime Meridian in England, 20 obelisks taken from Egypt at great expense and deliberation were placed strategically around the world in accordance with key locations on the earth/heaven grid. Out of 26 standing obelisks in the world today, 6 still remain in Egypt, and 13 are in Rome, Italy. The other 7 reside in Paris, London, New York, Istanbul, Florence, Urbino (a small town in Italy) and Wimborne (a small town in Southern England).[863]

Cleopatra’s Needle was erected in London in 1877 on the Thames River. Another obelisk from Egypt was set in the Place de la Concorde in Paris 36 years after Napoleon’s failed Egyptian campaign. These two seem to signify the duality of Gemini, straddling the Prime Meridian. Saint Peter’s Square in Rome is the resting-place for an obelisk from Heliopolis, a city named after the Greek version of the Egyptian sun gods Osiris and Horus, at 12 degrees east of the Prime Meridian.

Lieutenant Commander Henry Gorringe imported Cleopatra’s obelisk to New York City’s Central Park in 1881. Gorringe took a large ship to Alexandria and put it in dry dock there. He cut a huge hole in the hull near the bow and loaded the obelisk estimated to weigh 193 tons. It took him a year to transport the obelisk and set into place.[864] This obelisk does not, at first, seem to identify a key point on the earth/heaven grid. As is usually the case, however, Mars points us in the right direction. New York is situated on the same latitude on earth as Cydonia is located on Mars, 41 degrees north.

It was much more than a coincidence that the same American president who called the world Prime Meridian conference of 1884 officiated the dedication of the tallest obelisk ever constructed in history of the world. Four months after the world agreement of the measurement of time and space according to Sirius on earth, President Chester Alan Arthur addressed a gathering in Washington D.C. dedicating a 555 foot, 5 1/8 inch tall 55 foot thick obelisk, the largest masonry structure on earth, to the memory of George Washington (water hill). The monument is built to illumined classical proportions with the height exactly 10 times the width of its base.[865]

Robert Mills, architect and engineer appointed for the federal government in 1836, designed the Washington Monument. Construction began in 1838 but was abandoned supposedly due to a lack in funding. A difference in the shading of the marble (visible approximately 150 feet up) clearly delineates the initial construction from its resumption in 1876. In Robert Mills original design, there was to be an enormous five pointed star near the top of the obelisk. This plan was abandoned in favor of a distinct pyramid at its apex.[866]

The motivation behind the Washington Monument was from the beginning the same secret knowledge preserved by the mystery schools since the time of the Pelasgians. Much has been written on the features of Washington D.C., both in its individual architectural constructs and in its overall design. The geometric and architectural secrets of the city display modern Isis Osiris worship. The product of Isis and Osiris, the “Face of Osiris” called Hardetcher or Horus, is most prominently venerated in his incarnation as the god of war and of Mars.

The greatest symbol of the war god Mars, the Pentagon—a geometric figure which symbolized Isis/Venus and Osiris/Mars, and was also discovered on Mars itself—was implemented by American initiates to house the technology which brought war to the rest of the world. The 5-sided building in Arlington, Virginia near Washington, D.C. serves as headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense, including all three services—Army, Navy, and Air Force.

The Pentagon itself is related to the world grid of “holy places” indicated by the goddess. The architectural layout of Washington D.C. displays a message remarkably similar to that found in the Cydonian city on Mars. Central to the geometry of the Pentagon is the repetition of the number 5. The building consists of five concentric pentagons, or “rings,” with 10 spoke-like corridors connecting the whole. Built of structural steel and reinforced concrete with limestone facing, the structure has 5 floors and an inner court that encompasses 5 acres.

In addition to the redundant fives in the Pentagon, there is a significant tenet of the mystery schools preserved in its longitude. The Pentagon is located 77 degrees west of Greenwich. The height of the building in feet is 77’ 3.5.” The content in cubic feet is 77,015,000. The gross floor area incorporates the numbers of degrees in a circle, 6,636,360 square feet.[867]

The significance of the number 77 with respect to theurgy is evident in its reoccurrence in the building’s layout. By adding the number of longitude of the Pentagon, 77 degrees west, with the longitude of the Great Pyramid (mound of Mars) at Giza, 31 degrees east, the result discloses the mystery of the strategic monument’s placement. It is the familiar Pentagonal Martian number, 77+31=108.

The number 77 also has Biblical significance. In the story of Genesis, Cain the first son of Adam and Eve was banished from Eden for killing his brother Abel. In order to prevent Cain from being killed from those he encountered during his wanderings, God gave Cain a mark.

Behold, thou hast driven me out this day from the face of the earth; and from thy face shall I be hid; and I shall be a fugitive and a vagabond in the earth; and it shall come to pass, [that] every one that findeth me shall slay me. And the LORD said unto him, Therefore whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold. And the LORD set a mark upon Cain, lest any finding him should kill him. Gen 4:14,15

The fifth descendant of Cain, Lamech expanded the number of “vengeance”:

And Lamech said unto his wives, Adah and Zillah, Hear my voice; ye wives of Lamech, hearken unto my speech: for I have slain a man to my wounding, and a young man to my hurt. If Cain shall be avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy and sevenfold. Gen 4: 23–24.

From the text the number seventy and seven places emphasis on the theme of “revenge,” but there is a more esoteric understanding found in the pseudepigraphic Book of Adam & Eve, considered by scholars to have been put together in stages during the first half of the second century B.C. The embellished version of the story indicates that Lamech killed Cain his own ancestor. (Gen. 4:18-24)[868] Because Lamech was also the father of the first metal smith Tubalcain, “an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron” (Gen 4:22) bible scholars refer to his declaration of 77-fold vengeance as the “Sword son of Lamech.”[869] The hidden Gnostic meaning behind the number 77 is then not just as a symbol of rebellion, but of revenge with the technology of weapons against the God of the Old Testament who would avenge Cain. This revenge is also against those who trust and follow the God who “marked” Cain.

The Pentagon was designed by George Edwin Bergstrom and built in 1941–43 to bring under one roof the U.S. War Department offices then housed in widely scattered buildings. The man responsible for the Pentagon project was General Brehon B. Sommervell, Chief of the Construction Division of the Office of the Quartermaster General. Significantly, Sommervell was also head of the Manhattan Project that produced the first atomic bomb. Manhattan is from the Algonquian Indian phrase Man-a-hat-ta, or “Place of Mounds.”[870]

General Sommervell’s involvement with the technology of war at the Pentagon, and with the technology of the Manhattan Project—which produced “transmutation of matter”—illustrates the continuity maintained by the mystery schools between science and alchemy.

The ultimate goal of the alchemist was to achieve power of elemental transformation—exoterically to “change lead into gold.” The means by which substances were transformed or transmuted was the power embodied within the “Philosopher’s Stone.” With this stone the alchemist believed he could change or transmute elements at will, producing not only mere wealth, but also power, light, wisdom and ever lasting life. Chaos and synergy, breaking apart and joining together are the first principles of alchemy. The first fission reaction produced by the Manhattan project was a literal realization of this ancient goal. In alchemical terminology, the explosion of an atomic bomb broke apart the positive and negative (male and female) elements that compose primordial matter.

The site of the first fission detonation—transmutation of matter—was designated “Trinity,” located in New Mexico whose state motto is “The Land of Enchantment.” This name implied not only the idea of man taking on god like status, but also a relationship to the symbology of alchemical thought. J. Robert Oppenheimer, (1904–1967) a theoretical physicist and the supervising scientist for the Manhattan Project, the developer of the atomic bomb wrote:

The general notions about human understanding…which are illustrated by discoveries in atomic physics are not in the nature of things wholly unfamiliar, wholly unheard of or new. Even in our own culture they have a history, and in Buddhist and Hindu thought a more considerable and central place. What we shall find is an exemplification, an encouragement, and a refinement of old wisdom. Access to the Vedas is the greatest privilege this century may claim over all previous centuries.[871]

Oppenheimer supposedly quoted a verse in the Hindu Baghavad Ghita when he witnessed the first atomic explosion of the Manhattan Project. Recalling the scene, Oppenheimer said:

A few people laughed, a few people cried, most people were silent. There floated through my mind a line from the Bhagavad-Gita in which Krishna is trying to persuade the Prince that he should do his duty: “I am become death: the destroyer of worlds.” [872]

The Bhagavad Gita means in Sanskrit, “Song of Worlds” and is a dialogue between the third being of the Hindu trinity, Krishna, and his devotee Arjuna. The title “Song of Worlds” is reminiscent of the Pythagorean and Platonic theory of the solar system and the harmony of the spheres. The god Krishna, an avatar of Vishnu, can be compared to the Egyptian god Horus, who is also a manifestation of his father deity, Osiris.

In addition to the redundant pentagonal and precessional numbers incorporated in the Pentagon itself, significant theurgic dates found on the ancient Roman and Egyptian calendars were set during key phases of construction. The groundbreaking ceremony and construction of the Pentagon commenced on September 11, 1941. In Egypt, September 11th was known as “The Day of Queens,” representing different aspects of the same mother goddess Isis.[873]

After exactly 16 months of building, the Pentagon was dedicated on January 15, 1943. On this night at about 10 PM, the constellation of Osiris, Orion, culminates, or reaches its highest point in the north skies for the year. The number 16 is significant to the mystery schools. P or Pi is the 16th Greek letter. The Greek letter is the ideogram for the mathematical constant 3.14, a number which has been used for centuries to calculate the circumference of a circle.

Dedication of the edifice of the Pentagon was significantly held in the month of Janus, the dualistic god of beginnings and endings. The Romans had numerous temples in the form of great arches and architectural pillars dedicated to their god Janus, whom January is named after. Whenever war was declared, the chief magistrate would lead a ceremony in which the doors of the main temple of Janus were opened. In time of peace they were normally shut. Janus was a synthesis of the constellation above Sirius, the two twins of Gemini.

The first occupants of the Pentagon moved in on April 29th 1942, a time corresponding to the first day of the 5-day Roman festival called Florifertum, centered on the Kalends of May (May Day) as the time of the war god Mars’s conception. Florifertum (Flora) was the goddess of the flowering of plants in Roman religion, and she was the goddess who lightly touched Hera, causing her to conceive the god Mars. Titus Tatius (according to tradition, the Sabine king who ruled with Romulus) is said to have introduced her cult to Rome.[874]

Close examination of the geometric layout of the 10-mile square piece of federal land that comprises Washington D.C. demonstrates that the knowledge of the teachings of Pythagoras and the mystery schools has been passed down to American architects, from the Egyptian priests of Isis. The Belgian initiate of the mystery school of Freemasonry, Jean-Marie Ragon, writing in the years when America became independent, explained the traditional passing of the torch of hidden knowledge:

The Franc Mason… knew well when being initiated into the ancient Mysteries veiled under the name of Francmaconnerie (Freemasonry); that his work was only to be the continuation or the renovation of the ancient mysteries, and that he was to become a mason after the manner of Apollo or Amphion.[875]

Washington, D.C. was designed by French Freemason Major Pierre Charles L’Enfant around 1791. The 10 square miles of Washington D.C. land at its most northern point touches the 39th parallel. The number 39 is the sum of 6+6+6 and also the sum of 19.5 plus itself. 19.5 in that regard is both Pythagorian and Cydonian. According to the Pythagoreans, all things are ultimately numbers. This means that all bodies consist of points or units in space, which, when taken together, constitute a number. This can be well illustrated by the Pythagorean ho tetraktys (the 4 things).

one (= unity) is the point,

two is the line,

three is the surface,

four is the solid.

Ten, the sum of 1+2+3+4

these are the ‘5’ numbers.

It is this figure that the Pythagorean considered as sacred. The number 10 was considered by the Pythagoreans to be the most perfect number. They believed that there must be 10 planets in the makeup of the solar system.[876] They maintained that each of these 10 planets made its own sound in harmony with the others so perfectly as to maintain the balance and orbit of each. The geometric symbol of the “Harmony of the Spheres” is a tetrahedron, the only 4-sided shape that can exist inside a sphere—and the point where the tetrahedron intersects this sphere is at 19.5 degrees.

Greek historians record that Pythagoras, when having discovered what is called both the Pythagorean theorem and the 47th proposition of Euclid—the 3-4-5 triangle—sacrificed 100 bulls to Zeus. This particular sacrifice was an illuminated statement of the origin and nature of the knowledge Pythagoras received. Historians debate that Pythagoras would ever cause the death of any creature due to his great belief in reincarnation. It may be more likely that the “100 bull sacrifice” was a later illustrative addition to the story. A sacrifice of 100 is in Greek a hecatomb. Similarly in Latin 100 bulls is centa-taurus. The centaur represents Sagittarius, the marker of Ouroboros as well as the line of priests of Canaan, the Cydonians.[877] This sacrifice is a clue to understanding the secret teaching of Pythagoras.

There are 10 major megalithic locations on the globe, all touching the points where the earth’s equator circumscribes 2 imaginary pentagrams. The first pentagram is anchored at 0 degrees longitude and the other pentagram at Giza in Egypt, the earthly abode of Orion/Osiris. In heaven these two pentagrams are anchored at the star Sirius under Gemini and the other at the center star of the belt of Orion under Taurus, the bull. 10 points on the globe connected 10 points in heaven, or ten times ten. One hundred points anchored on the bull Taurus. Pythagoras actually called the pentagram the pentalpha or “5 A’s” because the geometric symbol was in fact a combination of 5 Alphas, the first letter of the Greek alphabet. The earliest letter A was originally written to symbolize the head of a bull by the Caananites who taught the Greek the concept of a phonetic alphabet. The Caananite A was drawn with the horns of the bull pointing upward.[878] The Greek letters also represented numbers, “five alphas” equal the number 5.

The number 5 is found in nature with particular significance to certain plants and their fruit. Structurally the earth itself is configured much like a fruit with a core, a stem (the axis of rotation) and an equator. The five-fold nature of many flowers and fruit of plants translates directly to Roman myth to the birth of Mars himself. The great megalithic sites of the earth, as well the modern edifices built by “those who know” reflect the same pentagraphic pattern found in an apple.

In a passage of Ovid, the goddess Flora possessed a magic flower that would make any woman who touched it conceive. It was said that a daughter of Jupiter, Minerva came directly from the head of Jupiter, not needing the aid of Juno for her birth. Knowing this the goddess Juno wished to have a child of her own without Jupiter’s aid, and asked for Flora’s help. Flora obtained the flower for Juno and she conceived Mars. Mars was the son of the queen of heaven alone, a parthenogenetic god (born without a human father) a flower child.[879]

According to the great Italian poet Dante Alighieri, born in Florence Italy (1265–1321AD) Mars was the patron god of Florence, which emphasized the god’s floral origin.

Florence took its name from the Roman flower goddess Flora, subject of one of a pair of famous paintings by the initiated painter Botticelli. The most famous of his works, the Birth of Venus, has as its partner painting Primavera, the Birth of Spring, presided over by the enigmatic goddess Flora. However, the mysterious meaning is not merely the season of Spring, but the origins of the god Mars. Botticelli depicted the “births” of the quintessential mystery school deities Venus/Aphrodite/Isis and Mars/Ares/Osiris. A highly venerated statue of Mars stood in Flora’s temple until its destruction in the great flood of 1333.[880] In this light the discovery of a Pentagon on Mars suggests that the Romans knew something profound about Mars from a very early point in time.

The Roman historian Plutarch wrote that Pythagoras was an acquaintance of the second king of Rome who succeeded Romulus, king Numa who is credited with the creation of the Salii priests.[881] Although this relationship with Pythagoras was known even in the Roman Republic to be chronologically impossible, Plutarch, who lived during the traditional century of the founding of Rome in the 8th Century B.C documented in his work “Ad Numa Pompilius” that king Numa made the philosopher an honorary citizen of Rome. Pythagoras and Numa supposedly shared many philosophical tenets, such as reincarnation and that fire was the primary principle of the universe. Plutarch wrote:

Other external proofs, too, are urged to show the connection Numa had with Pythagoras. The comic writer Epicharmus, an ancient author, and of the school of Pythagoras, in a book of his dedicated to Antenor, records that Pythagoras was made a freeman of Rome. Again, Numa gave to one of his four sons the name of Mamercus, which was the name of one of the sons of Pythagoras; from whence, as they say, sprang that ancient patrician family of the Aemilli, for that the king gave him in sport the surname of Aemilius, for his engaging and graceful manner in speaking. I remember, too, that when I was at Rome, I heard many say, that, when the oracle directed two statues to be raised, one to the wisest and another to the most valiant man in Greece, they erected two of brass, one representing Alcibiades, and the other Pythagoras.[882]

Plutarch is considered one the most comprehensive sources from antiquity for the Isis and Osiris myth. It is interesting that he connected the philosophy of Pythagoras so closely to the founding of Rome. It may have been Plutarch’s intention that the religious foundations of Rome shared the same source as the ideology of Pythagoras. As Rome learned the wisdom of the Greeks and patterned their civilization, so America imitated the Romans. The symbol that connects Pythagoras, Greece, Rome and America together in shared philosophy is the pentagram. The five-pointed star of Isis has been incorporated into American culture as a symbol for the military. It is found on the United States flag and represents state capitols on every map.

In fact the 50 States represented by 50 pentagrams on the U.S. flag demonstrates an unusual number. 50 times the number of a pentagram ‘72’ equals 3600. 3600 is the number of seconds in an hour. The number of the contiguous United States, 48 is 4 x 12 or four times around the face of a clock. These numbers represent illuminated Pythagorean concepts. The tetrakis, the 4 things, and a circle represented by 12 were essential symbols of the heaven-earth alignment. From antiquity the number 4 has represented the earth’s four directions, and 12 has been associated with the twelve zodiacal signs in the heavens. By rendering the number of United States at 12 x 4, heaven and earth were shown to be aligned in some significant way on the North American continent. If 48 is multiplied by the number of degrees between the points of a pentagram the number is 3456… 48 x 72 = 3456. At first glance 3456 does not seem significant, but if multiplied in sequence it demonstrates the number of the degrees in a circle 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 = 360. A reference to a circle implies a relationship to the circuit of heavens, the zodiac and the cycle of the aions.

America’s east coast begins at the place corresponding to Leo in the heavens. America’s capitol lies where Leo and Virgo intersect, just as the sphinx connects the beginning and ending of the zodiac. Virgo dominates the eastern half of America and Libra “The Scales” overlays the western half. America is the only body of land that occupies these three zodiacal figures—representing Isis, Osiris and Horus—simultaneously. Libra represents the same esoteric aspect of Horus as the sign Gemini. They are both symbols used in the monolateral Egyptian religion as the balance of male and female powers. As the offspring of the twins Isis and Osiris, the Horus symbols Gemini and Libra also demonstrate the union of above and below.

In the temple to Isis/Hathor in Dendera Egypt, Napoleon’s general Desaix discovered an eight-foot wide, circular stone zodiac. It was removed from the ceiling by a French art collector Sebastien Saulnier and his engineer friend Jean Lelorrain. Gunpowder was used to blow holes in the temple roof and after 20 days of cutting by a force of local workmen, the masterpiece was dragged on special wooden rollers towards a waiting boat.

Immediately upon its arrival in France it was sold to King Louis XVIII for 150,000 francs and put on display in Paris’s Louvre.[883]  The Dendera zodiac depicts each of the 12 signs of the ecliptic in the same form recognizable today, with the notable exception of Libra. Sitting on the constellation Libra “the scales” is a small child with his finger to his lips. This is the symbol of the young Horus, which was called Heru-pa-khart, Horus the Younger, Harpocrates in the Greek, the god of silence and secrets. The portrayal of this symbol on the Dendera zodiac from 700B.C demonstrates the understanding shared by the initiates of Isis, that Libra was a sign of Horus himself. Libra is situated on the 14th  Greenwich hour, or 2 O’clock GMT. 14 is the number of pieces Osiris body was divided into by his brother and enemy Set.

The significance of Libra for the mystery schools is apparent in the short-hand glyph for the sign. The “rising sun” of Libra, called Hardetcher “Horus on the Horizon” indicates that those initiated into the mysteries understand Libra as representing both dualism and an esoteric symbol for “the son of Mars.” This is further illustrated in many astrological images of Virgo combined with Libra. The archetypical blindfolded female of “Justice,” an incarnation of Isis, holds the scales in one hand and the sword in the other.

The placement of Washington, District of Columbia under the heavens supremely demonstrates America’s geographical dedication to Isis/Virgo. The Federal Capitol is sandwiched between the States “Mary-land” to the north and “Virgin-ia” to the south. Maryland’s capitol is Annapolis. Anna was the mother of the Mary, who was herself the virgin mother of Jesus Christ. The Federal land encompassing the town Anna-costia means “the promised rib” and refers to the first woman Eve.

The name Columbia is from the Latin columb, a dove. The most ancient of the mystery schools of Sumeria worshipped Semiramis as an incarnation of Isis. In fitting with the ancient triad of deities, Semiramis was married to Nimrod, and her son—born supernaturally with out the aid of a man—was the reincarnated Nimrod, Tammuz.

Semiramis or Z’emir-amit means “The branch-bearer” from Ze (the), emir (branch) and amit (bearer).[884] Juno, the name of the Roman “queen of heaven” also meant, “The Dove.” When portrayed as a Dove, Juno was commonly represented with an olive branch in her mouth.[885] “A branch” is seen in the hand of every zodiacal representation of Virgo. The mystery school meaning behind the branch symbol is the mystical connection between Isis and her son, the branch, Horus. The goddess was represented as the Dove with the olive branch, the symbol found in the story of global cataclysm, the Flood of Noah. America was supposedly founded by Columbus “man of the dove,” on his voyage in the 3 ships the Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria; or the father, the son and the sainted Mary; or in the mysteries, Osiris, Horus and Isis. In the same way, Noah’s dove “sailed over the waters of the flood” in search of land where the survivors of the earthly cataclysm could begin anew.

The etymology of the name “Washington, District of Columbia” expresses its purpose as the District of the Dove, the branch bearer, Virgo. A “washing-ton” is an old English word for “water-hill.”[886] Mounds or islands among the bogs of Britain had been long used for the worship by the Druids of Belgian, sister of Bell, goddess of light…or in other words, Sirius, the star of Isis.

Anagrams were popularized by the French, especially King Louis XVI (17th C) the owner of the “Louisiana-Mississippi Territory,” who was said to be fascinated by these word puzzles. He studied and searched for them, presenting interesting anagrams to various members of his court as a form of entertainment. His predecessor Louis XIII, even went so far as to appoint a Royal Anagrammatist, Thomas Billon to carry out the full-time work of composing strange and amusing anagrams.[887]

The origin of the name Mississippi seems to be an anagram which would have been meaningful to the initiated within King Louis’s courts. The text-book account of the name Mississippi relates that French fur traders encountered the local Ojibwa Indians of the northern Mississippi basin and heard the name which meant “the mother of rivers.” The word “Mississippi,” however, yielded an anagram that was too meaningful to be coincidental. M, the 13th letter of the Hebrew and English alphabets, is also the zodiacal symbol for Virgo. The word “Isis” can be spelled twice within the word “Mississippi” using the 4 “I”s and the 4 “S”s. Mississippi is an anagram meaning the middle of Isis.

The meaning of the 2 “P”s is the Greek symbol p , 3.1415 which signifies two circuits of heaven. In other words, the number of Virgo “13” is achieved with two revolutions of the earth under the zodiac. The constellation Virgo, symbol of Isis on the ecliptic, is exactly divided at the point the Mississippi delta flows into the Gulf of Mexico when the heavens are properly mirrored upon the earth and connected at Sirius and the Prime Meridian.

M=cVirgo, P=          ??Isis P=             Isis

Though the Avebury circle and Silbury hill of England seem to duplicate the Cydonia complex, they only represent Cydonia’s eastern half. The western features of Cydonia find their closest earthly analogue in the arrangement of buildings in Washington DC.

The most obvious similarity between Cydonia and Washington is the pentagonal D&M pyramid and the U.S. Pentagon. If a scaled map of Cydonia is superimposed over Washington D.C. with an equilateral triangle—such as can be inscribed between the face, city and D&M pyramid on Mars—inscribed over Washington, significant landmarks appear at its points. The triangle touches the Pentagon, White House and the town of Roslyn. Roslyn is Latin for “Beautiful Rose” or, derived from Ros-Linde, “Rose of the Snake.” The serpent signifies wisdom in ancient legends, and was source for the name of the greatest European philosopher, Pythagoras, “Man of the Python.”[888]

In the mysteries roses were sacred to Isis as the flower of her son Harpocrates, the god of silence. In Greek and Roman mythology, Harpocrates was commonly represented as a small boy with a finger held to his lips. To ensure discretion on the part of Harpocrates, Eros, (the son of Venus and Mars) gave him a rose as a reminder to keep silent and the rose became emblematic of mysticism and secret societies. Cupid was the Roman version of Eros, who if one rearranges the letters of his name is the source for the word rose. Centuries ago, a Greek word for “arrow” was erroizêsa which has the dual meaning of “a snake’s hiss.”[889] Out of this knowledge came the tradition used in the mystery schools who met in halls of enlightened discourse, strung with garlands of roses symbolizing that the ideas and private revelations spoken within would remain in confidence.

America is linked to the Isis worship occurring daily at Greenwich England. The White House designed to house the president in Washington D.D. is a copy of the “Queen’s House” in Greenwich England. The Queen’s House was designed after the Villa di Castello in Florence Italy designed by Lorenzo di Medici, reflecting Renaissance ideas of mathematical and classical proportion.[890] The Medici family, among the richest in 15th century Europe, spent a considerable part of their wealth amassing the largest library in the world, with many Greek sources, including the works of Plato, from Constantinople. The Medici family founded the Platonic Academy and patronized Marsilio Ficino, who later issued the first Latin edition of the collected works of Plato.[891]

The rose, symbol of Harpocrates, “the god of silence”—or more properly “the god of secrets”—has been allotted a whole garden to itself on grounds of the White House. There is also a rose garden, reminding initiates to be silent, at the United Nations. The emblem of Washington D. C. is the American Beauty rose. It is the flower of England and is worn on St. George’s Day. The rose is the state flower of Georgia, Iowa, New York, North Dakota and the District of Columbia. The rose is the official National Floral Emblem of the United States signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on November 20, 1986. Red and white roses represent alchemical Sulphur and Mercury, respectively.

On October 11, 1492,Columbus’s crew of the Nina saw “a branch covered with thorns and flowers” which heralded the closeness of the New World.[892] The Santa Maria was formally listed as La Gallicia and the Nina as Santa Clara. The name Gallicia comes from the Gaelic mother goddess Caillaech. Cailliaech is related to the Hindu mother god Kali. The Romans transliterated into Latin the Gaelic mother goddess name as, Cal-leac- ia, and the name of the people who worshipped her the Cal-laec-i. Galiza means “the sons of the mother goddess,” or “land of the mother goddess.”[893] In Arthurian legend Caelia was a fairy queen. She enchanted Tom O’Lincoln, an illegitimate son of Arthur, and they had an adulterous affair. She bore him a son—a fairy knight called Red Rose Knight.[894] The Nina as Santa Clara refers to the divine offspring of the Isis mother and Osiris father, the son of the sun. In Latin Clara is from clarus (clear, bright).

In ancient Hindu legend, the gods Vishnu, protector of the world, and Brahma, creator of the world, argued as to which was the most beautiful flower. Vishnu praised the rose, while Brahma, who had not seen a rose sided with the lotus. When Brahma saw the rose he agreed at once that the rose was supreme and rewarded Vishnu’s devotion by creating for him, his wife, the Goddess Lakshmi from 108 large and 1,008 small rose petals.[895]

One hundred and eight beads make up the Buddhist prayer necklace. The term for the prayer beads used by Buddhists is Sanskrit, mala, meaning “garland” or “roses.” It may be no coincidence that the prayer beads used by Roman Catholics and Anglicans, among other religious groups, are called rosaries. Renaissance art often depicted two types of roses, the Apothecary’s Rose, botanically known as Rosa gallica, and the Rosa alba. The petals of the Apothecary’s rose were dried and rolled into beads; then strung into what became the rosary and from which the rosary received its name.

The early Roman Catholic rosary incorporated 108 prayer beads. It is theorized that the rosary was first used by hermits to celebrate the mysteries of the mother of god. These hermits were influenced by the Gnostic writings attributed to the Greek god Hermes. Hermes is the Greek version of Thoth, Egyptian god of magic, science, medicine, writing and geography.[896] In Catholic litanies, the Virgin Mary is called Rosa Mystica and in many hymns she is invoked as the rose without thorns. However the early Christians scorned the rose because of its connection with their persecutors the Romans. Knowing the pagan source of these occult traditions, Clement forbade Christians to adorn themselves with roses. Tertullian (202 A.D.) wrote an entire volume against the rose.[897]

Herodotus claims that the mythical King Midas of Crete introduced the rose to Greece. Homer’s Illiad tells how Hector’s body was anointed with rose oil after his death at Achilles’ hand, and that the shield of Achilles was decorated with roses.[898]

During feasts in Athens, young people of both sexes, crowned with roses, danced naked in the shadow of the temple of Hymen to symbolize the innocence of the Golden Age. During the public games in Rome the streets would be covered with rose petals. The Romans believed that by decorating their tombs with roses they would appease the Manes (spirits of the dead) and the rich specified in their wills that entire rose gardens should be maintained to provide flowers for their graves. Spirits of Roman ancestors were honored at the festival of Parentalia in February, the last month of the old Roman calendar, sacred to the god Mars. The bloody festival Lupercalia held to honor the wolf associated with Romulus and Remus, was also celebrated in February. The symbols associated with Lupercalia have been incorporated into modern Valentines Day.[899] Ovid says the Lupercalia is a rite of the Pelasgians, a people “older than the Moon,” dating from the Golden Age before the ascendancy of Jove.

In numerology, the rose represents the number 5, because the wild rose has 5 petals, and other roses have petals arranged in multiples of five. Geometrically, the rose corresponds with the pentagram and pentagon. Myth records a link between Mars, his pentagon, and the mythical mother of the bloodline said to guard the Holy Grail. The legendary Merovingian kings were said to be of the lineage of Mary Magdalene from scripture. Magdalene comes from Hebrew migdal (tower), and Mary comes from the same root as Mars. Mary Magdalene (literally “Mars tower”), was said to have lived for 72 years, the same number as degrees between the points of a pentagram.[900] In Gnostic mystery schools, Mary was substituted for Isis and Venus, and the “vine” was the analogy for the rose. The Merovingian dynasty of Frankish kings which flourished from the 5th century to 751 A.D. traced their descent from the legendary Merovech, or Meroveus, chief of the Salian Franks, (Salian from the same root as the Roman Salii).

The race of Franks claimed their name meant “free men,” and the brotherhood of “free men” continued under the Carolingian rulership of Charles the Great, commonly known as Charlemagne. This king of the Franks came to rule over most of Europe. Several Holy Roman Emperors bore this name as well as kings of England, France, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, and Hungary. Carolina is the Latin feminine form of Charles, namesake of two American states: North and South Carolina.[901]

The first lesson the disciples of Pythagoras learned was silence; for a time they were required to be only hearers. “He [Pythagoras] said so” (Ipse dixit), was to be held by them as sufficient, without any proof. It was only the advanced pupils, after 5 years of patient submission, who were allowed to ask questions and to state objections. The Egyptian Harpocrates, “Horus as a child,” was the son of Osiris. He is represented seated on a Lotus flower, with his finger on his lips, as the god of Silence.[902] Hermes or Harmachis was the incarnation of Horus illustrated by the Great Sphinx stationed before the second pyramid (Khafre) at modern-day Giza, “Horus-in-the-Horizon.” The Egyptians as well as the Greeks regarded the sphinx as emblematic of a great secret.[903]

There is a legend that the second king of Rome after Romulus, named Numa, was a friend of Pythagoras. Numa often said that he was advised by a goddess whom he called Tacita, “the Silent One,” who may have been the original matron goddess of Rome, Angerona. In statue, Angerona was depicted, according to Pliny, with her lips sealed by a bandage.[904] Plutarch wrote in his work Numa Pompilius:

In like manner Numa spoke of a certain goddess or mountain nymph that was in love with him, and met him in secret, as before related; and professed that he entertained familiar conversation with the Muses, to whose teaching he ascribed the greatest part of his revelations; and amongst them, above all, he recommended to the veneration of the Romans one in particular, whom he named Tacita, the silent; which he did perhaps in imitation and honour of the Pythagorean silence.[905]

There can be no doubt that the mystery teachings of Pythagoras, reputedly the teacher of Socrates, were collected and preserved during the Renaissance. This information was in turn imparted to Western Europe through an unbroken chain of initiates and adepts of the mystery schools from Greece, to Rome, and to the founding of the New World.

Additionally, the Arabs who had invaded Persia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, the whole North Africa, Gibraltar and Spain accomplished much of the work of maintaining the vast stores of writings from the Greeks. On 8 June, A.D. 632, the Prophet Mohammed died having accomplished the task of uniting the tribes of Arabia into a homogeneous nation. The Arabs quickly assimilated the culture and knowledge of the peoples they ruled. Schools, colleges, libraries, and observatories were built and at the same time, scholars were invited to Damascus and Baghdad. Greek manuscripts were acquired in large numbers and were studied, translated and provided with scholarly and illuminating commentaries.[906] These documents were translated into Arabic and later Latin. The aristocracy of the Renaissance traded extensively with the Islamic State buying copies of ancient and rare Greek works.

The writings of the classical poets of Greece and Rome condensed the knowledge and philosophy of the earliest times; the times referred to by the Egyptian Edfu texts as the “Zep Tepi.” The continuing thread of knowledge known to be associated with the school of Pythagoras focused on the Egyptian religious and cosmological system. This system, which Pythagoras transferred to the Greeks, preserves the symbol of the five pointed star of Isis/Sirius, whose meaning was transferred to the rose. Pythagoras and the ancients before him who inherited the knowledge that descended from heaven during the Zep Tepi, as recorded in the Edfu texts, knew how the heavens were connected to earth.

Pythagoras believed himself to be a reincarnated son of Hermes. According to Heraclides Ponticus, Pythagoras claimed that he had been permitted to bring into his earthly life the memory of all his previous existences.[907] Pythagoras recounts how he heard Helenus tell Aeneas a prophecy of the ascendancy of Rome as Euphorbus, a warrior in the Trojan War. The Greek historian Diogenes writes:

He was once born as Aethalides and was considered to be the son of Hermes. Hermes invited him to choose whatever he wanted, except immortality; so he asked that, alive and dead, he should remember what happened to him. Thus in life he remembered everything, and when he died he retained the same memories. [… ] He remembered everything—how he first had been Aethalides, then Euphorbus, then Hermotimus, then Pyrrhus, the Delian fisherman. When Pyrrhus died, he became Pythagoras. (Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Philosophers, VIII 4–5)

A belief in reincarnation is shared among the mystery schools; this belief is often called the Hermetic Chain. This expression, first found in ancient Greek texts such as the writings of Homer, signified the chain of beings from divinities reaching down to inferior gods, heroes, and sages, to ordinary human men.

Each link in this aggregate of hierarchies, of which each link is itself a hierarchy, transmitted its wisdom and power to the next below it; and it is thus that knowledge was originally communicated to early mankind. Every Mystery school or esoteric college of ancient times had its regular and uninterrupted series of teacher succeeding teacher, each one passing on to his successor the mystical authority and headship he himself had received from his predecessor.[908]

America was, from its inception, a theurgic undertaking embodying the multi- layered symbolism of the mystery schools of Isis and Osiris. Brotherhoods of initiates are still at work—in “secret” societies and fraternal bodies—preserving the mysteries of the ancients within the most influential institutions in the modern age. The esoteric symbols have a common pattern that becomes clearer as each symbol’s occurrence is examined. The symbols of Mars are the common pattern, the thread or “clue” by which one can navigate the labyrinthine circuits of myth.

The most learned men of their time, poets and philosophers of Greece, believed in literal intelligent beings who controlled this world from behind the scenes. These beings came from a place of origin that was associated with fire “ur” and the color red “phoenike.” This place of the origin of the gods, according to the Edfu text, was destroyed, but might be resurrected through building. The initiates of the mystery schools who worshipped the builder-gods of myth had at the heart of their purpose the resurrection of the lost age of the gods.

Virgo’s glyph, “M” is the 13th letter of the Greek, Hebrew, and English alphabet.

Sirius and Virgo are the dual representation of the knowledge of Eve brought down from heaven by the serpent.

Virgo points to her location on the heaven-earth map.

Ptolemaic M sound heiroglyph. Note the “M” incorporated into the owl’s head.

Chapter Eleven: Mars: The Philosopher’s Stone

On Mars, the crumbling remains of ancient civilizations may be found, mutely testifying to the one-time glory of a dying world.[909]

—One of the founders of the British Interplanetary Society.

Besides the world we inhabit there may be one or more other worlds peopled by beings different from ourselves.

—Strabo

The Ouroboros was a major symbol in the works of the mystery school of alchemy. The symbolic texts of alchemy hid the true meaning of the Ouroboros as the representation of the Milky Way. The significant role of the Ouroboros as the mechanism of the cosmic clock of the aions (life span or time between cataclysms) was generalized as a “symbol of latent power, the unformed materia, the opus circulare of chemical substances in the hermetic vessel.”[910] The latent power of the Ouroboros is ultimately bestowed by Hermes according to the mystery schools.

The alchemical symbol of the “philosopher’s stone” was the power by which matter was transformed.[911] Alchemists simulated and emulated the process of divine creation. The process of “creating,” of imitating God’s creative attribute, was called the “Great Work.”[912] In this symbolic process, a mysterious chaotic source material called materia prima, the “first matter” of the universe, was gradually guided towards a state of perfect harmony, the lapis philosophorum, or the philosopher stone. The alchemists also connected the philosopher stone with the blood of a slain dragon, an archetypical fiery serpent, and with the serpentine “leaping” salamander.

Alchemical writings described the Ouroboros as “the end and the return of the year,[913] properly but vaguely linking the Ouroborus to its function as timekeeper of the celestial clock. Because the Ouroboros symbolized a literal object in the heavens—the Greek symbol for the Milky Way—it would be remarkable that the more famous alchemical symbol, the “Philosopher’s Stone” would not also have been a representation of a physical celestial object. The ultimate expression of the symbols of alchemy not only encompassed many scientific or philosophic concepts but also represented literal and visible objects in the heavens.

The epitome of alchemic wisdom, the red “philosopher’s stone,” represented the red planet. As the symbol for great knowledge, those schooled in the mysteries knew Mars was the key for unlocking a new Aion, or for entering the “other dimension” at the gateway to the Ouroboral duat.

In the most basic of alchemical experiments designed to provide a physical example of this symbolism, mixing the elements mercury and sulfur with fire produced the philosopher’s stone. These two elements when combined with fire produced the compound cinnabar, a red ore of mercury that was found in nature. Cinnabar is a Persian word for “Dragon’s Blood.”[914]

“Transformation” through the symbolic killing of a serpent is repeated in the medieval story of St. George and the dragon. In the language of the mysteries, the slain dragon represents the outmoded idea that the “serpent” of the Garden of Eden was an evil creature. Those who metaphorically kill the serpent have embraced the idea that the serpent that tempted Eve in the Hebrew book of Genesis was—and is—the source of wisdom. Modern mystery schools teach that the God in the Old Testament account of the Garden of Eden was jealous, and prevented man from attaining the knowledge of eternal life, which was about to be imparted by the serpent. This concept was also symbolized by the story of the origin of the Greek oracle of Delphi, meaning “womb.”[915] Apollo the “sun god” (sulfur) killed the python (mercury) that guarded the hole in the earth at Delphi. Later Apollo became the god of the oracle of wisdom and prophecy. The ultimate understanding of the mystery school of Gnosticism is that the serpent that brings wisdom—but opposes the God of the Bible—is beneficial to mankind, enabling man to evolve and transform.

The making of cinnabar was a popular alchemical undertaking. Early chemical treatises spoke often of its compounding as related to the creation of “the Philosopher’s Stone.” The Pythagorean theorem, combined with a hands-on chemical analysis, illustrated the interpretation of creating cinnabar among the initiates. In the 3-4-5 sides of the famous theorem’s triangle, the square of 3, known to the old secret societies as the “Square of the Sun,” occupies the upper left of the equation. The square of 4, known as the “Square of Mercury,” is on the upper right. Mercury, known to some as the Greek God Hermes, carried the message of the light. Mercury represents Hermes or simply “Lucifer” the go-between or messenger god who carries and imparts illuminating knowledge to man from heaven. Sulfur S represents the sun, illumination or the male principle and element.

The square of 5, called the “Square of the Earth,” is explained in alchemy to “assimilate all.” This means that Mercury [a concealed name for Lucifer] delivers illumination, represented by the yellow element sulfur, to the Earth. Sulfur and mercury combine to produce cinnabar, the philosopher’s stone.[916]

Medieval mystics and alchemists found significance in the manufacture of synthetic cinnabar from mercury. As early as the 8th century, the mixing of sulfur to mercury, which had been extracted from cinnabar by roasting and condensation, was discovered to produce black amorphous mercuric sulfide. Further processing rearranged the molecules to produce a bright red that far surpassed the mineral cinnabar in purity. To philosophers, the mixing of the liquid “watery” quicksilver to the “fiery” sulfur to produce “earth,” and then through heating and fire changed into “blood,” was no less than the creation of life. The creation of Adam, in this Gnostic view, is therefore connected to the philosopher stone. The name Adam in Hebrew mda means, “to be red.”[917] The familiar sign for “man”—Adam—is the very same astrological glyph for the planet Mars.

The 3-4-5 triangle especially demonstrates the foundation for the combination of the two fundamental principles to produce knowledge that was given to mankind from above.

A modern tenet of masonic mystery schools, which trace their origin to Egypt through Pythagoras, used the triangle as well. Mercury and sulfur combine to produce cinnabar, Isis and Osiris combine to produce Horus, male and female combine to create offspring, heaven and earth combine to produce the gods of the first knowledge. Even the most common symbols of freemasonry, the compass and square, represent the ancient formula of combining dualistic concepts. The compass, which is used to measure degrees in an arc, represents the male principle, the arch of heaven and knowledge. The square used by architects to measuring angles and direction represents the female principle, ignorance and the earth. The above connecting with the below, light with darkness, illumination with ignorance, and, most profoundly, the connection of Mars with the Earth.

Alchemic symbology is integrally incorporated into the dogma of freemasonry. Many examples of the triangle and the compass, representing both Mars and the philosopher stone, exist. One amazing example of these symbols used to demonstrate the connection between Mars, the triangle, compass and the philosopher stone is found in Michael Maier’s alchemical emblem book Atalanta Fugiens, first published in Latin in 1617. This illustrated book incorporated 50 emblems with epigrams and a discourse. An English translation exists in the British Library.[918] The discourse of the 21st emblem described the philosopher’s stone in a depiction of a sorcerer measuring a triangle in a circle with a large compass.

The name, Atalanta Fugiens or Atalana’s Run referred to the Greek myth of a mortal heroine of Arcadia, a legendary country closely associated with the island of Atlantis and the supposed birthplace of Hermes. Atalanta was an accomplished athlete and hunter (tzidon) but chose to remain a virgin, and claimed that she would only marry a man who could defeat her in a race on foot. In some myths, Atalanta would kill her suitors with a spear as she passed them in the race. The suitor Melanion (Hippomenes in some versions) won Atalanta in marriage with the aid of Aphrodite, who gave him three golden apples with which to beguile the heroine into stopping to collect the treasures. Occupied in seeking the golden apples, Atalanta lost the race and became Melanion’s wife.[919] Golden apples consistently represent the lost knowledge of the ancients in Greek myth.

Contemporary with the writing of Atalanta Fugiens in Europe, Galileo Galilei (b.1564) was making the first observations of the planets with his invention, the telescope. In 1609 he observed Mars and published his ideas of a heliocentric world in Siderius Nuncius, “Starry Messenger.” Within the decade Matthias Hirzgarter, a Swiss mathematician actually drew Mars as a lopsided triangular rock.

Belief in the transformation of blood-like cinnabar into gold dates from 133 BC when Li Shao-Chun appealed to the Emperor Wu Ti to support his investigations:

Summon spirits and you will be able to change cinnabar powder into yellow gold. With this yellow gold you may make vessels to eat and drink out of. You will increase your span of life, you will be able to see the hsien of the P’eng-lai [home of the Immortals that is in the midst of the sea]. Then you may perform the sacrifices fang and shang and escape death.[920]

Through the years, the Philosopher’s Stone of myth has taken on a wide range of powers; not only has it been called the “secret of life and health,” but it also possesses spiritual significance. The alchemists of the thirteenth century sought the Philosopher’s Stone while undergoing strict devotional ritual and purification. After completing spiritual rituals, the alchemist was thought worthy to perform his activities.

Eventually the Philosopher’s Stone was thought to signify the force behind the evolution of life and the universal “binding power” which unites minds and souls.[921]

Famous mystery school initiate Eliphas Levi, considered one of the master occultists of all time, wrote authoritative works on freemasonry and ceremonial magic. Levi’s most important work was The Dogma and Ritual of High Magic. This book was followed by A History of Magic, Transcendental Magic, and The Key of Great Mysteries. Levi believed in the existence of a universal “secret doctrine” of magic throughout history. The most widely read Masonic initiate, Albert Pike, clearly derived inspiration from the works of Eliphas Levi.[922]

Pike’s Morals and Dogma has been called the “Masonic Bible.” This honored American Freemason was the Sovereign Grand Commander of the Scottish Rite when he took the Cabbalistic occult doctrine of Eliphas Levi and put it in his own book. The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, founded in London in 1888, adopted much of Levi’s magic. Mystery school adept Aleister Crowley, a former member, was born the year that Levi died and claimed to be the reincarnation of Levi.[923]

Eliphas Levi claimed to have summoned the magician Apollonius of Tyana from the dead. Apollonius (c.4 B.C.), and his legendary life imitated and counterfeited that of Jesus in the Bible. The parallels of Apollonius’s life were so convincing that many were persuaded to see him as “a christ” himself. Noted mystery school initiate Manly P. Hall wrote in The Phoenix that the wizard Apollonius was such a good counterfeit of Christ that he was the first candidate worthy of the name anti-christ.

Levi stated that he was influenced by an earlier writer and occultist Francis Barrett. In turn he influenced another writer and occultist Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton, with whom he visited in London in 1861. Bulwer-Lytton wrote The Last Days of Pompeii and other occult books helping to make magic fashionable to the last of the 19th century. Francis Barrett, a practically unknown author of The Magus published in 1801. This was a concise handbook on the occult, dealing with the magic of herbs and stones, magnetism, talismanic magic, alchemy and other means of creating the philosopher’s stone

The Philosopher’s Stone was first mentioned by Zosimos the Theban (c. 250–300) in the third century.

In speaking of the Philosopher’s Stone, receive this stone which is not a stone, a precious thing that has no value, a thing of many shapes that has no shape, this unknown which is known by all.

Mars is the Philosopher’s Stone. Mystery schools through the ages have sought this “unknown which is known by all.” Modern initiates of the alchemical mysteries have created the NASA “space program,” JPL etc. in the hopes of attaining the power that Mars is said to possess. The red planet is the goal and inspiration behind the names of the first space probes to circle the earth. The final acquisition of the great work before the coming of the “Golden Age” will be the comprehension of the planet Mars. The union of man with the lost knowledge from the red planet will be the end result of the transformative Great Work of the mystery schools through the ages.

Though the modern organizations of space exploration seem, outwardly, purely scientific, a closer look at their origin and the people who helped create them reveals a different story. The traditions of the mystery schools of the ancient Pelasgians have continued to be preserved in such organizations as the Freemasons.

The first manned space program, project Mercury-Redstone officially began October 7, 1958 carrying astronaut Alan Shepherd. The sole objective of this spacecraft was to complete “orbits,” gyrus or circles around the earth in space.

Mercury-Redstone was launched on the 5th day of the 5th month in 1961 at 9:33:00 A.M. or 13:33 Greenwich mean time.[924] It is not hard to see the illuminated numbers.

Even the year 1961 fits the dualistic theme of conveying a higher message within symbolism. A 16 is a 19 turned upside down, and the Mercury-Redstone capsule itself was painted a tesselating black and white.[925] Alan Shepard later became the 5th man to walk on the moon. The name “Alan” is a French masculine version of “Helen” meaning “light”; the name of the primary participant in the space mission named for the Philosopher’s Stone was literally the Shepherd of light .

The NASA manager of the Apollo Program Command and Service Modules and Gemini program was 33° Scottish Rite Freemason Kenneth S. Kleinknecht, eldest son of Christian Frederick Klienknecht who himself has held the highest Scottish Rite office, the Sovereign Grand Commander of the Southern Jurisdiction, since 1985. The Masonic mystery schools have always been in the forefront of the scientific community, from the founding of the British Royal Society to today’s NASA program in the United States.[926]

Other NASA projects were connected to the mysteries through their names, dates and astronaut affiliations. Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin was a member of the Clear Lake Lodge Seabrook, Texas, taking part in Gemini 12 and Apollo 11. Leroy Gordon Cooper, Jr. of Mercury 7 and Gemini 5 was a brother of the Carbondale Colorado Lodge No. 82. John H. Glenn, Jr. belonged to the Concord Lodge, Ohio. Other freemasons who journeyed into the heavens for the sake of knowledge were: Virgil Grissom, Edgar D. Mitchell, and Walter Schirra.[927]

The connection between the NASA space program and the occult organizations of the world, especially the progenitors of the post WWII political and scientific world, will be fully explained in the closing chapter of this book. The ultimate goal of these groups has long been the attainment of proof of the lost civilization of “the gods” on Mars.

The Superman Who Fell to Earth

Myth has preserved in symbolism—in a form designed to be remembered—the mysteries of Isis and the mirror of the heavens upon the earth. The time clock of the Ouroborus and the significance of Mars as the guardian of the gateway to another world are preserved as well. Themes from the Greeks as well as myths of medieval Europe can be found in modern American science fiction. Popular science fiction is a continuation of creating myths around truths. Science fiction themes reveal an undercurrent of ancient alchemical thought.

Though many science fiction works are packaged as escapist fantasy for the young, works like those of Edgar Rice Burroughs have focused on the planet Mars with eerie accuracy. Jerry Siegel, the creator of Superman, drew his inspiration from the writing of Edgar Rice Burroughs. The origin of the comic book hero from another planet is mysteriously vague. According to the author, one summer night in 1934, Siegel came up with almost all of the Superman legend as we know it, wrote weeks of comic strips by morning, and had his friend Shuster drawing it all the next day. Siegel explains how he devised the character Superman:

Edgar Rice Burroughs’ John Carter was able to leap great distances while on Mars because the planet was smaller than Earth, and so he had great strength. I visualized the planet Krypton as a huge planet, much larger than Earth, so that whoever came to Earth from that planet would be able to leap great distances and lift great weights.[928]

The secret of Superman’s great strength, and his ability to leap tall buildings (like Remus leaped over the walls built by Romulus) in a single bound, was dependent on his planet of origin, Krypton (the hidden). “Leaping” is the distinctive and peculiar dance of the ancient Roman priests of Mars, the Salii. Astronomer Tom Van Flandern has theorized that “Planet K,” the exploded planet—parent body of the asteroid belt and comets—was much more massive than earth. Planet Krypton of Siegel’s myth was more massive than earth, and it exploded; sending a few of its superhuman inhabitants to seek refuge on Earth.

It may be that this connection is a mere coincidence, after all, Superman would not be so super if he had to walk and run like every other human being. There is, however, a great deal more in the writings of Edgar Rice Burroughs, demonstrating that the source for his characters and stories must have come from some other, much older, knowledge. Burrough’s writing shows an understanding of the mysteries, of the rituals involved in the mystery schools such as the “leaping Knossian dance of Samothrace” that was a key part of the ancient Roman Mars worship:

Their speed and method of locomotion (of the Martians) were both remarkable, springing as they did in great leaps of twenty or thirty feet, much after the manner of a kangaroo. “They were rapidly disappearing when it occurred to me to follow them, and so, hurling caution to the winds, I sprang across the meadow in their wake with leaps and bounds even more prodigious than their own, for the muscles of an athletic Earth man produce remarkable results when pitted against the lesser gravity and air pressure of Mars.[929]

The meaning of the word “salii” is not hidden; English dictionaries show that it is the root for several common words. In heraldry, the term salient refers to a leaping “position.” The most common use of the word salii in modern English is in the name salamander. The one symbol that best describes the existence of a Mars-Earth connection, having endured the expanse of time since the first civilizations of man to the present day, is the salamander.

In alchemy the Mercurial or Hermetic spirit of the prima materia (first wisdom) is symbolized as a salamander, leaping or dancing in the fire. In medieval alchemy the Salamander was regarded as the Spirit of Fire. The amphibious salamander symbolized the merging of fire and water, revealing a common alchemical principle of unifying opposites. Mercury, or Hermes, was the serpentine salamander, able to leap out of the fire unharmed: he remained unchanged within it, as the alchemists explained, “rejoicing like the salamander in the fire portion of God’s spirit”[930] The Greek salamandra meant a lizard-like animal believed to have power over and hence to extinguish fire—or to produce it.[931]

The chemical symbol for mercury HG refers to the Greek word hydrargyrus. This word is usually translated in dictionaries “water-silver” with the pretense that word is a cognate of hydro, water and argyrum, silver. A hydra, the actual spelling of the prefix, is a snake and gyrus means “encircled.” These words translated in English, are “serpent circles.” The symbol of mercury is still represented in modern culture as a caduceus or rod with snakes encircling the rod; similar to the great celestial Ouroboros which is also associated with Mercury in occultic literature.

It is salient that Hermes was associated with the salamander, which, in the greatest understanding of the occult philosophies, symbolizes the being who traveled to earth “leaping” from Mars after the cataclysmic explosion of the massive planet K. The ancient texts of the Egyptian temple of Edfu tell of a “serpent” called “the great leaping one” at whose appearance “the world was inundated by a deluge.” The name Salii of the priests of Mars has come to mean “leapers” from the distinctive dance they performed every Roman new year in March. However the Salii originally drew their name from the goddess of health, Salus called Hugieia (Hygeia) by the Greeks.

Salus’s father was Aesculapius, the god of medicine who is often depicted with his rod encircled by serpents. The goddesses Salus and Venus were depicted on Roman coins holding a Quince in the right hand and a branch with a serpent coiled around it in the left hand.[932] These symbols of the origins of wisdom; the serpent in the tree; the woman and the fruit; were represented together on the coins of the Romans. The wielder of the “snake on a pole,” the messenger god Mercury, was himself considered the inventor of medicine. As Salus Publica Populi Romani (goddess of the public welfare of the Roman people) Salus had a temple on the Quirinal, built in 302 BC. Offerings were given to Salus at her temple annually in hopes that she would protect the health and the safety of the emperor of Rome. Roman citizens and their Emperors believed themselves descended from the god Mars through Romulus. The Romans understood Salus, the god of health, as embodying the knowledge of Mars, thus making her the consort of Mars. The father of Salus, Aesculapius, was defined by Bishop Hislop as “the man taught by the snake”:

Aish-shkul-ape, from Aish, “man”; shkul, “to instruct”; and Aphe, or Ape, “a serpent.” The Greek form of this name, Asklepios, and comes from A, “the” skl, “to teach,” and hefi, “a snake,” the Chaldean words being thus modified in Egypt. The name Aselepios, however, is capable of another sense, as derived from Aaz, “strength,” and Khlep, “to renew”; and, therefore, in the exoteric doctrine, Aselepios was known simply as “the strength-restorer,” or the “Healing God.”[933]

According to the Aurgonata chronicler Apollodorus, the father of Ascalaphus was Ares.[934] Ares is not recorded as his father in Orpheus or Apollonius Rhodius argonaut account; instead it is Apollo, whose name means “Destroyer” or “Apple-man.” Roman depictions of Aesculapius combine him with a companion dog that is distinctly a Mars totem. It is probable that the Romans considered Aesculapius the “esoteric” son of Mars. Legend records that Aesculapius could restore the dead to life, which so offended Zeus that he killed him with a thunderbolt.[935] Similarly, the father of the Romans and son of Mars, Romulus, was also killed by a thunderbolt from heaven after which he was raised to god status as Mars Quirinus.[936]

While holding an assembly outside the city of Rome, sudden and strange disorders filled the air and, the sun’s light failing, night came upon the assembled with thunders and rain. When the storm had ceased and the multitude returned they sought for King Romulus without finding him. So in order to appease the people the nobles said that Romulus had been caught up into heaven, and was now to be a benevolent god just as before he had been a benevolent king. From that time Romulus has been worshipped as a god.

In the story, some time after the event, Julius Proculus swore that, as he was traveling on the road, he had met Romulus, and that he had told him:

It was the pleasure of the gods, from whom I came, that I should dwell again in heaven. Tell the Romans that if they practice self-restraint, and add courage to it, they will reach the utmost heights of human power. And I will be your propitious deity Quirinus.[937]

The followers of Pythagoras called his sacred pentagram or Pentalpha the hugieia, for health. The Pythagoreans labeled the points or angles of the Pentagram with the Greek letters Upsilon Gama Iota Epsilon Iota Alpha, and also used “Be sound / whole / blessed” as their greeting or password. The Pentagram was still used to mean Hugieia in the middle ages.[938] The concept behind the modern military salute is the same. A salute was an acknowledgment of the influence of the goddess of health, Salus. Immortality, the ultimate form of health was what the worshipers of Mars in Rome would wish each other before battle. Dying in battle was the one assurance for the Roman soldier of achieving eternal life in Elysium.[939]

The Roman historian Pausanias wrote that Aesculapius was particularly worshipped at the Mycean city Pergamos and was called the Pergamean god. Like Troy, Pergamos was a city founded by Dardanus of Samothrace, the ancestors of the Romans. Pausanius also wrote that Pergamos was sacred to the Kabiri, the chief gods of the Pelasgians, founders of the mysteries.[940]

The elixir of life and the key to immortality and health were the hoped for by-products of the practice of alchemy. The practitioners of the Black Art had a saying, “aurum nostrum est non aurum vulgar” “Our gold is not base gold” which meant that the quest was for the gold of wisdom.

Alchemists, also called Hermetic Philosophers, recognized Hermes as the legendary founder of their art. He was the Masonic version of the Old Testament Patriarch Enoch, the overseer of works of initiation concealing the archaic secrets of godlike-wisdom of the messenger of the gods. Like Osiris, Hermes/Mercury was also the conductor of souls to the netherworld and a god of mystical thinking and interpretations. These ideas also correspond exactly to the traits found in Lucifer.

Hermes was identified with the ancient Egyptian God Tahuti (Thoth in the Coptic). The Egyptians associated Thoth with the Shebtiw creator-entities that descended from the sky during the Egyptian Zep Tepi “first time” according to the Sacred Book of Temples of Edfu. The Shebtiw Sages were the beings who created the sacred mounds at various places around the earth, which were to serve as templates for the future construction of temples, and the eventual resurrection of the lost golden age.[941]

The first three volumes in the Mars series by Edgar Rice Burroughs (1875-1950) originally appeared between 1912 and 1914. The fictional hero, John Carter, was somehow transported to the Planet Mars, or Barsoom as Edgar Rice Burroughs named it. Mystery school adept Blavatsky described the Barsoom as a branch of the tree of knowledge from the Garden of Eden, from bares (to grow upright) derived from the Sanskrit barh.[942] The Barsoom was synonymous with the wand of Hermes and the wand of the Magi, who were instructed in the Vendidad while offering up the sacrifice to Ahura Mazda, “to not leave off keeping his eyes upon it.” Blavatsky stated that the barsum was taken from the tree created by Ahura Mazda, the tree of occult and spiritual knowledge and wisdom.[943]

The Barsoom is also known in occult writings as the scepter of kings or a magic wand that a magician may be said to possess. It supposedly shows the force of temporal power as prototypes and antitypes of a universal principle, metaphor for a profound mystery.[944] The Barsoom staff becomes even more Martian by the fact that Romulus, son of Mars, was also a diviner and so carried for this purpose the lituus, a crooked staff.[945]

Burroughs described the main character of the Tales of Barsoom, John Carter, as arriving in the middle of a Martian desert, naked and with no weapons. He had no knowledge of the inhabitant’s customs or language. John Carter was taken prisoner, seemingly enslaved, but through acts of courage and skill as a military officer, John Carter attained the position of “Warlord of Mars.” He returned to planet Earth for a few years, but then returned again to Barsoom. In Burroughs’s later works the descriptive adventures became bizarrely symbolic. John Carter attained the somewhat lesser title of the “Prince of Helium” (Helium is the main city and metropolis of Barsoom).[946] Helium is a variation of the name Helios, the Greek sun god who drives the chariot of the sun across the sky. He is generally identified with Apollo or Phoebus, sol in Latin, Osiris in Egyptian. Burroughs also described a goddess of Barsoom, Issus, “whom all Mars worships and reveres.”

The name John Carter preserves a tenet of the mystery schools. The name “Carter” is from the Greek chartes, a leaf of paper or written document. A “John Chartes” was something written on paper, and the name John Carter connotes the greatest “John writing” known, the book of Revelation. A literary work designed to distribute symbol and allegory of the mystery schools is a “book of revelation,” and the name John Carter was a cue that the written document contained more than a literal meaning.

The tales of Barsoom are not scientific fantasy but a literary exercise of the art of alchemy. In the first book, The Princess of Mars Edgar Rice Burroughs stated that he personally knew Captain John Carter and that he had left his entire estate and writings of his strange life to him. Burrows states that John Carter was often seen standing in the moonlight with his arms outstretched to the heavens in some kind of “appeal.”[947]

On the morning of March 4, 1886, Captain Carter was found dead with his arms outstretched in the snow at full length, the same allocation that John Carter was seen previously with his outstretched arms in supplication to the heavens.

According to the instructions left to Edgar Rice Burroughs by Captain Carter, his body was to be removed to Virginia without embalming, and was to be laid in an open coffin within a tomb that was previously constructed by John Carter.

The descriptions of E.R. Burroughs of his main character parallel exactly the initiation rites performed by members of the greatest illumined fraternities of modern times. One such secret fraternity, the Skull and Bones, includes a ceremony of induction and initiation modeled on the death and resurrection cult of Osiris in ancient Egypt. The Satanic American Priest Anton LaVey stated, in his book, The Satanic Rituals: Companion To The Satanic Bible:

The ceremony of rebirth takes place in a large coffin. This is similar to the coffin symbolism that… is found in most lodge rituals.[948]

The character John Carter died through the convolutions of the alchemical process, was transported to another world called Barsoom in an open sepulcher, and was described as “naked,” in the manner of the initiates undergoing the rebirth ritual in the Masonic mystery schools.

The candidate was immured in the representation of a tomb; and when released, goes in search of the body of Balder (the sun god in Norse mythology, or Helium), and finds him, at length, restored to life, and seated upon a throne. He was obligated upon a naked sword (as is still the custom in the Rit Moderne), and sealed his obligation by drinking mead out of a human skull.[949]

Burroughs was not the first to connect the planet Mars with the theme of rebirth or intellectual awakening. In 1890, twenty-two years before the first book of Burroughs was published the astronomer Camille Flammarion wrote the fiction Uranie in which a man awakes on Mars and meets the reincarnation of himself.[950] In a nonfiction work The Unknown Flammarion reasoned that souls of men traveled to other planets in the solar system after death.[951] The author Louis Pope Gratacap wrote in 1903 The Certainty of a Future Life in Mars which described the reincarnation of a man of earth to the planet Mars and the messages he sent back to his son on earth.[952]

In the first books of Barsoom, John Carter became a “Prince of Helium” having returned from his “initiation” on earth to the planet Mars. Today one can find on a map of Mars supplied by United States NASA a feature named for the man who inspired so many to yearn for secret knowledge, the E. R. Burroughs Crater On Barsoom at the illuminated 72.5 S Latitude 243.1 W Longitude. Interestingly E.R. Burroughs designed a map of Mars that maintained the longitudinal measure as on the earth with only 180 degrees west and east for illustration of his books. On his map the Crater named in his honor would reside on 72.5S and 144W (twice 72), signature numbers of a pentagon.

The Mars of Edgar Rice Burroughs and the creation of its characters laid the foundation for multitudes of science fiction and fantasy authors that followed, The Gods of Mars second in the Barsoom series was the first science-fiction work initiated scientist and author Dr. Carl Sagan read:

I can remember as a child reading with breathless fascination the Mars novels of Edgar Rice Burroughs… . I can remember spending many an hour in my boyhood, arms resolutely outstretched in an empty field, imploring what I believed to be Mars to transport me there. (Carl Sagan, Cosmos)[953]

[Edgar Rice Burroughs] greatest gift was teaching me to look at Mars and ask to be taken home. I went home to Mars often when I was eleven and twelve and every year since, and the astronauts with me, as far as the Moon to start, but Mars by the end of the century for sure… . We have commuted because of Mr. Burroughs. Because of him we have printed the Moon. Because of him and men like him, one day in the next five centuries, we will commute forever, we will go away… And never come back… .And so live forever. (Ray Bradbury)[954]

The evidence of a Mars-earth connection has existed in literature in one form or another for thousands of years. Symbol and ritual, in groups and societies designed for its preservation have maintained the information repetitively so that the understanding could be achieved by those initiates worthy—and persistent enough—to connect all the clues.

Civilization was learned from Mars, or more accurately, from those who came from Mars. These beings built their own civilization throughout the solar system, reigning on Mars and earth until the “parent planet” of the culture—Rahab—like Superman’s Krypton, exploded.

Burroughs was also famous for his stories of Tarzan, Lord of the apes. This character like John Carter also overcame great odds in a foreign and dangerous environment where he conquered through superior intellect and breeding.

Tarzan is the combination of the words Tar, from Latin terra meaning “earth.” The root tar also yields the word “tree,” and Zan, from the Persian verb meaning “knowledge.”[955]

Blavatsky linked the word Zan with Zend, Zensar, the mystery-language of the initiates. Zend also means “The rendering of the esoteric into exoteric sentences, the veil used to conceal the correct meaning of the Zen-(d)-zar texts, the sacerdotal language in use among the initiates of archaic India.”[956]

Tarzan and John Carter are the symbolic “high initiate” learned in the secrets of the Mysteries. These characters move through trials of intellectual and emotional development all the while dwelling among the ignorant and common human masses of the earth.

There have been other examples of inexplicable yet accurate knowledge of Mars that can be found in literary works written during the last 200 years. Mars has two moons. The are named Phobos (fear) and Deimos (panic); appropriate companions for Mars, the God of War. Over  150 years before the discovery of the moons, by Asaph Hall in 1877, the British writer and satirist Jonathan Swift predicted their existence in the book we now know as Gulliver’s Travels.

He described Phobos’ orbital period as 10 hours (very close to the real figure of 7.6) and Deimos’ as 21.5 (close to the real 30.2).

They have likewise discovered two lesser stars, or satellites, which revolve about Mars; whereof the innermost is distant from the centre of the primary planet exactly three of his diameters, and the outermost, five; the former revolves in the space of ten hours, and the latter in twenty-one and a half; so that the squares of their periodical times are very near in the same proportion with the cubes of their distance from the centre of Mars. Gulliver’s Travels—Jonathan Swift—1726.[957]

How was it possible for such an accurate description of orbital periods of both moons of Mars before it was possible to observe them? It is revealing to examine the name “Gulliver,” the main character of Swift’s novel. Gullveig, Gultweig (Icelandic) from gull “Gold” + veig “thirst, drink.” The Norse Edda’s principal poem, Voluspa, contains a cryptic allusion to Gullveig as “thrice burned, thrice reborn, yet still she lives.” Speared by the gods, “thirst for gold” arose each time from her baptism of fire more beautiful than before. She was the cause of the first war in the world when the aesir (creative gods) were ousted from their heavenly abode by the vanir (superior gods), the latter remaining in Asgard.[958] Did Swift and Burroughs possess knowledge given them from an organized repository of sacred wisdom, or were they merely skilled at making guesses? The former scenario explains the prescient literary works incorporating both scientific statistics and knowledge of the mysteries of the planet that obsessed the ancients.

Chapter Twelve: The Golden Fruit of Ares

Hermes, who is of my ordinances ever the bearer…

Then taking his staff, with which he the eyelids of mortals closes at will, and the sleeper, at will, reawakens.

—Book V. Homer’s Odyssey

Giovanni Schiaparelli (1835-1910) first named the geographic features on Mars. Heavily influenced by classics of Greece and Rome, Schiaparelli allocated the names of the planet that are still in use today. At the time, Mars was closer to the earth than it had been in hundreds of years, nor would it be any closer to earth for another 200 years after. Despite the ease this phenomenon afforded astronomers while attempting to view the surface features of Mars, this was not the major factor in the names that were chosen by Schiaparelli. The surface features of Mars were named according to the theurgic principles of the mystery schools.

On September 12, 1877, Giovanni Schiaparelli began a careful study for the purpose of drawing up a new map of the planet Mars. Schiaparelli was an Italian astronomer, director of the Brera Observatory in Milan (1862–1900) who studied at Turin, founded 2300 years ago by the Taurini Gauls, a cultural home of many of the century’s most enlightened reformers and intellectuals.[959]

Schiaparelli assigned classical names to features of Mars. These names, and his choice of placement for the zero meridian on Mars, became widely accepted. Schiaparelli wrote:

I had to create a special nomenclature, which served my particular purpose. This nomenclature, which was devised while I was laboring at the telescope and is probably not without many shortcomings, was retained in my memoir only because it described perfectly what had been seen.[960]

Rather than using the names assigned by previous observers of the planet, Schiaparelli created his nomenclature from his intimate knowledge of illuminated classical literature.[961]

The ancient Greek mapmaker and founder of “physical geography,” Dicaearchus, had drawn a line through the middle of his map of the Mediterranean world running from the pillars of Hercules in the west to the Taurus Mountains in the east. This map, so demarcated, he called the “great diaphragm.” Schiaparelli drew a similar line on Mars running between the belt of dark markings to the south and the lighter regions to the north. In Greek philosophy the diaphragm or phrenos was the mind, often associated with soul, due to the fact that the breath of man was centered in the chest. The philosopher Empedocles said the soul had a seat in the heart, and the writing of Hippocrates, placed the origin of pneuma (breath) in the diaphragm—the source of intelligence and feeling and the faculty of perceiving and judging. The Pythagoreans categorized the diaphragm or phren as the mind which man shares in common with the animals. Using the examples of maps made by Dicaearchus and Ptolemy, Schiaparelli assigned a “heart and soul” to the planet he was mapping.

The Greek Dicaearchus had created a map of the ancient world, the Great Diaphragm, that reflected the soul of the Mediterranean. More significant was Dicaearchus’s delineation of sections, anchored with lines north and south, which emphasized the Island of Rhodes. This feature demonstrates the knowledge preserved by the mystery schools—in myth Rhode was the sister of the demi-gods the Telchines who populated the island that came to be called Rhodes. In Greek rhodos or rodon means “reddish,” from an earlier word borrowed from the Phoenicians. Before the Greeks arrived on the island, the Phoenicians called the island Erodes, meaning, “snake.” Rhodes was known in ancient times by the name Ophioussa, from the Greek root word Ophis, “snake.” Legend described the island having once been overrun with snakes—related to the bringer of knowledge gnosis in the mystery schools of the Mediterranean. From the Phoenician word erode “snake” to the Greek rodon “rose” or simply “reddish,” the allusion to redness in the ancient mysteries signifies the red planet.

Constantine incorporated the first letter of Rhodon, the rose or serpent, Greek RHO with the Greek letter for a cross or tree, CHI . This symbol most efficiently represents worship of the sun god Apollo under the symbols established at Rhodes. Helen of Troy was worshipped in a sanctuary on Rhodes, under the epithet Helen Dendritis, Helen, meaning “light” and the Greek word for tree dendron—literally, the tree of light. The chi and rho symbol originated in myths from the distant past, when a serpent in a tree first whispered to a woman from an overhanging branch of a tree.

Contrary to traditional belief, Emperor Constantine the Great (AD 274–337) did not embrace Christianity as the religion of Rome; but adapted Christianity into a new form which was implemented as the religion of Rome.[962] Constantine maintained the title Pontifus Maximus as the high priest of Sol invictus or Apollo, and minted coins during his reign with the inscription: “SOL INVICTO COMITI,” “Committed to the Invincible Sun” or Apollo. It was this solar deity, the apple-god, who revealed to Constantine, in a dream, that he would conquer “in this sign.”[963]

The Roman Emperor Elagabalus (218-222 A.D.) was high priest of Baal (the sun god) in Syria and later became Roman Emperor. He established the cult of Sol Invictus Elagabal in Rome. Emperor Aurelian (270-275) made Sol Invictus the state religion of the Roman Empire and established a Latin college of high priests under the name Pontifices Dei Solis to which Constantine belonged which later evolved into the Roman College of Cardinals of the Vatican which elects every pope to this day.[964]

In the tradition preserved by the mystery schools, the Quince, the fruit of the rose, was the metaphorical fruit of knowledge, silence, secrecy and the pentagram.

The golden apples of Greek myth are said to have been Quinces, as they were the only “golden” fruit known in his time (oranges having only been introduced into Italy at the time of the Crusades and golden delicious and other similar colored apples were not available then). Greeks often referred to tree fruits generically as “apples.”

The golden apples grew on a tree in The Garden of the Hesperides. The flesh of the golden apples was thought to grant immortality. A wedding present to Hera at her marriage to Zeus on the Isle of Crete, the golden apple tree was planted by Hera at the foot of Mount Atlas. This location, along the Prime Meridian, was thought to be the end of the world. A serpent called Ladon (he who embraces) guarded the apples.[965]

Heracles, the son of Zeus, was given as his 11th labor, the assignment to steal these apples from this garden. Zeus fathered Hercules with the mortal woman Alceme, “mighty endeavor.” This name Alceme shares the same root of Egyptian source, kemet , the same root as the mystery school of alchemy. Hercules, like all initiates, must pass through trials to prove himself worthy of knowledge, the golden fruit that is difficult to attain.

Diodorus detailed the Samothracian mysteries, noting that heroes themselves were initiates:

The claim is also made that men who have taken part in the mysteries become more pious and more just and better in every respect than they were before. And this is the reason, we are told, why the most famous both of the ancient heroes and of the demi-gods were eagerly desirous of taking part in the initiatory rite; and in fact Jason and the Dioskoroi, and Heracles and Orpheus as well, after their initiation attained success in all the campaigns they undertook, because these gods appeared to them. (Diodorus Siculus, Book 5, Ch 49, 6)

Hercules specifically sought initiation to assist him with one of his Labors:

He received a command from Eurystheus to bring Cerberus up from Hades to the light of day. And assuming it would be to his advantage for the accomplishment of this Labour, he went to Athens and took part in the Eleusinian mysteries. Diodorus Siculus, Book 4, Ch 25, 1.

The name Hercules is derived from the phrase “Glory of Heru” or the glory of Horus, son of Isis. Men who seek knowledge by aligning themselves with illumined fraternities refer to themselves as sons of Isis the free men of Free Masonry.[966] In the Greek myth of the origin of the golden apples, Pherecydes declared that when Jupiter (Zeus light patre father), wed Juno “queen of heaven” or Isis, Terra [earth] came, bearing branches with golden apples, and Juno/Isis, in admiration, asked Terra/earth to plant them in her gardens near distant Mount Atlas, on the shores of Okeanos.

Okeanos was the primordial Greek god of cosmic waters, the Milky Way, considered the source for all the oceans and rain. Okeanos played a prominent role in the location of the golden fruit of the Hesperides meaning “of the west.” Hesperides were also called The African Sisters because they dwelt west of Greece in Africa at the mountains of Atlas where heaven is anchored to earth by the star Sirius.[967] Sirius in heaven lies along the banks of the Milky Way whose shores touch Orion and Sirius, the key stars symbolically connecting the 360-degree circle of the zodiac to the earth.

There was an undefined amount of time in the story between when the tree of golden fruit was planted and when finally Juno, wife of Jupiter/Zeus is said to have placed the guardian “Ladon the serpent” to prevent golden fruit from being picked. A tree of knowledge is the origin of the barsoom, the magic wand, and the caduceus wielded by gods of wisdom, especially Hermes. The Caduceus was also the symbol of Aesculapius, the Roman god of medicine and represented healing.[968]

The “serpent on the pole” in Exodus, literally a seraph “fiery serpent,” is the prototype of all serpents in trees of golden fruit. An astronomical lesson is preserved in the symbols of the tree in the garden. The picture accurately depicts earth’s orientation in space. Like the serpent Ladon guarding the tree of golden fruit, the constellation Draconus winds around an imaginary pole of the earth’s axis of rotation every 24 hours. In the same way the guardian serpent was a later accommodation to the tree of golden fruit according to the Greek myth, the celestial configuration would not be accurate even a few thousand years past due to the precession of the equinoxes. The last star to share the pole star status was in fact in the constellation Draco, alpha Draconus, six thousand years ago and before it, the star Vega in Lyra, fourteen thousand years ago.

By obtaining the golden fruit a seeker of illumination comprehends the location of the pillars of heaven and earth. Quince trees are still used as boundary markers especially in European countries that lie along the Prime Meridian. In England, Southwest and East Spain farmers through the centuries marked the corners where their lands ended with a Quince tree. The Domesday Book of 1086 mentions that old quince trees are planted as boundary markers on land, defining it as a symbolic tree of location. The Quince was the tree of the Hesperides, planted where heaven and earth are connected.[969]

To the Greeks and Romans, the Quince was sacred to Venus who was often depicted with the golden fruit in her right hand. Greek myth describes the golden quince as the gift she received from Paris and the cause for the battle of Troy. A ripe quince is a fiery yellow orange color. The esoteric fruit of knowledge then became a word for illumination, light or fire. The word pur, “fiery,” is at the root of Paris—bestower of the golden fruit, and Paris—the city of lights. In fact the name Paris is derived from an eminently more ancient source than the Greeks, it is a Hebrew word found in the book of Genesis meaning “a fruit” Pariy. This fruit, and the illuminating results of eating it, are the topics discussed by Eve and the serpent in the Garden of Eden:

Now the serpent was more subtil than any beast of the field which the LORD God had made. And he said unto the woman, Yea, hath God said, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden? And the woman said unto the serpent, We may eat of the fruit of the trees of the garden: But of the fruit, (Pariy) of the tree which [is] in the midst of the garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die. And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely die: For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil. Gen 3:2–4

The Hebrew Mishna distinguishes the quince, which is called parish, from the tappuach apple (Kohler in Jewish Encyclopedia, II, 23).

And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely die: For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil And when the woman saw that the tree [was] good for food, and that it [was] pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make [one] wise, she took of the fruit, (Pariy) thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they [were] naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons. Gen 3:4–7

A similar word pareias was also an ancient Greek name of a certain species of snake, sacred to Asclepius because of its red color.[970] In the Greek New Testament the word for “fiery” is puroeis , which is the Greek word for the planet Mars and the root of “pyramid.”[971] The English word FIVE is in Greek, pente the root of the word pentagram. The Latin quinque (five) is the underlying meaning of the word Quince. In old English literature the Quince fruit was called a Coyne, the name adapted from the French coin, or Cain. In the old English vocabulary of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the Middle English word coin, quin, which in plural is quins, became corrupted to the singular quince, connecting the concept of money. Mercury, the Roman god of commerce, was also associated with the power of bestowing knowledge. According to Pausanias there were five Hesperides, who surrounded the tree of golden fruit.[972]

The Quince Rose tree symbolically bears the secret of the pentagonal based connection between heaven and earth. Illumined botanists scientifically classified it as Pyrus Cydonia.

This is the same name as the region of Mars that introduced to the modern age the prospect of a lost civilization on that planet. Botanically the Pyrus Cydonia is from the Rosaceae (Rose) family and is also called a Chainomeles. In Greek chaina means “to gaze” and malon is “tree- fruit.” Malum in Latin, means “an apple” and malus means “evil.”

On the wall paintings and mosaics of Pompeii, Italy, besides being held by Venus, Quinces were painted held in the paws of a bear. This representation played on the double meaning of the Greek words Arcas north, and arctos, bear. The constellation of the north, in Latin Ursa Major, would be associated with the fruit of the knowledge of the heavens, the fruit of the tree at the pillars of heaven and earth. The Greeks called the Quince Kudônios “fruit of Cydonia.” The quince was also Hesperis “fruit of the west” and Rhodomêlon, “fruit of the rose.”[973]

The final esoteric meaning of the story of the golden fruit is the source from whence the knowledge came, the fruit itself is Cydonia Mars.

At the end of the bough—its uttermost end, Missed by the harvesters, ripens the fruit, Nay, not overlooked, but far out of reach, So with all best things. (Sappho)

In Greek myth, in addition to the Hesperian serpent Ladon, the only other serpents of note are distinctly Martian. The Cadmium serpent guarded the spring of Ares near the city Thebes founded by Cadmus. The Colchian serpent guarded the Grove of Ares, resting place of the famed Golden Fleece of Aries sought by Jason. In a strange twist of etymology, the word for “fleece” in Greek, melon means “tree fruit” in Latin.

1. The Greek, melon = sheepskin.

2. Also an outer robe or mantle since most mantles were made of skins.[974]

The Quince, as a Chainomeles meaning “seeing or knowing fruit” can also mean “fleece of knowledge” in Greek, repeating the superimposition of heaven and earth. The epic of Jason written by Apollonius of Rhodes in the third century BC described the ram of the Golden Fleece as the offspring of Poseidon and Theophane. In the myth, the son of Nepele, Phrixus, was falsely accused of raping Biadice whose name means, justice by force. For this alleged crime, Phrixus was condemned to die as a sacrifice to Hera.[975]

The god Mercury sent the flying golden ram to aid in Phrixus and his sister Helen’s rescue. While the ram was in flight, Helen lost her hold of the fleece and fell into the Helespont; the body of water named for her and Poseidon supposedly rescued her. At the journeys end, at the ram’s request, Phrixus sacrificed the animal to Zeus and hung its fleece in the Grove of Ares where it became the object of the Argonauts’s (Argo= many eyes) quest. For his courage, Zeus set the ram’s likeness in the heavens.[976] In Latin the word chainomeles means “knowing evil.”

In the book, “The Secret Teachings Of All Ages” written by Manly P. Hall, described the occult symbolism associated with Mars as having been lifted out of the story of Jason and the Argonauts. He explained that Apollonius was not the first to tell the story, but his version is the best known today:

When the vernal equinox no longer occurred in the sign of Taurus, the Sun God incarnated in the constellation of Aries and the Ram then became the vehicle of the solar power. Thus the Sun rising in the sign of the Celestial Lamb triumphs over the symbolic serpent of darkness. The Golden Fleece sought by Jason and his Argonauts is the Celestial Lamb—the spiritual and intellectual Sun. The secret doctrine is also typified by the Golden Fleece-the wool of the Divine Life, the rays of the Sun of Truth. Suidas declares the Golden Fleece to have been in reality a book, written upon skin, which contained the formulae for the production of gold by means of chemistry. The Mysteries were institutions erected for the transmutation of base ignorance into precious illumination. The dragon of ignorance was the terrible creature set to guard the Golden Fleece, and represents the darkness of the old year, which battles with the Sun at the time of its equinoctial passage.[977]

In the same way that Apollo killed the serpent Pythius at Delphi and the Medieval Gnostic symbol of St. George killing the dragon, Jason killed the Colchian serpent. The destruction of the dragon represents the transformation of man through the Gnostic understanding of the identity of the first serpent in the first garden, Eden.

The chronicler of the labors of Hercules was the Greek poet Apollodorus, writer of more than 400 books. Apollodorus was a follower of the philosopher Epicurus, who coined the Pythagorian maxim, “all is number.” Epicurus, who was born on Samos in c.341BC, had been educated in the mystery school of Pythagoras called “the Semicircle.” Although Heracles is often viewed as a mindless muscleman, for the Pythagoreans and many other ancient Greeks he was the archetype of the spiritual hero, and the “Imitation of Heracles” (Imitatio Herculi) was the basic path of spiritual development.[978]

According to Apollodorus, the first of the 12 labors Hercules completed was the slaying of two serpents. These serpents represent the same meaning implied by the snakes on the staff of Hermes. Killing the serpents of ignorance and tradition was according to Manly P. Hall the first step in the conversion of the initiate into the Mysteries. Aditionally the twelve labors of Heracles corresponded to the passage of the sun through each of the 12 zodiacal signs. Apollodorus assigned the gathering the golden fruit from Atlas to 11th labor of Hercules for a number of illuminated reasons. The number 11 visually resembles the pillars of Atlas and is virtually identical to the astrologic symbol for Gemini, (II) the sign designated as the “anchor” of the heaven earth alignment.

Heracles was immortal but had a twin mortal brother similar to the brothers of Romulus and Pollux. Hercules was divine by his father Zeus but his mortal brother, Iphicles was fathered by the human Amphitryon.[979]

The message of the progenitors of mankind’s civilization was left in the place names of Dicaearchus’ map and ancient myth with elegant and metaphorical genius. Additionally the tradition of ‘extension’ of such information to the surface of Mars via the ancient ‘illuminated’ understanding of the Greeks necessarily would have to be accomplished by one who understood the significance of the myths and nomenclature. Eventually someone would transfer the symbolism of ‘where and how civilization began’ to the planet of origin.

With Schiaparelli’s Martian adaptation of Dicaearchus’s ancient map anchored at Rhodes, “the rose,” the eye of the bull off the coast of the Taurus Mountains, the symbolic fruit of the rose is found geographically at Cydonia Crete. It was by Schiaparelli that the name Cydonia was first applied to Mars, a name which is perhaps one of the most profound connections yet uncovered between the secret knowledge of the first builders of earth and the red planet.

Cydonia is the place designated on Mars by Schiaparelli where the greatest remnants exist of the beings that designed and implemented the alignment of heaven to earth. A branch taken from a Cydonia tree is the magical barsoom with golden fruit representing the understanding of where knowledge of civilization came.

There is an interesting and very ominous analogue between the areas of Cydonia Mars and Cydonia Crete. The two areas bear the scars of phenomenal natural disasters in their ancient past, or perhaps was it an episode of divine wrath.

Crete was home to the Minoan civilization which was virtually erased by a cataclysmic eruption of the nearby volcano, Thera (or Santorini, “St. Taurus”), an island 75 miles north of Crete in 1,550 BC. Volcanic ash and stones are found there, as well as the evidence of fire. Huge portions of walls, and statues were found hurled over large distances. Thera’s eruption generated tsunamis, as much as 328 feet high, which reached northern Crete in 20 minutes without warning.[980]

Cydonia Mars shows evidence that the Martian city complex was located at the edge of an inland sea.[981] There is also abundant evidence that enormous waves washed across the surface of the Martian landscape.

Dating from the slowed growth patterns of bristle cone pines places the Thera eruption at 1628/7 B.C.E. “Estimates of the volume of material displaced by the Thera eruption indicated an intensity five or six times as great as that of Krakatoa”[982] According to the oral tradition handed to Euripides [who lived on the west Aegean between 480 and 405 B.C.] a wall of water heaved up from the deep, into a sky as clear as glass.

There came a sound, as if from within the Earth Zeus’ hollow thunder boomed, awful to hear. The horses lifted heads towards the sky And pricked their ears; while strange fear fell on us, Whence came the voice. To the sea-beaten shore We looked, and saw a monstrous wave that soared Into the sky, so lofty that my eyes Were robbed of seeing the Scironian cliffs. It hid the isthmus and Asclepius’ rock. Then seething up and bubbling all about. With foaming flood and breath from the deep sea, Shoreward it came to where the chariot stood. (Euripides, The Hippolytus)

Five hundred years before Cadmus introduced the Semitic alphabet to the Greeks, their ancestors the Mycenaeans had written the Greek language in a script now known as Linear B. Before the Mycenaeans the Minoan civilization reigned in the Mediterranean. After the eruption of the volcano of Thera at about 1500 BC, and the destruction of the Minoan centers of Crete in the middle of the 15th century BC, Minoan supremacy was succeeded by the Mycenaeans, who established themselves at Knossos Crete. The Linear B script was used in Crete as well as in the Greek mainland at Mycenae, Tiryns and Pylos, for some 400 years until the Mycenaean civilization was mysteriously destroyed around the middle of the 11th century BC. At the same time 1050 BC virtually all signs of habitation in mainland Greece disappeared. There were virtually no sites where there was continuous occupation from Mycenaean times into the later period. Only Crete was continuously inhabited. All the major Mycenaean sites were abandoned, and knowledge of the Linear B writing system was lost. Then sometime in the 8th century BC the Greeks were influenced by a civilization from the East Coast of the Mediterranean.[983]

It is a generally accepted theory that the Philistines were the civilization remnants of the great Minoan culture that was decimated by earthquakes and tsunami at the eruption of mount Thera, now called Santorini, and the Minoan civilization was founded by the Pelasgian migrants from Sidonia.[984]

The Hebrew prophet Amos wrote of the origin of the Philistines as well as the cataclysm that brought them to Canaan:

The Lord, the LORD Almighty, he who touches the earth and it melts, and all who live in it mourn—the whole land rises like the Nile, then sinks like the river of Egypt—he who builds his lofty palace in the heavens and sets its foundation on the earth, who calls for the waters of the sea and pours them out over the face of the land—the LORD is his name. ‘Are not you Israelites the same to me as the Cushites [that is, people from the upper Nile region]?” declares the LORD. “Did I not bring Israel up from Egypt, the Philistines from Caphtor [that is, Crete] and the Arameans from Kir? Amos 9:5–7

The Minoans primarily worshiped the Mother Goddess as is described accurately by the name of the island seat of their civilization, Crete (Strong or Ruling goddess). This goddess was usually depicted in Minoan art at the root of the tree accompanied by snakes. Her association with the snake suggests the scene in Genesis 4, where the primordial woman is beguiled by the serpent in the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.

The Greek God Helios, was the patron deity of Rhodes and the Rhodians built one of the ancient wonders of the world, the colossus in their harbor. This famous giant Helios was the perfect ‘east-west’ counterpart to the ‘north-south’ giant Atlas. Like Atlas, the colossus stood on an ancient line running East to West as Atlas stood on the Prime Meridian North to South. The Colossus of Rhodes was associated with a serpent, Erodes, as Atlas myth described the serpent Ladon. Both serpents guarded the secret tree, or dendera—Atlas’s golden fruit tree, and Colossus’s tree of light. Atlas held the pillars of heaven and earth on the vertical, the Colossus of Rhodes strode the line of the horizontal which at the other end were the Pillars of Hercules.

Gibraltar          36n08, 5w21

Rhodes            36n25, 28e13

The distance between the Pillars of Hercules, (straits of Gibraltar) and the Island of Rhodes is exactly 33.33 degrees; the distance between their respective latittudes is 0.33 degrees. The sum of the latitude of both points is 72, hallmark symbol of a pentagram.

The myth and etymology of Rhodes fits a pattern, a picture of earth’s first knowledge of civilization “leaping” to earth from Mars intact in the mind of the angel of light. Schiaparelli may very well have known part of this secret knowledge that influenced his choice in feature names. Amazingly, Schiaparelli designated the very appropriate Martian feature name Cydonia precisely where the most obvious and significant artificial structures would be found 200 years later. Telescopes of his day were not so powerful as to resolve artificial features like those found on Cydonia. Might knowledge of the surface features of Mars have been infused into the culture of ancient man to survive intact until discoveries on the Martian surface could be made?

The body of human knowledge, after all, seems to have emanated from Mars. Silbury Hill and Avebury Circle demonstrate a correlation between Cydonia Mars and earthly monuments along the Prime Meridian. Such areas on earth holding meaning among initiates in the mysteries might have been superimposed on Mars by mapmakers, but the odds are against such an esoterically meaningful correspondence—between Cydonia Mars and the region inhabited by the Sidonians on earth—having occurred. It is more probable that Schiaparelli was influenced not only by the illuminated works of the Greeks, but also guided by those whom the Greeks called diamons, higher intelligences whose knowledge was preserved in the mystery schools from ancient Samothrace until now, the modern space age.

Adam and Eve in Paradise 1525, Oak Gemäldegalerie, Berlin.

Hans Holbein the Younger, 1517, Kunstmuseum Basle.

Quinces study N.B. Johnson 1898.

Adam & Eve Lucas Cranach 1531, Staatliche Museum.

Lucas Cranach 1526, Staatliche Museum.

Pyrus Cydonia, “Quince.”

Chapter Thirteen: Alchemists of Astronomy

O telescope, is not he who holds thee in his hand made king and lord of the works of God?

—Astronomer Johannes Kepler

It is rare to find even one prominent name in astronomy from antiquity to the present day who were not among the initiates of the mystery schools. The words astronomy and astrology were interchangeable until the 20th century. The word “science” itself is from the Latin scientia meaning “knowledge.” Knowledge comes from the Greek gnosis as in Knossos, the Creten city of Eluesinian mystery school. Even science itself had its origins on Crete, at Cydonia. Aleister Crowley wrote:

Indeed, it is only recently that science has been allowed to study anything without reproach.[985]

Bostonian Percival Lowell, and the French astronomer Camille Flammarion, both contemporaries of Schiaparelli, shared a fascination for the occult. Camille Flammarion, Director of the Observatory of Juvisy, France was author of The Unknown and several books on the supernatural. Flammarion and Schiaparelli collaborated extensively on studies of the phenomena of spirit channeling and carried out observations on the medium Eusapia Palladino in the company of other scientists in Milan Italy.[986] After these studies Flammarion wrote the book Unknown Psychic Forces, in which he focused on some of his experiments with Eusapia Paladino. The book includes flash photographs of a completely levitated table. He wrote:

Any scientist who declares mediumistic phenomena or other phenomena as yet unexplained by science to be impossible is one who speaks without knowing what he is talking about.[987]

Flammarion recorded that Eusapia Palladino occasionally used to levitate and was also able to increase or decrease the weight of objects. After scrutinizing the demonstrations of this medium, Camille Flammarion stated that levitation should no longer be any more in question than the attraction of iron by a magnet.[988] Flammarion held séances in his house in Japan with Lowell and often invited mediums to his Paris apartment.[989]

Percival Lowell traveled to Japan in the 1880s, and later wrote of his dealings with the supernatural in his book The Way of the Gods; An Esoteric Study of Japanese Personality and Possession.[990] In his book Occult Japan Lowell took up the subject of Shinto trances, which he had first witnessed on the summit of Mount Ontaké. Lowell, an avid observer of the planet Mars, held séances in his own house: “…red flame and potent spells in a dark dark room,” as he described them to his friend Frederic Jepson Stimson.[991]

Lowell became interested in the planet Mars due to Schiaparelli, having decided to take up observational astronomy in 1893 after hearing that Schiaparelli was beginning to lose his eyesight and would no longer be able to continue his work on planet. With the main goal of studying Mars, Lowell established his observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona in 1894.

Flammarion had preceded Edgar rice Burroughs by twenty-two years with the connection between Mars and reincarnation. In his fiction Uranie Flammarion described a man awaking on Mars only to meet the reincarnation of himself.[992] In his nonfiction work The Unknown Flammarion reasoned that souls of men traveled to other planets in the solar system after death.[993]

The fascination that Flammarion had with occult phenomena was connected with his theory that Mars was inhabited; a belief also shared by Lowell and Schiaparelli. In his book Mysterious Psychic Forces on the subject of communication with the dead through séance Flammarion wrote:

Two inescapable hypotheses present themselves. Either it is we who produce these phenomena (which is unreasonable) or spirits. But mark this well: these spirits are not necessarily the souls of the dead; for other kinds of spiritual beings may exist, and space may be full of them without our ever knowing anything about it, except under unusual circumstances. Do we not find in the different ancient literatures, demons, angels, gnomes, goblins, sprites, spectres, elementals, etc? Perhaps these legends are not without some foundation in fact![994]

Flammarion was confident not only that the Martians were far superior to Earthlings, but that they ultimately would contact the earth through the means of mental telepathy.[995]

…the present inhabitation of Mars by a race superior to ours is very probable… The considerable variations observed in the network of waterways testify that this planet is the seat of an energetic vitality… we may hope that, because the world of Mars is older than ours, mankind there will be more advanced and wiser.[996]

Lowell also believed that an advanced civilization had existed on Mars. He believed that the Martians were trying to keep their planet alive via a worldwide canal network that channeled water from the Martian polar caps to the rest of the planet. He outlined this theory in Mars as the Abode of Life (1909) and Mars (1895). So great was Lowell’s convictions of the significance of Mars that he requested burial upon Mars Hill in Rome. After his death, Lowell’s relatives honored his request on November 12, 1916.

Percival Lowell’s views on Mars as potentially harboring intelligent life influenced the American astronomical and political community of his day.

In the summer of 1924 the U.S. Government ordered all radio transmitters in the country to maintain radio silence for 5 minutes on the hour, every hour, for a period of two days during the closest approach of Mars to the earth. The leader of the project was Dr. David Peck Todd, former head of the Amherst College astronomy department and friend of Percival Lowell. Todd asked the U.S. Government to turn off its high-powered transmitters for five minutes before each hour to give him “silent periods” in which to listen for signals during the close transit with Mars [35,000,000 miles from Earth] from August 21 to August 23rd. This was called “National Radio Silence Day.”

Cooperation for this period of radio silence worldwide was obtained through American diplomatic channels. Major General Charles Saltzman ordered all American military stations to monitor and report any unusual signals, though he didn’t order any cutback in normal transmissions. Admiral Edward W. Eberlen, Chief of Naval Operations, did the same for his branch of the military.[997] The U.S. Naval Observatory worked with Amherst College’s newly developed “radio photo message continuous recording machine” or “Radio-Camera” invented by Francis Jenkins. This machine produced flashes of light that were recorded on film whenever an incoming radio wave was detected. Jenkins was a well respected inventor who had developed the “phantascope” between 1891 and 1894 which was a forerunner of the moving picture projector. He also developed a mechanical scanning disc that could be used to produce television pictures from electric signals. By 1924 he had perfected his system to the point of being able to record these signals on photographic material.

World renowned code expert William F. Friedman, then Chief of the Code Section in the office of the Chief Signal Officer of the Army was standing by to translate any messages that may have come from Mars.[998] Friedman in 1952 became chief technical consultant to the National Security Agency and two years later became the special assistant to the director of the National Security Agency.[999]

Professor Todd set up a receiver 3000 meters above the ground in a dirigible tuned to a wavelength between 5 and 6 kilometers to record Martian signals during the silent periods.[1000] Todd also operated the Jenkins radio-camera for the Naval Observatory.[1001]  On August 21st the Jenkins Radio-Camera was turned on. A roll of sensitized paper about thirty feet long and about six inches wide, slowly moved past a point of light modulated by electrical radio signals fed from an antenna on Todd’s dirigible aimed at Mars.[1002]

After 36 hours of recording, the film was developed and Francis Jenkins, the machine’s inventor, told a stunned press conference that the device had indeed received signals and that in addition to a fairly regular arrangement of dots and dashes clusters of signals which seemed to appear every thirty minutes. The film also showed:

a repetition at intervals of about a half hour what appears to be a human face.[1003]

These strange patterns were reported to the public five days later on August 28, 1924 in the New York Times:

MYSTERY DOTS AND DASHES WAS MARS SIGNALLING? WHAT THE PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM REVEALED. The development of the photographic film of the radio signals for the 29 hour period while Mars was close to Earth, deepens the mystery of the dots and dashes heard by widely separated powerful stations. The film disclosed in black and white a regular arrangement of dots and dashes along one side. On the other, at about evenly spaced intervals, are curiously jumbled groups, each taking the form of a crudely drawn face.

The film record of the radio signals was later sent to Virginia Military Institute where it was confiscated by the NSA (National Security Agency).[1004]

This ambitious attempt to communicate with Mars was not the first in modern history. Over one hundred years before Radio Silence Day in 1820 Karl Gauss, the celebrated German mathematical astronomer, proposed planting parallel wide strips of pine forest in Siberia to enclose a huge right-angled Pythagorian triangle. The giant geometric figure would be a signal to Mars that intelligent beings occupied earth.

The Jan 15 1905 edition of New York Times wrote: “Nikola Tesla may use an oscillator to “wake up” Mars.” Nikola Tesla later declared in a letter to The New York Times (Jan 23): “I can easily bridge the gulf which separates us from Mars.” His apparatus consisted of a large primary coil 75 feet in diameter and a 3 foot wide copper ball mounted on top of a 196 foot tall mast. He increased the power of the signal, corresponding powerful alternating surges of electricity into the copper ball and into the ground, at the frequency of the Earth. Tesla wrote:

I think that nothing can be more important than interplanetary communication. It will certainly come some day and the certitude that there are other human beings in the universe, working, suffering, struggling, like ourselves, will produce a magic effect on mankind and will build the foundation of a universal brotherhood that will last as long as humanity itself.

Nikola Tesla had set up equipment in his laboratory near Pikes Peak, Colorado in 1899, six years before the Times article. Late one night in the fall of the same year, Tesla fired up his machine at full blast, in hopes of producing a phenomenon he called resonant rise. His tower pumped one hundred million volts into the earth’s surface. Tesla described why he had chosen this level of voltage in his Autobiography:

At this time I made a further careful study of the Bible, and discovered the key in Revelation. The first gratifying result was obtained in the spring of the succeeding year, when I reaching a tension of about 100,000,000 volts—one hundred million volts—with my conical coil, which I figured was the voltage of a flash of lightening.

The current raced through the earth at the speed of light, powerful enough to keep from dying out over the course of its journey. When it reached the opposite side of the planet, it bounced back, like ripples of water returning to their origin. Upon returning, the current was greatly weakened; but Tesla was sending out a series of pulses that reinforced one another, resulting in a tremendous cumulative effect.

At ground zero, where Tesla and his assistant stood bedazzled, the resonant rise manifested itself in an unearthly display of lightning that still stands as the most powerful man-made electrical surge in history. The returning current formed an arc of lightning that stretched skyward from Tesla’s tower and progressively grew to an incredible 130 feet long. Apocalyptic crashes of thunder were heard twenty-two miles away. Tesla had been concerned that there might be an upper limit to generating resonant surges, but now he believed the potential was limitless. The demonstration did come to an unexpected halt, but that was because the power surge caused the overloaded Colorado Springs power generator to burst into flames. Tesla received no further free power from the plant’s furious owners. Incandescent lights were set glowing 25 miles away.

In Collier’s Weekly (March 1901) Tesla was quoted:

I can never forget the first sensations I experienced when it dawned upon me that I had observed something possibly of incalculable consequences to mankind. I felt as though I were present at the birth of a new knowledge or the revelation of a great truth. My first observations positively terrified me, as there was present in them something mysterious, not to say supernatural, and I was alone in my laboratory at night; but at that time the idea of these disturbances being intelligently controlled signal did not yet present itself to me. The changes I noted were taking place periodically and with such a clear suggestion of number and order that they were not traceable to any cause known to me. I was familiar, of course, with such electrical disturbances as are produced by the sun, Aurora Borealis and earth currents, and I was as sure as I could be of any fact that these variations were due to none of these causes. The nature of my experiments precluded the possibility of the changes being produced by atmospheric disturbances, as has been rashly asserted by some. It was sometime afterward when the thought flashed upon my mind that the disturbances I had observed might be due to an intelligent control. Although I could not decipher their meaning, it was impossible for me to think of them as having been entirely accidental. The feeling is constantly growing in me that I had been the first to hear the greeting of one planet to another. A purpose was behind these electrical signals![1005]

Guglielmo Marconi, who while experimenting with a radio, [a concept which, according to modern myth, he had borrowed from Tesla] recorded a series of coded signals that appeared to be similar to Morse code. In the spring 1919, Marconi announced that several of his radio stations were picking up very strong signals “seeming to come from beyond the earth.” Despite intensive study these signals could not be decoded. Marconi’s only possible explanation was that they had to have originated from space. The American press heard the announcement in New York by J.C.H. MacBeth, the London Manager for the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company, that the Earth was in the process of communicating with beings from the planet Mars.

Schiaparelli consorted with other astronomers as well in an effort to build larger and more powerful telescopes in order to observe Mars in greater detail. Schiaparelli theorized that an observatory needed to be built high up on a mountain such as Teneriffe or Etna in Italy where “ the atmosphere lies under the feet of the observer, and the effects of its agitation can be partly eliminated.”[1006] The first astronomer to do what Schiaparelli advised was the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, Charles Piazzi Smyth (1819-1900) who set up a temporary mountain observatory on the peak of mount Teneriffe in 1856.

Three years before in 1853, Smyth had installed a “time ball” on top of the Nelson Monument on Calton Hill to give a time signal to the ships at Leith. This device operated under the same illumined symbolism as the Flamsteed ball in Greenwich. Smyth was also obsessed by the pyramids of Egypt and the mystical science of pyramidology. He is the only person to have resigned his fellowship of the Royal Society, after the Society refused to publish his papers on the subject.[1007]

In 1897, the American astronomer George Ellery Hale succeeded in building a 40- inch wide telescope atop a mountain at Yerkes Observatory, the largest telescope at that time. Hale later built a 100 inch lens—the largest solid piece of glass ever constructed—for the Palomar mountain observatory. Hale got the idea in 1910 one night when an “elf” climbed in his window while he was playing billiards and told him to get money for a telescope from the Rockefeller Foundation. Hale began receiving regular visits from the elf, who advised him on numerous matters, including the administration of a telescope on Mt. Wilson and the planning for the Mt. Palomar telescope. During the building of his 100 inch lens Hale spent time in a sanatorium and would only discuss his plans for the telescope with “the sympathetic green elf.”[1008]

In 1930 Mt. Palomar, the location endorsed by the diamon elf who had advised Hale, became home to a temple of the California branch of Aleister Crowley’s Ordo Templi Orientalis or the O.T.O. The name of this pivotal location for initiates in the mystery schools is a combination of the ending mars, and the familiar root pal, as in phalac, the god Pales or goddess called Pallas, or the patriarch Peleg, referring to the most recent Ouroboral suntelia during the aion of the Tower of Babel.

While investing most of his time at the Brera Observatory, Schiaparelli mapped Mars, Venus, and Mercury, the three most significant planets with respect to the mystery schools. When he discovered the only asteroid of his long career, Schiaparelli named it appropriately, Hesperia, demonstrating his knowledge of the mysteries, and his own quest for the golden fruit found in that Garden along the meridian of Isis.

Schiaparelli placed particular emphasis on researching the ancient astronomy of the Hebrews. In 1900 he retired and compiled his research of the ancient Hebrew writings concerning the cosmos in his work Astronomy in the Old Testament, (1903). His reasons were well founded. The actual origin of the name Cydonia is found in the very first book of the Old Testament.[1009]

Sidon was eldest son of Canaan whose father was Ham, the son of Noah. Sidon’s descendants were under a curse, according to Genesis 9:22–27. Sidon was the father of the Sidonians and Phoenicians. Josh 13:6 .

The name Canaan is both the historic country of Sidon and the Biblical father of Sidon. Cain, the first son of Adam and Eve and first murderer, and Canaan, the country and the descendent of Noah, both allude the occupation “trader” or “merchant.” The descendent of Noah Canaan is defined in Hebrew as a merchant or trader from Canaan, Ka na`an {ken-ah’-an}.[1010] The Old Testament uses the word canaan in this capacity:

He is a merchant (Canaan) -the balances of deceit are in his hand: he loveth to oppress. (Hosea 12:7)

She maketh fine linen, and selleth it; and delivereth girdles unto the merchant (Canaan). (Proverbs 31:24)

Cain, son of Eve, is defined in Lexicons of ancient Hebrew as meaning “lance or spear” from Kahyin, a play on the affinity of the word qanah {kaw-naw’} and also the cane or branch as well as a merchant.[1011]

In earlier chapters it was found that the Romans called the Caananites Cananaei, or Canaorum close etymology with the Latin word for the female dog, Canarius.[1012] These Latin words were traced to their origin from the Greek kuna or kunas meaning the dog- star, called by Homer, “the hound of Orion,” Homer. Illiad. 22.29. A Kuna is also Greek for watch-dog, or more commonly “a guardian of the servants, agents or watchers of the gods.”[1013]

In Hebrew the names Canaan and Cain are used in the sense of buying and selling, activities of the Greek Hermes, Egyptian Thoth and Roman Mercury. The name of the god Mercury literally means trade and commerce. The versions of this deity through time and various cultures carried with him the rod, or caduceus and was also known for the sciences of navigation, mathematics, astronomy and writing. Homer mentioned these skills as belonging to the city of Sidon with great praise. (Iliad, XXIII, 743; Odyssey, XV, 425; XIII, 285)

The Sidonians, according to tradition, are skilled in many beautiful arts, as the poet also points out; and besides this they are philosophers in the sciences of astronomy and arithmetic, having begun their studies with practical calculations and with night-sailings; for each of these branches of knowledge concerns the merchant and ship-owner; as, for example, geometry was invented, it is said, from the measurement of lands which is made necessary by the Nile when it confounds the boundaries at the time of its overflows. This science, then, is believed to have come to the Greeks from the Aegyptians; astronomy and arithmetic from the Phoenicians; and at present the far the greatest store of knowledge in every other branch of philosophy is had from these cities. And if one must believe Poseidonius, the ancient dogma about atoms originated with Mochus, a Sidonian [Phoenician], born before the Trojan times. (Strabo’s Geography)

In the opinion of Hubert Grimme, late professor of Semitic languages at the University of Münster, Germany, the Mosaical Tablets of the Law were one of the first, if not the first document in alphabetical script.[1014]

The names Tyre and Sidon, if spelled in the original Chaldee/Hebrew are Tzor and Tsidon . The letter tsadae makes the “TS” sound in these names, the Hebrew letter, tsadae, originally meant “man lying in wait, adversity, trouble, hunt, chase.”

The ancient Paleo-Hebrew form of tsadae is . The modern short hand astrological glyph for the sign Leo the lion bresembles the Hebrew tsadae. The lion was considered the greatest hunter in the ancient world and astrologically Leo is known by the illumined as a symbol of the sun and Osiris and the meaning of the name of his constellation Orion, “the hunter.”[1015] Dante the poet and occultist identified Mars with the constellation Leo.

He that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to death. And if a man lie not in wait, tsadah, but God deliver [him] into his hand; then I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee. (Exd 21:12)

I have cut off the nations: their towers are desolate; I made their streets waste, that none passeth by: their cities are destroyed, tsadah, so that there is no man, that there is none inhabitant. (Zep 3:6)

“To lie in wait” and “destroy” are the meanings of the root word of Sidon and Cydonia, tsadah. This also describes the act by which Cain became famous:

And in process of time it came to pass, that Cain brought of the fruit of the ground an offering unto the LORD. And Abel, he also brought of the firstlings of his flock and of the fat thereof. And the LORD had respect unto Abel and to his offering: But unto Cain and to his offering he had not respect. And Cain was very wroth, and his countenance fell. And Cain talked with Abel his brother: and it came to pass, when they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel his brother, and slew him. (Gen 4:3–8)

Ezekiel 28:12 is one of the most detailed Biblical passages concerning the rebel cherub known to the Gnostic mystery schools as Lucifer. Lucifer, or Satan, is called both the King (melek) of Tyre (stone) and the cherub from the Garden of Eden. A cherub is an order of angel or mal’ak in Aramaic. This passage also provides an ancient connection between Mars and the location on earth of the Sidonian land of Canaan:

Son of man, take up a lamentation upon the king of Tyrus and say unto him, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Thou sealest up the sum, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty. Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; (both Satan and Cain were in the garden of Eden) Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth; and I have set thee [so]: thou wast upon the holy mountain of God; thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones (eh-ben) of fire. (the cherub was not only on earth but among the fiery stones in the heavens, the planets) Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till iniquity was found in thee. By the multitude of thy merchandise they have filled the midst of thee with violence, and thou hast sinned: therefore I will cast thee as profane out of the mountain of God: and I will destroy thee, O covering cherub, from the midst of the stones of fire.

Jewish astrology associates the archangels with the planets: Raphael with the Sun, Gabriel with the Moon, Michael with Mercury, Aniel (Anael) with Venus, Samael with Mars, Zadkiel (Sachiel) with Jupiter, and Kafziel (Cassiel) with Saturn. The Talmud equates Samael, the angel of Mars, with Satan:

The evil Spirit, Satan, and Sama’el the Angel of Death, are the same. (Rabba Batra, 16a)

The biblical serpent in the tree of knowledge, referred to in Revelation 12:9 as “that old serpent” and “Satan,” was the cherub of Mars.

And the LORD God said, Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil: and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever: Therefore the LORD God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken. So he drove out the man; and he placed at the east of the garden of Eden Cherubims, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way of the tree of life. (Genesis 3:22–4)

Throughout the Hebrew Old Testament two words were used for a sword-like weapon, the Cherub and amazingly, the Kydon. Though the word kydon means “glorious or proud” in Greek, it means, “to strike” in Hebrew. The first place the word Cherub (two edged sword) is found in the old Testament is Genesis 3:24, referring to the weapon protecting the tree of life The first place Kydon (one edged sword ) is found is in the story of David and Goliath, as the sword of the Nephilim giant Goliath of Gath. The kydon is mentioned only three times: in Job 39:23 and 41:29 in reference to Leviathan “the great serpent,” and once in Joshua 8:18 and 26 as a weapon belonging to Goliath. The name Kydon and Sidon are used interchangeably in the dialects of the Mediterranean to represent the demi-god founder of Cydonia on Crete, King Kydon, son of Cadmus-Hermes.

Cain was considered, by the Gnostics mystery schools, to be the son of Lucifer. The Babylonian Talmud was a collection of ancient Hebrew scholarly and mystical writings of the Old Testament from the end of the fifth and in the first half of the sixth centuries A.D.[1016] According to the Talmud :

When the serpent mounted Eve, he injected filth into her. Israel who stood at Mount Sinai, their filth ceased; the other nations who did not stand at Mount Sinai, their filth has not ceased…[1017]

There is a similar passage in the Hebrew Cabalistic work The Zohar:

The sons of God were the sons of Cain. For when Samael mounted Eve, he injected filth into her, and she conceived and bare Cain. And his aspect was unlike that of the other humans and all those who came from his side were called sons of God.[1018]

The Zohar was written by Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai (150 CE—230 CE) in the form of parables and is in Aramaic, a language spoken in Biblical times. The Zohar is a compilation, mainly of commentary on the Pentateuch (the five books of the Old Testament) according to the latter’s division into fifty-two weekly lessons. Its title Zohar (light, splendour) is derived from the words of Genesis 1:3 “Let there be light.”[1019]

The Gnostic mysteries taught that Lucifer or Samael, from the Garden of Eden, was the teacher and the father of Cain. In Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 4:1, we read:

And Adam knew about his wife Eve that she had conceived by Sammael the wicked angel of the Lord [Sammael was evidently another name for Azazel or Satan], and she became pregnant and gave birth to Cain. He resembled the upper ones [angels] and not the lower ones, and she therefore said, “I have acquired a man, indeed, an angel of the Lord.”

Chapter Fourteen: The Arrows of Ares

Apres moi, le deluge.

(After me, the flood.)

—King Louis XV of France 1710–1774, Royal member of the Order of the Golden Fleece

According to the records of the Assyrians and Babylonians, Nergal was considered the deity represented by the sign Sagittarius. Sagittarius personified Nergal as regent of the red planet and as builder of cities. Unlike the depiction of Sagittarius in modern zodiacs as a half human half horse, Nergal was often depicted in Babylonian art as a distinctly Cydonian lion with a human head. Nergal’s symbolic animal was the lion, and colossal lions were engraved on buildings and temples to represent Nergal’s guardianship. Nergal seems to have been the lion-god represented by the colossal winged lions at the entrance to the palaces.[1020]

In Hebrew the name Nergal—from the root ner (lamp) and gal (rotating or rolling round object)—refers to the place of the god’s origins, a round, orbiting, glowing planet.[1021] Nergal, whom the Babylonians associated with Mars, was considered by the Israelites to be the same god as the Egyptian Horus.[1022]

Hermes, or Harmachis, was the Ptolemaic Greek version of the Egyptian god Horus, from the Egyptian words Heru-em-Akhet , meaning Horus of the Horizon. This version of Horus is represented as the Great Sphinx of Giza. Pliny the Elder, in his Natural History, wrote:

A little more than a bowshot from these pyramids is a colossal figure of a head projecting from the earth. If the dimensions of the head are a clue to those of the body, it must be more than 70 cubits long. On its face is a reddish tint, and a varnish as bright as if it had freshly put on. The face is remarkably beautiful, the mouth in particular has a charming expression; it seems to be smiling gently. The local inhabitants worship it as a deity… They believe King Harmachis is buried inside it, and like to think that it was transported there. It is, however, carved from local rock.[1023]

Horus, unlike his father Osiris who subdued the world by gentleness, song and flute (which Egyptians say he invented), was born a warrior. Horus was said to have assumed the shape of a human-headed lion to gain advantage over his father’s twin brother Set, and avenge the murder of Osiris. In this form Horus was the Sphinx.[1024] The Arabs assimilated the ancient Egyptian name of the Sphinx to their own language as Abul-hol which means “Father of Terror” in Arabic.[1025]

Hermes (Harmarchis), the messenger of the gods, is analogous to the word angelos in Greek, and malak in Hebrew, both meaning “a messenger.” The sphinx, the centaur (knower of the heavens), and Hermes were all composite deities with a message. Each have been depicted in ancient art with wings, signifying their ability to travel from the earth to the heavens and back again. Intriguingly, the National Aeronautic and Space Administration has catalogued a surface feature of Mars called Harmakhis Vallis, named for the god of Mars, depicted as the Egyptian Sphinx.[1026]

The Egyptians depicted Sagittarius with the same sphinx-like lion/human features which they had attributed to their god Horus. Just as the Babylonian Nergal was the symbolic messenger conveying the knowledge of the heaven to earth alignment, so also was the Egyptian god of Mars credited as the source dispersing this knowledge. The Egyptian Denderah ( tree in Greek) Zodiac depicts Sagittarius as an archer with a face in two halves, a face of a lion on one side and the face of a human on the other.[1027] The Denderah depiction of the Sidonian archer Sagittarius is a haunting echo of the famous Cydonian face on Mars.

The earliest correlation between Sagittarius and Nergal was found on a clay tablet in Sumer, in which Nergal is depicted with the hybrid of lion and human feature, and an astounding additional characteristic. The human side to the double-faced Sumerian Nergal bares a frighteningly accurate resemblance to the profile of the west side of the face—the human side of the face in a highly eroded state—on Cydonia Mars. (see image at end of the chapter)

There is another correlation between Mars, the Giza sphinx which symbolized the cataclysmic Flood of Noah, and the arrow-wielding indicator of the suntelia, Sagittarius. The antediluvians understood that the movement of the sun, moon and stars in the heavens regulated “times and seasons,” even comprehending the cycles of equinoxes. Enoch especially understood the heavens, due to his education by the angels, and passed that knowledge to his descendents through his son Methuselah:

Enoch a righteous man, whose eyes were opened by God, saw the vision of the Holy One in the heavens, which the angels showed me, and from them I heard everything, and from them I understood as I saw. (Book of Enoch 1:2)

Observe ye (Enoch) everything that takes place in the heaven, how they do not change their orbits, and the luminaries which are in the heaven, how they all rise and set in order each in its season, and transgress not against their appointed order. Behold ye the earth, and give heed to the things which take place upon it from first to last, how steadfast they are, how none of the things upon earth change, but all the works of God appear to you. (Book of Enoch 2:1–3)

Arthur W. Pink’s Gleanings in Genesis, best explains the meaning of the name Methuselah:

The name Methuselah strongly implies that Enoch had received a revelation from God. The name Methuselah signifies, “When he is dead it shall be sent; i.e., the deluge” (Newberry) Enoch named his son to reflect this prophecy. The name Methuselah comes from two roots: muth, a root that means “death”; and from shalach, which means “to bring,” or “to send forth.” Thus, the name Methuselah signifies, “his death shall bring.” And, indeed, in the year that Methuselah died, the flood came. Methuselah lived 969 years.

At its roots, the name Methuselah refers to the sign of the suntelia, the configuration of the heavens that would be the sign of the coming cataclysm. Though the name can mean, “his death shall bring” it also means, “Man of the Dart.”

Strong’s #4968: Methuwshelach {meth-oo-sheh’-lakh} from Strong’s #04962 math (men) and #7973 shelach (sword, weapon, dart).

The angelic rebel Watchers corrupted the descendants of Cain, Lamech and Tubalcain. These angels instructed them in the making of weapons, like the bow and arrow, and also provided them with knowledge of every other civilizing skill. To those initiates of the mystery schools who preserved the knowledge taught by the descended “gods,” the constellation Sagittarius represented the guard of the portal to the Duat. Sagittarius was the point on the zodiac where the sun rose during the suntelia; the arrow-man or “man of the dart” who pointed out that with this sign—the Milky Way ocean of stars encircling the earth and the sun rising from the mouth of the serpent Ouroboros—would come the cataclysmic end by Flood.

The same celestial symbolism of ancient myth—the wolf, dwarves & giants, the tree, the serpent, and the cataclysmic end of the age—surfaces in the Norse legend of Fenrir and Ragnorok. The canine demi-god Fenrir was the eldest child of Loki and the giant Angrboda. Loki and Angrboda also produced Hel, whose body was half blue, half flesh color, and Ibrmungandr, an enormous serpent. Odin learned of a prophecy that the wolf Fenrir and his family would one day be responsible for the destruction of the world. Odin expelled the dualistic goddess Hel from heaven, who fell into the abode of the dead, inhabited by giants, which was appropriately called Niflheim. Odin then seized Iormungandr and threw the great serpent into the sea, where very soon he became so large that he was able to wind himself completely around the earth and hold his tail in his mouth.

Later Odin caught the wolf Fenrir and locked him in a cage. Only the god of war, Tyr, dared to feed and take care of the wolf. It is interesting to note that “war god” is the particular occupation of the angel of Mars, and the Norse war god was named Tyr, like Tyre, the Sidonian city over which Melkart ruled. In the description of the earth- encircling serpent Ibrmungandr is the Norse interpretation of the sign of the suntelia, during the last Ouroboros alignment 12,500 years ago.

When Fenrir was still a pup the Norse gods had nothing to fear, but when they saw one day how he had grown, the gods decided to render him harmless. They chained Fenrir with the strongest chain they could make, but the wolf demi-god broke free. A second attempt to chain the wolf brought the same results. In desperation the gods ordered the craftsmen Svartalfar Dwarves to make a supernatural fetter so strong that it could not be broken. The Svartalfar created a magical ribbon called the Gleipnir, and the gods devised a plan to trick the wolf into being caught. They persuaded Fenris to go with them to an island in the middle of a lake, and then, after they had all joined in various sports, one of them brought out Gleipnir and proposed that Fenrir should once more give an exhibition of his strength. Fenrir accepted the challenge to prove his strength, but because he mistrusted the gods he asked for a token of good will—one of them had to put a hand between his jaws. It was the war god Tyr (counterpart of Mars and Sagittarius) who agreed to extend his hand into the wolf’s mouth, and the gods chained the wolf with the Gleipnir. No matter how hard Fenrir struggled, he could not break free from the thin ribbon. In revenge, he bit off Tyr’s hand.[1028] According to the Norse myth, on the day of Ragnarok, Fenrir will break his chains and join the giants in their battle against the gods. He will seek out Odin and devour him. Vidar, Odin’s son, will avenge his father by killing the wolf.[1029]

The wolf secured and bound by the thread of Gleipnir represented the secret knowledge or mystery religion kept secure and hidden until the next Ouroboral alignment. The island in the middle of the lake symbolizes the image of the last catastrophic epoch in 10,500 B.C. when Ouroboros circled the earth and the world rose from the cosmic sea. This cosmic cataclysmic cycle of the suntelia was kept by the great serpent and by Sagittarius, the archer horse-man or centaur. A ken-taur was a knower of the heavens, and Chiron the first centaur, was the teacher of such skills with the hands as: archery, music, and medicine. It was the keeper of the wolf, the war god Tyr (counterpart of Mars and Sagittarius) who lost his hand to the teeth of Fenrir, who embodied the secrets of Isis. The keepers of the secret knowledge of the heavens—knowledge received from the angel of Mars and his rebellious co-horts—were those who populated the cities of Tyre & Sidon. The Pelasgians, who were said to be “older than the moon,” founded the land of Sidonia.

Previous chapters have explained the meaning behind the myth that the sons of Mars, twins who had been suckled by a wolf, founded Rome. Romulus, deified as “Mars Quirinus,” was said to have instituted the Roman calendar, which began on April 21, 753 B.C. ab urbe condita AUC “from the birth of the city.” Astronomically the New Year sun rising in a new constellation marked this time. For 2160 years before this age the sun rose in Aries in March. In the year 753 BC the sun began rising in Pisces. On April 21 the planet Mars rose before the sun in the exact spot the sun had risen at the spring equinox just a month previous. On the date of the founding of Rome, the rising sun followed the rise of Mars. According to Plutarch, after Romulus ascended to heaven as Quirinus, Numa Pompilius succeeded him. Myths concerning Numa claim his birthday was the date of the founding of Rome, April 21, which associates him with the god Pales whose feast was celebrated on that date as well. Numa, whose name comes from the same root as “counting” and “coins” in Latin, began improving the calendar system, adding January in honor of the dualistic god of beginnings and endings, Janus. Some myths claim that the Greek mystery school adept Pythagoras gave advice on policy and reform to Numa. Plutarch, however, pointed out that the two might not have been contemporaries, but legend has preserved this association symbolizing the continuity between the Greeks and Romans. The correlation between the foundation myths, and the dating of the calendars, of both the Greeks and Romans was related to the time of the Trojan War. The fall of Troy and the events leading up to it were outlined in the writings of Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey.

Rome was founded, according to Varro, on April 21, 753 BC, calculated by referencing the Greek Olympic games which had been kept since the first Olympiad of 776 B.C. The legendary founder of the Olympics was Herakles, a god associated with the origin of the Milky Way, and also with the Martian god Melkart, city-god of Tyre. According to legend, Zeus himself invented the festival after defeating Cronus in the battle for Heaven. The games were held every four years at Altis, a sacred plain near the Hill of Cronus. The third day of the games began with a sacrifice to Zeus, which was the most solemn moment of the entire festival. A herd of 100 bulls (Centa- taurus) or hecatomb were slaughtered by assembled priests after a procession to the Great Altar of Zeus.[1030]

The mystery schools preserved the practice of the 100 oxen sacrifice, because it provided a symbolic reference to the ancient knowledge of Isis and the heavens. Pythagoras was said to have offered this peculiar sacrifice when he discovered the theorem named for him, also called the 47th proposition of Euclid. Intriguingly, the Euclid triangle is also called another, more taurine, name. It is known as the dulcarnein (two horns) or horns of a dilemma. The practice of sacrificing tauri at the fruition of a great work demonstrated how the play on the words Cen-taur came to be associated with the “key” to the problems of time, space, measure, mathematics, sciences and architecture. The consummate symbol of which is found in the mouth of the Ouroboros where the “clockworks of heaven” merge at the sign Sagittarius. Alexander Hislop explains the origin for the name Centaur:

The name for a priest, as written, is just Khn, and the vowel is supplied according to the different dialects of those who pronounce it, so as to make it either Kohn, Kahn, or Kehn. Kentaurus is evidently derived from Kehn, “a priest,” and Tor, “to go round.”[1031]

It was the Cydonian priests of Caanan who carried the knowledge from the Nephilim to the Greeks. The word kehn was related to the words in Latin for Caananites.

A hecatomb or sacrifice of 100 bulls was the Homeric ideal. The hekatombas, literally “one hundred oxen” was a traditional Greek communal sacrifice, especially associated with Apollo on the seventh day of the new moon festival (Burkert 1985:231). Apollo’s association with the hecatomb was preserved in the Iliad. Agamemnon had taken as a prisoner of war Chryseis, the daughter of Chryses, Apollo’s priest; Apollo responded to the dishonor, and to his priest’s request for vengeance. He took his silver bow and shot the animals of the Greeks with plague, then attacked the troops. To appease Apollo, Agamemnon sent Chryseis back with a hecatomb on a ship captained by Odysseus, saying:

Therefore the archer [Apollo] sent griefs against us and will send them still, nor sooner thrust back the shameful plague from the Danaans until we give the glancing-eyed girl back to her father without price, without ransom, and lead also a blessed hecatomb to Chryses; thus we might propitiate and persuade him.

Apollo, the serpentine god of prophecy and the giver of knowledge, called the “Shining One” and “Far Shooter,” the son of Zeus and Leto, was protector of the Pelasgian Trojans and fought on their side during the Trojan War. Homer’s Iliad and the Odyssey seem to have been composed in the mid to late eighth century BC, toward the end of the so-called Dark Ages circa 700 B.C. The poems concern events that took place in the early twelfth century B.C. The Trojan War—and the epic cycle of Greek myth and ultimately Roman myth—began with the fruit of Cydonia.

The first scene of the Iliad took place at a banquet of the gods held on the earth. The Goddess of Discord Eris, a consort of the god of Mars, was angered at not being invited to the gathering of the gods. Eris threw a golden Quince among the guests at the wedding banquet of Peleus and Thetis, marked “To the Most Beautiful.” Three goddesses, Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite, competed for the apple, each promising a bribe to Paris, son of Priam, if he would choose her. Paris had three choices of goddesses to consider, but chose Aphrodite for a number of symbolic reasons. Aphrodite had risen from the foam of the great ocean (the Milky Way), having her origin in the castrated (Castor of Gemini) and usurped Uranus’s phallus (from phalec the word for “division” or “watercourse”) remembering the lost phallus of Osiris which was searched for by the Egyptian counterpart of Aphrodite, Isis. Because Ares and Aphrodite, and their Roman counterparts Mars and Venus, were united in myth, it is appropriate that Paris chose to give the golden quince, the Pyrus Cydonia, to Aphrodite.

In return, Paris ended up with the mortal Helen—the sister of the “Gemini twins”—who embodied the secret knowledge of the alignment of heaven and earth, and the origins of the technology upon which civilization was founded. This myth is an esoteric Greek metaphor for the process of enlightenment. The man Paris, whose name in Greek comes from the same root as the word for the planet Mars—was named after that fiery philosopher’s stone. Paris appropriately chose Isis, the religion of Sirius, that produced wisdom and understanding, symbolized by “Helen,” meaning “light.”

The heroes of Greece who had also courted Helen had sworn an oath that they would defend her husband who ever he would turn out to be. Her husband was Menelaos, king of Sparta, whose name means, “withstanding the people.” When Helen ran off with Paris to Troy, Menelaos and his brother Agamemnon forced the heroes to keep their promise and join him in a great expedition to Troy to win Helen back. (This is alluded to briefly in Iliad 24.34–37).[1032]

The calendar of the Greeks began on July 1, 776 BC (the date of the first Olympic games) and used the metonic cycle, named after the Greek astronomer Meton. This was a cycle of 235 phases of the moon between its solstices—a length of time of about 19 years. According to the accepted date for the founding of Rome in 753 B.C. Romulus would have been 19 years of age when he founded Rome. This is the equivalent of one metonic cycle from the first Olympic games.[1033]

Incorporated into the Olympic origin myth are the main components to the aion cycle, and movement astronomically through signs of the zodiac. Although the Olympics are associated with the Greek gods and Herakles, its origin is linked to the god of Mars. Oinomaos, a son of Ares, challenged the suitors of his daughter Hippodameia (horse maiden) to a chariot race, the losers of which would die. Ares gave the horses used in the contest to Oinomaos. Oinomaos won the race 13 times before the 14th suitor, the hero Pelops (dark eyes—origin of the location named Peloponnesus), won the hand of the horse maiden Hippodameia.[1034] The horse theme underlying the myth is connected to Mars as the centaur, the guard at the gate of the duat, and the indicator of the cosmic clock of suntelias. Demeter, the goddess presiding over times and seasons, was associated with the Olympiad calendar system and horses. Myth preserves the mysteries of the goddess and her association with the Ouroboros time cycle, as embodied in the deity Poseidon. An ardent admirer of his sister goddess, Poseidon chased Demeter to Arcadia, where she attempted to hide in the form of a mare. Poseidon became a stallion and from that union issued the horse Arion, who was sometimes depicted with the half-face of a human, as a dualistic horse-man, another aspect of Sagittarius, and Mars as Ares the god of horses.

Pelops was the son of Tantalus, a wealthy king of Phrygia in Asia Minor, who enjoyed the friendship of the gods, with whom he shared meals.[1035] Tantalus is most famous for the punishment he incurred in Hades condemned to stand in water to the neck without ever being able to drink because the water receded as soon as he tried, and with fruits hanging over his head that receded when he tried to reach them.[1036] Several reasons are given for Tantalus’ punishment: revealing to men secrets of the gods heard at their table, or the theft of nectar and ambrosia for his mortal friends. Yet, another explanation has to do with his son Pelops.

Tantalus was said to have killed his young son and prepared a stew for the gods with the parts of his body in order to put their cleverness to the test. The gods had no problem finding out what they were served and none of them ate the stew, except hungry Demeter who ate a shoulder of Pelops. The gods then reassembled the body of Pelops and resurrected him, with an ivory shoulder to make up for the one Demeter had eaten.[1037] Like Pelops, another god who was at one time murdered and chopped into pieces, and then resurrected to new life, was Dionysus. These dismembered and reassembled deities are echoes of the Egyptian Osiris, who symbolized the body of knowledge which was scattered and reassembled by Isis. The Olympic games were a religious symbolic enactment of the quest for hidden knowledge lost after the deluge.

The area of Asia Minor was the first of a series of settlements founded by the Pelasgian race, descendants of Canaan and Sidon. The Pelasgian religion, which was the basis for the mystery schools of Samothrace and Crete—inherited by Rome—worshipped aspects of a god who fell from heaven bringing the foundations of civilization, and his consort the goddess of sacred locations. As they traveled establishing branches of the mysteries throughout the Mediterranean, the Pelasgians encountered people who were “in the dark”—like the “dark-eyed” Peloponnesians—until the secret knowledge was disclosed. The Peloponnesians (land of the dark-eyed) became through the influence of the Cretan mysteries, Hellenes (of the light), and ultimately Romans (high ones).

Clay impression of an archer-war god Nergal (Mars) with a double “lion-human” face. This early Assyrian “Sagittarius” depicts the Cydonia face in its state of extreme erosion, circa 5000B.C.

The same dual lion-human face is seen in Sagittarius from the zodiac of the temple of Hathor, Dendra, Egypt.

The head of Sagittarius as Nergal of the Assyrians bears a striking resemblance to the “face of Cydonia Mars” in profile. The two-faced feature of the lion and human seen in these images fits R. C. Hoagland’s theory that the face on Mars is a bi-faced lion man:

Profile of Cydonia face. Image by author.

NASA image of the face on Cydonia Mars.

Enhanced image of bi-faced monument on Cydonia Mars from R. C. Hoagland’s Enterprise Mission.

And it [the paneling of the holy place of the temple] was made with cherubs…and two faces were to a cherub, the face of a man, toward the palm tree from here, and a young lion’s face toward the palm tree from there. It was made to all the house round and round…on the wall of the temple. (Ezekiel 41:18)

Chapter Fifteen: The Pillars of Witness

Is there a thing of which one might say, See this, it is new. It has already been for the ages which were before us.

—Ecclesiastes 1:10

Civilizations of angels, “the gods,” lived in the solar system in the aions before Adam. The center of the angelic kingdom was on a large planet near Mars, the 5th from the sun. When the planet Astera/Krypton/Rahab exploded, the blast not only destroyed the angelic civilization on Mars, but also decimated life on planet earth. At some point after this period of solar system-wide chaos, as Genesis discloses, God made Adam as a distinct being, keeping him separate and secluded from the rest of the world in the Garden of Eden. Adam was made from the very dirt of the earth, and Adam’s descendents would retain that connection to the planet, looking forward to a future time when God Himself would dwell on earth among them.

According to modern initiates of the Gnostic and Masonic mystery schools—whose sphere of influence extends from NASA to the Pentagon, and across the globe—the ultimate achievement of man will be when he reaches out far enough from earth to encounter the ruins of that Lost Golden Age remaining at Cydonia. When worthy men walk on Mars, among the remains of the city of the gods, it will be the completion of the enterprise undertaken during the last suntelia, the Tower of Babel. The Cydonian monuments have survived bombardment with pieces of the exploded planet Rahab, and weathered millennia, declaring that Mars is the red Philosopher’s Stone, which passed through the fire.

Individually the Hebrew letters which spell Rahab are: r Resh, Head, Prince or Chief, h He, Word, Revelation and Spirit, b Beth, House or temple. Job 26:12:

He divideth the sea with his power, and by his understanding he smiteth Rahab. You were the anointed cherub that covers, and I had put you in the holy height of God. (Ezekiel 28)

Satan, the greatest of God’s angels, “sealed the measure” of perfection and beauty of all creation, choosing to display himself as an “angel of light.” The cherub who became Satan was a created being, made to reflect the Word of God, the power that had created the material universe and all the intelligent beings in it. Job 15:15 describes God’s assessment of the angels and their dwelling places, after they rebelled:

Behold, He puts no trust in His holy ones, and the heavens are not clean in His eyes.

When Satan and his angels rebelled, God destroyed their dwelling places, literal cities built on several planets in this solar system.

Thou hast defiled thy sanctuaries by the multitude of thine iniquities, by the iniquity of thy traffick; therefore will I bring forth a fire from the midst of thee, it shall devour thee, and I will bring thee to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all them that behold thee. Ezekiel 28:18

God brought a fire from the midst of the fifth terrestrial planet. This planet, which God called Rahab, was shattered.

Is not my Word like a fire? says the Lord; and like a hammer that breaks the lofty rock in pieces? Jer. 23:29

According to the book of Enoch, after Satan’s kingdoms were destroyed, many of the rebellious angels were bound and held until the Day of Judgment on the earth. Other factions of the rebel angels continued to exist in relative freedom, retaining their ability to travel through the atmosphere of the earth, and among the planets. They are the “principalities and powers” in high places, described by Paul. These angels have authority to deceive and lie, yet continue their existence only within the boundaries set by God; they still are under subjection to him:

God will not withdraw His anger; the helpers of Rahab crouch under Him. (Job 9:13)

Rule and fear are with Him. He makes peace in His high places. Is there any number of His armies? (Job 25:1–3)

The angels prior to their rebellion built the monumental sphinx face of Cydonia. Perhaps one of the most important discoveries concerning the meaning of the face was made by Richard Hoagland in his book The Monuments of Mars.

If the face was a constructed object, and if its purpose was to mark the position of the Summer Solstice for someone standing in the City, and if the “sightline” was that perfectly straight “mouth” running north-east/ southwest—and aimed directly toward the city square—then that sightline would have to be oriented at a 90 degree angle to the line marking the bisymmetrical centerline of the face itself. Sometime in the cavernous, yawning geologic past of this extraordinary planet—a world that had held center stage on Man’s attention as the one place in all the solar system where there might be other “Life”—if one of those hypothetical “Martians” had stood in the center of “my” City, in the city square- they would have seen the earth rise brilliant in the Dawn. And, a few moments afterward, the sun itself would have “magically” appeared… Rising directly out of the “mouth” of the god—like figure in the Martian desert—if it even was a “desert,” then… For the last time this alignment would have worked was half a million years ago.[1038]

What Hoagland described as a celestial benchmark for measuring the age of the Cydonian face was actually the key to the purpose of this monument in the pre-rebellion city of angels on Mars. G.H. Pember wrote of the angelic cities in the aions before Adam:

In remote ages, before the first whisper of rebellion against God, Satan, as the great governing head and the viceroy of the Almighty, assisted by glorious beings of his own nature, ruled over sinless dwellers of the heavenly places. At the same time he directed the worship of his subjects, and expounded to them the oracles of the all-wise Creator.[1039]

The face on Mars was a depiction of a cherubim, intended as a celestial message and an “oracle.” Angels called cherubim were depicted in art as a combination of at least two of four animals: a lion, bull, or eagle with the head of a human. These forms correspond not only to the signs of the zodiac, but to the four brightest stars in the zodiac: Fomalhaut, in Aquarius (man), Regulus, in Leo (lion), Anteres, in Opheocus (serpent holder, or eagle), and Aldeberan in Taurus (the bull). All four of these stars are arranged three signs apart, in the four corners of the heavens. The word kerubim means “one who intercedes” between the earth and the heavens. The two-faced Cydonian sphinx embodied the celestial message of God’s witness in the stars, and His plan through the ages. A similar architectural design incorporating dualistic sphinx-kerubim appeared, amazingly, in Ezekiel’s description of the future temple to God in Jerusalem:

And it, (the walls of the temple) was made with cherubs and palm trees; and a palm tree was between cherub and cherub. And two faces were to a cherub, the face of a man from the palm tree from here, and a young lion’s face toward the palm tree from there. It was made to all the house round and round. (Ezekiel 41:18–19)

At the time when Mars was a hospitable planet, the angels who dwelt there enjoyed the significance imbued in their physical components, as reflections of the Creator. The very makeup of the cherubim was such that they were compelled to render their surroundings—architecture and art—with the same meaning and design that they themselves possessed. The angels were made to reflect the Word of God that spoke creation into being. The angels built the Cydonian sphinx to symbolize the power of God’s Word. The sunrise from the mouth of the face on the Martian solstice, the day of the greatest duration of light, was the physical representation of Genesis 1:3:

And God said, let there be light, and there was light.

The rising of the earth followed by the sun from the “mouth” of the face commemorated the creation, when God spoke the worlds into existence:

By the Word of the Lord the heavens were made. (Psalm. 33:6)

The worlds were framed by the Word of God. (Heb. 11:3)

The angels were overjoyed by the physical creation that God had made. God questioned Job from the whirlwind:

Where were you when I laid the foundations of the earth? … or who cast it’s corner stone, when the morning stars sang together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy? (Job 38:4–7)

An oracle of the future having to do with the plan for creation, and specifically the earth, mystified and obsessed the angels from the begining. From Mars the blue earth appeared brighter in the sky than any star or planet except Jupiter—brighter than Venus appears from the earth. On the morning of the Martian summer solstice, the longest day of the Martian year, the earth appeared to rise from the mouth of the face on Cydonia before the sun, symbolizing “the light of God shall dawn on earth.”

The Apostle Paul explained that God’s plan for humans was intended as a demonstration to “powers in heavenly places”—to the angels who are watching the earth:

…(God has) made known unto me the mystery; Which in other ages was not made known unto the sons of men, as it is now revealed unto his holy apostles and prophets by the Spirit… which from the beginning of the world hath been hid in God, who created all things by Jesus Christ …To the intent that now unto the principalities and powers in heavenly places might be known by the called out ones the manifold wisdom of God, According to the eternal purpose which he purposed in Christ Jesus our Lord. (Eph 3:11)

The earth is the world where the Word of God, the Creator of everything would become a human being. According to Hoagland, the face and the edge of the Cydonian city seem to have at one time been bordered by a shallow inland sea.[1040] This would have resulted in a reflection of the face in profile when viewed from afar. Again this conveys an intriguing echoed symbolism: God reigns both in heaven and on the planets. The plan for humans on earth was in existence before God had even created Adam in His own image. The Roman philosopher Cicero believed “the created reflected the creator”:

For the divine form we have the hints of nature supplemented by the teachings of reason. All men of all races naturally derive the notion of gods as having human shape and none other; for in what other shape do they ever appear to anyone, awake or asleep? But not to make primary concepts the sole test of all things, reason itself delivers the same pronouncement. For it seems appropriate that the being who is the most exalted, whether by reason of his happiness or of his immortality, should also be the most beautiful; but what disposition of the limbs, what cast of features, what shape or outline can be more beautiful than the human form? You Stoics, at least, Lucilius, (for my friend Cotta says one thing at one time and another at another) habitually portray the skill of the divine creator by enlarging on the beauty as well as the utility of design displayed in all parts of the human figure. But if the human figure surpasses the form of all other living beings, and a god is a living being, then a god must possess the shape which is the most beautiful of all; and since it is agreed that the gods are supremely happy, and no one can be happy without virtue, and virtue cannot exist without reason, and reason is only found in the human shape, it follows that the gods possess the form of man. Yet their form is not corporeal, but only resembles bodily substance; it does not contain blood, but the semblance of blood. (Cicero, 106–45 BC)[1041]

Due to popular misconceptions propounded by organized religion in the past two millennia, there are many who consider ridiculous the idea that Satan has ever existed in a literal physical realm. Some people believe in a concept of “evil” that has been embodied in folklore in a being conveniently called “the devil.” Others hold onto the non-threatening tenet that if Satan does exist at all, he is cordoned off from mankind, deep in the region of hell. The monuments of Cydonia were built by literal physical beings; the divine truths disclosed by the Martian sphinx attest to their angelic origin. Satan, however, will distort the meaning of the monuments on Mars that were originally intended to give glory to God, and use them instead to blaspheme God and lead humans astray.

The geometric relationship of the monuments reveals other corroborating evidence of an angelic message reflecting a cosmic plan. The arrangement of the monuments, when viewed from space—as the probes from earth first encountered and photographed them—are situated so that the 5-sided pentagonal pyramid directs the line of sight towards the face. While the initiates of the mystery school of Pythagoras would understand the pentagon on Mars to have numerological meaning, there is a system of Biblical Numerics by which the monumental relationships can be decoded as well. The D&M Pyramid of Cydonia has five sides, which cover a metaphoric “sixth side” underneath—the number “5” typifies “Grace” covering the number “6” typifying man’s sinful nature. The message of the Martian pyramid interpreted according to Bible numerics is that of Atonement , grace covers sin.[1042] To the north of the Martian Pentagon, sits the city complex, comprised of 12 giant pyramids—four central structures of classic pyramidal shape surrounded by 5 larger various shaped pyramid-like edifaces. Biblical numerics applied to the city complex shows again the number 5, grace, surrounding 4, the number of creation.

The word translated as “pillar” in the King James Old Testament comes from the word matstsebah, meaning “monument.” The following passage describes the purpose of such monuments—to provide a witness to the future.

And Jacob took a stone, and set it up [for] a pillar (matstsebah). And Jacob said unto his brethren, Gather stones; and they took stones, and made an heap: and they did eat there upon the heap. And Laban called it Jegarsahadutha (heap of stones): but Jacob called it Galeed (witness heap). And Laban said, This heap [is] a witness between me and thee this day. Therefore was the name of it called Galeed; And Mizpah (watch tower); for he said, The LORD watch between me and thee, when we are absent one from another. (Gen 31:45–47)

In that day shall there be an altar (mizbeach) to the LORD in the midst of the land of Egypt, and a pillar (matstsebah) at the border thereof to the LORD. And it shall be for a sign and for a witness unto the LORD of hosts in the land of Egypt. (Isaiah 19:19–20)

Pyramidologists have long been fascinated with the prophecy of Isaiah 19 that described a Matstsebah in the land of Egypt. Bible scholars have pointed out that Isaiah 19:19 seems to describe two structures—a pillar and an altar—but pyramidologists argue that the Giza pyramid fulfills both. The Great Pyramid sits on the border between upper and lower Egypt, and the name Giza actually means “border.” The phrases, “in the midst” and “at the border of” describe the only structure known to exist in both places at once, the Great Pyramid of Giza. It has been pointed out by numericists that the sum of the Hebrew letters (which are also numbers) comprising the “Pyramid Text” of Isaiah 19:19 actually equal the height of the Great Pyramid in inches. The standard for the inches used for this calculation is embossed within the Great Pyramid itself.[1043]

The Hebrew for Egypt is Matsrayim meaning, “Place of Mounds.” The modern name Egypt originated from the word Aiguptios a Greek transliteration of the ancient name of the capital of Egypt Hikuptah meaning, “the house of the spirit of Ptah.”[1044] Hikuptah is now the city called Memphis.

Ptah was the god of the Ta-tenen, the primordial mound, the “Island from the Dawn of Time” also called the “Rising Land” or “The First Land.” Ptah was also the patron of architecture and stonemasonry. The transit, an indespensible tool of masons, was one of Ptah’s symbols. Ptah’s High Priest was deemed a “Master Builder,” and it was Ptah who crafted the boats that the dead used to travel the great ocean to the Duat. Due to these atributes, the Greeks associated Ptah with Hephaestos, the craftsman god who had fallen to earth.[1045] Ptah and the other gods were called, in Egyptian, Ntr “Guardians” or “Watchers.”[1046]

The Edfu Texts had described the significance of the “mounds” of the divine builder gods—the rebel angels. The correct building of mounds according to the template disclosed by the builder gods would bring about a “resurrection of the destroyed world of the gods.” The destroyed world—which included Mars and the parent planet Rahab—was referred to as the “Homeland of the Primeval Ones,” where the “earliest mansions of the gods were founded.” This idea is both accurate and profane. The mounds of earth and Mars preserved geometric and symbolic knowledge demarcating the end of the Aions, and forwarning impending judgment. The building of monumental mounds—by both humans and angels—was initially intended to worship God the Creator, Who has declared the ending from the very beginning of His creation.

I have declared the former things from the beginning; and they went forth out of my mouth, and I shewed them; I did them suddenly, and they came to pass. (Isaiah 48:3)

Remember the former things of old; for I am God and there is none else; I am God, and there is none like me. Declaring the end from the beginning, and from the ancient times the things that are not yet done, saying my counsel shall stand, and I will do my pleasure. (Isaiah 46:9–10)

Both the pentagonal pyramid and the giant hill or tholus on Cydonia were built to the exact instructions God gave to Moses while on Mount Sinai.

An altar of earth thou shalt make unto me… in all places where I record my name I will come unto thee, and I will bless thee. (Exodus 20:24)

The rebel angels continued to build the same structures before and after the deluge. The huge architectural ruins on Mars have counterparts on planet earth. Monuments built by the fallen builder gods, the rebel angels, are stamped with the geometric mark of heavenly wisdom. This divine knowledge once employed in giving glory to the Creator, was, after the rebellion, twisted by the satanic cherub’s pride and used to focus on his counterfeit glorious aspirations. Satan said:

I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God: I will sit also upon the mount of the congregation, in the sides of the north: I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the most High. (Isaiah 14:13–14.)

Chapter Sixteen: The Return of the Golden Age

Mundus vult decipi, ergo decepiatur.

(The world wants to be fooled, this it is fooled.)

Plato’s Timaeus described the island of Atlantis, said to have existed west of the Pillars of Hercules and opposite Mt. Atlas. The 19th century Theosophic mystery school called this land Poseidonis, which was said to have sank beneath the waves c.9,564 B.C. This last remnant in the Atlantic Ocean of the vast Atlantean continent was said by ancient Mediterranean writers such as Plato to have been approximately the size of Ireland and, due to the wickedness of its otherwise highly civilized inhabitants, to have been swallowed up and submerged by the ocean in a night and a day.[1047]

Significantly the name Plato means “strong shoulders”; Atlas the Titan king of Atlantis supported the pillars of heaven and earth on his own strong shoulders. It is no coincidence that the first story of Atlantis is only found in one work, Plato’s Republic.[1048]

Plato’s story of Atlantis is the best known of the “invisible lands,” exemplifying the Gnostic mystery school’s idyll of a utopian golden age which will some day rise from whence it sank.

Atlantis “sank” during the sunteleia of the alignment of Ouroboros 12,500 years ago at the boundary between the Pleistocene and Holocene geological eras. This geological boundary was marked by global die-offs consistent with catastrophic flooding.[1049] Godfrey Higgins in his work Anacalypsis makes the connection between Atlantis’s ringed design and the Ouroborol alignment that occurred during the deluge:

Ilavratta, Id-avratta, or Ararat, or Mount Meru, of the Indians, was surrounded with seven belts of land, and seven seas, and, beyond them, by one much greater, called the Ocean. The Mount, with its seven belts in the form of an ellipse, was a type of the planets in their elliptic orbits—with the sun, the seat of the generative principle in their centre, all floating in the ocean or firmament. The whole was represented by the Lotus, swimming in the water; …or an Argha-polis, or Arco- polis, or acropolis, and seven other hills, and surrounded with seven districts, and one larger than the others, called oceanus.[1050]

Atlantis and Arcadia represented the civilizations on earth before the deluge. Arcadia was the obsession of many initiates throughout history, embodying that which was lost and destroyed by the deluge. Mystery school symbolism inundates the following account of Lycidas, by the Greek poet Theocritus (c. 300-260 B.C.):

…we met a traveler, a worthy Cydonian man, Lycidas by name. A goatherd was he, nor could one mistake the fact, for he was exceedingly like a goatherd to see… . I said, “Lycidas, friend, all men say that you are the best piper by far among reapers and herdsmen, and this certainly cheers my heart, and yet I rather think that I am equally skilled…” Cunningly I spoke, and the goatherd smiled sweetly and said, “I’ll make you a gift of this olive club since you are a shoot fashioned all for truth by father Zeus—but see if it pleases you, this song which I composed on the mountainside but yesterday… once the wide coffer enclosed the goatherd alive by the wicked shamelessness of a king.

Virgil also wrote of the myth of Arcadia, describing the character Lycidas as mourned through song but living in a heavenly realm, sunk not by the storm but by the flaws in his boat. The name Lycidas was derived from Greek lukos (wolf), and idas (son of). Apollo was himself born of a wolf—the metamorphosed mother of apollo, Leto. Apollo was the god of prophecy, medicine and poetry, skills also held by Hermes/ Mercury/ Thoth. Apollo was a skilled archer with the credit of being the first victor of the Olympian Games. Diana the hunter, (Sidonian) was Apollo’s twin sister. Her symbol was the stag which was the inspiration for the stag statue built at Rhodes after the Colossus of Helios fell. The connection between the illuminator and the shepherds of Arcadia was reinforced with the words of Plato: “When, on the other hand, the gods purge the earth with a deluge of water, the survivors in your country are herdsmen and shepherds who dwell on the mountains.” Timaeus

John Milton, author of Paradise Lost, incorporated the theme of a flood and the lycanthropic character named Lycidas (wolf) in A Lament for a friend drowned in his passage from Chester on the Irish Seas (1637):

Weep no more, woful Shepherds weep no more, For Lycidas your sorrow is not dead, Sunk though he be beneath the watry floar, So sinks the day-star in the Ocean bed, And yet anon repairs his drooping head, And tricks his beams, and with new spangled Ore, Flames in the forehead of the morning sky: So Lycidas sunk low, but mounted high, Through the dear might of him that walk’d the waves Where other groves, and other streams along, With Nectar pure his oozy Lock’s he laves, And hears the unexpressive nuptiall Song, In the blest Kingdoms meek of joy and love.There entertain him all the Saints above, In solemn troops, and sweet Societies That sing, and singing in their glory move, And wipe the tears for ever from his eyes.[1051]

The wolf represented the mystery religion of Isis (Gnostic Eve), anchored by Sirius the dog-star. According to the Gnostic mystery schools, the Cydonian shepherd was the cherub whose power founded their religion, and created the lineage of the first son of Lucifer, Cain, the child raised by the wolf. This angel is only called Lucifer in Isaiah 14:

How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! [how] art thou cut down to the ground, which didst weaken the nations! For thou hast said in thine heart, I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God: I will sit also upon the mount of the congregation, in the sides of the north: I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the most High.

The translation of the word llyh heylel as “Lucifer” appears only in certain older translations of Isaiah.[1052] Halal is a verb meaning to praise, glory, to boast or shine.[1053]

The well-known, modern-day exclamation halleluyah hyllh is the combination of this word, with part of the ineffable name of God attatched to it, meaning “to praise God.”

The Syriac Old Testament and the version of Aquila Old Testament derive the Hebrew noun helel llyh “light-bearer,” from the verb yalal, lly “to lament”; St. Jerome agrees with them (in Isaiah 1:14), and makes Lucifer the name of the principal fallen angel who must lament the loss of his original glory.[1054] The Syriac or “Aramaic,” version of the Old Testament including both the Syriac and the Chaldee was made early in the second century AD. It was made directly from the original Hebrew text, and not from the LXX Septuagint Greek translation of the Old Testament. It contained all the canonical books, along with some Apocryphal books.

As the women of Egypt wept for Osiris, as the Phoenician and Assyrian women wept for Tammuz, so in Greece and Rome the women wept for Bacchus, whose name meant “the bewailed,” or “lamented one.” The early Canaanite god Baal “the lord” was combined with the Chaldee word Bakhah ,”to weep” or “lament” in the place name for the greatest megaliths yet discovered on earth in Baal-bek Lebanon formerly known as Sidonia.[1055]

The original version of the lament for the Cydonian wolf is found in the Old Testament, Ezekiel 28:12–19:

Son of man, take up a lamentation upon the king of Tyrus, and say unto him, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Thou sealest up the sum, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty. Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone [was] thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created. Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth; and I have set thee so: thou wast upon the holy mountain of God; thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire. Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till iniquity was found in thee. By the multitude of thy merchandise they have filled the midst of thee with violence, and thou hast sinned: therefore I will cast thee as profane out of the mountain of God: and I will destroy thee, O covering cherub, from the midst of the stones of fire. Thine heart was lifted up because of thy beauty, thou hast corrupted thy wisdom by reason of thy brightness: I will cast thee to the ground, I will lay thee before kings, that they may behold thee. Thou hast defiled thy sanctuaries by the multitude of thine iniquities, by the iniquity of thy traffick; therefore will I bring forth a fire from the midst of thee, it shall devour thee, and I will bring thee to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all them that behold thee. All they that know thee among the people shall be astonished at thee: thou shalt be a terror, and never shalt thou be any more.

Immediately after the cherub’s lament, Ezekiel documented a judgment against Cydon:

Son of man, set thy face against Sidon, and prophesy against it, And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, O Zidon; and I will be glorified in the midst of thee: and they shall know that I am the LORD, when I shall have executed judgments in her, and shall be sanctified in her. For I will send into her pestilence, and blood into her streets; and the wounded shall be judged in the midst of her by the sword upon her on every side; and they shall know that I am the LORD. Ezekiel 28:20–23

Paradoxically the incredible monuments on Mars that will lead humanity to believe themselves the progeny of an extraterrestrial race were built in the beginning to worship God. The understanding of this architectural worship, created by angels who had not yet rebelled, is the means by which God will be” Glorified in the midst of thee.”

The mystery schools of Gnosticism advocate rebellion against the “god who would keep man in darkness.” With the advent of the new millennium and the advances in understanding secret doctrine it is apparent that a key point in man’s development has been arrived at once again. This time the illumined seek to re-awaken the so-called collective consciousness of mankind to the fact that there was a “Golden Age” and that it is nearly within the grasp of those worthy elite once again. In the Gnostic tradition, the elite believe that the Archon will become jealous once again and try to destroy mankind in his quest for the knowledge of the lost golden age. The culmination of this belief will be what the Bible has called the battle between good and evil—with the Gnostic twist on the characters involved. Despite the end time lie perpetrated by the minions of the lying cherub and those who worship him as the Angel of Light, the God of the Bible has already declared how this conflict will end.

According to Plutarch and the Neoplatonists, Sirius is the key to the “lost” knowledge embodied in Osiris. Osiris was the “father god” who was killed by his twin Set. Osiris’s body was initially put into an ark intact, which floated to the city of Byblos on the coast of Sidonia. This represented the pre-Flood “body of knowledge” coming to rest at Sidonia, and, more importantly, it was from Sidonia that the pre-Flood knowledge was disseminated after the Flood. The Sidonians were the children of Noah. The name Byblos is from the same root as the name for the Bible, leading mystery schools to teach that only the properly initiated can interpret the secrets of the Bible.

Ancient foundation myths chronicle the influence of rebel angels throughout mankind’s history. Before the suntelia corresponding to Noah’s Flood, the Cosmic Clock of the Ouroboros in the heavens—indicated by the Cydonian archer Sagittarius—delineated the age when the Greek Titans would no longer rule. The impending sign of the suntelia told the elder Titans and their ruler Cronus that time was almost up; in myth Cronus began the Ouroboros-like activity of devouring his own offspring. Cronus himself knew that the former gods could successfully be overthrown. Cronus had castrated his father Ouronos, throwing the phallus into the ocean from which arose the embodiment of Isis, Aphrodite.

The Egyptians commemorated in myth the ending of the age of the Elder gods, as symbolized by the death of Osiris. Isis had found the lost body of Osiris intact in Sidonian Byblos and brought him back to Egypt, symbolizing the consolidation of Sidonian knowledge in the Egyptian religion once again. The evil serpentine twin of Osiris Set found the body and dismembered it—scattering it at the suntelia corresponding to the Tower of Babel, in which the languages were confused and knowledge spread with populations across the earth. The Olympian gods were scattered during that suntelia as well, being commemorated in the myths of dismembered deities like Dionysus and the “dark eyed” Pelops. The names of deities, like Pallas Athene, and the deity Pales (whose feast day was on the day of Rome’s founding), preserve the memory that something was divided and scattered at the last suntelia. The phallus was the regenerative part; in myth the “missing” phallus is also an arrow. This arrow represents the celestial marker of Sagittarius who points out the mouth of the Ouroboros. In the precession of the Equinox, the Titan’s age began in Gemini, the name of the twin Castor commemorating the castrated god Ouronos. The Olympian age began with the suntelia of the Flood, and the sign of Leo. Osiris was dismembered, and the knowledge that went into the building of the Tower of Babel was scattered, during the age of Taurus—where Orion, the constellation of Osiris resides. The age of Christ began at Pisces, the fish that swallowed the phallus.

It is now “just as the days of Noah,” and the Ouroborus is once again encircling the earth with the sign of the suntelia being pointed out by Sagittarius. The age we are presently living in is Aquarius. The arrow or phallus of regeneration will be found and the age of the gods will be resurrected, according to the mystery schools. Both the arrow and the archer—the Cydonian Sagittarius or Nergal—represent Mars, the sought after Philosopher’s Stone.

“Enyalios” is the earliest name yet discovered for the god of Mars. This is the ancient Cydonian name for the god Ares of the Greeks. Enyalius is a name found in the Linear B tablets from Knossos in which divinities were mentioned in contexts dealing with offerings made to them—dated at approximately the 14th to the 12th C. B.C.[1056] Linear B, the ancient script found initially at Knossos in central Crete, was first deciphered by a British architect Michael G. Ventris, and John Chadwick in 1952. Later, it was also found in the centers of Mycenaen civilization on the Greek mainland.[1057]

This name from Crete continued in usage from the Mycaenean civilization to Greece and eventually to Rome. Enyalius the proto-Ares continued to be used in Sparta in Greece in the 8th century B.C. The Romans adopted a female form of Enyalios, Enyo who became the consort of Mars in battle. Enyo was also known as one of the offspring of the serpentine Titans Phorkys and Keto. She and two other sisters were known as the Graiai, (literally, the Grays). Hesiod wrote: “they were born with fair faces and were gray from birth, and were gods who are immortal and men call Graiai, the gray sisters, Pemphredo robed in beauty and Enyo robed in saffron.”—Hesiod’s Theogony 270–273.

The Graiai were the guardians of the forged works of the Cyclops and similarly shared a single eye between them. They like the earliest gods knew the secret places of the earth and shared the characteristics of their parents, namely the single eye of the Ouroboros or, symbolically, the round orb of heaven that joined with earth. The parents of the Graiai, Phorkys and Keto, also produced the serpent Ladon who guarded the golden Cydonian fruit in the garden of Atlas.

In myth Enyo, the female aspect of Ares/Enyalius, was also called Eris, (discord). True to her name, Eris had a disagreeable nature and so was the only one of the gods not to receive an invitation to the wedding of Peleus and Thetis. In spite of this she came nevertheless, and was refused admittance. Furious, she threw a golden quince, inscribed, “To the fairest” among the guests knowing that every goddess would claim it. In order to settle the ensuing dispute Paris was asked to judge among them. The name “Paris” refers to both the Hebrew word for the fruit of the tree of knowledge and the Greek name of the planet Mars. Eris’s discord set the stage for the eventual founding of Rome by Anaeus after Troy’s fall. In this light the Grays were initially responsible for the creation of Rome, and the pattern for modern civilization. Perhaps the Grays are still molding and shaping civilization. Interestingly, the most popularly depicted alien known in modern ufology is known as the “gray” due to its monochrome skin.

The gods of today are the same as the gods of antiquity. They are the “extraterrestrials.” They are the “watchers” spoken of in the Book of Enoch and the Old Testament of the Bible. They are the angels under the rule of that “old serpent” called Satan. The motivation of these alien gods has remained the same since before the creation of Adam in the Garden of Eden.

Ancient man recognized the malevolent nature of the rebellious “Watchers”:

I saw Watchers in my vision, the dream-vision. Two (men) were fighting over me, saying… and holding a great contest over me. I asked them, “Who are you, that you are thus empowered over me?” They answered me, “We have been empowered and rule over all mankind.” They said to me, “Which of us do you choose to rule (you)?” I raised my eyes and looked. One of them was terrifying in his appearance, like a serpent, [his] cloak many-colored yet very dark… And I looked again, and… in his appearance, his visage like a viper, and wearing… exceedingly, and all his eyes… I replied to him, “This Watcher, so is he?” He answered me, “This Watcher… and his three names are Belial and Prince of Darkness and King of Evil.” Testament of Amram (4Q535, Manuscript B)

The most notable theurgists of modern times claimed to be in contact with angels. Of these one of the most famous, Aleister Crowley, claimed to have contacted what he called Enochian entities. Crowley described these interdimensional beings as possessing the physical descriptions that fit the “Gray” aliens known in ufology. Edward Alexander (Aleister) Crowley, born 1875 in Leamington Spa, England, claimed contact with angelic entities using Enochian magic, a magical language discovered and used by John Dee, magician to the court of Queen Elizabeth.[1058]

Dr. John Dee’s De Heptarchia Mystica was the book used and elaborated on by the founders of the Golden Dawn and Crowley. This text contained detailed instructions for communicating with rebellious angels and employing their aid for practical purposes. It also described details of Dee’s magical workings similar to the records published by Meric Casaubon (as A True and Faithful Relation of what passed for many years between Dr. John Dee … and some spirits, 1659.)[1059]

Modern Societies of the Mysteries

A student of Crowley’s work in the 1920’s was Dietrich Eckart, the occultic mentor of Adolf Hitler. Eckart was also a committed occultist and a master of magic. Eckart belonged to the inner circle of the mystery school called the Thule Society, as well as other esoteric orders. Eckart used Crowley and Dee’s ritual magick to prepare Hitler for his occultic destiny of ruling the “Aryan race” and ultimately the world.[1060]

The Thule Society was founded during the First World War by Rudolf Freiherr von Sebottendorff, who enlisted 250 members in München and another 1,500 elsewhere in Bavaria. Among the members were journalists, poets, professors, and Army officers.[1061]

The Thule society was an offshoot of the Germanenorder [Germanic order] whose base was in Berlin and whose branches throughout Germany were patterned after the Masonic lodges. The society was devoted to extreme nationalism, race mysticism, occultism, and anti-Semitism.

The society received its name from Thule, in Nordic mythology the legendary kingdom believed to be the origin of the ancient Germanic peoples. The Roman historian Polybius (ca. 150 B.C.) made first mention of such an “island, or point of land, six day’s sail north of Orcades” [Orkneys, Britain] observed during a voyage by Pytheas in the late-4th Century B.C.[1062]

Thule served as the recruiting and political action front of the Germananorden. Serbottendorff (the group that created the Thule newspaper) called it the Volkische Beobachter. This later became the official newspaper of the Nazi Party. A movement to promote Thulian ideas among industrial workers and to offset Marxism, was formed in 1918—the Workers’ Political Circle—with Thulist Karl Harrer as chairman. From this came the German Worker’s Party in 1919. A year later this became the Nazi party, (NSDAP) under the leadership of Adolf Hitler.[1063]

In 1912 Crowley was contacted by Theodore Reuss, the head of an organization based in Germany called the Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.). This group of high-ranking Freemasons claimed to have discovered the supreme secret of practical magick, which was taught in its highest degrees. Crowley became a member of O.T.O. and eventually took over as head of the order when the existing head suffered a stroke in 1921. Theodore Reuss merged such mystery schools as the Egyptian Rite Masonic Orders into the OTO, associated with the Saturnian Order.[1064]

The Roman Saturnalia was celebrated as a “temporary return to the golden age.” In Ancient Rome, the mythical age of Saturn’s kingship was a golden age of happiness for all men, without theft or servitude, and without private property. Saturn/Cronus, dethroned by his son Jupiter, had joined two-faced Janus as ruler in Italy, but when his time as earthly king was up, he disappeared. “It is said that to this day He lies in a magic sleep on a secret island near Britain, and at some future time … He will return to inaugurate another Golden Age.”[1065]

This abode of Saturn was alternately called “Thule” or “Avalon.”

The Roman poet Virgil (Vergilius) wrote his fourth Eclogue about “a great order of the ages” being born anew. Sator in Latin means “sower” and Satur means “satisfied” or “saturated” or “impregnated.” 20 Saturn/Cronus of myth was the devourer of his children. This is an analogy to the idea of one age being devoured by the next in the sunteleia. Zeus escaped Saturn’s wrath and was raised on Crete, the island founded by Sidonians. Zeus was the god of the Olympian age who ruled with his brothers after the destruction of the Titans during the Flood. Zeus was literally the leader of those Nephilim who survived the Flood and led the world to unite and build the tower of Babel. The names Saturn in Latin and Cronus in Greek both mean “fullness” and “time” respectively. The successor god-rulers of the “fullness of time” were the Roman Jupiter or Greek Zeus. These names mean “great father.” In the Bible the “father” who carried on the godly knowledge of the Nephilim after the flood was Canaan, father of Sidon. It was Sidonia that fostered the seafarer Pelasgians who brought the mysteries to the Mediterranean islands, Greece and finally to Rome Saturnalia in Rome was also a celebration of the solstice, a feast of the returning sun. The sun is at its lowest around the 21st of December. It was the return (re-generation, re- birth) of the sun that was celebrated. The snake biting its own tail, associated with Saturn in alchemical texts, was the symbol of that re-generation. The Roman Janus personified the division between ages. Janus’s two faces looked backwards to the age before and forward to the new age.[1066] Janus—the god honored by the calendar reform of Numa Pompilius, the successor of Romulus/Mars—was the gatekeeper at the entry of heaven, and considered the guardian deity of gates and doors.[1067]

The temple of Janus in Rome had its doors thrown open in times of war, and closed in times of peace. They were usually open. The Emperor Augustus closed the doors of the temple, since he brought peace to the Romans. These doors remained closed for over 200 years continuously during the Pax Romana. Virgil’s Aenid described “war” as being shut up within the doors of the temple of Janus, and hence released upon the world when they were opened. Virgil recorded the custom, which was common in Rome and other Latin cities, that only the King or the Consul could formally open the doors of the temple of two-faced Janus as a symbol of the declaration of war.[1068] Whenever the Milky Way aligned so that the sun rose in an equinox or solstice in the mouth of the Ouroboros, the “gates of heaven” were symbolically opened by the two-faced Sagittarius. Modern mystery schools believe that the current Ouroboral sunteleia heralds a new Golden Age that will also be ushered in by unparalleled upheaval and war. This suntelia sign, incidentally, will be visible at the winter solstice—most clearly seen from the latitude of 33 degrees.

Though many members of modern mystery schools may not know of the astronomical significance of an Ouroboral alignment, they have still anticipated a new age. There are, however, some “masters” who do understand the significant sign of the suntelia.

Mystery School Initiates at NASA

In 1946, after the World War II, the head of the Nazi V2 missile project Herman Von Braun, and additional Nazi rocket scientists, were brought to the United States under a project run by the Office of Special Services (predecessor to the Central Intelligence Agency) known as Operation Paperclip. They were brought to White Sands Air Force Base in New Mexico to begin development of America’s Space Program.

Von Braun was not a reluctant Nazi, nor did he remain uninitiated in the occult theurgy of the SS and Thule societies. Membership into the Nazi party was a requirement of a scientist working for the German war, and a team led by Von Braun built Germany’s first rocket.[1069] Von Braun had joined the National Socialist Aviation Corps, getting his pilot’s license in 1933, the DAF trade organization, a hunting organization associated with the Nazis, the air raid protection investigation, and the SS horseback riding school. The S.S. had engaged in Thule Society rituals; an occult oath was taken by all members of the party that defined them as members of the new religion of Thule.[1070] Von Braun’s own admissions in US Army records further show that he was a former SS Major who frequently visited the underground rocket factory where 25,000 prisoners from the concentration camp Dora had died.[1071]

Von Braun was a former pupil of UFO enthusiast and Germany’s “Father of the Space Age,” Dr. Herman Oberth. In 1955, Von Braun invited Dr. Oberth to the United States under Operation Paperclip, where he worked on rockets with the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and later with NASA.[1072] In 1954, Oberth wrote about “aliens” and Mars:

It is my thesis that UFO’s are spaceships from another solar system. I think that they are probably manned by intelligent observers who are members of a race that may have been investigating our Earth for centuries. They are probably using Mars or another planet as a way station.[1073]

Three years after arriving in the United States, Oberth retired and returned to Germany as chief of the Oberth Commission for the German Government into the UFO phenomenon.[1074] Von Braun could not help but be influenced by his mentor’s research into life on Mars.

One of the American scientists to work closely with Von Braun was the American occultist Jack Parsons. Jack Parsons was one of the founders of the experimental rocket research group at Cal Tech. This group’s seven acre Arroyo Seco testing facility would eventually become the headquarters of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, (JPL) and the U.S. military’s rocket program which evolved into NASA. Parsons was an initiate in the mystery schools. He was chosen by Aleister Crowley to lead the US branch of the Ordo Templi Orientis, the Southern California-based Agape Lodge. Crowley, the mystery school adept, held the office of 33-degree Sovereign Grand Inspector General of the Scottish Rite, among others. Jack Parsons, founder of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and chief of the organization which became NASA, had as his mentor, Aleister Crowley, advocate of ritual magic and blood sacrifice, a man who had been in contact with disembodied entities he recognized as angels. Crowley has been called “The Father of Modern Satanism.”[1075]

The Oath of Fealty I bind my blood in Satan’s hands, All this that lieth betwixt my hands, To thee, the Beast, and thy control, I pledge me; body, mind, and soul.[1076]

The Space Program had its origins in the minds of occultists and magicians—initiates in the mystery schools. John Whiteside Parsons had an interest in the occult since an early age, which surely colored his desire to pursue “rocket science” and space travel. In one of his diaries, Parsons claimed to have visibly evoked Satan when he was 13 years old. Parsons joined the O.T.O. in 1941 and was its head from 1942 to 1947. Parsons described his affiliations to occult groups in his writings:

In January 1946 I had been engaged in the study and practice of magick for seven years, and in the supervision and operation of an occult lodge for four years, having been initiated into the Sanctuary of the Gnosis by the Beast 666, Fra. 132, and Fra. Saturnus.[1077]

The O.T.O. believed that Palomar Mountain—the location that Hale had been told by the “green elf” in which to build his telescope—was the sexual chakra of the Earth. The local Indians of Palomar regarded the mountain as holy.[1078] Palomar in Latin means “rod of Mars,” from palo “stick” (or phallus) and mar “Mars.”[1079] More information on the philosophy and motivation of the founders of the Space Program can be gleaned from the writings of Jack Parsons. In a poem Parsons wrote c.1950 entitled We Are the Witchcraft, he wrote:

We are the oldest organization in the world… All organizations have known us, no organization is of us; when there is too much organization we depart. We are on the side of man, of life, and of the individual. Therefore we are against religion, morality and government. Therefore our name is Lucifer. We are on the side of freedom, of love, of joy and laughter and divine drunkenness. Therefore our name is Babalon (sic)…And when that vermin of Hell that is called the Christian Church held all the West in a slavery of sin and death and terror, we, and we alone, brought hope to the heart of man, despite the dungeon and the stake.[1080]

Jack Parsons worked closely with Herman Von Braun, the rocket scientist responsible for the V2 weapons program in Germany during the war. Parsons and Von Braun created the first rockets with the ability to escape the earth’s gravity.

Cal Tech professor Theodore Von Karman, who worked closely with Jack Parsons, was among the American scientists working with these “imported Nazi scientists.” Between 1950 and 1956, Parsons and von Braun led the Army’s development team at Redstone Arsenal, resulting in the Arsenal’s namesake: the Redstone rocket. The planet that most interested the founders of the first Redstone team was the planet Mars. In 1947 Werner Von Braun had written the proposal “Das Mars Projekt” (Mars Project). His book included an illustration by Chesley Bonestell of the ruins of a Martian temple.[1081] Von Braun’s team developed the Jupiter-C, a modified Redstone rocket. The Jupiter-C successfully launched the western hemisphere’s first satellite, Explorer 1, on January 31, 1958. This event signaled the birth of America’s space program.

NASA was established by law on July 29, 1958. One day later, the 50th Redstone rocket was successfully fired off Johnson Island in the South Pacific as part of Project Hardtack. Though the Redstone Arsenal was developed to build boosters for United States weaponry, its ultimate purpose was to design rocket engines powerful enough to carry payloads from earth to other planets, especially Mars.

Parsons worked equally hard while both developing the American Space Program, and the ritual magic that would ensure its success. Parsons believed the Enochian magick of Dr. John Dee would contact “angels” who would aid in the development of technology. Parsons wrote concerning this magic:

The present age is under the influence of the force called, in magical terminology, Horus… This force is completely blind, depending upon the men and women in whom it manifests and who guide it. Obviously, its guidance now tends towards catastrophy…. This impasse is broken by the incarnation of another sort of force, called BABALON. The nature of this force relates to love, understanding, and dionysian freedom, and is the necessary counterbalance or correspondence to the manifestation of Horus… A more basic matter, however, is the indication that this force is incarnate in all men and women, and needs only to be invoked to free the spirit from the debris of the old aeon.[1082]

On February 28, 1946, Jack Parsons went out into the Mojave Desert in order to invoke the beginning of the “age of the antichrist.” Parsons performed the ritual with the help of another participant, La Fayette Ron Hubbard (1911-1986) the science fiction writer from Helena Montana who would eventually found the mystery school called the Church of Scientology. Through a series of magical incantations based on the Enochian language devised by Dr. John Dee, Parsons apparently channeled 77 clauses of what came to be known as his Book of Babalon.[1083] The purpose of the ritual was to produce a magickal childe—Horus or the antichrist—who would be “mightier than all the kings of the earth.”[1084] Parsons, the founder of the JPL and American space program, wrote the following concering the Babalon working:

And thus was I Antichrist loosed in the world; and to this I am pledged, that the work of the Beast 666 shall be fulfilled, and the way for the coming of BABALON be made open and I shall not cease or rest until these things are accomplished. Part Two: The Book of Antichrist.[1085]

Both NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory engaged in an intriguing early collaboration with, of all organizations, Walt Disney.

In the 1950s, Dr. Von Braun was technical director for Disney-produced television films about space exploration. The final show in the series aired on December 4, 1957, and was entitled “Mars and Beyond.” Von Braun and E.C. Slipher, an astronomer from the Lowell Observatory in Arizona, were consultants to Disney. The colorful media productions of Walt Disney have been called unforgettable, implanting their images in the impressionable minds of America’s youth for the last two generations. The Von Braun and Disney collaborative production “Mars and Beyond” included colorful animated accounts of the legend and lore related to Mars.[1086] Von Braun’s depiction of a mission to Mars was realistically portrayed. The ships would be assembled in high orbit above the earth, take a long elliptical orbit around the sun, and, upon reaching orbit around Mars, the crew would descend in “landing boats.” Clearly the realism portrayed in the Disney film and Von Braun’s involvement belied the true purpose of the Disney propaganda—to facilitate the space program.[1087] Mars was the target of the occult initiates involved in the early space programs of JPL and NASA. It was the Philosopher’s Stone, the home of the knowledge left from the explosion of Rahab.

In 1960 NASA opened the new Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama and transferred Von Braun and his development team from the ABMA at Redstone Arsenal to NASA. Dr. Von Braun was the center’s first Director, from July1960 to February 1970.[1088]

Interestingly enough, Huntsville had been an occult center, home to the first Masonic Helion Temple in the territory before it became a state. The meaning behind the name Alabama is said to be from the Muskogee Creek Indian word meaning “Here we rest.” Experts in the Muskogee dialect, however, have been unable to find any word or phrase similar to Alabama with these meanings.[1089] Alabama, the location of NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center, seems to have been named according to theurgic principles.

The Hebrew root word alah, means “to ascend” and ala in Arabic means “to be high.”[1090]

The word bama or bamah is defined as a Canaanite open-air shrine usually erected on an elevated site. Prior to the conquest of Canaan (Palestine) by the Israelites in the12th—11th century BC, the high places served as shrines of the Canaanite or Cydonian fertility deities, the Baals (Lords) and the Asherot (Semitic goddesses). A bama served as a cult location or special kind of altar serving as the venue for sacrificial and worship ceremonies to pagan deities.[1091] The Huntsville Redstone arsenal is located in the geographic top of a state which resembles an ancient altar, an Ala-bama, the high altar. The location for the Space Center was chosen according to theurgic practices—as the name of the state itself was chosen—due to America’s location under the heavens as designed by the ancient builders of civilization.

The dammed Tennessee River creates a semicircle at the top of the symbolic Ala- bama altar underlying the location of the rocket development site in Madison County. Madison means “son of the strength.” In Hebrew the equivalent to Madison is benai giborah or sons of the Giborim, sons of the Nephilim.[1092]

There were giants [Nephilim] in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare [children] to them, the same [became] mighty men which [were] of old, men of renown. (Genesis 6:4)

The Catholic Encyclopedia defined the use of “son of strength” in the Old Testament as: “a hero, a warrior,” “son of wickedness”… “son of death” “son of a bow” an arrow, “son of Belial” a wicked man…[1093]

History shows that in 1947 at the end of the first stage of Jack Parson’s Babalon Working, Israel became a nation. Additionally the Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered and the Modern Age of UFO’s began with the Kenneth Arnold sightings over Washington (water mound) in early 1947, followed not long after by the alleged saucer crash in Roswell, New Mexico July 1947. Parsons wrote Crowley, “I have diligently followed the VIIIth Degree instructions as [a] creation of new orders of beings with consecrated talismanic images.”[1094]

Parsons was dedicated to research in two fields that were not mutually exclusive, ritual magic, and space travel. Both occupations were towards the same end—to bring about the new age under a superhuman called “antichrist.” It would seem that acknowledged genius Jack Parsons knew the space program of JPL and NASA would be means to accomplish the same goal as magic. Both activities would result in communication with the former “gods.”

Chapter Seventeen: The Future Tyrant of Tyre

The ultimate objective of such modern mystery school rituals as the Babalon Working of Parsons, and the Alamantra Working of Crowley, was to produce the age of the Antichrist, also called the Aeon of Horus. This future world religious leader—one who will be in touch with the former gods and their wisdom—has been discussed in the ancient writings of many world cultures.

Mayan prophecy claims Kukulkan, Mayan for “feathered serpent,” will rule the earth at the end of the age. This prophecy was written 1500 A.D by a Mayan priest named Chilam Balam, who wrote the Book of the Jaguar Priest, translated later as the Book of Chilam Balam of Tizimin.[1095] Intriguingly, the noted mystery school adept Manly P. Hall, in the Secret Teachings of All Ages, claimed that the word for America came from Ameruka, another name for this mystical feathered serpent.

Alberto Villoldo has catalogued Inca prophecies of the end of the age. Inca prophecy claims that Pachacuti (He Who Transforms the Earth) will come at the end of the world as we know it. Various writings of the Toltecs say that the demi-god Quetzalcoatl (the feathered serpent) will return, bringing a reign of peace, and the “advent of a new spiritual order.”[1096]

Hopi Indians of North America call the future great leader the Elder Brother. The oral traditions of the Navajo also warn of the end of the age, when a great chief from the east will come, wearing a headdress with twelve feathers.[1097]

The early eleventh-century Indian texts Vimalaprabha, and in the Sekoddesa, explain that the Mahdi will be a future ruler or iman, descendent from Muhammad, who will lead the faithful to Jerusalem and unite the followers of Islam before the apocalypse that ends the world.[1098]

These legends of a “future ruler” are consistent and widespread, seeming to diverge from one single source emphasizing a plan for the completion of time, and man’s part in that plan. The common thread in these prophecies is some final event that will close all of mankind’s relationship with the divine. This belief in a coming kingdom of God upon the earth was the ultimate theme of Hebrew scholars and prophets.

Hebrew prophets and scholars of the Old Testament describe the future world ruler as the “Messiah.” The Hebrew word for the messiah is moshiach, literally, “the anointed one.” Judaism believes that their Messiah has not yet arrived, and they are still waiting for someone to fulfill that role.

There have been false Messiahs in Jewish history. Two of the most notable were Bar Kochba and Shabbetai Zevi. Bar Kochba led a revolt against Rome in the years 132–135 C.E. During this revolt, one of the most famous figures in Jewish history, Rabbi Akiva, proclaimed him to be “King Messiah.” Unfortunately, Bar Kochba, Akiva and many thousands of Jews were killed in 135 C.E. when the Romans stormed the stronghold of Betar. In Europe Shabbetai Zevi, 1626–76 was a self-proclaimed Messiah. He created the Shabbatean movement that spread through the Jewish communities of 17th- century Europe. However when Shabbetai Zevi was arrested in 1666 by the Sultan of Turkey, he converted to Islam rather than face death.[1099]

These messianic imposters provided the Jewish communities of their day with the hope that oppression and rule by the gentiles would be ended by the power of God—a major qualification of the true Messiah prophesied in the Hebrew religious writings. But the error of these failed messianic revolts was in both timing and doctrine. The true Messiah would come first to pay for man’s immortality, and then return at the time before the kingdom of God was finally established.

The true Messiah of the Hebrew Old Testament was described in detail by all the major prophets. From the text of Isaiah 53 in particular the Messiah is shown as a Kinsman redeemer who came to take on himself the penalty for unrighteousness of mankind. This penalty was dictated to Moses by God in the books of the Law called the Torah.

Who hath believed our report? and to whom is the arm of the LORD revealed? Surely he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows: yet we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted. 5 But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed. 6 All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned every one to his own way; and the LORD hath laid on him the iniquity of us all. He shall see of the travail of his soul, and shall be satisfied: by his knowledge shall my righteous servant justify many; for he shall bear their iniquities. Isaiah 53: 1,4–6,11

The description of the Messiah of Isaiah was written over 700 years before the birth of Jesus. Hebrew scholars of the Middle Ages interpreted this passage as a description of the Messiah. Jesus fulfilled this requirement of Messiah, creating (immortal) citizens of the future kingdom of God on earth, ruled by God in the form of a man.

The first complete edition of the Babylonian Talmud that appeared at Venice (Bomberg), (12 vols.1520–23) states:

The Messiah, what is his name?… The Rabbis say, The Leper Scholar, as it is said, surely he has borne our griefs and carried our sorrows: yet we did esteem him a leper, smitten of God and afflicted… (Soncino Talmud edition. Sanhedrin 98b)[1100]

Another explanation of Ruth ii.14:—He is speaking of king Messiah;

“Come hither, draw near to the throne; and eat of the bread,” that is, the bread of the kingdom; “and dip thy morsel in the vinegar,” this refers to his chastisements, as it is said, “But he was wounded for our transgressions, bruised for our iniquities.” (Soncino Midrash Rabbah of The babylonian Talmud, vol. 8, p. 64)[1101]

Many modern Jewish scholars and some ancient rabbis explain away the idea that this prophecy refers to a messiah and say that the sufferings described are those of the nation of Israel. However many ancient rabbis spoke of two Messiahs, one who was the “Son of David” and another who was the “Son of Joseph.” Though one can find the suffering Davidic Messiah in many rabbinical writings, often a second Messiah is suggested, the “Son of Joseph” or “Son of Ephraim,” who is the one who suffers while the Davidic Messiah conquers. The rabbis struggled with Biblical portraits of a suffering Messiah, as found in Isaiah 53 and other places, and descriptions of a conquering Messiah, also found in the Hebrew Bible, and decided there must be two Messiahs.[1102]

The Hebrew scholar Raphael Patai, Professor of Anthropology at Dropsie, explains the two-messiah theory:

When the death of the Messiah became an established tenet in Talmudic times, this was felt to be irreconcilable with the belief in the Messiah as Redeemer who would usher in the blissful millennium of the Messianic Age. The dilemma was solved by splitting the person of the Messiah in two: one of them, called Messiah ben Joseph, was to raise the armies of Israel against their enemies, and, after many victories and miracles, would fall victim to Gog and Magog. The other, Messiah ben David, will come after him (in some legends will bring him back to life, which psychologically hints at the identity of the two), and will lead Israel to the ultimate victory, the triumph, and the Messianic era of bliss.[1103]

The difficulty experienced among Judaic scholars in believing in only one Messiah is due to His dual aspects of suffering, and also ruling. This is reconciled with the doctrine of the Messiah’s two comings and two aspects of his ministry. The Messiah came the first time to provide atonement for sin. One day He will return to judge the earth and to bring in His kingdom in all its fullness.

There has long been confusion surrounding the identity of the last false messiah spoken of in Daniel. Jewish scholars have interpreted the prophecy of Daniel concerning the “king who will come” as the Roman Emperor Titus Flavius, the general who led the destruction of the second temple in Jerusalem in 70 AD. But the description of the destruction of the second temple referred to only that event—at no other time in history could this event have occurred but 70 A.D. Jesus Christ made this prophecy:

And as some spake of the temple, how it was adorned with goodly stones and gifts, he said, As for these things which ye behold, the days will come, in the which there shall not be left one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down. Luke 21:5–6

Jesus, the Messiah of Christianity in the Greek New Testament, was specific about the coming false messiah, the “man of perdition” who will set up in the holy place of the temple of Jerusalem the “abomination that makes desolate.” Titus Flavius did not set up an idol or an “abomination” in the temple. In the book War of the Jews the historian Flavius Josephus recorded that Titus did not even manage to enter the temple because his soldiers set fire to it. After the fire the temple was knocked down. There were great quantities of gold and silver there that had been placed in the Temple for safekeeping. This melted and ran down between the rocks and into the cracks of the stones. When the soldiers captured the Temple area, in their greed to obtain this gold and silver they took long bars and pried apart the massive stones.

It [Jerusalem with its walls] was so thoroughly laid even with the ground by those that dug it up to the foundation, that there was left nothing to make those that came thither believe it [Jerusalem] had ever been inhabited” (Josephus War VII.1,1). “I cannot but wish that we had all died before we had seen that holy city demolished by the hands of our enemies, or the foundations of our Holy Temple dug up, after so profane a manner. (Josephus War VII.8,7).

Intriguingly, the Jewish scholars recognized that the future and final false messiah would be inexorably connected with Mars. In addition to the Judaic teaching that there are two messiahs, the ancient Jewish sages also wrote of a false messiah who would step into the world scene before the coming of the end of the age. In the Targum Yonathan, the anti-messiah took on a decidedly Martian identity. He was called “Armilus,” a Hebraic term for Romulus.[1104]

In the post-Talmudic Midrash (8th century YM), Pirkei-Ha-Mashiach, the false messiah is called, “Satan Armilus, whom the Gentiles call Antichrist.” Targum Yonathan translated Isaiah / Yesha’yah 11:4 into Aramaic with the paraphrase: “…and with the speech of his lips he [Messiah] will slay the wicked Armilus.”

The Encyclopedia Judaica explains:

This Armilus will deceive the whole world into believing he is God and will reign over the whole world. He will come with ten kings and together they will fight over Jerusalem… Armilus will banish Israel ‘to the wilderness’ and it will be a time of unprecedented distress for Israel; there will be increasing famine, and the Gentiles will expel the Jews from their lands, and they will hide in caves and towers… God will war against the host of Armilus… and there will be a great deliverance for Israel and the kingdom of Heaven will spread over all the earth.”[1105]

A quote from Midrash Azeret haSh’vatim (circa 466 CE) concerning the antichrist says:

And after all this, Satan will descend and go to Rome [there he will have sexual relations with a famous stone statue of a magnificently beautiful woman. She will become pregnant and] give birth to Armilus- And he [Armilus] will issue evil decrees against Israel, and men of good deeds will cease while men of plunder will multiply. If Israel is worthy, Messiah ben David will sprout up in Upper Galilee and will go to Yerushalayim.[1106]

The strategy of Armilus will be the persecution of all who remain faithful to the true messiah. This is vividly portrayed in two 12th century rabbinical works, T’fillat Rabbi Shimon ben Yohai, BhM 4:124–126 and the apocalyptic midrash Otot haMashiach.[1107]

Jewish anthropologist and Hebrew scholar Raphael Patai, Ph.D., combined these works in his book, The Messiah Texts:

Armilus will go to Rome and say to them: “I am your Messiah, I am your god!” And he will mislead them and they will immediately believe in him, and make him their king. And all the [Romans] will gather and come to him and join themselves to him. And he will go and conquer and announce to all the countries and cities, saying, “Bring me my holy book which I gave you!” And the nations of the world will come and bring the book- and he [Armilus] will say to them: “This is the book which I gave you.” And he tells the nations of the world: “Believe in me. I am your god, I am your Messiah and your god.” And instantly they believe in him [Armilus will call for a delegation of Israel to meet with him. He will say to them:] “Bring me your Torah and testify to me that I am god.” Israel will read to Armilus from the Torah: “I am HaShem your Elohim and you shall have no other gods before Me” (Exodus 20:2-3). And Armilus will say: “There is nothing in this Torah of yours; come and testify to me that I am god.” [Israel refuses. Armilus responds by proclaiming:] “I shall not let go of you [i.e. will not stop forcing and persecuting you] until you believe that I am god in the same manner in which the gentile nations (goyim) of the world believe in me.” And the wrath of Armilus is kindled, and he gathers all the armies of the nations of the world, and makes war against the children of Israel.[1108]

In both the Old and New Testaments, the designated spot on earth where the ultimate rebel of God will perform the greatest act of idolatry is the temple of Jerusalem in Israel. The last and boldest counterfeit measure of the false Messiah will be his claim to be God. The only place designated by the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob as his eternal dwelling place on earth was the temple of Jerusalem. When referring to the Jerusalem Temple God declared in Ezekiel:

And He said to me, Son of man, this is the place of My throne and the place of the soles of My feet, where I will dwell in the midst of the Children of Israel forever. Ezek. 43:7

In Satan’s “I will… ” speech in Isaiah 14:13–14, he disclosed his modus operandi—the entirety of Satan’s goals in his interaction with mankind—proclaiming: “I will sit also upon the mount of the congregation (the temple mount Zion) in the sides of the north (where the holy of holies is located in the temple complex)… I will be like the most High.”

The Temple of Jerusalem was built c.966 B.C. by Solomon, son of David, second king of Israel. In 586 B.C. King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon besieged Jerusalem and took the Israelites captive and destroyed the Temple. Fifty years later (537 BC), Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered Babylonia and permitted the Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the Temple.

Persia held the city until 333 BC, when Alexander the Great added Palestine to his empire. In 323 BC, Ptolemy I of Egypt took Palestine into his kingdom. About 198 BC, the Seleucid king Antiochus III conquered Judaea (of which Jerusalem was a part), making it tributary to Syria. The Jews later revolted under the leadership of Maccabees and defeated the Syrians. The Temple was reconsecrated in 165 BC, and the Maccabean, or Hasmonean, dynasty ruled until Rome took the city in 63 BC. The Romans set up a local dynasty, the house of Herod, to rule most of Palestine; Herod the Great (r. 40-4 BC) rebuilt much of Jerusalem, including the Temple.

Roman governors, however, retained ultimate control; one of them, Pontius Pilate, authorized the execution of Jesus Christ. While suppressing a major Jewish revolt, the Romans destroyed the Second Temple in AD 70. In 135, after the failure of the Bar Kochba revolt, Jews were banished from Jerusalem. From the early 4th century, when Christianity became legal in the Roman Empire, Jerusalem developed as a center of Christian pilgrimage. The Church of the Holy Sepulcher and many other Christian shrines were erected. Except for a brief period of Persian rule (614-28) the city remained under Roman (later, Byzantine) control until 638, when the Muslim Arabs took Jerusalem. In the year 688 AD the Arabs built the Dome of the Rock mosque on the site of the Temple.[1109]

The Hebrews considered the temple furnishings to be divinely designed, according to a literal template for things that existed in the “heaven of heavens.” While in the presence of God, Moses was shown heavenly items which he was to use as the pattern for their earthly counterparts in Exodus 24:15–18:

And let them make Me a sanctuary that I may dwell among them. According to the pattern of the pattern of the tabernacle and the pattern of all its furnishings, just so you shall make it. Exodus 25:8–9

The book of Hebrews resolves the idea further:

…who serve the copy and shadow of the heavenly things, as Moses was divinely instructed when he was about to make the Tabernacle. For He said “See that you make all things according to the pattern shown you on the mountain.” (Hebrews 8:5)

The furnishing of the tabernacle were used later in the Temple in Jerusalem. This area corresponded to the region under heaven of the sign Taurus. Extra-Biblical Jewish writings state that the Tabernacle and its furnishings were an image of heaven:

…the structure of the Tabernacle corresponds to the structure of heaven and earth. (Soncino Zohar, Shemoth, Section 2, Page 149a)

The Talmud says that the temple in Jerusalem was also located in an earth-heaven alignment:

The Holy of Holies below (on the Temple Mount) is positioned parallel to the Holy of Holies above (in Heaven), as the Torah states, “Machon leshivtecha.” Shmot 15:17—interpreted here as “mechuvan leshivtecha”—position parallel to Your Sitting. The pasuk is explicitly referring to the Beit HaMikdash, [temple]. Rabbi Pinchas Talmud Yerushalmi Brachot, 4:5.

The mirror of the heavens upon the earth was designed by God the Creator. It was His intent to make manifest in the heavens His plan for the ages. The mystery schools—and the rebellious angels who are worshipped within the mystery schools—have focused on the symbols from a counterfeit perspective. Satan has already expressed his goal to “be compared to the Most High.” He will be like God, a counterfeit of the Creator.

Satan was created to glorify God through the patterns that God originally created. In order to be compared to God, Satan has to use and distort the very designs of God to glorify himself. He has no other modality, being created to function in this way from the beginning. The ultimate location of a temple to God would necessarily lie under the brightest constellations of Taurus and Orion. These two groupings of stars, and the legends and symbols attached to them, were the religious focus of every ancient culture.

The “horns” of the altar of the temple in Jerusalem were likened to the horns of the great bull of Taurus. Orion was usurped in occult legend as Osiris, the god who once lived on earth but had died and was reborn—a counterfeit type of the Hebrew Messiah. The power and brilliancy of these constellations, as well as the strength attached to the symbols that represent them, demonstrate the dominion of the God of the universe and His claim over the earth. They also demonstrate God’s claim over the land of Israel and Jerusalem itself. According to Bullinger’s Witness of the Stars:

The name of the sign [Taurus] in Chaldee is Tor. Hence, Arabic, Al Thaur; Greek, Tauros; Latin, Taurus, etc. The more common Hebrew name was Shur, which is from a root which means both coming and ruling. There are several Hebrew words for bulls and oxen, etc. But the common poetical term for all is Reem, conveying the idea of loftiness, exaltation, power, and pre-eminence. We find the root in other kindred languages (Etruscan, Sanscrit, etc.), and it can be traced in the name of Abram, which means pre-eminent or high father; Ramah, high place, etc. The brightest star, a (in the bull’s eye), has a Chaldee name—Al Debaran, and means the leader or governor. The star b (at the tip of the left horn) has an Arabic name—El Nath, meaning wounded or slain. Another prophetic intimation that this coming Lord should be first slain as a sacrifice.

Then there is the cluster of stars known as the Pleiades. This word, which means the congregation of the judge or ruler, comes to us through the Greek Septuagint as the translation of the Hebrew kimah, which means the heap or accumulation, and occurs in Job 9:9; 38:31, 32, and Amos 5:8. Other stars are named Palilicium (Hebrew), belonging to the judge; Wasat (Arabic), centre or foundation; Al Thuraiya (Arabic), the abundance; Vergiliae (Latin), the centre (Arabic, vertex) turned on, rolled round.[1110]

Orion was the warrior of light and power, the constellation symbolizing the Second Advent of the Messiah who rules in power and righteousness. Bullinger explains the etymology of Orion:

Orion was anciently spelt Oarion, from the Hebrew root, which means light. So that Orion means coming forth as light. The ancient Akkadian was Ur-ana, the light of heaven. The brightest [star on Orion], alpha (in the right shoulder), is named Betelgeuz, which means the coming (Mal 3:2) of the branch. The next, beta (in the left foot), is named Rigel, or Rigol, which means the foot that crusheth. The foot is lifted up, and placed immediately over the head of the enemy, as though in the very act of crushing it. Thus, the name of the star bespeaks the act. The next star, gama (in the left shoulder), is called Bellatrix, which means quickly coming, or swiftly destroying… Other (Arabic) names relate to His Person: Al Giauza, the branch; Al Gebor, the mighty; Al Mirzam, the ruler; Al Nagjed, the prince; Niphla (Chaldee), the mighty; Nux (Hebrew), the strong. Some names relate to His coming, as Betelgeuse and Bellatrix, as above; Heka (Chaldee), coming; and Meissa (Hebrew), coming forth.[1111]

Both these constellations perfectly define the future of the land underneath according to the heaven-earth mirror. This knowledge was clearly understood by the Nephilim and “sons of God” from Genesis 6. Egypt resides under Orion with Giza representing the three belt stars of the constellation. To the north, the ancient boundaries of Assyria stretched under Taurus where the greatest monuments of Baalbek were built. Baalbek was built according to the location of its heavenly counterpart constellation fixed above. Isaiah 19 explains why Assyria and Egypt are connected with Israel, which is in between the two, in the “midst”:

In that day shall Israel be the third with Egypt and with Assyria, [even] a blessing in the midst of the land: Whom the LORD of hosts shall bless, saying, Blessed [be] Egypt my people, and Assyria the work of my hands, and Israel mine inheritance. Isaiah 19:24–25.

“That day” to which Isaiah is referring, shall exist in the future after God sets up his heavenly kingdom on earth. This is the true meaning of the heaven to earth alignment established across the earth through the ages. The litany of the mystery religions, “As above, so below,” was a Luciferic usurpation of that finished work of God.

Angelic forces knew the significance of the temple that would one day be built in Jerusalem. It also is known that the angelic hybrids consistently produced the structures that reflected the earth-heaven alignment across the globe. The temple of Jerusalem was, without a doubt, the most important building these angelic beings could conceive. The ultimate goal of their hierarchical leader is to dwell in the same place that God has promised to establish as the seat of His kingdom on earth.

Legends of the first temple to God in Jerusalem found in the Talmud describe supernatural means of construction. These stories resemble the building legends associated with many of the megalithic structures around the world. The Midrash Pesikta Rabbati 6, 28a of the Talmud states:

The stones moved of their own accord; they flew and rose up by themselves, setting themselves in the wall of the Temple and erecting it.

The local Aymara Indians living near the ruins of Tiahuanaco, near Lake Titicaca in Bolivia, preserve in myth the origin of that great megalithic complex. According to tradition, Tiahuanaco was built at the “beginning of time” by the founder-god Viracocha and his followers, who caused the stones to be “carried through the air to the sound of a trumpet.” Tiahuanaco is composed of many blocks weighing on the order of 100 tons, transported from quarries 50 km away. A similar Mayan legend describes the temple complex of Uxmal in the Yucatan Peninsula as being built by a race of dwarfs who were able to move heavy rocks into place by whistling.[1112]

And now I have sent a cunning man, endued with understanding, of Huram my father’s, The son of a woman of the daughters of Dan, and his father was a man of Tyre, skillful to work in gold, and in silver, in brass, in iron, in stone, and in timber, in purple, in blue, and in fine linen, and in crimson; also to grave any manner of graving, and to find out every device which shall be put to him, with thy cunning men, and with the cunning men of my lord David thy father. (2 Chronicles 2:13–14)

The city of Tyre or Tyrus was situated on the Sidonian coast of the Mediterranean, At King Solomon’s command they quarried fine large stones for the foundation of the temple. Solomon’s and Hiram’s workmen and men from the city of Byblos prepared the stones and the timber to build the temple. (1 Kings 5:17–18)

There was a high degree of skill involved in building the first temple of Solomon, according to the record of 1 Kings in the Old Testament:

For the house, while it was in the building, was built of stone made ready at the quarry; and there was neither hammer nor axe nor any tool of iron heard in the house while it was being built. (1 Kings 6:7)

There still exists massive stone blocks of the foundation of Solomon’s temple which were exposed by the excavations of the Palestine Exploration Fund. The foundation consists of blocks measuring from fifteen to twenty-five feet in length, and from ten to twelve feet in height. The width of the blocks is from twelve to eighteen feet. Thirty-one courses of these megaliths have been counted by recent explorers, who estimate the weight of the largest block above four hundred tons. The same method of construction is found in the Lebanon cities Tyre, Sidon and Byblos and at the islands off of ancient Aradus and Gaulos.[1113] The Phoenician historian Sanchuniathon recorded that Sidonia’s first city, Byblos, was built by the god Ouranos, who made stones move as if they had a life of their own.

Tyre was called, “daughter of Zidon/Sidon,” Isaiah 23:12, who was the first born of the eleven cursed tribes of Canaan (Genesis 9:25) Canaan had been cursed (indirectly) by Noah when Canaan’s father Ham had seen Noah naked and drunk in his tent and did not cover him as his brothers Shem and Japheth later did. Canaan inherited this curse because Ham had previously been blessed by Noah.

And Shem and Japheth took a garment, and laid [it] upon both their shoulders, and went backward, and covered the nakedness of their father; and their faces [were] backward, and they saw not their father’s nakedness. And Noah awoke from his wine, and knew what his younger son [Ham] had done unto him. And he said, Cursed [be] Canaan; a servant of servants shall he be unto his brethren. And he said, Blessed [be] the LORD God of Shem; and Canaan shall be his servant. God shall enlarge Japheth, and he shall dwell in the tents of Shem; and Canaan shall be his servant. (Genesis 9:23–27)

The Muslems believed the race of Jinn were employed by Solomon to build the temple of God in Jerusalem.

And to Solomon (We made) the Wind (obedient): Its early morning (stride) was a month’s (journey), and its evening (stride) was a month’s (journey); and We made a Font of molten brass to flow for him; and there were Jinns that worked in front of him, by the leave of his Lord, and if any of them turned aside from Our command, We made him taste of the Penalty of the Blazing Fire. 13 They worked for him as he desired, (making) Arches, Images, Basins as large as Reservoirs, and (cooking) Cauldrons fixed (in their places). (Qur’an 34:12)

The common Arabic name given to the Genii is Ar-rajim, literally, “the stoned ones” (Suras 55:14; 51:56; 11:120). The abode of all of these Genii or demons is said to be the mountains of Qaf which are said to encircle the world. These beliefs are due primarily to the connection Islam has to the writings of the Hebrew Old Testament, which Islam embraces as holy texts because Ishmael, the father of the Arab race, was descended from the Jewish patriarch Abraham. It is believed even into modern times, by both Muslims and Jews, that the spirits of the hybrid Nephilim, whose human-like bodies perished in the flood, remain on the earth as demons, or in the Arabic language, the Jinn.

Scholars of the Qur’an considered the race of the Jinn synonymous with the Sidonian workers of Hiram, king of Tyre (2 Chronicles 2:1–314). The Qur’an incorporated the legend from the flood epic of Genesis 6, which explained that some of the Nephilim remained after the catastrophic world deluge, and that the descendants of the Nephilim were seen by the Israelites when they entered the land of Canaan, the father of Sidon (Numbers 13:33). The Sidonians shared their land with the Nephilim and apparently continued to breed with them even up until the invasion of the Israelites.

Additionally the Old Testament described the race of Sidonians having been collected into service as Nethanim (servants)—what they had been before they were conquered by the Israelites while living in Sidonia. The word “nethanim” should not to be confused with Nephalim (the fallen ones) although there is a correlation between the two. The Nethanim of Sidonia were considered pagans whose gods-genii were sympathetic to them, and even at times, possessed them. The Jinns are also mentioned as a race in the Qur’an 15:27, called the Jaan.

The Hadith, a collection of traditions and tales of Islam, described the Jinns, who helped with the construction of Solomon’s temple, as physical human beings. In Sahih Al- Bukhari Hadith 4.634, narrated by Abu Huraira, Muhammad acknowledged a human being who was cursed was a Jinn:

The Prophet said, “A strong demon from the Jinns came to me yesterday suddenly, so as to spoil my prayer, but Allah enabled me to overpower him, and so I caught him and intended to tie him to one of the pillars of the mosque so that all of you might see him, but I remembered the invocation of my brother Solomon: And grant me a kingdom such as shall not belong to any other after me,… so I let him go cursed.”

There are several Jewish mystical manuscripts that attribute the construction of Solomon’s temple to demonic spirits. The most extensive of these is the Testament of Solomon dating from the15th century. This text, written in Greek, tells the legend of a magical ring of King Solomon and its power over the demons that aided the building of the Temple.[1114]

[Solomon] thought earnestly, and consulted the writings of the ancients; …And after some days there came to me an angel, and brought me a ring with a stone in it, on which was cut the figure that is called the Pentalpha and within it the Name-that may not be spoken.

A servant of Solomon used the ring to bind a demon that had been tormenting him and brought it before the Hebrew king:

Then I rose up from my throne and went out into the court of the palace, and saw the creature, in the form of a flame of fire, quivering and shrinking; and I stood over it, and said, “What is thy name?” And it answered, “Ornias.” And I bade Ornias reveal to me, in the strength of the ring, how I should make him subject to me; and he told me where his abode was, and how he afflicted men and all that I asked him. Then I sealed him with the seal of the ring, and appointed him to hew stones for the building of the temple.

Thereafter, when I considered what I should do, I called for Ornias, and delivered the ring to him, and bade him bring before me Beelzebul, the prince of all the demons. … And Ornias cast the ring into the bosom of Beelzebul, and said again, “Solomon calleth for thee.” And at that Beelzebul uttered a mighty roar, and cast forth from his mouth a great flame of fire; but he must needs rise up from his throne and follow Ornias, and stand before me. And when I saw him, I gave thanks to the Most High, who had given me power over the demons. And I spoke roughly to him; and he promised to bring before me all the demons, and that they should be subject to me, and do all that I commanded them. And I appointed him to saw blocks of marble in pieces for the work of the temple …After that I sent for many of the chief of the demons, one by one, and questioned them concerning their deeds, what diseases they sent upon men, and what secret things they knew, and how they were to be subdued; and when they had told me, I bound them, and set them to work upon the building of the temple.[1115]

Ornias, the lead demon controlled by Solomon’s ring, appeared as a “burning fire,” “flaming fire” or as a winged creature and a lion later in the text of the Testament of Solomon. All these symbols are consistent with those of the Sumerian god of Mars, Nergal.[1116] The name Ornias has the ancient Chaldaen root Ur which means, “to burn, flames” and is known in Hebrew as Aour.[1117]

Thomas Paine, (1736–1809) the American political and deistic writer was born at Thetford, England, 1736–1737. One of his major contributions to American history was his pamphlet, “Common Sense” (January, 1776), which helped the cause of Independence of America from Britain. Paine had this to say about the Temple of God in Jerusalem:

As to what Masons, and books of Masonry, tell us of Solomon’s Temple at Jerusalem, it is no wise improbable that some Masonic ceremonies may have been derived from the building of that temple, for the worship of the Sun was in practice many centuries before the Temple existed, or before the Israelites came out of Egypt. … We do not read in the history of the Jews, whether in the Bible or elsewhere, that they were the inventors or the improvers of any one art or science. Even in the building of this temple, the Jews did not know how to square and frame the timber for beginning and carrying on the work, and Solomon was obliged to send to Hiram, King of Tyre (Zidon) to procure workmen; “for thou knowest, (says Solomon to Hiram, i Kings v. 6.) that there is not among us any that can skill to hew timber like unto the Zidonians.” This temple was more properly Hiram’s Temple than Solomon’s, and if the Masons derive any thing from the building of it, they owe it to the Zidonians and not to the Jews.[1118]

Paine summarized the quintessential point: the Cydonians built the temple of God in Jerusalem. Now, in the present day, there are men dedicated to re-building the temple on the site that the Cydonians had constructed it before. And now the world is being told of the ancient ruins of an advanced civilization that has been found on Mars—on Cydonia.

The ruins of Cydonia are what remains of the the city of angels who rebelled with Satan before the creation of Adam. Their rebellion resulted in the corruption of life on earth: death, disease, violence, and creatures made in the very image of the serpent. The age of dinosaurs lasted from about 248 million years ago to 65 million years ago. That entire world came to an end. God shattered Satan’s crown jewel, the fifth terrestrial planet, and the rebels were stoned, their creation wiped out.

Then came the creature made in God’s own image, Adam, and when the serpent corrupted Adam, God gave him a promise—one day the Creator of all the heavens and earth would take on the form of a man. In the future, God Himself would come to one specific planet in the entire universe. On that single planet, God, in the shape of a man, would act as kinsman redeemer, and take on the judgment Adam had brought down on himself and his kinsman. Because He is the “Kinsman Redeemer,” Jesus did not come to save the dolphins, the apes, the puppies, the “friendly aliens,” or any seemingly penitent Nephilim—Jesus came only to redeem the sons and daughters of Adam. The Nephilim were produced on the earth by the rebellious angels to prevent a pure “kinsman of Adam.” It was in order to prevent the total corruption of “Adams” that God saved Noah out of the Flood.

The second part of God’s promise was that He would live “forever” on planet earth, with those He saved from death. The house that God declared as His dwelling place is none other than a temple in Jerusalem. The temple therefore is not only important from the perspective of mankind (Adams), but from that stated by God himself. Satan fully comprehends the significance of the temple, and has molded his plan accordingly.

In order to be “like the most High,” Satan must counterfeit the fulfillment of the promises of God, as well as the prophecies of God. He must cause a temple to be built in the very place God will set up His temple. He must try and dwell in it in the place of God.

How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! [how] art thou cut down to the ground, which didst weaken the nations! For thou hast said in thine heart, I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God: I will sit also upon the mount of the congregation, in the sides of the north: I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the most High. (Isaiah 14:12–14)

History will repeat itself; the Cydonians will again take part in the construction of the temple in Jerusalem. Perhaps the Cydonians will not literally set the stone blocks in place, but they will definitely provide a “supernatural and religious foundation” for the temple. In fact, they already have. The “Great Work” of the Masonic mystery schools is the building of a temple—literally, building a world that worships the serpent of the Garden of Eden. The substructures are already in place; the hierarchies of rebel angels have prepared the world to accept the counterfeit god who established civilization, as this book has explained.

Future space exploration on Mars will reveal the wealth of lost information intact in the structures remaining on its surface, just as similar information was preserved in the megalithic monuments of post-diluvial earth. If the angel of Mars is capable of making men forget the magical knowledge of the past, he is also able to make them remember. Occult authorities of the 19th and 20th centuries speak of a “reawakening” of mankind to the lost knowledge. Kenneth Grant, in his book Outside the Circles of Time, wrote:

The Forgotten Ones, the Faceless Ones, the Titans, have, in the twentieth century, breached human consciousness. Various reasons could be given for this which would include the splitting of the atom, the development of nuclear science, our own evolutionary development, and the peculiarities of a double aeonic current (Horus/Maat) that is now in operation. These primal forces variously named The Forgotten Ones, the Elder Gods, the Great Old Ones or the Ancient Ones have been defined by the artist-magickian.[1119]

Su Leybourn in the book The Keys of Aaton warns :

Mark well what I have said, for comes a day When dark things held in harness are revealed By Man’s own curiosity, and blood Is multiplied with new and deadly fears. The Faceless Ones unlocked are not put out With weaponry or words that of a time Created access.[1120]

These modern occultists echo the threats of the Titans recorded by the Greek poets, threats and prophecy produced by minds that knew the epochs and cycles. The same chained Watchers of the Book of Enoch will be released according to the Jewish sages at the time of the judgment of all who dwell on heaven and earth. This theme is consistent through the Old Testament of the Bible as well.

[Typhoeus to Zeus declaring his intentions when he seizes the throne of heaven:] And cannibal Kronos I will drag up once more to the light, another brother, to help me in my task, out of the underground abyss; I will break those constraining chains, and bring back the Titanes to heaven, and settle under the same roof in the sky the Kyklopes, sons of Gaia. (Dionysiaca 2.336)

Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Apollo 11 landing declared:

There are unimaginable wonders [out there], for those who can remove some of Truth’s protective layers.

Adam Weishaupt was said to have organized the Order of the Illuminati on May 1, 1776. Albert Pike wrote to Wesihaupt’s successor, Guiseppe Mazzini, that the Luciferian outline for world government was scheduled to be completed by the close of the 20th century. In this letter Pike described how the world would come to embrace Lucifer through re-application of the ancient knowledge of the Nephilim of Cydonia:

…and the multitude, disillusioned with Christianity, whose deistic spirits will from that moment be without compass, anxious for an ideal, but without knowing where to render its adoration, will receive the pure light through the universal manifestation of the pure doctrine of Lucifer, brought finally out in the public view, a manifestation which will result from the general reactionary movement which will follow the destruction of Christianity and atheism, both conquered and exterminated at the same time. Albert Pike 33° Letter 15 August 1871 Addressed to Grand Master Guiseppie Mazzini 33° Archives British Museum London, England

In Jerusalem the preparation for the building of the 3rd temple is already underway. The Temple Institute (in Hebrew, Machon HaMikdash), located in the Jewish quarter of Jerusalem’s Old City was founded in 1987 for the purpose of rebuilding the temple of Jerusalem. Their mission statement explains:

The major focus of the Institute is its efforts towards the beginning of the actual rebuilding of the Holy Temple. Towards this end, the Institute has begun to restore and construct the sacred vessels for the service of the Holy Temple. These vessels, which G-d commanded Israel to create, can be seen today at our headquarters in Jerusalem. They are made according to the exact specifications of the Bible, and have been constructed from the original source materials, such as gold, copper, silver and wood. These are authentic, accurate vessels, not merely replicas or models. All of these items are fit and ready for use in the service of the Holy Temple. Among the many items featured in the exhibition are musical instruments played by the Levitical choir, the golden crown of the High Priest, and gold and silver vessels used in the incense and sacrificial services. After many years of effort and toil, the Institute has just recently completed the three most important and central vessels of the Divine service: the seven-branched candelabra, or Menorah, made of pure gold; the golden Incense Altar, and the golden Table of the Showbread.[1121]

It is actually possible to visit the Temple Institute located at 19 Misgav Ladach Street in Jerusalem. Guided tours are given Sunday through Thursday of the exhibition of temple vessels not seen in nearly 2,000 years.[1122]

The prophet Daniel learned of the history of the end of the aion and the counterfeit savior of mankind. Daniel wrote of the counterfeit god, a man who set himself up in the temple of Jerusalem, “the mount of congregation,” the place Satan boasted he would sit:

And the king shall do according to his will; and he shall exalt himself, and magnify himself above every god, and shall speak marvelous things against the God of gods, and shall prosper till the indignation be accomplished: for that that is determined shall be done. (Dan 11:36)

The Pharisee Paul who wrote letters to the early followers of Jesus explained the actions of the man called antichrist:

[He will] opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God. (2 Thessalonians 2:4)

This man will marshal the forces in the heavenly places to completely convince mankind of his authority.

Neither shall he regard the God of his fathers, nor the desire of women, nor regard any god: for he shall magnify himself above all. But in his estate shall he honour the God of forces [Ala Maozime]: and a god whom his fathers knew not shall he honour with gold, and silver, and with precious stones, and pleasant things. Thus shall he do in the most strong holds [maoz] with a alien god, whom he shall acknowledge and increase with glory: and he shall cause them to rule over many, and shall divide the land for gain. (Dan 11:37–39)

The Antichrist will not only interact with the god of fortresses but also with the minions of this alien god, “and he shall cause them to rule over many.” The god whom he honors shall be the same that Rome, Crete, Tyre, Egypt, Sumeria, and various ancient cultures honored around the world. This god was worshipped as Baalhazor,” Lord of the Fortresses” by the Cydonians of Lebanon, Mars Quirinus,”Mars of the Walls” by the Romans, and called Ala Maozim “the god of forces or strongholds” in Hebrew.

There is a strong parallel between Ala Maozim and the god Melkart , the “angel of the city,” worshiped in the island kingdom of Tyre, or in Hebrew tzor, rock rwc, off the Cydonian coast. This god was supposedly brought to the island by Astarte after he had fallen from the heavens. In ancient Rome the god Mars is said to have been worshiped in the form of two idols, one named Mars Gradivus “Mars of War” and the other Mars Quirinus “Mars of Fortresses.” This was because the god Mars was not only a fierce warrior, but also a great Builder of Cities. The name “Mars” itself was a Roman form of the Chaldean word “Mar,” or “Mavor” which meant “the rebel.”[1123] Mars is the rebel whose shattered vestiges remain on earth as megalithic foundations and as the astounding ruins on the planet Mars. The “god of fortresses” honoured by the antichrist is the god of civilization and building, the god of Cydonia.

In 167 B.C. the Greek general Antiochus Epiphanies desecrated the temple in Jerusalem by setting up a pagan altar, a foreshadowing of the future desecration by the Antichrist, spoken of in Daniel. 9:11. In keeping with the temperament of the “god of war and fortresses,” the general Antiochus built a fortress overlooking the Jerusalem temple.[1124]

This precursor to the anti-messiah established the pattern which will find its ultimate expression in the last days spoken of by the Hebrew prophets. His inspiration was from the same source that will be fully manifest in the final antichrist—the rebel cherubim Satan.

The prophet Jeremiah described the consequences of accepting false gods of the “high places” in place of the God of Israel:

Hath a nation changed their gods, which are yet no gods? but my people have changed their glory for that which doth not profit. Be astonished, O ye heavens, at this, and be horribly afraid, be ye very desolate, saith the LORD. For my people have committed two evils; they have forsaken me the fountain of living waters, and hewed them out cisterns, broken cisterns, that can hold no water. (Jeremiah 2:11–13)

Daniel not only foresaw what the Antichrist will do during his reign of evil, he also discerned the “heart” of the delusion the Antichrist will perpetuate. The revelation of an ancient civilization discovered on the planet bearing the rebel’s name will prove that intelligent life, other than man, exists in the universe. The structures on Mars so evident in the Cydonia region will cause people to doubt the Bible. Proof of the existence of artificial structures on Mars will lead to the conclusion that the entities responsible not only designed and guided our species through history, they also qualify as our gods. This lie, taken to a higher level is this: that the king of the race from Mars, is the God of the Bible. This is the strong delusion sent by God for “those dwelling on the earth to believe the lie” II Thess 2:11. The lie itself is the counterfeit messiah.

Jesus himself explained the coming of the false messiah to the temple of Jerusalem as described by the prophet Daniel:

When ye therefore shall see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, stand in the holy place, (whoso readeth, let him understand.) Then let them which be in Judaea flee into the mountains: Let him which is on the housetop not come down to take any thing out of his house: Neither let him which is in the field return back to take his clothes. And woe unto them that are with child, and to them that give suck in those days! But pray ye that your flight be not in the winter, neither on the sabbath day: For then shall be great tribulation, such as was not since the beginning of the world to this time, no, nor ever shall be.” (Matthew 24:15–21)

In the book of Daniel the antichrist:

… shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease, and for the overspreading of abominations he shall make [it] desolate…” (Daniel 9:27)

Jesus’s description of this event caused great consternation and alarm among his apostles. The Jews were no strangers to hardship and persecution; living in Roman occupied land, they had come to accept this. The Jews had endured hundreds of years of exile in Babylon, centuries of infighting among their own tribes and wars with the Philistines, Egyptians, and hostile neighbors. This was a prophecy of doom and destruction unlike anything they had known.

Tell us, when shall these things be? and what [shall be] the sign of thy coming, and of the end of the [aion] ? (Matthew 24:3)

The use of the word “Aion” in this passage is specific; it is not the general designation “time” (chronos) in Greek. The literal definition of the Greek word Aion as representing the actual cycle of the Milky Way cosmic clock—the life span of an age—throws considerable light on the texts as it is found within the Greek New Testament. Ancient texts recorded a world having been destroyed by water. They also explain that “sacred mounds” would make possible the re-creation of the age that was destroyed. The symbol of water encompasses the spiritual concepts of time, cleansing, and change—the cycle of the Milky Way alignments every suntelia.

The answer Jesus provided His apostles for “when” the end of the aion would occur was specific. The astronomical signs in the heavens would be just as those during the days of Noah when Leviathan encircled the horizon in the dawn of the Summer solstice.

But as the days of Noah [were], so shall also the coming of the Son of man be. For as in the days that were before the flood they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day that Noah entered into the ark, And knew not until the flood came, and took them all away; so shall also the coming of the Son of man be. (Matthew 24:37–39)

There could have been no more accurate comparison made between our present time than the age of Noah. The Nephilim lived and moved among men then, as it seems they do now. Leviathan once again aligns with the horizon during a solstice, and the world is corrupt and continually striving to do evil. Jesus might very well have told his apostles that he would not return for another 2000 years, but this knowledge seems to be reserved for our times.

The present Aion is coming to a close. Like the sunteleia before there will be great upheaval and change. Jesus warned that the calamity at the end of this age would be greater than all that came before:

The earth shall reel to and fro like a drunkard, and shall be removed like a cottage; and the transgression thereof shall be heavy upon it; and it shall fall, and not rise again. And it shall come to pass in that day, [that] the LORD shall punish the host of the high ones [that are] on high, and the kings of the earth upon the earth. (Isa 24:20, 21)

This is not a comfortable picture. History and geology bare witness to the extremes of global upheaval and destruction in past aions. However, God is in control. His plan was set and finished from before He created the universe. Man’s part in it is no small matter—Man is God’s treasure, and the recipient of the greatest act of love in history—the sacrifice of His only begotten son on the cross. There is every reason to put away fear.

…the mystery of Christ….Which in other generations was not made known unto the sons of men, as it is now revealed…the mystery, which from the beginning of the [Aion] hath been hid in God, who created all things by Jesus Christ: To the intent that now unto the principalities and powers in heavenly [places] might be known by the [eklisia- called out of the earth] the manifold wisdom of God, According to the [aion] demonstration which he brought forth in Christ Jesus our Lord. (Eph 3:4–11)

In other words Paul is explaining the meaning of life. Mankind was set up on earth to demonstrate God’s wisdom to the entire universe. Some portion of humanity will listen to God’s call in their lives and respond. They will realize that the kinsman redeemer has bought them with His blood to become His immortal sons and daughters. Others will reject or ignore the only hope of Jesus and choose their own way. This aion is coming to a close before our eyes. Jesus will return. The most significant change of order will occur over the earth during this sunteleia. God will dwell with men on the earth in the form of a man, Jesus Christ.

The kingdoms of this world are become [the kingdoms] of our Lord, and of his Christ; and he shall reign for ever and ever. (Revelation 11: 15)

And I heard a great voice out of heaven saying, Behold, the tabernacle of God [is] with men, and he will dwell with them, and they shall be his people, and God himself shall be with them, [and be] their God. (Rev 21:3)

About the Author

In the early 1990’s, David E. Flynn and his wife created an internet resource called Watcher Website, focusing on Biblical ufology, eschatology, and the significance of apparent artificial structures photographed on Mars.

Through the influence of his website, David and a network of leading researchers provided an alternative to secular and New-Age UFO theories, providing answers based on ancient scripture and analysis of occult theology.

David was featured on the PAX TV series Encounters with the Unexplained: What is Really on Mars, as the counterpoint to the analysis of the Martian monuments presented by popular researcher Richard Hoagland. David appeared on many talk radio programs, including: Radio Liberty with Dr. Stanley Monteith, Ground Zero with Clyde Lewis, and The Q Files with Steven Quayle.

David is survived by his wife and two children.

Articles

If plagiarism is the highest form of flattery, David Flynn was king of the copied researchers. Many of his articles became the basis for numerous “breakthrough” books, films, and other media, often used by others without any credit whatsoever to David’s original research. Two of his most pirated works were “An Occult Translation of the Roswell Event: Countdown to 2012” written in 2005 for the Raiders News Network, and his “Discovery of Vast, Prehistoric Works Built by Giants?: The Geoglyphs of Teohuanaco,” published by Raiders News Network in 2008. We are pleased to give credit where credit is (and was) due, by reprinting these two articles in this section of the David Flynn Collection.

—Thomas Horn and Steve Quayle.

An Occult Translation of the Roswell Event: Countdown to 2012

An article by David E. Flynn, 2009

Mysteries are due to secrecy.

—Francis Bacon

No UFO conversation goes very long without mention of the Roswell event. It is the pre-eminent story of extraterrestrial folklore. Paradoxically, some say that what occurred near Roswell, New Mexico in July, 1947 will never be entirely known. Others, like our own government, claim it was a simple case of misidentification…no mystery. But there is a mystery…and there is good reason to believe the truth was covered up.

On July 8, 1947, the headlines of Roswell Daily Record reported:

RAAF Captures Flying Saucer On Ranch in Roswell Region. The intelligence office of the 509th Bombardment group at Roswell Army Field announced at noon today, that the field has come into possession of a flying saucer.

The next day, the Roswell headlines featured a retraction by the RAAF:

An examination by the army revealed last night that mysterious objects found on a lonely New Mexico ranch was a harmless high-altitude weather balloon—not a grounded flying disk.

The contrast between these Army statements aroused suspicion immediately. How could Army “intelligence” confuse a balloon with a flying saucer? Witnesses in Roswell had actually observed the disc flying overhead. Their story was featured with the Army’s “Flying saucer” announcement in the July 8th, Roswell Daily Record:

Mr. and Mrs. Dan Wilmot…were sitting on their porch at 105 South Penn. last Wednesday night at about ten o’clock when a large glowing object zoomed out of the sky from the southeast, going in a northwesterly direction at a high rate of speed… The object came into view from the southeast and disappeared over the treetops in the general vicinity of six mile hill… It was in sight less than a minute, perhaps 40 or 50 seconds. Wilmot said that it appeared to him to be about 1,500 feet high and going fast. He estimated between 400 and 500 miles per hour… In appearance it looked oval in shape like two inverted saucers, faced mouth to mouth, or like two old type washbowls placed, together in the same fashion…

Balloons don’t normally glow or travel four hundred miles per hour. Despite the evidence supporting the Army’s first announcement, the Roswell incident was effectively removed from public scrutiny…for thirty-seven years.

In 1984, James Shandera, a Hollywood movie producer investigating the UFO phenomena received an anonymously mailed package of thirty-five-millimeter film. It contained images of a top-secret government report, later named “the Majestic twelve documents.” The report had been compiled for review by president Dwight D. Eisenhower. It was marked: “This is a TOP SECRET-EYES ONLY document containing compartmentalized information essential to the national security of the United States.”

In the document was a list of twelve American scientists, intelligence officials, and military leaders appointed to assess the remains of an extraterrestrial craft and alien bodies recovered from Roswell, New Mexico in 1947. One year later, an anonymous tip arrived in the mail addressed to the research associate working with Shandera named Bill Moore. This tip directed Moore to a memo confirming the existence of the MJ-12 documents at the National Archives. This new information and other evidence that built a case for authenticity of the MJ-12 documents were pieced together by Moore and his associate, Stanton Friedman.

During the course of their research, Friedman and Moore began to realize that authentication of the MJ-12 documents would be extremely difficult. The investigators even considered the anonymous release of information could be a process of misdirection. Because the origin of the documents was unknown, no one could be sure that they hadn’t originated from a disinformation faction within the government itself. The entire process may have been designed to fail. The release of conflicting or inaccurate information of UFO events by secret factions in government is a well-known hazard of ufology research. This disinformation technique is used to establish government plausible deniability. But if the release of the MJ-12 documents wasn’t just a convoluted process of disinformation, what other purpose could disclosure of the Roswell event serve?

The Majestic Twelve documents were made public in 1987. Soon the Roswell incident became the most famous UFO incident in history. Roswell raised the possibility that intelligent extraterrestrial life could exist. The anonymous “assistance” given to the investigators of the Roswell event, or the manner in which any UFO information is dispensed by our government, appears more a program of cultural conditioning than simple fact-hiding. If this is true, for what purpose are we being conditioned?

In 1928, the occult visionary Manly P. Hall wrote:

Not only were many of the founders of the United States government Masons, but they received aid from a secret and august body existing in Europe which helped them to establish this country for A PECULIAR AND PARTICULAR PURPOSE known only to the initiated few.

—Manly P.Hall, The Secret Teachings of All Ages, pp. XC and XCI

There exists in the world today, and has existed for thousands of years, a body of enlightened humans united in what might be termed, an Order of the Quest. It is composed of those whose intellectual and spiritual perceptions have revealed to them that civilization has secret destiny…

European mysticism was not dead at the time the United States of America was founded. The hand of the mysteries controlled in the establishment of the new government for the signature of the mysteries may still be seen on the Great Seal of the United States of America. Careful analysis of the seal discloses a mass of occult and Masonic symbols chief among them, the so-called American eagle… The American eagle upon the Great Seal is but a conventionalized phoenix…

—Manly P. Hall, The Secret Destiny of America

Phoenix, the last word of Hall’s statement of the founding of America, is key to the “secret destiny” of civilization. It explains the occult design behind the formation of the United States and the events at Roswell. These mysteries can be solved if we understand this one word.

The word phoenix is derivative of the Greek name for Phoenicians: ancient people that inhabited the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Though called Phoenicians, meaning redness by the Greeks, the Phoenicians referred to themselves as Sidonians. Their capital city named after Sidon, the first-born son of Canaan, son of Ham. Ham was Noah’s youngest son, and one of the original occupants of Noah’s Ark. The Sidonians were considered masters of science and magic. They claimed to possess a civilization existing for thirty thousand years. Ancient historians venerated the Sidonians:

<> Sidonian navigators were especially sought by the Egyptians, Babylonians, Persians, and Greeks.

<> The Greek alphabet was transferred directly from the Phoenician/Sidonian script and applied to the sounds of the language of the Greeks, hence the meaning of the word “phonetic.”

<> The modern English alphabet is based on the ancient Phoenician/Sidonian script.

<> The majority of knowledge ascribed through the ages to the Greeks was given to them first by the Sidonians.

<> Pythagoras, considered the ancient father of Free Masonry, was schooled in Sidonia.

<> The first phonetic text in existence, the Old Testament, was written in Phoenician characters.

<> The first temple of the Hebrews was built in Jerusalem by artisans from Tyre, a city that traded Phoenician capital status with Sidon.

The preeminence of the Phoenician / Sidonian knowledge in ancient civilization is a long-guarded, occult secret.

But, more important than the scientific influence of Sidonia, the symbolic meaning of Manly Hall’s Phoenix represents an age when mankind and extraterrestrials were believed to have lived on earth side-by-side. Phoenicia was the land of descent of the “Sons of God” described in Genesis 6. According to the history of every ancient culture in the Middle East, Phoenicia was the first place where beings from heaven came to the earth. The union of these beings with the daughters of Adam produced hybrid offspring: Nephilim (literally in Hebrew, the “fallen ones”). According to the pseudepigraphic book of Enoch, the book of Jubilees, and many other ancient texts, the exact point of descent of the Sons of God was Mt. Hermon in Phoenicia. Through the influence of these heavenly beings and their offspring, men became gifted with knowledge surpassing any that had yet existed. But then came the Flood…and symbolically the Phoenix perished. The heavenly and supernatural bird, keeper of secrets of the past and future, was consumed in the fire of its own making.

In other words, the knowledge given to man from heaven was lost in a global cataclysm. According to Genesis 6, the destruction of earth by the Flood was in response to the interaction of the Sons of God with the daughters of Adam.

Ancient and modern occult adepts describe the beauty of Phoenix, dazzling and brilliantly colored. It was a perfect symbol for heavenly knowledge manifested on the earth. They believed the power of the Phoenix came from heaven. Its death on earth would only be temporary. The life of the Phoenix could not be extinguished any more than the heavens or knowledge could cease to exist. The Phoenix waited to be born again out of the ashes of its demise.

The symbolic rebirth of the Phoenix did take place in the time after the Flood. Nephilim that survived the cataclysm, returned to their point of origin in Phoenicia, as recorded in the Old Testament. Canaan, the son of Ham, the cursed son of Noah, once again established civilization amidst the beings that had caused the destruction of the world.

The Nephilim were more powerful and intelligent than men, but they were earth-bound, like men. The connection they once had to their heavenly progenitors had been cut. Together with humanity they beckoned the Sons of God to descend as they had before the flood. They built a tower reaching into the heavens. Because of this attempt, it is recorded that the world lost what was left of divine knowledge, through its dispersion throughout the earth.

Manly P. Hall refers to this history when writing of the coming world order and the rise of the Phoenix. His understanding of the Phoenix is shared by illumined fraternal orders that have preserved the scattered “sacred” knowledge of the ancients. They anticipate the rise of the Phoenix from the ashes of history. They wait for an age when knowledge will once again descend from heaven. This secret has been hidden in their symbolism and numerology throughout history.

In Freemasonry is embedded the core or the secret heart of the occult mysteries, wrapped up on number, metaphor and symbol…

—Benjamin Crème, The Reappearance of the Christ and the Masters of Wisdom, p. 87

Numbers are a key to the ancient views of cosmogony…spiritually as well as physically…to the evolution of the present human race; all systems of religious mysticism are based upon numerals. The sacredness of numbers…

W. Wynn Westcott, The Occult Power of Numbers, p. 15

…in Spiritual Numerology, “33” symbolizes the highest spiritual conscious attainable by the human being.

Elizabeth van Buren, The Secret of the Illuminati, p. 161–2

Thirty-three (and also just three) are all featured prominently in occult doctrine. The great significance of the number thirty-three cannot be fully understood unless it is combined with the most important science of Freemasonry: navigation. The compass and square, the most visible symbols of Masonry, are also the basic tools of navigation and map-making.

Calculation of speed and location under the heavens is considered to be the highest form of sacred knowledge from antiquity. Navigation unites time with space and the heavens with the earth. The number “3” is essential to this process. Without the geometry of the three-sided triangle, establishing location and distance on a map or “triangulation” would be impossible. Navigation not only predicts the destination of a traveler on the earth but also the time the traveler will arrive. The most powerful secret held by the occult elite is related to this concept taken to a higher level.

As the navigator can use increments of the earth’s latitude and longitude to determine location in space and time, these increments can be measured in the earth itself to reveal the appointed time of humanity’s destiny.

This is why the number thirty-three and the compass and square are such important symbols of the illumined elite.

Note that 33.33 degrees of the great circle of the earth represents 2,012 nautical miles.

Mount Hermon in Phoenicia, the first location of extraterrestrial influence with man, lies precisely at 33.33° north, 33.33° east…2,012 miles from the equator and 2,012 miles from the prime meridian.

To be completely accurate, the number of nautical miles in 33.33 degrees of the earth is 2012 “.9” This corresponds to the year and date that the ancient Mayans of middle America believed their calendar will end: December 21, 2012. This is also the year their serpent god and founder of civilization, Quetzalcoatle, will return from heaven.

Does the chosen location of the first connection of heaven with the earth on Mt. Hermon at 33.3rd degrees set in time the final phase of a new world order in 2012? In light of the ancient history of Mt. Hermon, is it possible that the year 2012 might also represent this scenario? But how is the year 2012 anchored in time? Dates and years were commonly measured from the start of the reign of a king or at the founding of a new city in antiquity. Our modern calendar is aligned to the birth of the Messiah of Israel, Jesus Christ, though even this “anchor point” is not fixed absolutely. There is a debate concerning when exactly Jesus was born. Various researchers have placed the time of Christ’s birth at 11 BC, 3 BC, and 1 AD. Additionally, our modern calendar was based on earlier versions that were adjusted several times forward or back a number of years by Roman emperors and popes. There has already been a 2012 BC in our calendar, though it was not a remarkable year with respect to knowledge.

Finding a relationship between 2012 AD and the present age may be the critical way to resolve this question. It makes more sense to qualify this future date with references left from the previous encounters of extraterrestrials with humanity. If the sons of God descended to Mt. Hermon with the intention of connecting 33.33 with 2012 navigationally, might they also have placed an additional marker coordinating the year 2012 with their return?

It appears they did. This is very probably the meaning of the Roswell event. It is a marker consisting of ancient, sacred numbers.

The impact area near Roswell lays 33° north latitude, at a distance 2,012 miles from the equator.

When the latitude of the impact site 33° north is multiplied by the universal mathematical constant PI (3.1415926572…), the result is 104°: the longitude of the impact site. The value of PI is one of the most important numbers of geometry. Without an understanding of this number, the science of building, architecture, and navigation is not possible. Historians actually base one of the classifications of a true civilization on its achievement of PI.

At Roswell, if PI is multiplied by the latitudes from 33.00 to 33.59, a line with the resultant longitude can be traced showing the precise flight path the disc traveled before impact. This line of coordinates lies south east to north west, exactly in the direction the craft appeared to follow according to eye witnesses recorded in the Roswell Daily Record, July 8th, 1947:

...[the] large glowing object zoomed out of the sky from the southeast, going in a northwesterly direction at a high rate of speed… The object came into view from the southeast…

The only place on earth where 33° latitude and 104° longitude exist without lying in an ocean (as it does south of the equator), or an uninhabited mountain plateau (as it does in the eastern hemisphere), is a few miles north west of Roswell, New Mexico, USA. The sacred number thirty-three multiplied by PI just happens to produce the location where a flying saucer crash-landed in 1947.

Scientists at the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) know that a radio message from intelligent life out in space would have to use redundant universal mathematical constants. Universal constants are not dependent on calibration systems, but ratios. They function with every counting system that exists. Any signal coming from space that has these numbers stands out against the randomness in the background of space noise. Such a signal would define itself as intelligent and deliberate. Such is the case with the location of the Roswell incident. The odds against a crash location occurring “by chance” precisely at the coordinates that are the product of PI x 33 are astronomical: on the order of millions to one. The location was chosen, therefore, to show a deliberate and intelligent message.

In other words…the Roswell event was not an accident.

This is a profound contradiction to its initial appearance. The crash and destruction of the sophisticated flying vehicle with occupants, according to reports, seemed an unplanned disaster. It is exactly because of this appearance that researchers speculated that American radar, used in missile tracking experiments at white Sands testing grounds near Roswell, somehow brought the extraterrestrial vehicle down. However, if the message at Roswell is more than a strange mathematical coincidence, this would also suggest that the crash was staged and the vehicle’s occupants sacrificed. By appearing as an accident, the last thing one would look for is a message deposited in the crash location itself.

But there is more to the message than the display of “PI.” The Roswell event also incorporates numbers of the earth’s dimensions and orientation in space. These numbers interact with each other in patterns similar to those known to exist in occult ritual magic. Though the value of a number may change with placement of the decimal point, the magical form of the number remains the same. Numbers that display these characteristics are commonly seen in the practice of “theurgy” or numerology. This is especially notable in the way the message displays the number 19.47.

The year 1947 was the year the Roswell event occurred.

The number 19.47° (or “19.5”) is a universal number signifying the meeting of a tetrahedron with a sphere; 19.47° is the latitude where three points of the four-sided tetrahedron touch north or south the equator if the fourth point is anchored at the pole of a rotating sphere. If the number 19.47 was discovered in an extraterrestrial radio signal, SETI scientists would have proof that the broadcasters understood advanced Platonic geometry. The Roswell message numerologically interconnects 19.47 with the date, latitude, longitude, and distance from the equator of the impact event itself.

The earth is 21,600 nautical miles around. This measurement is based on the ratio of 360 x 60, first used by the Phoenicians and still in use by modern ocean and flight navigators.

The number 6,480 is exactly one-fourth of the total 25,920 years it takes earth to complete one circuit through the signs of the zodiac. Understandably, 6,480 years is unique because it marks the duration between a series of global cataclysms left in earth’s historic and geologic record.

At Roswell, 19.47 appears in relationship between 21,600; 6,480; and 33.33.

When the earth’s circumference of 21,600 is divided by 33.33, the number 6,480 appears in a variation:

21,600 / 33.33 = 648.06480648064…

648.06480648064…divided by 19.47 (the number suggested by the year of the Roswell crash itself in 1947) produces a modification of 33.33: 648.064806480 / 19.47 = 33.28 (latitude 33.28°).

This latitude of 33.28° multiplied by PI (3.141592653589…) results in a longitude 104.56°, pinpointing the exact coordinates of the disc impact site near Roswell, New Mexico.

Additionally, the number 2,012 can be calculated with a form of the number of the exact Roswell crash site latitude, 33.28°, and the year of the Roswell event itself, 1947:

19.47 x 3.328 = 64.80

Between July 1947 and March 2012, there are 64.80 years.

It is significant that the United States recovered the debris and “alien” bodies of the Roswell crash on the fourth of July, 1947. America itself was founded on the same date in 1776. This year was chosen by the occult elite behind the formation of America for a special reason.

The sum of the letters in Greek of the name Jesus (each Greek letter represents a number) is 888. A second “messiah” (888) plus the first Messiah (888) = 1776.

America’s founding date, 1776, is a number representing a second messiah or the “king” of the World Order. It symbolizes the advent of a god man on earth.

According to the illuminated elite, as the first Messiah came to establish the Kingdom of Heaven, the second, illuminated messiah will establish a New World under his rule. Concerning this messiah, Manly P. Hall, wrote:

The outcome of the “secret destiny” is a World Order ruled by a King with supernatural powers. This King was descended of a divine race; that is, he belonged to the Order of the Illumined for those who come to a state of wisdom then belong to a family of heroes—perfected human beings.

—Manly P. Hall, The Secret Destiny of America, p. 26.

The average number of days in a year for a century is 364.864 (this is slightly less than 365 because it includes leap years that have an extra day). This number can be found by dividing the quarter of precession (6,480) with the founding year of America (1776) by moving the decimal point two spaces to the left:

6,480 / 17.76 = 364.864648

The number 1,776 is therefore related to the latitude and year of the Roswell event:

364.864648 x 1776 = 648,000 / 33.28 (Roswell event latitude) = 19,470

The Roswell event longitude is also related to America’s birth year 1776:

1776 / 17.076 = 104.0056, (the exact longitude of Roswell crash site is 104.56)

America has existed from the beginning as an intellectual beacon in the world. It was the first country to achieve superpower status, moving mankind into the space age and nuclear age. It continues to shape the political and economic climate for a future ruled by one heavenly power. It is the country where the year 2012 appears to have been supernaturally communicated to humanity by the Roswell event.

Having taken the appearance of an accident, the Roswell event limited the directions an investigation would take. Working from the paradigm of an accident, researchers who might otherwise have suspected its mathematical message were diverted. This mental conditioning worked very well. The messengers seem to have been masters of the human psyche. They did not want the Roswell event’s true nature known in 1947. It was designed to be understood in the future.

The identity of the messengers was also obscured. Some had concluded that genuine, “Hollywood type” extraterrestrials crashed near Roswell in 1947. This idea doesn’t fit so easily in light of the numbers on the ground. A true extraterrestrial would understand universal math, but not necessarily numbers distinct in human culture and religion. The Roswell math bears uncanny similarity to ancient human systems of occult numerology.

The word “messenger” is exactly what the ancients named the heavenly beings. They knew their nature, having lived with them in Phoenicia. The modern illumined shares this understanding. In the ancient Hebrew, the word from messenger is malach; the ancient Greek word is angelos. According to the science of Angelology, the angelic mind grasps every mathematical and scientific concept in the universe. It is not outside the Angelic repertoire to take concern with mankind or to interact with it. They also know man’s religious numbers and symbolism; in Phoenicia, they were the teachers of these concepts. They were the sons’ of God that descended to Mt. Hermon.

But the messengers of Mt. Hermon were not morally aligned with the God of the Bible. On the contrary, they were aligned with the god that “illuminates” the mind of man. Concerning this god, Albert Pike, the 33° Mason, wrote in his Masonic guide, Morals and Dogma:

Lucifer, the Light-bearer! Strange and mysterious name to give to the Spirit of Darkness! Lucifer, the Son of the Morning! Is it he who bears the Light, and with its splendors intolerable, blinds feeble, sensual, or selfish souls? Doubt it not!

—Albert Pike, Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, p. 321

The origin for Lucifer’s name is found in the book of the prophet Isaiah. This text also explains that Lucifer is an angel. As an angel, his job is clear: Angels leave messages, (angelicon).

The Roswell event was a message…left at 33°.

One third of anything is 33 percent. One third of 100 percent is 33.333333… There is an ancient text that reveals the connection between the messengers and the number thirty-three:

And there appeared another wonder in heaven; and behold a great red dragon… And his tail drew one third part of the stars of heaven, and did cast them to the earth… And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon; and the dragon fought and his angels… And the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him.

—Revelation 12:3–9

In this text the number 33 or 1/3 is explained as the actual percentage of rebellious angels that will be cast to the earth. Satan is also clearly associated with this same number.

We know that 33 degrees of earth’s circumference is 2,012 miles and that thirty-three is a prominent number in the Roswell message. In addition, the number thirty-three is also prominently featured in the location of the first descent of angelic forces to Mt. Hermon. Might this numeric connection indicate a similar type event occurring in the year 2012?

And it shall come to pass in that day, that the LORD shall punish the host of the high ones that are on high, and the kings of the earth upon the earth. And they shall be gathered together, as prisoners are gathered in the pit, and shall be shut up in the prison, and after many days shall they be visited.

—Isaiah 24:21, 22

According to Isaiah 24 and Revelation 12, Lucifer and his angels are bound by the same destiny. They will be cast to the earth. Because they undoubtedly anticipate this event, this unseen group of heavenly beings must be preparing themselves for an inevitable change of estate. It also makes sense that they would condition mankind to accept them as gods when they return.

It has happened before.

In fact, Jesus, Himself, compared His second coming with the situation before the Flood. Genesis 6 is the blueprint for the future.

And there shall be signs in the sun, and in the moon, and in the stars; and upon the earth distress of nations, with perplexity; the sea and the waves roaring; Men’s hearts failing them for fear, and for looking after those things which are coming on the earth: for the powers of heaven shall be shaken.

—Luke 21:25, 26

But as the days of Noah were, so also will the coming of the Son of Man be. For as in the days before the flood, they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day that Noah entered the ark, and did not know until the flood came and took them all away, so also will the coming of the Son of Man be.

—Matthew 24:37-39

According to Christian eschatology, the return of Jesus as King of the Earth follows the appearance of His counterfeit. This false king will control humanity empowered by the same angelic rebels that ruled the earth before Noah entered the Ark. This concept has been around for a long time. It isn’t so extraordinary that Roswell repeats it. The troubling aspect of the Roswell message is that it seems to predict that these events will occur, or begin to occur, in 2012.

Christian eschatology can accommodate the existence of the Roswell message. It can accept its angelic origin for the message and even its symbolism. But so far there has been little room in eschatology for the setting of dates or years for prophecy fulfillment. There is only one true way of knowing the future, apart from trusting God’s words to mankind…

One has to wait.

According to the message at Roswell, we have only to wait a few years.

Discovery of Vast, Prehistoric Works Built by Giants?: The Geoglyphs of Teohuanaco

An article by David Flynn, February 24, 2008

The size and scope of David Flynn's Teohuanaco discovery simply surpasses comprehension. Mammoth traces of intelligence carved in stone and covering hundreds of square miles. For those who understand what they are seeing here for the first time, this could indeed be the strongest evidence ever found of prehistoric engineering by those who were known and feared throughout the ancient world as gods.

—Thomas Horn

This satellite image (above) is a portion of the Andean foothills surrounding Lake Titicaca in Bolivia, South America. It is a small sample of a vast network of patterns that surround the lake and extend for more than one hundred miles south into the Bolivian desert. The patterns display geometric repetition and intelligent design. There are interlocking rectangular cells and mounds, perfectly straight lines, and tree-like arrays that are uncharacteristic with natural erosion. These cover every topographical feature of the high plateau surrounding the lake and over flood plains, hills, cliffs, and mountains. Although these geoglyphs are remarkable in their obvious strangeness, what is more astounding is that they have remained in obscurity until now. In the same way modern archeologists recently found the ruins of hidden Mayan temples in the Guatemalan jungle by using earth-orbiting satellites, we have discovered what could be one of the greatest finds of our time.

Directly South of Lake Titicaca, the foothills are embossed with mound and rope arrangements of earth and rock. These form a contiguous “geomantic” and “circuit-like” network visible only from the air.

The “dendrite” forms above seem to be the most extensive patterns on the Bolivian Altiplano (the 226 foot “747” airplane is inserted for scale). When viewed from above, the terrain appears disconcertingly “alien” and surreal.

The combined mass of the walls on these mountains below easily rivals Hadrian’s seventy-three-mile-long wall in England.

Perfectly straight lines and repeated sharp-angle turns such as pictured do not occur through natural erosion. One hundred and twenty miles south of Lake Titicaca, near Chata, Bolivia, lines and geometric shapes were set in the ground by removal of earth at different depths, leaving various colors of strata underneath exposed. The effect is like a Zen garden covering the entire desert.

Amazing patterns (above) on the Bolivian desert cover approximately ten square miles.

Close up of the same area in the Bolivian desert, approximately one square mile.

Though geologists believe that Lake Titicaca has been receding for nearly thirteen thousand years, having been formed at the end of the last Ice Age, patterns of stripes are evident under the lake’s shoreline for a distance of at least nearly two miles before being obscured by the waters depths. At first glance the stripes appear to be cultivation plots. However, they are extremely narrow in relation to their length…some five feet wide to several thousand feet long.

Linear features of the South shore of Lake Titicaca from the altitude of 10 miles.

Above is a ground view of the linear features as they extend from the shore of the lake. They appear to have been scored into the ground. No explanation of their purpose is recorded by the local Indians, only that they are remnants of the civilization of Vircocha, the Inca god of creation.

Twelve miles south of Lake Titicaca, located within the center of the array of geoglyphs, lies the megalithic ruins of Tiahuanaco. Known as the “American Stonehenge” or the “Baalbek of the New World,” its architecture exhibits technological skill that exceeds modern feats of building. At Tiahuanaco, immense stone works were joined with modular fittings and complex breach-locking levels that have never been seen in any other ancient culture. Many of the blocks were joined together with T-shaped metal clamps that were poured into place by a portable forge. According to engineers, one of the largest single stones ever to be moved and put into building anywhere on earth (about four hundred tons) was transported to Tiahuanaco from a quarry over two hundred miles away. This feat is more incredible when one realizes the route of transport was through a mountain range up to fifteen thousand feet.

Conventional historians assign the age of buildings of Tiahuanaco at around 600 BC, believing that a pre-Inca civilization, without benefit of the wheel, modern tools, or even a written language, constructed these architectural marvels.

Tiahuanaco, Boliva: Image from Hermanos French—American expedition in 1903

The historian, Arthur Posnansky, studied the area for over fifty years and observed that sediment had been deposited over the site to the depth of six feet. Within this overburden, produced by a massive flood of water sometime around the Pleistocene age (thirteen thousand years ago) fossilized human skulls were unearthed together with seashells and remnants of tropical plants.[1125] The skulls have nearly three times the cranial capacity of modern man and are displayed in the La Paz museum in Bolivia.[1126]

An ancient shoreline was etched into the hills surrounding Tiahuanaco that had been lifted out of the horizontal plane. Additionally, there were lime deposits on the surface of the exposed megaliths, indicating that they had been submerged in water. Posnansky wrote:

The climate is dry, the foliage is scanty, the weather is cold, the neighboring people wretchedly poor and few in number. The top soil of the plateau is a two-foot dry deposit, now soft stone. Below it stands the lignite of charred tropical plants. Next come a layer of ash deposited amidst rainfall, and then appears an alluvial deposit. In such a place, one would normally expect merely a scanty soil, windswept, on rocky ground.[1127]

The geoglyphs in this area are found extant in all three layers of stratum, described by Posnansky, some of the most complex and ancient were carved into bedrock. In places, the rock was hewn into intricate mazes, rectilinear cells, mounds, and other geometry. These can be seen protruding from the valley floor of Ice Age sediment.

At the outskirts of the Bolivian village of Viacha, entire hills were excised in this manner. Other examples can be seen near the village of Batallas and Ancocahua, and on the foothills around Pucarani and Machacamarca. The geologically younger stratum around these patterns is easy to discern in satellite images.

Though remnants of ancient farming, known as suka kollus in the local Aymara language (artificially raised fields), can be seen among these geoglyphic features, these are found in the valleys and are easily distinguishable from the majority of glyph patterns around Lake Titicaca.

The raised farming fields (viewed above) are distinctly labyrinthine in design and, though extensive, constitute a small portion of the patterns that appear more “ritualistic” in design. However, because these features are so ancient and no longer used for farming due to the poor climate, they are termed “fossilized suka kollus” by archaeologists.

The horizontal terracing seen on many hills around the lake seem to have been designed to collect and hold rain water to create additional farming land. However, the vertical features that are far more extensive on the Altiplano are composed of rock piles and, in some places, they are hewn into the bedrock itself. Vertical walls of earth and rock cannot have been built to hold water. Some areas exhibit rectangular cells, others, perfect circles.

The geoglyphic pattern above is found twelve miles to the northeast of Lake Titicaca and is thirteen thousand five hundred feet above sea level. Its function is not consistent with any Inca farming technique.

The Inca civilization was relatively short-lived, lasting only one hundred years. Their culture inherited most its technology and legend from civilization stretching far into antiquity. It is known that the Inca and their predecessors possessed no written language. Instead, they used an arrangement of knotted ropes that communicated extremely complex information. This system, called quipus, was only understood by the highly trained Inca elite. The Spanish explorers recorded that the quipus was capable of recording not only census and crop records but lineage of kings and narratives of history. Examples of quipus from the pre-Inca cultures have recently been discovered in excavations in Peru dating to c. 3000 BC.[1128] More significantly, the knotted and colored patterns of ropes that formed the quipus seems to be represented in stone among some of the more ancient geoglyphs on the Altiplano.

These are examples of quipus knot-writing of the Inca (above).

The similarities of the quipus type rock glyphs and examples of Inca quipus rope are compellingly similar. The monumental work required to carve these geoglyphs suggest the importance of the message they conveyed. It is also remarkable that the knotted configurations of quipus seem to have been carved into the bedrock of hills rising above sediment that was deposited over the bedrock itself. This suggests that the age of these features is in excess of many thousands of years.

As in the case of the Nazca lines of Peru, the Tiahuanaco geoglyphs represent hundreds of years in construction and communal effort of thousands. However, unlike Nazca that was constructed in low altitude, the more extensive Tiahuanaco geoglyphs lie in a region that cannot support a population capable of producing such vast works, existing on a plain twelve thousand five hundred feet above sea level and higher. Nevertheless, they saturate the countryside for hundreds of square miles, a fact that presents enormous architectural difficulties. Modern-day visitors to the region are advised to limit activity due to the danger of altitude sickness. In fact, hotels in La Paz actually provide supplementary oxygen for their guests.

When the first Spanish chroniclers arrived with the conquistador Pizaro, the Inca explained that Tiahuanaco had been constructed by a race of giants, called Huaris, before Chamak-pacha, the “period of darkness,” and was already in ruins before their civilization began. The giants had been created by Viracocha, the god who came from the heavens.

He [Viracocha] created animals and a race of giants. These beings enraged the Lord, and he turned them into stone. Then he flooded the earth till all was under water, and all life extinguished. This flood was called uñu pachacuti, by the Inca which means “water that overturns the land.” They say that it rained 60 days and nights, that it drowned all created things, and that there alone remained some vestiges of those who were turned into stones. Viracocha rose from the bosom of Lake Titicaca, and presided over the erection of those wondrous cities whose ruins still dot its islands and western shores, and whose history is totally lost in the night of time.[1129]

This image, from the Sintich Hermanos French—American expedition in 1903, shows a megalith detached from the major complex of Tiahuanaco. Its surface is etched by a massive flow of water that also deposited the sediment around it. The geology of this area is characteristic of the glacial flooding associated with the end of the Pleistocene era, thirteen thousand years ago.

Less than a mile from Tiahuanaco, at a place named Puma Punko, immense stone ashlars, some in the two-hundred-ton range, were scattered and tossed like a child’s building blocks in an episode of unparalleled seismic violence. Posnansky believed that it was more ancient than Tiahuanaco, and modern researchers have suggested that both sites may have been built over previous cultures with antiquity stretching back tens of thousands of years.

A recent excavation of the ruins near Tiahuanaco: Note the six-foot layer of waterborne sediment at the altitude of twelve thousand five hundred feet.

Posnansky also suggested that the Kalasasaya temple of Tiahuanaco had been aligned with the angle that the sun and planets passed overhead. This “obliqueness of the ecliptic” at Kalasasaya indicated that nearly seventeen thousand years had passed since the Tiahuanaco had been constructed.[1130]

The broken, hundred-ton megaliths of Puma Punku

Modern claims of destroyed, lost civilizations of earth, underground cities, giants, and alien beings from the heavens are fertile subjects for ridicule. However, all these topics are found concentrated in the founding myths of the Inca and their predecessors.

The Peruvian historian Montesinos, in Memories Antiguas, Histories, Politicas del Peru wrote:

Cusco and the city of ruins, Tiwanaku are connected by a gigantic subterranean road. The Incas do not know who built it. They know nothing about the inhabitants of Tiwanaku. In their opinion it was built by a very ancient people who later on retreated into the jungle of the Amazon.

The Tiahunaco researcher, H. S. Bellamy, believed that the Tiahuanacan civilization had been destroyed by a small moon that decayed in its orbit and crashed into the earth. His findings were based on the hieroglyphs of the gateway of the sun in the main temple of Tiahuanaco. Additionally, Bellamy wrote that the cataclysm was only one of a series produced by several captured moons. Tiahuanaco and Puma Punko were the last remaining edifices to cultures that existed in extreme antiquity…up to hundreds of thousands of years old.[1131]

This assertion seems to be verified in the extreme erosion of the geoglyphs in a margin around Lake Titicaca above fourteen thousand feet. At this altitude, the surface features show the effects of prolonged rain and wind. Below fourteen thousand feet, the geoglyphs remain much more intact due to being submerged in the post-glacial extent of lake Titicaca…at its largest volume circa thirteen thousand years ago.

The margin of erosion can be seen above. The rectangular features on the right are intact below fourteen thousand feet at the ancient shore line of Titicaca. This indicates that the majority of the Tiahuanaco geoglyphs were constructed before Lake Titicaca grew to its post-glacial depth.

A further example of the Pleistocene age of the geoglyphs is seen below on a hill to the north of Lake Titicaca at a fourteen-thousand-foot margin. Near the center of the image is an alluvial fan, created by sediment-bearing runoff meeting standing water.

A close-up of the hill reveals the highly eroded shadows of the same geoglyphic features seen throughout the area.

The patterns carved in the bedrock (seen in the image below) were covered with Ice-Age sediment. Over time, wind and rain has removed the glacial deposits to reveal the geoglyphs underneath.

Inca civilization founding myths of giants and world deluge agree with similar legends from the Maya, Olmec, and Aztec cultures of Mexico. These are also consistent with Sumerian and Hebrew accounts of the Flood and of giants.

And when the sons of men had multiplied, in those days, beautiful and comely daughters were born to them: and the Watchers, the sons of heaven saw them and desired them. And they said to one another, “come let us choose for ourselves wives from the daughters of men, and let us beget for ourselves, children”… Then said the Most High, “go to Noah and tell him that a deluge is about to come upon the whole earth, to heal the earth which the angels have corrupted, that all the children of men may not perish through all the secret things that the Watchers have disclosed.”

—1 Enoch 6:1–7, 10

The Greeks also believed that the giants were responsible for the creation of megalithic structures that have been discovered over the entire earth. Islamic folklore also describes the “building” activity of a race of super beings called the “Jinn”:

The Jinn were before Adam: They built huge cities whose ruins still stand in forgotten places.

—Qur’an, Surah 89: 9–15, 27

In Egypt, the Edfu temple texts, believed to predate the Egyptians themselves, explain:

The most ancient of earth’s temples and monuments were built to bring about the resurrection of the destroyed world of the gods.

The impression that the Tiahuanaco geoglyphs leave is of both complexity and symbolism. Their extreme age and vastness conveys purpose beyond the realm of modern thought. If a creation of art, their purpose may have been to merge human culture with the processes of nature. However, within the Inca religious paradigm, the oldest record of the Andean region available to us, they are the vestiges of a lost civilization that knew its destiny…to be destroyed by world cataclysm. In this regard, the geoglyphs would serve not only as a memorial of an ancient existence, but also as a warning for future humanity of the return of a destructive epoch.

The geoglyphs seem to be physical evidence that support the Middle and South-American myths of world deluge and giants. Their discovery in modern times fits Inca and Mayan prophecies of an “awakening” to knowledge of the ancient past, of the “builder gods” and of their return. It is perhaps testament to the accuracy of these prophecies that the date, December 21, 2012, is known so widely in modern times…the end of the Mayan calendar.

[1] David Flynn, Cydonia: The Secret Chronicles of Mars (End Time Thunder Publishers, 2002), Introduction.

[2] Ibid.

[3] David Flynn, “Alien Glyph Code,” Watcher Website, last accessed March 20, 2012, http://www.mt.net/~watcher/conspir.html.

[4] See this article by David Flynn at the following web address, last accessed March 20, 2012: http://www.ahrimangate.com/flynn.htm.

[5] David Flynn, Temple at the Center of Time (Crane, MO: Anomalos Publishing, 2008), Introduction.

[6] Rev. Dr. Edersheim, The Temple: Its Ministry and Services, as they Were at the Time of Jesus Christ, rev. ed. (New York, NY: James Pott & Co., 1881), 141–142.

[7] “Phenomenon (film),” Wikipedia, last modified May 7, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenon_(film).

Notes

[8] Sir Steven, Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople (Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press, 1965).

[9] Columbia Encyclopedia, H. L. Strack, translator. Columbia Universty Press. London, UK. 1963 entry for Plotinus.

[10] Plato. The Timaeus, translated by Benjamin Jowett. (New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1949).

[11] Webster’s New International Dictionary, 3rd Ed., Unabridged; G. & C. Merriam Company, Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.; 1961.

[12] Edward Zupko, Revolution in Measurement: Western European Weights and Measures Since the Age of Science Published by Amer Philosophical Society, Philadelphia USA (May 1990).

[13] Robert Turner. Ars Notoria London, Printed by F. Cottrel, Lamb at the East-end of Pauls. 1657. Transcribed and converted to Acrobat by Benjamin Rowe, July 1999. www.Sacred-magic.com

[14] Rene, Descartes, (Regulate, 1958b Rule IV) Key Philosophical Writings translated by.Elizabeth Haldane. Wordsworth Classics of World Literature, 1997 Hertfordshire: Wordsworth UK.

[15] Frances, Yates. Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).

[16] Author’s note: Enoch the patriarch before the great flood of Noah was reputed to have spoken with the angels and visited heaven. His record of these events are recorded in the pseudopigraphic book of Enoch.

[17] Columbia Encyclopedia. H. L. Strack, translator. Columbia University Press London. 1963. The Babylonian Talmud was available to the natural philosophers of the 17th century and contains works dating from the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.

[18] Louis Ginzberg, Legends of the Jews Publis

. Published by the Jewish Publication Society of America. Philadelphia 1920.

[19] Rossi, Paolo, Logic and the Art of Memory: The Quest for a Universal Language, trans. Stephen Clucas. (Published by University of Chicago, Illinois. Athlone Press, 2000).

[20] Felix. Buffiere, The Myths of Homere et la pensee grecque., Vol. V, p. 237. (Publisher, Society of Editions, Paris, France 1956).

[21] Proclus’ Commentary on Plato’s dialogue Timaeus. Translated by Dirk Baltzly. (Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge. 2006)

[22] James Orchard Halliwell The Private Diary of Dr John Dee, and the Catalogue of his Library of Manuscripts. Facsim.of 1842 edition (March 1997) by pg. 43. Kessinger Publishing Kila MT 59920 U.S.A.

[23] Frances Yates, Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic tradition. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991 pg. 13).

[24] James Strong’s Hebrew dictionary entry # 226. Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. AMG Publishers edition, World Bible Publishers, Inc. 1986 Iowa Falls, IA.

[25] Ibid. Strong’s Hebrew dictionary entry # 8420.

[26] James H. Charlesworth Pseudepigraphia, Volume 2, ed., (New York: Doubleday, 1985), Pg. 43, 122. 124.

[27] E. Wallis Budge, The Gods of the Egyptians. Vol. 1 p. 400 the Pyramid texts. Dover Publications, London; New Ed edition (June 1, 1969)

[28] Walter Raleigh, The Historie of the World in Five Bookes (University Press, Oxford 1829) Book 1. Pg. 156, 157.

[29] Ibid Strong’s Hebrew dictionary entry # 2596

[30] Elizabeth Leedham-Green, A Concise History of the University of Cambridge. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK: 1996). Pgs. 1–4.

[31] Gale E. Christianson, In The Presence Of The Creator. Isaac Newton and His Times ( Connecticut, USA, The Easton Press. 1989 ).

[32] Franz Kobler, The Jewish Frontier ,March 1943 “Newton on the Restoration of the Jews,” p. 21.

[33] Isaac Newton, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and System of the World, trans. Andrew Motte, rev. with an Appendix by Florian Cajori. (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966)

[34] Milo Keynes, Essays on John Maynard Keynes. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK 1975).

[35] Isaac Newton, Veterum loca solida restitute: Principles of Mathematics, University of California Press Berkeley CA. 1999. pgs. 4, 277.

[36] Benito Arias Montano Antiquates Judaicae (León: University of León Press, Spain, 1999) pgs. 108–112.

[37] Thomas Beverley, The Pattern of the Divine Temple (London, 1690) Library of Congress, Washington Gov. Printing office. Washington D.C. U.S.A. 1868 pg.9

[38] Christopher Wren, Tracts on Architecture Tract I. ed. Lydia M. Soo. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK. (November 13, 1998)

[39] Jose Faur “Newton, Maimonides, and esoteric knowledge,” Cross Currents: The Journal of the Association for Religious and Intellectual Life no. 40, (1990): Pg. 528.

[40] One Hundred Twentieth-Century Philosophers, ed. Stuart Brown, Diané Collinson, and Robert Wilkinson (London: Routledge publishers, 1998).

[41] Isaac Newton, MS. Yahuda 41, p. 7r. Professor Rob Iliffe., Newton Papers Project University of Sussex, East Sussex. UK.2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[42] Francis Mercury Van Helmont, “The Natural Alphabet” (1614–1698) Allison P. Coudert (Translator) Brill Academic Publishers, Boston, MA. U.S.A. (June 30, 2007)

[43] Isaac Newton, The Language of the Prophets, in Theological MSS, ed. Herbert McLachlan.Manchester University press. Liverpool UK 1950 pg. 14.

[44] Robert Turner Ars Notoria: The Notory Art of Solomon, Transcribed and converted to Acrobat by Benjamin Rowe, July 1999. www.Sacred-magic.com.

[45] John Maynard Keynes 1947, "Newton, the Man” (New York: Meridian Books,

1956). Pg. 36.

[46] Ibid.

[47] Isaac Newton, The Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse (Hyderabad, India Printland Publishers, 1998) Pg. 14.

[48] Isaac Newton Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John. Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem, Transcribed by Shelley Innes 1998.Pg. 14. The Newton Project - University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[49] Ibid. Newton. Observations Pg. 13.

[50] Flavius Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 10.11.7. 267; John J. Collins Cosmos and Salvation: Jewish Wisdom and Apocalyptic in the. Hellenistic Age. History of Religions 17.2 Minneapolis, Minnesota USA University of Minnesota Press 1977: pg. 153.

[51] Bernard Capp Fifth Monarchy Men: Study in Seventeenth Century English Millenarianism, (:Faber and Faber,Lonedon UK 1972)

[52] Richard Bauckham, Tudor Apocalypse: Sixteenth Century Apocalypticism, Millenarianism and the English Reformation (Oxford: Sutton Courtenay Press,1978).

[53] Patrick Collinson, “Biblical Rhetoric: the English Nation and National Sentiment in the Prophetic Mode” , Pg. 12 Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. 1997.

[54] Henry Archer, The Personal Reign of Christ Upon Earth (1642), cited by Philip Rogers, The Fifth Monarchy Men (London: Oxford University Press, 1966), p.11–13.

[55] The full title is: An Interpretation of the Number 666, was written by wherein not only the manner how this number ought to be interpreted is clearly proved and demonstrated; but it is also showed that this number is an exquisite and perfect character, truly, exactly, and essentially describing that state of Government to which all other notes of Antichrist doe agree. With all known objections solidly and fully answered, that can be materially made against it.” Sidney Lee. “A Dictionary of National Biography” Vol. 16. Published by Smith, Elder & Co. London, UK 1909

[56] “Mede’s Works”. vol. ii. lib. iv. p. 1058.: Translated by R. Bransby Cooper London. 1664. Christian Classics Ethereal library 2007 Pg. 851. http://www.ccel.org/ccel/mede/key.html

[57] J.E. Force and R.H. Popkins, eds. Newton and religion: Context nature and influence., (Boston: Dordrecth publishers, 1999).

[58] Sir Egerton Brydges “Titles, Extracts, and characters in English Literature,” Revived. Published 1815 by T. Bensley for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown Digitized Nov 15, 2006 Original from the New York Public Library. Volume 8. pg. 73.

[59] An excerpt from the Hamburgh, newsletter, December 24, 1664 (published in Newes, January 5, 1665) THE HISTORICAL SOURCES OF DEFOE’S JOURNAL OF THE PLAGUE YEAR Copyright 1920 The STRATFORD CO., Publisher. Boston, Mass U. S. A. pg., 67.

[60] Daniel Defoe. A Journal of the Plague Year 1722 University of Adelaide Australia. Library Electronic Texts Collection. 2006. http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/d/defoe/daniel/

[61] J.E. McGuire and Martin Tamny (eds), Certain Philosophical Questions: Newton’s Trinity Notebook (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 377–9.

[62] Ibid. Certain Philosophical Questions: Newton’s Trinity Notebook . Pg. 85.

[63] Isaac Newton, Treatise on Revelation, Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem, Yahuda Ms. 1.1. The Newton Project - University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[64] Stone Edition Tanach. Artscroll series. Published by Mesorah Publications, ltd. Brooklyn, New York 11232, 2007.

[65] Rev. J. W. Brooks “The Literalism Elements of Prophetical Interpretation”. E. G. Dorsey, Printer.Philadelphia USA 1840. V. Preface. page VI

[66] Newton, Isaac. Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John. Part 2, Chapter 1 - Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem, Yahuda Ms. 1.1 Transcribed by Shelley Innes summer 1998. The Newton Project - University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[67] Isaac Newton, “Chronology of ancient Kingdoms” CHAP. IV. Of the two Contemporary Empires of the Babylonians and Medes. The Newton Project - University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[68] Isaac Newton “The Prophecies of Daniel and a Treatise on Revelation” in Chapter 10 “Of the relation which the Prophecy of John hath to those of Daniel; and of the Subject of the Prophecy”. Source: Yahuda Ms. 9, Jewish National and University Library. The Newton Project - University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[69] Isaac Newton. Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John (London: 1733). Part II, Chapter III: Of the relation which the Prophecy of John hath to those of Daniel; and of the Subject of the Prophecy. The Newton Project - University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[70] Plinii, Nautural history. Book 5. Cap. 26.. H. Rackham, Translator. Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1989.

[71] C. F. Pfeiffer, Old Testament History, p. 455.Grand Rapids. MI. U.S.A.:Baker Book House Co, 1973.

[72] Ibid.

[73] Daniel 5:5 Quoted from the Scofeild Bible. Editor Rev. C. I. Sscofield,. D.D. Oxford University Press, New York. 1945.

[74] Daniel 5: 7 KJV

[75] Gale E Christianson, Newton the Man, (New York: Free Press, 1984).

[76] Isaac Newton, Chronology of ancient Kingdoms CHAP. IV Pg. 327. The Newton Project - University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[77] Dan 2:48 KJV

[78] Daniel 5:12 The Scofield Reference Bible. Editor Rev. C. I. Sscofield,. D.D. Oxford University Press, New York. 1945.

[79] Dan 5:25–28 The Scofield Reference Bible. Editor Rev. C. I. Sscofield,. D.D. Oxford University Press, New York. 1945.

[80] Herodotus, The Histories 1.191 John M. Marincola (Editor), Aubrey De Selincourt (Translator) Penguin Classics U.S.A. 1996. Author note: Cyrus’s armies, under the command of Ugbaru had already defeated the Babylonians at Opis situated on the Tigris River. From there, the Persians had control of the canal systems of Babylon. The ancient historian Herodotus recorded that the Persians diverted the River Euphrates into a canal up river from Babylon until the Euphrates dropped “to the height of the middle of a man’s thigh.” On October 12, 539 BC, the Persian army marched through the river conduit under Babylon and took the city without a fight. Belshazzar was slain. His father, Nabonidus had fled at the fall of Babylon but eventually surrendered to Cyrus.

[81] Eze 45:12 The Scofield Reference Bible. Editor Rev. C. I. Sscofield,. D.D. Oxford University Press, New York. 1945.

[82] Oxford Cyclopedic Concordance. (New York: Oxford University Press, INC, 1947).

[83] Author’s note: This era begins in the first year of the reign of Nabonassar on New Year’s Day in the Egyptian calendar or Wednesday 26 February 747 B.C. in the Julian calendar.

[84] Ezekiel 43:12. New King James Version © 1982 Thomas Nelson Publishers. Nashville, TN. U.S.A.

[85] Isaac Newton, The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended Chapter V. (London: 1728). The Newton Project - University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[86] Ibid.

[87] Shalev, Zur – “Measurer of All Things: John Greaves (1602–1652), the Great Pyramid, and Early Modern Metrology”, Journal of the History of Ideas - Volume 63, Number 4, October 2002, pp. 555–575, The Johns Hopkins University Press.

[88] Newton, Lexicon Propheticum, Yahuda MS 14, ff 1–8. The Newton Project – University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[89] Fabrizzio Lelli, “Alemanno, Yohanan ben Isaac,” Encyclopedia of the Renaissance (New York,1999), Online version of the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia: www.jewishencyclopedia.com

[90] Ibid. Jewish Encyclopedia, “Shilte Ha- Gibborim,” Mantua 1612.

[91] The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XII. Published 1911. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[92] Gillispie, Charles. C. ed., Dictionary of Scientific biography. v 13 p29–30.16 vols. New York: Charles Scribner and Sons, 1970

[93] Isaac Newton. Theological notes.Keynes MS. 5, Vr. 9. (Yahuda Library Jerusalem 9.2). The Newton Project – University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[94] Isaac Newton, Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John. Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem, Yahuda Ms. 1.1 Transcribed by Shelley Innes summer 1998. The Newton Project – University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[95] 1 Kings 3:5–14 KJV

[96] Isaac Newton, “A Treatise or Remarks on Solomons Temple,” Prolegomena ad Lexici Prophetici partem secundum, in quibus agitur De forma Sanctuarij Iudaici. (Babson Ms. 434), Huntington Library, San Marino, California. Quoted in translation by David Castillejo, “Expanding Force in Newton's cosmos”. Ediciones de Arte y Bibliofilia, Madrid Spain (May 1981) p 38.

[97] “The Ante-Nicene Fathers” Origen (“Against Celsus,” bk. Vi., Ch. 23.(Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, editors); American Edition. 1885. Reprint, Schribners and Sons, New York. 1903.

[98] Villalpanda shows the camp of Israel around the tabernacle in the wilderness in a square form, with the zodiac situated around it. In addition the four evangelists are also arranged, corresponding to their symbols in the zodiac, found in William Stirling, The Canon - An Exposition of the Pagan Mystery Perpetuated in the Cabala as the Rule of all the Arts, London, 1897, - modern ed., p.39The Garnstone Press, London, 1974.

[99] Hebrews 11:8–11 KJV

[100] Vilnay, Legends of Jerusalem, pp. 128–132. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1987.

[101] Talmud - Derech Eretz Zuta 9. Translated by Michael L. Rodkinson. New York: New Talmud Pub. Co. c1896–c1903.

[102] Flavius Josephus, War of the Jews (3:51–52), new trans. Rev. Robert Traill, P.D. M.R.T.A. Isaac Taylor , ed. Vol. 2. London: Houlston and Stoneman, Paternoster Row 1851).

[103] Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. Noah Porter, editor. (G & C. Merriam Co., 1913, Springfield, Massachusetts. U.S.A.)

[104] Rabbi Yehudah Loew ben Bezalel Gur Aryeh al HaTorah. (the Maharal) 1525–1609. Online version of the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia: www.jewishencyclopedia.com

[105] Maimonides , The Guide of the Perplexed, trans. Shlomo Pines, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963)

[106] Chumash Rashi, The Tanach (New York: Mesorah Heritage Foundation Pub, 1996).

[107] Rev. C. I. Schofield The Schofield Reference Bible. footnotes, pg. 101. New York, Oxford University Press. Copyright 1909.

[108] Talmud Shemot 25:10–16" (Yoma 3:2). Translated by Michael L. Rodkinson. New York: New. Talmud Pub. Co. c1896–c1903.

[109] Strong’s Hebrew Lexicon # 8371 in Strongs Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. AMG Publishers edition, World Bible Publishers, Inc. 1986 Iowa Falls, Ia.

[110] Ibid. Talmud, Yoma 54a.

[111] Book of Jubilies Trans. R. H. Charles, revised Ch. Rabin in H. D. F. Sparks (ed.), The Apocryphal Old Testament (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), p. 38.

[112] Ibid. James Strong’s Hebrew Lexicon # 2872.

[113] Ibid.

[114] Ibid. # 8354–8371.

[115] Psalms 1:3. KJV

[116] And he brought me thither, and, behold, [there was] a man, whose appearance [was] like the appearance of brass, with a line of flax in his hand, and a measuring reed; and he stood in the gate. Ezekiel 40:3 KJV.

[117] James_B._Pritchard Ancient, Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. published by Princeton University Press. Princeton NJ. U.S.A. 1969.

[118] Isaac Newton, “The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended” (London: 1728) Chapter 4: Of the two Contemporary Empires of the Babylonians and Medes page. 326. The Newton Project—University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[119] Columbia Encyclopedia.Third Edition. Edited by William Bridgewater and Seymore Kurtz. Columbia University Press. New York.1963

[120] James Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the bible. Greek Lexicon entry # 3485. World Bible Publishers, Inc., Iowa Dalls, IA. U.S.A. 1986.

[121] Gesenius’s Lexicon S. P. Tregelles trans. and ed in 1847, 1857. Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1990.

[122] H. W. Turnbull (ed.), The correspondence of Isaac Newton, Chapter 3. Pg.338 Cambridge University Press, New York 1961.

[123] Isaac Newton Yahuda MS 41. ff.. 8r and 9r-v. The Newton Project – University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[124] Ibid., Strong’s Hebrew Lexicon # 1696. James Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the bible.

[125] Isaac Newton. Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel Part II Chap II, (London: 1733). The Newton Project – University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[126] Immanuel Velikovsky, Worlds in Collision. New York: Simon & Shuster, 1977.

[127] Ezekiel chapter 1 & 5. KJV.

[128] John Roberts Dummelow, ,, A Commentary on the Holy Bible, New York: Macmillan company, 1909.

[129] Nippur’s coordinates: 32°12.693857568549’N 45°23.0785335312512E.

[130] Ezekiel 8:16 KJV

[131] Ibid. James Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible., Hebrew Lexicon # 1509

[132] Isaac Newton Part 2, Chapter 1 - Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John. Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem, Yahuda Ms. 1.1 Transcribed by Shelley Innes summer 1998. The Newton Project – University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[133] Augustine, Confessions, book IX, vs. II, pg. 90. William Benton, The University of Chicago, Publisher. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. Chicago IL. U.S.A. 1952.

[134] Isaac Newton, Treatise on Revelation, Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem, Yahuda Ms. 1.1. The Newton Project – University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[135] Ethelbert W. Bullinger Number in Scripture: Its Supernatural Design and Spiritual Significance. PART II, Kregel Publications 1967 Grand Rapids Michigan. Pg. 257.

[136] Piazzi Smyth Life and Work at the Great Pyramid Edinburgh UK: Edmonston and Douglas. 1867. Pg. 341 books.google.com

[137] Deuteronomy25:14 KJV

[138] Exodus, 25: 6 KJV

[139] The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press 2001–07. Entry under “Mandaeans.”

[140] Exodus, 25: 6 KJV

[141] The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press 2001–07. Entry under “Mandaeans.”

[142] Petrie W. M. Flanders, Inductive Metrology or, The Recovery of Ancient Measures From The Monuments. (London UK : Hargrove Suanders,1877).

[143] Piazzi Smyth Life and Work at the Great Pyramid Edinburgh UK: Edmonston and Douglas. 1867. Pg. 362.

[144] Ibid. Petrie W. M. Flanders, Inductive Metrology. pg. 67.

[145] Ibid Petrie W. M. Flanders, Inductive Metrology pg. 145, writes: “The possibility of this widespread unit having some connection with the Chinese foot (the double of which is 25.18+ -.04) and with the North American mound builder's foot (1/2 of 25.20 + -.04) should not be disregarded...Don Quiepo also connects with it the Japanese ‘inc’ 75.21 - i.e., 3 x 25.07.

[146] James Strong, The Tabernacle of Israel New edition, 1987 Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids MI 49501 page. 118 A. Bockh, Metrologische Untersuchungen (1838) (general) ‘Emphasis mine’.

[147] Petrie W. M. Flanders, Inductive Metrology or, The Recovery of Ancient Measures from the Monuments. London: Hargrove Saunders, 1877.

[148] James Strongs Echaustive Concordance of the Bible. World Bible Publishers, Inc., Iowa Dalls, IA. U.S.A. 1986. Hebrew Lexicon: fingers (estaba) # 677, hand (yad) #3028 palm (pac) # 6447.

[149] Isaac Newton Prolegomena to a Lexicon propheticumhe, Yahuda mss 14. f. The Newton Project – University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[150] Ibid. Strong’s Hebrew and Chaldee dictionary of the Old Testament entry # 748 through #754.

[151] Webster’s Dictionary. 1987 edition. PSI Associates Miami, Florida.

[152] Babylonian Talmud, Berakoth, 55a. Translated by Michael L. Rodkinson. New York: New Talmud Pub. Co.1903.

[153] Zechariah 1:15, 16 KJV Emphasis mine.

[154] Revelation 11:,2 KJV Emphasis mine.

[155] Greek Lexicon entry # 833. in James Strongs Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. World Bible Publishers, Inc., Iowa Dalls, IA. U.S.A. 1986.

[156] Author note: Here Newton relied on his chronological view that the end of days was set during the reinstitution of the Western Roman Empire in AD 800 by Charlemagne, his reasons for this are examined in detail in chapter 18.

[157] Isaac Newton Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel. Part 1, Chapter 10. The Newton Project – University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[158] Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, Vol 3, Pg. 232. Roman London. Publisher: His Majesty's Stationary Office. London. 1928

[159] Isaac Newton, Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John Of the Times of the Birth and Passion of Christ,. Newton Project – University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[160] United States National Geodetic Survey NADCON decimal conversion program http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/nadcon.prl

[161] Samuel Lee, “Orbis Miraculum”, London. Printed by John Streater for Humphrey Mosley, at Signe of the Prince’s Arms in St. Paul’s –Church- Yard. MDCLIX Preface.

[162] Ibid. Orbis Miaculum Chapter 1. page 9.

[163] R. Stafforde, A Geographical and Anthologicall Description of all the Empires and Kingdomes, both of Continent and Islands in this terrestrial Globe (London, 1634.

[164] Strong’s Hebrew Lexicon entry # 1212. In James Strongs Echaustive Concordance of the Bible.World Bible Publishers, Inc., Iowa Dalls, IA. U.S.A. 1986.

[165] Babylonian Talmud. Berakoth, 55a. Translated by Michael L. Rodkinson. New York: New. Talmud Pub. Co. c1896–c1903.

[166] Exodus 37: 1, 6 & 7. KJV.

[167] Hebrews 9:5 KJV

[168] Author note; After the death of Moses and Aaron, only on Yom Kippur (the day of atonement) could the high priest approach the ark in the Holy of Holies.

[169] “And Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh king of Egypt, and took Pharaoh’s daughter, and brought her into the city of David, until he had made an end of building his own house, and the house of the LORD, and the wall of Jerusalem round about” (1Kings 3:1 KJV).

[170] Immanuel Vilikovsky, Ages in Chaos. Chapter 4. Pg. 168. Sidgwick & Jackson, London.1968

[171] Flinders Petrie, Egypt and Israel, Pg. 65 (London UK: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1911).

[172] Ibid. Flinders Petrie, Egypt and Israel. Pg. 68.

[173] Ibid. Immanuel Vilikovsky, Ages in Chaos.

[174] James Strong, The Tabernacle of Israel,1888. 1987 reprint, Grand Rapids Kregel, Inc. Grand Rapids MI., pg. 91.

[175] Joshua 3:14–17 KJV

[176] Joshua 6:3 KJV

[177] Ibid. Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance. Jericho from ‘yereach’ moon Hebrew Lexicon entry # 3394.

[178] Helmut Moritz and Bernhard Hofmann, Physical Geodesy. (New York: Springer, Wien, 2005).

[179] Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol 2. page 45.William Smith Editor. Taylor and Walton. London 1846

[180] The “Stadia” was an ancient Greek measure of distance, based on the length of a Stadia course on which foot races were held in ancient Greece and equal to about 515.09 feet. From Greek ‘stadion’ perhaps alteration (influenced by stadios, firm) of spadion, racetrack, from sp n, to pull.] The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. New York 2000.

[181] Ibid. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Vol. 2. Page 45.

[182] Fred Hoyle, Astronomy, (London: Rathbone Books Limited, 1962).

[183] The Dialogues of Plato. 2 vols. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. New York, Random House, 1937.

[184] Ibid.

[185] Jewish Encyclopedia: Entry, YETZIRAH, SEFER Online version of the 1901–1906 www.jewishencyclopedia.com

[186] Phineas Mordell “The Origin of Letters & Numerals According to the Sepher Yetzirah,” chapter 4.,. Published by Samuel Weiser, Inc. York Beach, ME 1975.

[187] The decimal points of any number that divides unequally by seven are .1428571428571… (360 divided by 7.1428571 = 50.40) This number times 100 equals the number of Plato’s Magnesia from the Laws.

[188] The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.Pg. 666. (Columbia University Press, New York 2007).

[189] Ibid. The Columbia Encyclopedia.

[190] Ibid. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol 2. Page 46.William Smith Editor. Taylor and Walton. London 1846. Plutarch and Macrobius both credit Eratosthenes with these calculations.

[191] Figures courtesy NASA’s National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC). nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov

[192] Ibid.

[193] Ibid.

[194] Talmud Yoma' v.2. Translated by Michael L. Rodkinson. New York: New Talmud Pub. Co.1903.

[195] Mishnah, in Tractate Shkalim, it is written: “A priest in the Second Temple saw a section the floor which was different from the other floors and he understood that in this place there was an entrance to an underground tunnel and he came and shared it with his friend. Before he could finish sharing what he had seen with his friends, he died. They then knew very clearly that that was the place where the Ark of the Covenant was hidden.” According to Maimonides, Solomon knew that the Temple would be destroyed in the future and prepared a repository for the Ark underneath the Temple mount. Later King Josiah hid the Ark in Solomon’s secret vault. Maimonides, The Book of Temple Service, 17. also Hilchot Beit HaBecheirah 4:1 and Tractate Yoma, 53b. Translated by Michael L. Rodkinson. New York: New Talmud Pub. Co.1903.

[196] Captain Charles W. Wilson, Ordinance Survey of Jerusalem. Published by Palestine Exploration Fund. London 1884.

[197] Major Condor, Our work in Palestine;, Palestine Exploration Fund, London 1866.

[198] Kebra Nagast: The Glory of Kings. Pg. 46. Miguel F. Brooks, Ed. Lawrenceville, N.J.: Red Sea Press. 1996

[199] 1 Kings 11: 9–12 KJV

[200] II Chron.12:9 KJV

[201] Columbia Encyclopedia, 3rd ed. Pg. 453. New York: Columbia University, 1963).

[202] Robert Jamieson, A.R.Fausset, and David Brown. Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible.1871. Hendrickson Publishers; New Ed edition (March 1, 1997)

[203] 2 Chronicles 26: 24. KJV

[204] 2 Chronicles 35:3 KJV

[205] Ibid. Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible

[206] 2 Chronicles 35: 20 KJV

[207] Ibid. Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible

[208] 2 Chronicles 35: 22– 24. KJV

[209] Ibid. Columbia encyclopedia. Pg. 213.The Apocryphal books were considered historically valuable enough to be included in the King James Bible from its formation in 1611 until 1885. Later these 14 books were officially removed from the English printings of the King James bible by the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1885.

[210] II Macabees 2 :4 Bishop Challoner’s 18th century revision of the Douay Rheims version Catholic Public Domain Version. 2005 Ronald L. Conte Jr., translator and editor. www.sacredbible.org

[211] R. H. Charles The Apocrypha and Pseudopigrapha of the Old Testament, Vol. 2, 2 Baruch 6 Oxford Press. Oxford, UK 1913

[212] James Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the bible, Hebrew Dictionary, Hebrew Lexicon # 5015 World Bible Publishers, Inc., Iowa Dalls, IA. U.S.A. 1986.

[213] Ibid. Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary entry # 5013.

[214] Ibid. Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary entry # 5011.

[215] Deuteronomy 34: 10 KJV

[216] Deuteronomy 34: 5 KJV

[217] Ibid. Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary entry # 5014

[218] Ibid. Talmud (Sanhedrin XI. 109a) (Cf. Obermeyer, pp. 314, 327, 346). Translated by Michael L. Rodkinson. New York: New Talmud Pub. Co. c1896–c1903.

[219] Numbers 21:9 KJV

[220] 2 Kings 18:24 KJV

[221] The sculpture of the serpent on the pole was created by Italian artist, Giovanni Fantoni. Wikipedia Mount Nebo. www.wikipedia.org

[222] Moses, in Exodus 3:1, Elijah, in I Kings 19: 7.

[223] Flavius Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews - Book IV. CHAPTER 8, Pg. 48 William Whiston translator. Kregel. Grand Rapids, Michigan;. 1999

[224] Luke 23:27–28 KJV

[225] Exodus 28:1 KJV

[226] Exodus. 25:16, 21–22; Numbers. 17:4 KJV

[227] 1 Kings 8:10 KJV

[228] Ezekiel 11:23 KJV

[229] Ezekiel 43: 4 KJV

[230] Exodus. 34:35 KJV

[231] 1 Samuel 4:22 KJV

[232] R. H. Charles, The Apocrypha and Pseudopigrapha of the Old Testament, Vol. 2, Talmud 2 Baruch 6 Oxford Press. Oxford, UK 1913.

[233] Ibid. R. H. Charles, The Apocrypha and Pseudopigrapha of the Old Testament Talmud. Ta’anit 29a and in Pesikta Rabbati 26:6.

[234] Ibid. Talmud. Jalkut Shekalim 50a and B. on Isa. xxi.

[235] Ibid. Columbia encyclopedia.Pg. 1080.

[236] Maimonides, Laws of the Chosen House, 2:1,2. Mishna Torah. Published by Maznaim New York: 1986.

[237] Encyclopaedia Judaica, Isidore Singer and Cyrus Alder, et al eds.New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1906 “Jerusalem, History, Under Ottoman Rule (1517–1917) Suleiman The Magnificent And His Work.”

[238] Flavius Josephus, The Jewish War V, 184–189 [v. 1]. (Author), Betty Radice (Author), E. Mary Smallwood (Editor), G. A. Williamson (Introduction, Translator) Penguin Classics (February 7, 1984)

[239] Dr. Asher S. Kaufman “Where the Ancient Temple of Jerusalem Stood; extant ‘Foundation Stone’ for the Ark of the Covenant Is Identified.” Biblical Archaeology Review, 9, no. 2, (1983): 40–58.

[240] Ibid. Encyclopaedia Judaica , “Temple Mount”; Mishnah, Middot 2:1.

[241] Ibid. Kaufman “Where the Ancient Temple of Jerusalem Stood, Extant ‘Foundation Stone’ for the Ark of the Covenant Is Identified.”:p. 70–73.

[242] Ibid. Kaufman “Where the Ancient Temple of Jerusalem Stood, Extant ‘Foundation Stone’ for the Ark of the Covenant Is Identified.” 179–183 & 70–73.

[243] Talmud (Yoma 53b). Translated by Michael L. Rodkinson. New York: New Talmud Pub. Co.1903.

[244] Zohar II, 1867, p. 222; III, p. 131. Pritzker 1 Edition, Daniel C. Matt (Translator) Stanford University Press; 2003.

[245] Ibid. Zohar. Soncino Zohar, Bereshith, Section 1, Page 71b

[246] Ibid. Zohar II, 1867, p. 222; III, p. 131. Yerushalmi, Pesahim 4:1; Ta'anit 1:6.

[247] Ibid. Talmud (Bavli, Sanhedrin 26b.) Psalms 1:3. J. Caro, Shulkhan Arukh: Orah Haim 551:8.

[248] Isaiah 28:16, John 1: 1–3,14 KJV

[249] Jeremiah 17:13 Zechariah 14: 8 & Revelation 7: 17 KJV

[250] Ibid. Zohar, Soncino, Bereshith, Section 1, Page 71b.

[251] Exodus 24:10 KJV

[252] Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary # 5608Strongs Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. AMG Publishers edition, World Bible Publishers, Inc. 1986 Iowa Falls, Ia.

[253] Ibid. Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary # 3840.

[254] Ibid. Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary # 2891.

[255] Isaac Newton, A Letter containing his New Theory about Light and Colors’: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society No.80, published 19 Feb. 1671 / 72. facsimile reproduction in Cohen, I. B., and Schofield, R. E., Isaac Newton’s Papers and Letters in Natural Philosophy, 2nd ed., Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1 1978, pp. 47–59.

[256] Genesis 9:13–15 KJV

[257] Henry Semat, Ph.D. Fundamentals of Physics. Rinehart & Company, Inc. Publishers. New York. 1945. pg. 447.

[258] Ibid. Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary #s 5116 through 5118.

[259] John. Holland Rose, The Personality of Napoleon, pg.16. G. P. Putnams Sons, London, UK 1912

[260] Daniel 11:41–43 KJV

[261] John Holland Rose, The Life of Napoleon I, trans. A.S. Kline, (Volumes, 1 and 2) G. Bell and Sons, London UK. 2006.

[262] Simon Schwarzfuchs, “Napoleon, The Jews, and the Sanhedrin” Pg. 24. Oxford University Press, USA; New Ed edition, 1984.

[263] Ben Weider Napoleonic Scholarship: The Journal of the The International Napoleonic Society, ,Vol.1, No. 2, (1998).

[264] Paris “0” point coordinates: 48.85341° N 2.34880° E.

[265] Isidore Singer and Cyrus Alder, et al eds. The Jewish Encyclopedia (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1906).

[266] Ibid. John Holland Rose, The Personality of Napoleon, pg. 243

[267] Don Cameron Allen, "The Predecessors of Champollion", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 144, no. 5. (1960), 527–547.

[268] Joseph A. Seiss, The Great Pyramid: A miracle in stone, rev. ed (1877; repr., New York: Steiner books, 1989), Pg 167.

[269] James St

rong Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. AMG Publishers edition, World Bible Publishers, Inc. 1986 Iowa Falls, Ia. Hebrew dictionary # 3727 & 3722.

[270] 1Kings 6:1 KJV

[271] Sir Charles Close: “Old English Mile”: Geographical Journal: vol.76: pp.338–342. 1930 This is from “An Acte againste newe Buyldinges,” 35 Elizabeth I. Chapter 6, 1593 which forbade building within 3 miles of the gates of London, and included a definition of this mile.

[272] William Howard Sherman, The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance . Page 6. (Amherst publishers: University of Massachusetts, 1995).

[273] Ibid.

[274] Bullfinch’s Mythology, The age of fable, Chapter 34, Pythagoras, Egyptian deities, Oracles. Modern Library publishers. New York NY 1998

[275] John Dee. Propaedeumata Aphoristica (1558 and 1568) Latin and English. ed. and trans. by Wayne Shumaker (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978).

[276] Méric Casaubon. A True and Faithful Relation of What Passed for many Years Between Dr. John Dee, (A Mathematician of Great Fame in Q. Eliz. and King James their Reignes) and some spirits. (1659) repr. Published by Magickal Childe, New York 1992.

[277] Dr. John Dee Mysteriorum Liber Sextus et Sanctus [Liber Loagaeth] Edited by Joseph H. Peterson. 1954 British Library MS Sloane 3189.

[278] Isaiah 6:3 KJV.

[279] James Strongs Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. Hebrew dictionary # 2596. AMG Publishers edition, World Bible Publishers, Inc. Iowa Falls, IA 1986.

[280] Dan 9:27 KJV

[281] Flavius Josephus, War of the Jews. E. Mary Smallwood (Editor), G. A. Williamson (Introduction, Translator) Penguin Classics NY USA 1984.

[282] Ibid. Strong’s Hebrew dictionary # 472.

[283] Ibid Strong’s Hebrew dictionary # 7650 & 7651.

[284] Ibid. Strong’s Hebrew dictionary # 5659.

[285] E.W. Bullinger, Number in Scripture. Pg. 158 (Grand Rapids: Kregel Publications, 1967).

[286] Julius Caesar (on the Druids, Gallic Wars) H. J. Edwards (Translator) Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S 1917.

[287] Ammianus Marcellus Res Gestae Libri XXXI 15.9. English translation (by J.C. Rolfe) Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S 1940.

[288] Charles Philip Kains-Jackson. Our Ancient Monuments and the Land around them. Pg. 51. London, UK. Elliot Stock 62. PaterNoster Row 1880.

[289] John 2: 19–22 KJV

[290] Matthew 15:21 & Mark. 7:24 KJV

[291] Matthew 4:13–16 KJV

[292] Matthew 28:5–10 KJV

[293] Micah 5: 2 KJV

[294] 1Corinthians 13: 12 KJV

[295] Strong’s Greek Lexicon # 3769. James Strong Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. AMG Publishers edition, World Bible Publishers, Inc. 1986 Iowa Falls, IA. USA

[296] Revelation 12:4 KJV

[297] Revelation 12: 10 KJV

[298] Daniel 8:1, 2. KJV

[299] Daniel 8:16 KJV

[300] Strong’s Hebrew dictionary # 894. James Strong Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. AMG Publishers edition, World Bible Publishers, Inc. 1986 Iowa Falls, Ia.

[301] John 1: 23, 24 KJV

[302] John 15:18–22 KJV

[303] Esther 8:13,14 KJV

[304] Numbers 24:17 KJV

[305] II Peter 1:19 KJV

[306] Isaiah 14:13–14 KJV

[307] Daniel 9: 27 KJV

[308] Mathew 24:15, 21 KJV

[309] Isaac Newton, Observations upon the Prophecies of Danie, and the Apocalypse of St. John Part II, Chapter I, (London: 1733). Professor Rob Iliffe., Newton Papers Project University of Sussex, East Sussex. UK.2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.u

[310] Luke 8:26–37 KJV

[311] F. W. FARRAR, D.D. ARCHDEACON OF WESTMINSTER, The Gospel According to St. Luke. EDITED FOR THE SYNDICS OF THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. © (London UK : University Press, 1891).

[312] Vassilios Tzaferis, The Excavations of Kursi-Gergesa. Volume I Pg.16 (English Series). Publishers. c.Atiqot. Israel 1983

[313] William Smith. Smith's Bible Dictionary. Hendrickson Publishers; Rev Sub edition 1990 Peabody, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

[314] Ethelbert Bullinger, Number in Scripture (Kregel, Grand Rapids, MI 1967).

[315] Altaf Simon,"Peace or beast"Abrahamic-Faith LondonWC1N 3XX England (UK).

[316] Ibid. Strong’s Hebrew dictionary # 6903.

[317] Ibid, Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary # 2256.

[318] Joan R. Branham., Sacred Space under Erasure in Ancient Synagogues and Early Church. The Art Bulletin, Vol. 74, No. 3 (Sep., 1992), pp. 375–394 Duke University. Durham, NC.

[319] Talmud. Berakot 4:5–6. Translated by Michael L. Rodkinson. New York: New Talmud Pub. Co. 1903.

[320] 1 kings 8:48 KJV

[321] Israel Finkelstien. and N. A. Silberman, The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts. Sifre to Deuternonomy Pg. 47 New York USA: Free Press, 2001.

[322] Daniel 6: 11 KJV

[323] Columbia Encyclopedia, Pg. 1106.Edited by William Bridgewater. Columbia Universty Press, London, UK. 1963

[324] Qur'an, Surah 2:144. Sayed A. A. Razwy (Editor), Abdullah Yusuf Ali (Translator) Published by Tahrike Tarsile, New York 1999

[325] 1 Kings 9:3 KJV

[326] I Kings 8:29 KJV

[327] I Kings 8:41–43Hendrickson’s Interlinear bible. Jay P. Green (Editor, Translator) Hendrickson Publishers Inc.,U.S 2005

[328] Qur’an, Surah 17:1 Sayed A. A. Razwy (Editor), Abdullah Yusuf Ali (Translator) Published by Tahrike Tarsile, New York 1999

[329] Ibid, Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary # 7161.

[330] Ibid, Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary #2740.

[331] Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Raymond G Gordon, Jr. (ed.), Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. 2005.

[332] Ibid, Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary # 4918.

[333] Ibid, Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary # 4103.

[334] Ibid, Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary # 6152.

[335] Ibid, Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary # 693.

[336] Ibid, Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary # 426, 430.

[337] Ibid, Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary # 422.

[338] Ibid, Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary # 433.

[339] Ibid.

[340] Ibid, Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary # 4229, 4347, from the root ‘naka’ to smite # 5217.

[341] Ibid, Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary # 2244.

[342] Isaac Newton, Treatise on Christ and Antichrist. . The Newton Project – University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[343] Ernest Leigh Bennet, St. Cyril of Jerusalem Doctor of the Church. Catechetical Lectures LECTURE XV. ON THE CLAUSE, AND SHALL COME IN GLORY TO JUDGE THE QUICK AND THE DEAD; OF WHOSE KINGDOM THERE SHALL BE NO END, DANIEL vii. 9–14. London. Williams and Norgate 1920

[344] The Catholic Encyclopedia, Robert C. Broderick (Editor), Virginia Broderick (Illustrator) Thomas Nelson publishers Nashville, Tennessee 1990

[345] Ibid.

[346] Revelation 17:5,6,7 & 9 KJV

[347] Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary.1871. Hendrickson Publishers. Peabody, MA USA 1974.

[348] E. Cobham Brewer 1810–1897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898. New York: Bartleby, 2000

[349] Jacobus de Voragine, The Golden Legend or Lives of the Saints, 1st ed., trans. William Caxton, (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA 1995)

[350] Ibid.

[351] Revelation 16:13 KJV

[352] E.A. Wallis Budge. Egyptian Magic (New York: Dover Publications, 1971).

[353] Albert Barnes, Notes, Explainitory and Practical, Book of Revelation. (New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1859).

[354] Daniel, 12:7 KJV

[355] Revelation 12:6 KJV

[356] Isaac Newton, Part of an untitled treatise on interpreting the symbolism of Biblical prophecy. Yahuda Ms. 2.1, Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem. The Newton Project – University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[357] Ibid.

[358] Richard S. Westfall, Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton (Cambridge:

Cambridge University, New Ed edition 1983.)

[359] Isaac Newton. Yahuda MS 7.3g, f. 13v. The Newton Project – University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[360] Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne, trans Samuel Epes Turner (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1880).

[361] Isaac Newton, Yahuda MS 7.3o, f. 8r. Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem. The Newton Project – University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[362] Ibid. Newton, Yahuda MS 7.3g, f. 13v. Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem. The Newton Project – University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[363] Isaac Newton, Notes on prophecies. Yahuda Ms. 8.1, Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem.

[364] Ibid.

[365] Ibid. Newton, Yahuda Ms. 23, Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem.

[366] The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston, MA USA 2006

[367] Some historians list AD 480 as the true date for Rome’s fall. J. B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire published by Macmillan & Co., London UK 1923.

[368] Author’s note: The reflection of the past is the metaphor suggested here.

[369] Psalms 119:18 KJV

[370] Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary # 2982 James Strong Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. AMG Publishers edition, World Bible Publishers, Inc. 1986 Iowa Falls, Ia.

[371] Joshua 15:8 KJV

[372] 2 Chronicles 3:1 KJV

[373] Matthew 13: 25 KJV

[374] Ibid. Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary. # 1035

[375] John 6: 35 KJV

[376] Mark 12: 35 KJV

[377] 1Chronicles 21:15–18

[378] Michael A. Hoffman II. Secret Societies and Psychological Warfare. Published by Independent History and Research Coeur d’ Alene, Idaho 2001

[379] Google Earth, 5 Oct. 2006.

[380] J.H. Parry (Author)2. The Book of Jasher, (New York: Artisan Publishers 2007 J.H. Parry & Company, 1887).

[381] Genesis 3:1 KJV

[382] Homer, The Odyssey, Book 10, 210. Robert Fitzgerald (Translator) New York. Farrar, Straus and Giroux; Seventh edition 1998

[383] Andrew Edgar, The Bibles of England, (Paisley and Paternoster, London:, UK 1884).

[384] James Baikie, The English Bible Its Story (Lippincott: Philadelphia, USA 1928).

[385] Herbert Gordon May, Our English Bible in the Making (Westminister Publisher Philadelphia USA, 1952).

[386] Ramsay MacMullen, Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries, (New Haven, Connecticut USA:Yale University Press, 1997).

[387] Revelation 17:15, 16 KJV

[388] Revelation 17:5 KJV

[389] Author’s note: The location of the Statue is closer to New Jersey but it technically belongs to New York. Tourist information from Statue of Liberty National Monument & Ellis Island New York, NY 10004

[390] The National Park Service Historical Handbook Series No. 11 Washington, D.C. 1954 History.

[391] Revelation 14: 4 KJV

[392] Bernard Weisberger, Statue of Liberty: 1st Hundred Years, (Published by Horizon Book Promotions. Cape Town, South Africa.1988).

[393] Daniel. 3.3–5 KJV

[394] Monuments and Memorials: Washington Monument, The National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 5 Oct. 2006.

[395] Strong’s Hebrew "Dictionary #3565, 3566 James Strong Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. AMG Publishers edition, World Bible Publishers, Inc. 1986 Iowa Falls, Ia.

[396] Matthew. 24.15 KJV

[397] Daniel. 11.31 KJV

[398] Revelation. 13.14–15 KJV

[399] Daniel 3.6 KJV

[400] Matthew 24:15–16 KJV

[401] Daniel 12: 8, 9. KJV

[402] Ezekiel 33:6 KJV

[403] Revelation 3:3 KJV

[404] Ibid. BlueLetter Bible, 1996–2002, 5 Oct. 2006.

[405] 2 Timothy 3:16 KJV

[406] Mark 13:33–37 KJV

[407] Isaac Newton, Untitled treatise on Revelation (Section1.1) Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem: Yahuda Ms. 1.1a Transcribed by Rob Iliffe summer 1998. The Newton Project–University of Sussex, East Sussex London: 2007 www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk

[408] Isaiah 24: 22, 23 KJV

[409] Isaiah 26:19 KJV

[410] Daniel 12:2 KJV

[411] Job 19:25, 26 KJV

[412] Isaiah 26: 2 KJV

[413] Isaiah 26:20, 21 KJV

[414] Isaiah 26:5 KJV

[415] Revelation 12: 12 KJV

[416] Strong’s Hebrew dictionary # 5894 James Strong Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. AMG Publishers edition, World Bible Publishers, Inc. 1986 Iowa Falls, Ia

[417] Ibid. Strong’s Hebrew # 5892 & 5894

[418] Michael A. Knibb, The Book of Watchers (1 Enoch 1–36) The Ethiopic Book Of (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978).

[419] Alfred W. Crosby, The Measure of Reality : Quantification in Western Europe, 1250–1600. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

[420] Micah 4:2 KJV

[421] Radaractive, “Thinking God’s Thoughts After Him? Or Pretending God Isn’t There?” RADARACTIVE BLOG, May 3, 2011, http://radaractive.blogspot.com/2011/05/thinking-gods-thoughts-after-him-or.html.

[422] New American Standard Version of the Bible. Copyright 1995 Lockman Foundation.

[423] Rundle Clark, Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt . London: Thames and Hudson, 1959.

[424] Ibid.

[425] International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 1915.

[426] Lenormant Babelon, Hist. Ancienne de l'Orient (6 vols., Paris, 1881-88), see especiallyvol. VI The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XII 1911.

[427] Plato, The Laws, Book II, 663C,D, E (Loeb edition p.125, tr. R.G.Bury, 1926). Plat. Rep. 414c.

[428] Strong’s Hebrew Lexicon # 4397 & 7151.

[429] Hislop, The Two Babylons Appendix note D, p. 32. Ala-Mahozim.

[430] Livy. The Early History of Rome: Books I-V Aubrey De Selincourt (Translator) Viking Penguin puplishers June 1972.

[431] George Wither, A Collection of Emblemes, Ancient and Moderne (London, 1635), page 102emblem 3.23.

[432] Nonnus, Dionysiaca 5.171-174 and 33. 275-277.

[433] Horapollo Niliacus fifth century CE. The Hieroglyphics 1.2.  Renaissance scholars considered the work of Greek grammarian Horapollo Niliacus (c. 500AD) The Hieroglyphics, a valuable resource for the interpretation of Egyptian symbols like the Ouroboros. This manuscript was found on an Aegean island in 1419 and printed with Aesop's fables in 1505. The Hieroglyphics soon became a fundamental guide to Egyptian learning, and was included in commentary by the Roman scholar Pierio Valeriano (c.1556) this was in turn considered a guidebook by such scholars as Isaac Newton.

[434] Strong’s Exhaustive concordance of the Bible.

[435] “Theosophical library” http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/etgloss/pro-pz.htm.

[436] Homer, Odyssey 9.187-542. Pausanias, Guide to Ancient Greece, Sather classical lectures Univ. Cal. press 1985 and Penguin classics, 2 volumes, New York, 1979.

[437] Homer, Iliad 13.083. Translation by Ian Johnston, Malaspina University, Nanaimo.

[438] Ibid.

[439] Ibid.

[440] Ibid.

[441] Ibid.

[442] Hesiod, Theogony, 215-216, 241 Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White.1914.

[443] Homer, Iliad, Book 13 The Battle at the Ships. Translation by Ian Johnston, Malaspina University, Nanaimo, BC.

[444] Artis auriferae (Basel, 1593), Vol. I,  “Tractatulus Avicennae,” p. 406.

[445] Ibid.

[446] Cicero, De Natura Deorum, 2.27.67.

[447] Strongs Hebrew Lexicon. Levi # 3867 & Tanin # 8577.

[448] Mathers Samuel Liddel  “MacGregor “ The Qabbalah Unveiled, Kessinger publishing. Of the 12 books of the Hebrew Zohar, (an ancient esoteric commentary on Exodus) only three have been translated in English. In 1887, London born Scotsman Samuel Liddel  “MacGregor “ Mathers, a founder of the occult fraternity Order of the Golden Dawn translated these three books into English in The Qabbalah Unveiled. Mathers translated a seventeenth century Latin version of the Zohar by Knorr Von Rosenroth who had previously translated the original texts of these works written in Chaldee.

[449] M. MacGregor Mathers, tr. Siphrah Dzeniouta, 1887.

[450] An interesting passage in the Talmud attests to the Hebrew knowledge of the division of Leviathan where its tail and mouth are joined. The Hebrew Talmud describes the creation by God of a small creature called a Kilbith or Stickleback that has the power to contend with Leviathan. The Kilbith occasionally swims into the mouth of Leviathan and suffocates it. That the Stickleback is barbed and pointed relates to Sagittarius who carries the arrow. Talmud Shabbat 77b. The name Kilbith is a combination of the words kala,  “finish, forbid or restrain” and bath meaning  “division or to break in pieces.” Strong’s Hebrew lexicon # 3607 & 1324 1327.

[451] M. R. James Oxford, The Apocryphal New Testament, Clarendon Press, 1924.

[452] (sun) Strong: 5056 –(telos) Strong: 4862.

[453] The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 1994, 2000, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press.

[454] George Wither’s A Collection of Emblemes, Ancient and Moderne, London, 1635, page 102.

[455] Strong’s Greek Lexicon # 575.

[456] Strong’s exhaustive Concordance of the Bible.

[457] Isaac Preston Cory, Garuda Purana (1.13) From Ancient Fragments.

[458] Stephanie Dalley, Dalley Myths from Mesopotamia Oxford Paperbacks, Oxford Un. Press, pp. 327–8.

[459] Judges 16:23 I Samuel 5:1–5.

[460] Sparks, H. F. D. Hg. The Apocryphical Old Testament , Oxford 1984, 363. The Apocalypse of Abraham.

[461] Plato’s Timaeus (creation of the world) Donald J Zeyl translater, John M.Plato Cooper, Complete Works, Edited, with Introduction and Notes, Hackett Publishing Company, Indianapolis/Cambridge, 1997.

[462] Frankel, Ellen and Teutsch, Betsy Platkin: The Encyclopedia of Jewish Symbols, Jason Aronson Inc., Northvale, New Jersey, 1992, edition consulted 1995, page 32 right.

[463] See reproduction, p 132, vol. A-D, Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible.

[464] Westminster Historical Atlas to the Bible, reproduced on p. 45.

[465] Elie Borowski, Cherubim: God’s Throne?, Biblical Archaeology Review, July/Aug. 1995, pp. 36 to 41 July/August1995 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review.

[466] The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 1994, 2000, Columbia University Press.

[467] F. Conford, Plato Timaeus, Macmillan, 1959. translated by Benjamin Jowett.

[468] Ibid.

[469] Ibid.

[470] Frank Hibben, The Lost Americans, Thomas & Crowell Co., New York, 1946.

[471] Whitley Gath, Journal of the Philosophical Society of Great Britain, XII 1910 p.50.

[472] Ibid.

[473] P.S. Martin, and R.G. Klein, Editors, Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution: Tucson, The University of Arizona Press, p. 892 Martin, L.D. and Neuner, A.M. 1978. The End of the Pleistocene in North America. Nebraska Acad. Sci. 6:117–126.

[474] Sir Henry Howorth, The Mammoth and the Flood: Uniformity and Geology, London, 1887, p.180.

[475] MacGregor M. Mathers, The Book of Concealed Mystery Chapter I. tr. 1887.

[476] Hebrew English translation “Tohu v’bohu “.J. P. Green Senior, Hendricksen’s Interlinear Bible 1985.

[477] Midrash Sod Haibbur; on the mystery of the New Moon.

[478] G.H. Pember, Earth’s Earliest Ages, Kregal publications 1975 page 15.

[479] Ibid, page 35.

[480] Jewish scholar Rabbi Israel Lipschitz, 1782 to 1860, author of one of the most widely used Talmudic commentaries, taught that fossil finds of dinosaur bones were remnants of previous Sabbatical Cycles. See Rabbi Israel Lipschitz, Derush or Ha-Chayim.

[481] Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan, Commentary of Sefer Yetzirah, published by Weiser-1997, page186.

[482] Rav Avahu’s Midrash Rabbah -Genesis 3:7.

[483] E.O. James, The Ancient Gods, Putnam, 1960.

[484] George A. Barton. Archaeology and the Bible, (Erra and Ishum, Tablet II) 7th Edition. Stephanie Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia, Oxford University Press, New York, 1991.

[485] Ibid. Archaeology and the Bible.

[486] Ibid. Dalley Myths from Mesopotamia pp. 327–8.

[487] Joseph Bidez, “Les écoles chaldéennes sous Alexandre et les Séleucides,” in Mélanges Capart, Brussels, 1935, p. 50.

[488] Ibid. Dalley Myths from Mesopotamia, pp. 327–8.

[489] Isaac Preston Cory. Ancient Fragments, London, 1832.

[490] Ibid. “Les écoles chaldéennes sous Alexandre et les Séleucides,” p. 50.

[491] Dillman Delitzsch, Commentaries on Genesis, Edinburgh, 1897. Hummelauer, Paris, 1895, Schanz, Das Alter des Menschengeschlechts nach der heiligen Schrift, der Profangesehichte und der Vorgeschichte, in Biblische Studien, I, No. 2 Freiburg, 1895.

[492] Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_king_list

[493] Ibid. The Sumerian King List Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia section 2.

[494] Wendy Doniger O’Flaherty, ed. and trans. Hindu Myths: A Sourcebook Translated from the Sanskrit. Penguin Books, 1975.

[495] Ibid.

[496] Ibid.

[497] Ibid.

[498] Ibid. Brahma Purana. Chapter 5.

[499] A. Mosshammer’s Teubner edition of George Syncellus, Leipzig 1984.

[500] R. T. Rundle Clark, Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt Thames and Hudson 1993 extract from Papyrus Brehmer-Rhind.

[501] Isaac Preston Cory, Ancient Fragments, London, 1832.

[502] Jean Francois Champollion, translator, Turin Papyrus, 1700 B.C.

[503] George Hart. A Dictionary of Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, Routledge, 1986.

[504] Ibid. Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt .

[505] Lewis Spence, Egypt: Myths and Legends, Dover Publications, Incorporated.

[506] Diodorus Siculus, On Isis, Translation by C.H. Oldfather in, vol. 1, London, 1933, Loeb Classical Library.

[507] Manetho, Translated by W.G.Waddell, Loeb Classical Library, 1997. Breasted, J.H. Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. 1 Chicago, 1906.

[508] Ibid.

[509] Herodotus, Inquiries, Book 2 Installment 13, translated by Shlomo Felberbaum.

[510] H.R. Charles Oxford, BOOK OF ENOCH From The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament : The Clarendon Press.

[511] Edith Hamilton, Mythology, New York, NY, New American Library, 1969, p.64.

[512] Plotius, Titanomachia Frag 1. http://www.theoi.com/Ouranos/Hekatonkheires.html

[513] Book of Mystery or Silence, i, 14.

[514] Strong Concordance, Greek Lexicon.

[515] Hesiod, The Theogony, Evelyn White translator- January 1914 Loeb Classical Library.

[516] Ibid. Theogony 43.

[517] Orpheus, Proc., Tim., ii.100.

[518] Pliny, Turres ut Aristoteles, Cyclops (invenerunt) Book 7, cap 56, page 171Greek Lyric IV Bacchylides Frag 11.

[519] Greek Lyric IV Bacchylides from Perseus Frag 11. http://www.theoi.com/Pontos/Nereides.html

[520] Hellenic Ministry of Culture. www.culture.gr11©1995–98.

[521] The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.  2001.

[522] Ibid. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.  2001.

[523] Pausanias 2.25.8 Apollodorus 2.25 Greek Lyric IV Bacchylides Frag., http://www.theoi.com/Pontos/Nereides.html

[524] Ibid. Hellenic Ministry of Culture. www.culture.gr11

[525] M. Alouf, 'History of Baalbek', 25th edition, 1890, American Press, Beirut, op. cit., p. 26. reprinted by The Book Tree, Escondido, CA, 1999.

[526] Wiegand, Baalbek, 3 bde, 1921–1925.

[527] Ibid. History of Baalbek , p. 43.

[528] Ibid.

[529] Ibid. History of Baalbek , 25th edition, op. cit., p. 26.

[530] Apud Euseb. Evangel. Praepar. l. 1.

[531] Ibid. Apud Eusebius. Evangel. Praepar. l. 1. p. 38.

[532] Ibid. Apud Euseb. Evangel. Praepar. l. 1. p. 38 John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible Judges 8.

[533] Jean-Pierre Protzen, Inca Architecture and Construction at Ollantaytambo, Oxford University Press. New York. 1993. Lee, Vincent R. The Sisyphus Project: Moving Big Rocks Up Steep Hills and Into Small Places, Sixpac Manco Publications. PO Box 107, Wilson, Wy, 83014.

[534] Alan Kolata, The Tiwanaku: Portrait of an Andean Civilization. Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, MA.1993.

[535] Zecharia Sitchin, When Time Began, Bear & Company publishing pp.253–4.

[536] www.Studentpilot.com.

[537] Warren Rigsby. Michelle R.1, Catherine A.1, Bradbury, J. Platt 2, and Rollins, Stephanie M. TIMING AND MAGNITUDE OF QUATERNARY LACUSTRINE PHASES ON THE BOLIVIAN ALTIPLANO AS RECORDED IN SUBSURFACE STRATA OF THE RIO DESAGUADERO VALLEY, BOLIVIA.1, (1) Department of Geology, East Carolina Univ, Greenville, NC 27858, mrw1123@mail.ecu.edu, (2) Institue of Arctic and Alpine Rsch, University of Colorado, CO 80309.

[538] Charles Robert Darwin, The Voyage of the Beagle, 1809–1882.  The Harvard Classics, 1909-14. Chapter VII.

[539] Michael Moseley, The Incas and Their Ancestors, Thames and Hudson, 1992.

[540] Taikoh Yamaguchi, Yonaguni's Under Water Structures. Copyright(C) 1998 all rights are reserved.

[541] Ibid.

[542] Waitt, Jr., and Thorson, 1983, The Cordilleran Ice Sheet in Washington, Idaho, and Montana: IN: Wright, Jr., (ed.), 1983, Late-Quaternary Environments of the United States, Volume 1: The Late Pleistocene (Porter (ed.): University of Minnesota Press, p. 407.

[543] Richard Wilkinson, “The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt ”. Thames and Hudson 15 May, 2000.

[544] E.A.E. Reymond, The mystical origin of the Egyptian temple” Manchester University press 1969.

[545] The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume V Copyright © 1909 by Robert Appleton Company Online Edition Copyright © 2000 by Kevin Knight.

[546] Joseph Robert Jochmans, Time-Capsule: the Search for the Lost Hall of Records in Ancient Egypt. Copyright 1995.

[547] René Edouard Devilliers, Journal et souvenirs sur l'expédition d'Egypte, Paris: Plon, 1889, p.2.

[548] Jeremy Black, and Anthony Green, “Seven”, Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, An Illustrated Dictionary, British Museum Press, University of Texas, Austin, 1992, p.162.

[549] Ibid. Time-Capsule: the Search for the Lost Hall of Records in Ancient Egypt.

[550] Ibid. The mystical origin of the Egyptian temple.

[551] Ibid.

[552] C.H.Oldfather translation of Diodorus of Sicily, vol. 1, London, 1933 Loeb Classical Library.

[553] Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, Book of the Dead. http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Books/Papyrus_Ani.html

[554] A.S. Kline, The Metamorphoses, Bk XI:194-220 Laomedon and the walls of Troy Copyright 2000.

[555] Jean-Marie Ragon, Maconnerie Orthodoxe, p. 44. 1 janvier 1990.

[556] Sidney Sir Philip, Defence of Poesie, Ponsonby, 1595, Renascence Editions publication was transcribed, with an introduction, notes, and bibliography, by Richard Bear for the University of Oregon, September-December 1992. Original material copyright 1992, 1995 the editor and the University of Oregon.

[557] Greek National Tourist Association, http://www.greektourism.com/travel_guide/regions/attica/athens/archaeological.stm

[558] Plato, Critias. Translated by Benjamin Jowett, http://egnatia.ee.auth.gr/~bchr/books/Plato/critias_1b.txt

[559] Ibid.

[560] Conze, Reise auf den Insein des Thrakisclzen Meeres, Hanover, 1860, Conze, Hauser and Niemann, Archaologische Untersuchungen auf Samothrake, Vienna, 1875 and 1880, H. F. Tozer, Islands of the Aegean, London, 1890.

[561] Oxyrhynchus Papyri Fragment 1359 fr. 2 LACUNA—Remains of 4 lines ll. 5–16.

[562] R.G Wasson,  A Hofmann and Ruck, C.A.P, 1978, The Road to Eleusis. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

[563] Joseph Kaster, Putnam’s Concise Mythological dictionary Perigee; ASIN: 0399500502; June 1980.

[564] Aristotle, fr. 591 ed. V. Rose, Teubner, Tuebingen, 1886. Cf. Pauly’s Realencyclopaedie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, article “Mond”, H. Roscher, Lexicon d. griech. und roemisch. Mythologie, article “Proselenes.”

[565] Hippolytus, Refutatio Omnium Haeresium V. ii.

[566] Plutarch, Moralia, transl. by F. C. Babbit, sect. 76.

[567] http://www.varchive.org/itb/ Argonautica IV.264.

[568] Publius Nigidius Figulus “Concerning the Gods” Strabo 10.3.19–21.

[569] Theosophical Glossary, H. P. Blavatsky. http://www.theosociety.org

[570] Theosophical Glossary, H. P. Blavatsky, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, The Roman Antiquities 1.23.5; Herodotus, History 3.37;  Nonnus 14.19; Strabo Geography 10.3.21. http://www.theosociety.org

[571] Ibid.

[572] Herodotus, The Histories, Book I, p. 150; Book II, p. 51.

[573] Ibid, Strabo Geography 10.3.65, 66.

[574] Ibid.

[575] The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2000, Columbia University Press.

[576] Ibid.

[577] Ibid, Columbia Encyclopedia & Blavatsky, Secret Doctrine 2:795.

[578] International Standard Bible Encyclopedia,1915.

[579] Nonnos Dionysiaca 4.259–64, trans. by B.C. Powell.

[580] Smith’s Bible Dictionary.

[581] Ovid’s ‘Metamorphoses’ Bk III:528–571.

[582] Ovid. Fast. vi.297;  PORTA STERCORARIA, the Palladium brought by Aeneas from Troy, Ovid. Trist. iii.1.29; Dionys. ii.66.

[583] Homer, Iliad, 20.209ff.

[584] Frank J. Gelli William Smith, D.C.L., FRANK PONTIFEX ANCIENT ROMAN RELIGION (THE REVD FRANK J. GELLI) 1997 LL.D.: Dictionary of Greek & Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875.

[585] Bk XV:843–870 Ovid’s celebration of Augustus.

[586] The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2000, Columbia University Press.

[587] Vergil. Aen.ii. 325Verg. Aen., iii. 12Vergil. Aen., viii. 619.

[588] Aeneid, book 31–12.

[589] Ovid, Fasti 3.393–8.

[590] Publius Nigidius Figulus, Concerning the Gods.

[591] Horace L. Jones, The Geography of Strabo. Vols 1–8, containing Books 1–17, Harvard University Press and Heinemann, 1917–32.

[592] Translation by Rose, H J & Lind, L R. Loeb Classical Library 2 Volumes.

[593] Godfrey Higgins. Anacalypsis; an attempt to draw aside the Veil of the Saitic Isis, or an Inquiry into the Origin of Languages, Nations, and Religions. 2 vols., quarto, Posth. Privately printed 1836 Volume I Pages 377–379.

[594] Nonnos, Dionysiaca - Greek Epic C5th AD.

[595] Ibid.

[596] E. David, Pausanias in Laconic. sive, l. 3. p. 188. 1993. Hunting in Spartan Society and Consciousness. Echos du Monde Classique, 12, 407–412.

[597] The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 2nd edition.

[598] The Columbia Encyclopedia, Fifth Edition Copyright 1994.

[599] Ovid, The Metamorphoses, The deification of Romulus, Bk XIV:805–828.

[600] Dionysius of Halicarnassus Antiquities of Rome, 2.48.2.

[601] Lycophron 74.

[602] Hislop. Alexander. “The Two Babylons” Chapter II Section II Sub-Section I The Child in Assyria.

[603] Ibid. The Two Babylons. [A kirkos or “circus” is an enclosed space with a series of public spectacles taking place inside “rings”. The fraternal order of Shriners, high rankingfreemasons, present a famous circus. The concept of a modern circus encompasses heroic feats, and magickal illusions. The word kir is also the root of the name of the witch Circe, who ensnared the hero Odysseus on her island for many years, using her illusions. Circe was the daughter of the solar deity Helios, and sister of the unfortunate Pasiphae, wife of King Minos of Crete. Circe, the encircling witch of the Odyssey was the aunt of the hybrid minotaur encircled within the labyrinth of Knossos. Any good college dictionary will show that Circe is also the root of the word “church”]

[604] Ibid.

[605] Richard Hinchley Allen, “Starnames, Their Lore and Meaning” 1889, a reference book on the history of the stars and constellations for astronomers, Dover Publications 1963. The epic known as Nergal and Ereshkigal comes from copies dating to Sultantepe of the 7th century BC and from Uruk of the Late Babylonian period. Translation from S. Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia, Oxford, 1991, p. 171.

[606] A. Deimel, Šumerisches Lexikon; Rome 1947. UNDERSTANDING PLANETS IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA pg. 28Enn Kasak, Raul Veede  a copy of the article from printed version of electronic journal Folklore Vol. 16 ISSN 1406-0957 Editors Mare Kõiva & Andres Kuperjanov Published by the Folk Belief and Media Group of ELM 2001.

[607] E.A.Wallis Budge, The Gods of the Egyptians. In two volumes. Originally published 1903, reprinted 1969 by Dover Publications Inc, New York.

[608] Translation by C.H. Oldfather in Diodorus of Sicily, vol. 1, London, 1933, Loeb Classical Library.

[609] Ovid, Metamorphoses 7.365, Latin Epic C1st BC - C1st AD.

[610] Strabo, Geography, 14.2.7.

[611] H.R. Charles Oxford Book of Enoch, From-The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, The Clarendon Press.

[612] Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon of Classical Greek.

[613] Hesiod, Homeric Hymn to Apollo, ll. 309–330.

[614] Hesiod, Homeric Hymn to Hephaestus.

[615] Talos (1)Argonautica 4.1639ff.; Pausanias 8.53.2ff. Talos (2) Apollodorus 3.15.8; Diodorus Siculus 4.76.4; Pausanias 1.21.4.

[616] Ibid.

[617] Ibid.

[618] Ibid. Book of Enoch.

[619] Ibid.

[620] Strong’s # 2763 charam, Strong’s Greek Lexicon Thomas Nelson publishers Nashville Tenessee 1982.

[621] Ibid. Book of Enoch.

[622] Strong’s #, 7496.

[623] Frazer Varro 1975: 70.

[624] Carlos Parada, GENEALOGICAL GUIDE TO GREEK MYTHOLOGY.

[625] Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 1st book of Roman antiquities.

[626] Papyrus fragment of Strabo v. p. 221.

[627] See F.H.G. Didot.

[628] Carlos Parada, Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology.

[629] Herodotus, History, Written 440 B.C.E, Translated by George Rawlinson.

[630] Ioannis V. Viglas, “Pausanias’ Arcadika”, B’ edition.

[631] Pliny, Historia Naturalis II. 8.30; Macrobius, Saturnalia I. 19. 7. Apuleius De Mundo, 336.

[632] A. S. Murray, Manual of mythology. Detroit: Gale Research, 1970.

[633] Antonis Tomas Vasilakis The 147 Cities of Crete, kairatos editions.

[634] Diodorus of Sicily 5. 80. Diodorus of Sicily in Twelve Volumes with an English Translation by C. H. Oldfather, Vol. 4–8. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989

[635] Apud Euseb. Evangel. Praepar. l. 1. p. 38 John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible. Judges 8.

[636] Strong’s Hebrew Lexicon # 6721.

[637] Hyginus, Astronomica 2.27.

[638] Richard Hinchley Allen, Starnames, Their Lore and Meaning, 1889, Dover Publications, 1963.

[639] The American collage dictionary Random house Newyork 1955.

[640] Pindar, Pythian Odes 2.21–48; Apollodorus, Epitome 1.20; Diodorus Siculus 4.69.3–5; Hyginus, Fabulae 62.

[641] J. Hodge, Who's who in Classical mythology. London: Bison Books, 1995. pp. 45-46. and E. Tripp, The Meridian handbook of Classical mythology. New American Library, 1970.

[642] www.geocities.com/Atherns/Forum/6946 mythology

[643] E. Cobham Brewer, The Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1894.

[644] George Rawlinson, ed. and tr., The History of Herodotus, vol. 3, Book 4, Chapters 2–36, 46–82. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1885 Herodotus, On the Scythians.vol. iv., p. 36.

[645] Macrobius, Commentary on the Dream of Scipio (Records of Western Civilization) Stahl, William Harris (Translator), Ambrosius Aurelius Theodo Macrobius Columbia Univ Pr; ISBN: 0231096283.

[646] Hieroglyphica Sign List edited by Nicolas Grimal, Jochen Hallof, Dirk van der Plas second edition, revised and enlarged by Jochen Hallof, Hans van den Berg, Gabriele Hall of Utrecht, Paris 2000 Copyright ©1995-2000 CENTRE FOR COMPUTER-AIDED EGYPTOLOGICAL RESEARCH.

[647] The Probert Encyclopaedia of Greek & Roman Mythology Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, 1898.

[648] Lysander, Plutarch's Lives,. trans by A. H. Clough.

[649] The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by the Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. © 2002 by Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. From Etymologiae 16.25.11: An Eleventh-Century Anglo-Saxon Glossary from MS Brussels, Royal Library 1650: An Edition and Source Study. David W. Porter (Dept. of English, Southern University) 1996, All rights reserved. Etymologiae of Isidore of Seville [Obolos] fiebat enim olim ex aere ad instar sagittae. Unde et nomen a Graecis accepit, hoc est sagitta .  Similarly the word obolus is related to obelisk (Gk. Obeliskos) the symbolic missing piece of Osiris in the mystery schools.

[650] Powell, Homer and the Origin, 16–17.

[651] Livy1.53.5; Ov.Fast.6.584ff.; Strab.5.2.2.

[652] Frater IAM, Magister Templi of the Ordo Rosae Crucis, Towards a Taxonomy of the Pure Ones Parallels within Gnosticism, Graeco-Roman Mythology and Hermeticism, 1994.

[653] H. P. Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine: The Synthesis of Science, Religion, and Philosophy. Copyright © 1999 by Theosophical University Press, http://www.theosociety.org

[654] Ibid.

[655] Needham 1980, & Holmyard, 1957.

[656] M. P. Hall, The Secret Doctrine 2:556, Theosophical Glossary, Copyright © 1999 by Theosophical University Press, http://www.theosociety.org

[657] Plutarch. Parallel Lives. 36, 314e, Sir Thomas North's 1579 English translation.

[658] fragmenta, i. e. sticks, = ramalia, Verg. G. 4.303.

[659] H. P. Blavatsky, Theosophical Glossary, p.266. http://www.theosociety.org

[660] Homer, Iliad, 20.35,

[661] William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D Unsigned article on p.102, John Murray, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London, 1875.

[662] Alfred Edersheim, The Temple, Its Ministry and Services as they were at the time of Jesus Christ. Kregel Publications, 1997 pg.115.

[663] Quaestiones Graecae, 302 A.

[664] Hellenic Ministry of Culture,1995-98. www.culture.gr

[665] Ron Leadbetter, Encyclopedia Mythica Hephaestus.

[666] The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.  2001. Saints media guide.

[667] Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book II, Chapter 9, Paragraph 6.

[668] William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875. p. 471.

[669] James Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament , Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1955.

[670] Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon of Classical Greek http://www.perseus.tufts.edu 2002

[671] E.A.E. Reymond, The mystical origin of the Egyptian temple, Manchester University press 1969, p. 40.

[672] Peter Tompkins, Secrets of the Great pyramid. Harper & Row Newyork, 1971, P.10.

[673] Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China, Cambridge, 1982, vol. 5, part 4, pp. 312, 355.

[674] Flavius Josephus, The Antiquity of the Jews, 1.2.3 The works of Flavius Josephus, translated by Willian Whiston A.M. Hendrickson Publishers Peabody Massachusetts 01961.

[675] Ibn Battuta, Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354. Translated and selected by H.A.R. Gibb. Edited by Sir E. Denison Ross and Eileen Power. New York: Robert M. McBride & Company.

[676] Canisius, Thesaurus Monumentum, iv. 342.

[677] Ibid, Flavius Josephus, The Antiquity of the Jews.

[678] Ibid, Secrets of the Great Pyramid, p.305.

[679] Ibid, The Antiquity of the Jews 1.2.3.

[680] Ibid, Secrets of the Great Pyramid, pgs. 40–50.

[681] J.A. West, Serpent in the Sky: The High Wisdom of Ancient Egypt, Quest, 1993.

[682] Godfrey Higgins, Anacalypsis; an attempt to draw aside the Veil of the Saitic Isis, or an Inquiry into the Origin of Languages, Nations, and Religions. 2 vols., quarto, Posth. Privately printed 1836 Volume I Page 296.

[683] The Short talk bulletin Vol. XLVI January 1968 The Masonic Service Association of the United States. Washington D.C. 20001.

[684] Ibid. The Short talk bulletin.

[685] Lynn Thorndyke, Aphorisms of Zosimus, History of Magic and Experimental Science N.Y., 1923, I:198.

[686] Manly P Hall, The Secret Destiny of America. The Philosophical Research Society INC. 1944 pg. 39.

[687] W. Spiegelberg, Der demotische Text der Priesterdekrete von Kanopus und Memphis, Rosettana, Heidelberg, 1922, p. 70.

[688] The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.

[689] Encyclopedia Britannica, “Isis.”

[690] Diodorus Siculus, On Isis, Translation by C.H. Oldfather in Diodorus of Sicily, vol. 1, London, 1933 Loeb Classical Library.

[691] E.A. Wallis Budge. Translater, The Egyptian Book of the Dead 1240 BC THE PAPYRUS OF ANI.

[692] Strabo, XVII., i., 18 ed. Didot, p. 681 and Diodorus, I., 33, 7 ed. Didot, p. 26.{p. l}

[693] Plutarch, On Isis and Osiris, 1-3, 351c-352c. Dedication to Clea and Introduction.

[694] Plutarch On Isis and Osiris 4-11. 352c-355d, Explanation of Cult Practices.

[695] Plato, Timaeus, English translation by Benjamin Jowett.

[696] Ibid.

[697] E Wallis Budge, Hymn to Osiris and a Legend of the Origin of Horus.

[698] Graham Hancock, Heaven’s Mirror, Quest for the Lost Civilization, Crown Publisher, Inc New York, p. 247.

[699] George Hart, A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. Original publication 1986, reprinted 1996 by Routledge & Kegan Paul Inc., London.

[700] Richard Allen Hinckley, Star Names Their lore and meaning, Dover1963 pg. 307.

[701] Albert Pike, Morals and Dogma L.H. Jenkins Inc. Edition book Manufacturers Richmond Va. 1945.

[702] Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon of Classical Greek, Perseus library, http://www.pereus.tufts.edu 2002 (Amphis).on both sides, a. arôgoi helpers on either hand, to either party, Hom. Il. 18.502, cf. au=Hom. Il. 18.519=lr; hamartêi dourasin a. balen threw with spears from both hands at once, au=Hom. Il. 21.162.

[703] Pausanias 10.38.7 ) From Pausanias guide to Ancient Greece Sather classical lectures Univ. Cal. press 1985. and Penguin classics. 2 volumes, New York, 1979.

[704] Ibid.

[705] Deutsche Mythologie (German Mythology—also translated as Teutonic Mythology), 1835. 2nd edition, 2 volumes, 1844. 3rd edition, 1854.Vol 1. Chp.15.

[706] E.A. Wallis Budge Tr. Legends of the Egyptian Gods, 1912.

[707] F. Conford, Plato's Timaeus, Macmillan, 1959, translated by Benjamin Jowett.

[708] Ibid. Plato, Timaeus.

[709] Eduard Zeller, Outlines of the History of Greek Philosophy, 13th edition, revised by W. Nestle. 1931.

[710] II. A., Pall. Jul. 1 and 7; Sol. Veg. 5, 35: Inclementia, Sid. Ep. 2, 2.

[711] Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon of Classical Greek & Latin.

[712] Michael Curl, The Anagram Dictionary. O.V. Michaelsen, Words at Play.

[713] Wiedemann, Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, p. 116.

[714] M. Thompson, The Mints of Lysimachos, Essays in Greek Coinage Presented to Stanley Robinson, Oxford 1968, pp.163–182.

[715] John Dee: the World of an Elizabethan Magus, London, 1972.

[716] Dr. John Dee, MONAS HIEROGLYPHICA('THE HIEROGLYPHIC MONAD’) Antwerp, 1564. Translated by J.W. Hamilton-Jones, 1947.

[717] Wil Durant, HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION the life of Greece 1939.

[718] S. Bochart, Geographia Sacra, Lib. I, cap. xiv Lugduni Batavorum, 1707: “…Video quosquam asserere, illos futuri incendii metu de asylo sibi prospexisse, memores scilicet ‘affore tempus quo mare, quo tellus, correptaque regia coeli ardeat, et mundi moles operosa laboret.’”

[719] Quoted in Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography, Hakluyt Society: London, 1897. Josephus, The Antiquities of the Jews, I. 4. 2. and sources in L. Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews, vol. V, pp. 199–200.

[720] Eusebius, Praep. Evang.

[721] R.H. Charles Oxford, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament , Clarendon Press, 1913.

[722] Alexander Hislop, The Two Babylons, Loizeaux brothers Inc., Neptune New Jersey 1916 p.27.

[723] Ibid.

[724] (Neshiah). Sefer Raziel; cf. Ginzberg, Legends I. 90ff., V. 117f.  Midrash Rabba to Genesis, Exodus; Ginzberg, Legends I. 114; Zohar Hadesh Bereshit 8a-8b, Zohar Ruth 97b, and other sources in Ginzberg, Legends, V. 143.

[725] 25J. Cerny, “Thoth as Creator of Languages,” The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 34 (1943), pp. 121–122.

[726] Proclus, Commentaire sur le Timee, transl. by Festugiere, Vol. V, p. 237. Cf. F. Buffiere, Les Mythes d'Homere et la pensee grecque., Paris, 1956, pp. 289ff.

[727] In Platonis Rem Publicam II. 224. A scholium to Aristophanes’ Plutus, Act. IV, scene I, and a scholium to Apollonius Rhodius’ Argonautica 1. 517 provide further details about Hermes’ association with language. Servius, In Vergili Aeneidem IV. 239: “et orationis deus et interpres deorum.”   Arnobius,  Adversus Gentes III. 32. Saturnalia: “scimus autem Mercurium vocis et sermonis potentem.”

[728] Hippolytus, Refutatio V. 2; Clement of Alexandria, Homilia VI. Xv.

[729] P. Boylan, Thoth the Hermes of Egypt , Oxford, 1922. The Gods of the Egyptians, London, 1904, vol. I, p. 401; cf. and B. von Turayeff, "Zwei Hymnen an Thoth," Zeitschrift fuer Aegyptische Sprache 33 1895, pp. 120-125. 30. R. Hari, Horemheb et le Reine Moutnedjemet, Geneva, 1965.

[730] Alexander Hislop, The Two Babylons, Loizeaux brothers Inc., Neptune New Jersey 1916 p.26.

[731] Ibid.

[732] Ibid.

[733] Ibid.

[734] 1 Enoch 82:1; 104:13; 107:3; 108:1ff.

[735] 1 Enoch 106:15–19.

[736] Pseudo-Democritus, Quoted by Joseph Needham.

[737] Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon of Classical Greek. Perseus library http://www.perseus.tufts.edu 2002 “Oistus.”

[738] J.J.Finkelstein, The Antediluvian Kings: A University of California Tablet, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 1963, 39-51: score transliteration, handcopy, Commentary. Fragments of the Kings List were discovered in the temple library at Nippur, Iraq, published c.1906 but the most complete copy, the Weld-Blundell prism, was purchased on the antiquities market shortly after World War I and is now in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, England.

[739] Thorkild Jacobsen, The Sumerian King List. (Assyriological Studies, 11) The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, Illinois, 1939: composite text, commentary, translation.

[740] Zecharia Sitchin, The Wars of Gods and Men, Avon Books, New York, NY, 1985; page 115.

[741] Ibid, page, 115.

[742] Frances Yates, Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1991, 272.

[743] Plutarch, On Isis and Osiris, 360d–361f, Character of Daimones, 25–27.

[744] Apuleius Apologia APVLEII43 Translated by H. E. Butler.

[745] Theosophic library online. http://www.theosociety.org

[746] Rosemary Ellen Guiley, The Encyclopedia of Witches and Witchcraft. New York: Facts On File, 1989.

[747] The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 1995.

[748] G.H. Pember, The Earth’s Earliest Ages, Kregel publications, page 38.

[749] Ibid, The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy

[750] Ibid.

[751] Plotinus, Ennead IV Fourth tractate: Problems of the soul, 250 AD, Translated by Stephen Mackenna and B. S. Page 1930.

[752] Plato, In Georgias, section 508A.

[753] Herodotus, Inquiries, Book 2 translated by Shlomo Felberbaum.

[754] The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. © 2001 Columbia University Press.

[755] Behind the name, Etymology of first names, www.behindthename.com

[756] Richard Hinchley Allen, Starnames, Their Lore and Meaning", 1889, a reference book on the history of the stars and constellations for astronomers, Dover Publications 1963 p.123.

[757] Pliny, Rustica 10, N.H. 18. 14.

[758] Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon of Classical Greek http://www.perseus.tufts.edu 2002

[759] Strong’s Hebrew lexicon # 8405.

[760] The American college dictionary. Random House New York 1953.

[761] Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): On Libya, from The Histories, c. 430 BCE Book IV.168–198.

[762] Story originally published by: The New Straits Times Press, Kuala Lumpur/Malaysia | Helena Fernz - Sept 14.01.

[763] Evan Haddingham, Europe's Mystery People, World Monitor, p. 34,  September 1992. Cr. A. Rothovius.

[764] Ibid.

[765] William R Corliss, Science Frontiers #85, JAN–FEB 1993. A9 1997.

[766] Ibid, Starnames, Their Lore and Meaning, p.225.

[767] Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon of Classical Greek, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu2002 Hyginus, Astronomica, 2.42.

[768] Ibid.

[769] El Kahir was founded and named by the Fatimids in 969 A.D. Glossary of Islamic Art and Architectural Terms. Version II. December 1990. Creswell Library of Islamic Art and Architecture. The American University in Cairo.

[770] The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. © 2001 Columbia University Press.

[771] C.A.Winters, The influence of the Mande scripts on American ancient writing systems. Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental Afrique Noire, t 39, SerB , (1977)Number 2, pp.405–431.

[772] M.F. Lindemans, Encyclopedia Mythica C. 1995–2002.

[773] Milton, John. The Feathered Serpent and the Cross. New York: HBJ Press, 1980.

[774] “Aztec.” World Book Encyclopedia. Volume I, 1989.

[775] Ibid.

[776] Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon of Classical Greek http://www.perseus.tufts.edu 2002

[777] Ibid.

[778] Ibid.

[779] Ibid.

[780] Staal, J.D.W. (1984) Stars of Jade: Calendar Lore, Mythology, Legends and Star Stories of Ancient China. Writ Press, Decatur, Georgia.  Hara, M. (1980) Seiza no Shinwa, The Mythology of Constellations, Kouseisha Kouseikaku Co. Ltd., Tokyo.

[781] Ibid, Stars of Jade: Calendar Lore, Mythology, Legends and Star Stories of Ancient China.

[782] Ibid.

[783] Monday, March 31, 1947 Reprint from Rocky Mountain News

[784] Schellinger, Paule & Salkin Robert (ed.), International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia & Oceania. (Volume 5, 1995). Filtroy Dearborn: Chicago & London.

[785] National Geographic, October, 1996 pg. 74.

[786] National Geographic, May 2001 pg. 5.

[787] Japan guide Kinboshi Media © 1996–2001 Kinboshi http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2058.html

[788] E. C. Krupp, Echos of the Ancient Skies, Harper and Row, NY, 1983.

[789] Bulfinch’s Mythology The Age of Fable Chapter 34 Pythagoras, Egyptian Deities, Oracles.

[790] Sir Thomas L Heath, Euclid - The Thirteen Books of The Elements Second Edition Vol i, N.Y.: Dover Publications, orig 1908.

[791] Ibid. Bulfinch’s Mythology, The Age of Fable.

[792] E.A.Wallis Budge, The Gods of the Egyptians.. In two volumes. Originally published 1903, reprinted 1969 by Dover Publications Inc, New York.

[793] R.Witt, 121, 148–9, 276; Apuleius, Graves, R. transl., 264–5.

[794] The Japan Times, July 6, 2001.

[795] Peter Tompkins, Secrets of the Great Pyramid Harper & Row publishers Newyork Cambridge 1971 Pg 165–167.

[796] Kepler, Mysterium Cosmographicum, 1596.

[797] If one plots the latitude and longitude of the 3 “aligned” Peruvian Megalithic sites, each site is oriented along longitude 13 and latitude 72. All of these numbers are incorporated into the geometric outlay of the monuments of Cydonia Mars.

Machu Picchu,      long. 13   south       07 .......................latitude. 72west 33

+                               +               + Ollantaitambo,    long. 13   south       16........................latitude. 72west  16

+               +               +

Saccasaywuman, long. 13                 south      31........................latitude. 71west  59

= 39/2=19.5             = 54          =216.8 devided by 2 =108.04

54x10 = 540 *number of total exterior degrees in a

pentagon.

[798] E.A.E. Reymond, The mystical origin of the Egyptian temple Manchester University press 1969.

[799] Ronald Hutton, The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles - Their Nature and Legacy, Blackwell Publishers.

[800] Charles Whittlesey, Plan of the Ancient Works at Marietta, Ohio. 1837.

[801] Ibid.

[802] Strong’s Exhaustive concordance of the Bible. Lexicon  #5749

[803] Richard C. Hoagland, The Monuments of Mars, North Atlantic Books Berkeley California 94701  C. 1987 Picture #10.

[804] Ibid.

[805] P.H.Schultz, Polar wandering on Mars, Sci.Amer. 253, Dec. 94-102 (1985). Schultz, P.H. and Lutz, A.B., Polar wandering on Mars, Icarus 73, 91-141 (1988). Van Flandern, Dark Matter Missing Planets & New Comets, Paradoxes Resolved Origins Illuminated, North Atlantic Books Berkeley Californina 94701 copyright 1993 Tom Van Flandern, P.275.

[806] Ibid, Monuments of Mars. picture #10.

[807] Ibid, p. 325.

[808] Ibid.

[809] Aubrey Burl, Prehistoric Avebury, Yale University Press, 1979.

[810] Ibid.

[811] Mirror of Cydonia A Mars/Earth connection David S Percy http://www.aulis.com/mars.htm.

[812] Ibid, picture 10.

[813] E.A.E. Reymond, The mystical origin of the Egyptian temple, Manchester University press 1969.

[814] The Hutchinson Family Encyclopedia. © Copyright Helicon Publishing Ltd 2000. All rights reserved.

[815] The Gods of the Egyptians. E.A.Wallis Budge. In two volumes. Originally published 1903, reprinted 1969 by Dover Publications Inc, New York.

[816] Paolo Agostini, Voices of stone, 1997.

[817] Roman calendar online.

[818] Richard C. Hoagland. The monuments of Mars, City on the edge of Forever.

[819] Alfred Wegener, The Origins of Continents and Oceans, 4th edition.

[820] Flandern Dr. Tom Van, Dark Matter Missing Planets & New Comets, p.159.

[821] Ibid, p. 74.

[822] Ibid.

[823] Ibid.

[824] Ibid, p.159.

[825] Strong’s concordance of the Old Testament, Nada, 05074 nadad {naw-dad'} a primitive root; TWOT - 1300; v AV - flee 9, wander 6, ....away 4, wandereth abroad 1, flee apace 1, chased 1, misc 6; 28.

[826] Mirash Sod Haibbur; on the mystery of the New Moon.

[827] A. Heidel, transl, The Epic of Gilgamesh, tablet XI.

[828] S. Shastri, The Flood Legend in Sanscrit Literature (Delhi, 1950), p. 86.

[829] Ibid, p. 30.

[830] D.G Hills, Deepwater Waves and Tsunami Produced by the Impacts of Small Asteroids, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 USA Engineering, Construction and Operations in Space 4, proceedings of 4th International Conference on Space '94, Volume II, published by American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, 1994. 1365-1371 1994.

[831] Immanuel Velikovsky, Worlds in Collision, Simon & Shuster, New York, 1977. First Printed in 1950. pp 70–75.

[832] Ibid. p.76.

[833] Robert T. Mason, The Serpent As Divinity, The Devine Serpent in Myth and Legend, 28 May 2000, Page 27.

[834] Ibid.

[835] Postquam Noa annum aetatis sexcentesimum attingit, triduo ante obitum Methusalem, Cometa in duodecatemorio piscium, a toto terrarum orbe, conspectus est, quid duodecim signa coeli, unius mensis spatio percurrit, dicimoq; sexto Aprilis die rursus evanuit. Post hunc, diluvium statim secutum est, in quo omnia viventia humiq; serpentia animalia, Noa excepto, reliquisque creaturis cum Noa in arcam ingressis, suffocata sunt. De quibus Genesism cap. 7 scriptum est.

[836] Maurice Simon transl, Tractate Brakhot (Seder Zerafim) chapter IX, Fol. 59a, ed. I. Epstein, London, 1948.

[837] Strongs Hebrew lexicon #123.

[838] Rabbi Chayim Vital, Sha'ar HaMitzvot and Ta'amey HaMitzvot , Parashat Pinchas Chumash HaAri, Bamidbar, pp.236–241.

[839] Jacob Levy, Woerterbuch ueber die Talmudim und Midrashim 2nd ed. Berlin, Vienna, 1924: entry “Khima.” Rabbi Samuel in Tractate Brakhot, Seder Zera’im of the Babylonian Talmud, IX, fol. 59.

[840] F. Boll, Die Keilschriften prophezien bereits, dass eine Hochflut eintritt, wenn der Komet diese Richtung [mit dem Kopfe nach der Erde] einnimmt., op. cit., p. 114; Cf. Jastrow, Die Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens (Giessen, 19??), Vol. II, p. 696, n.1.

[841] Strong’s Hebrew Lexicon #3558 {koo-mawz'}

[842] Ibid. Woerterbuch ueber die Talmudim und Midrashim 2nd ed.

[843] Bryant, E. and Nott, J. 2000. Geological indicators of large tsunami in Australia. Natural Hazards (in press).Bryant, E. and Young, R.W. 1996. Bedrock-sculpturing by tsunami, South Coast New South Wales, Australia. Journal Geology v. 104 pp. 565-582.

[844] Science - Reuters Mon Feb 25,2002 By Michael Christie.

[845] (Spedicato, E. (1990), 'Apollo Objects, Atlantis and the Deluge: A Catastrophical Scenario for the End of the Last Glaciation', Quaderni Del Dipartimento di Mathematica, Statistica, Informatica e Applicazioni, Begamo, p.10.

[846] Rabbi Adin Steinsalz, In the Beginning: Discourses on Chasidic Thought, first chapter, published by Jason Aronson, 1992.

[847] Strong’s Hebrew concordance.

[848] S. Kennedy, Hindoo Mythology, SKANDA PURAN, and PADMA PURAN, p. 275.

[849] Theogony 617–735.

[850] Sefer Habris1:3:3.

[851] MidrashVayikra Rabbah 29:9, Shir HaShirim Rabbah 6:19 Avos OeRabbi Nassan 37. Cf. Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer 18.

[852] Zohar 3:10a.

[853] Ibid. Zohar1:9b, 1:157a, Pardes Rimonim 6:3. See also Tosafos, Minachos 37a.

[854] E.A.  Wallis  Budge, An  Egyptian  Hieroglyphic  Dictionary,  Vols.  I  and  II,  Dover Publications, Inc., 1978.

[855] Ibid.

[856] On the Sacred Art (Peri tês hieratikês technês) translated from the edition of the Greek text published by Joseph Bidez in his Catalogue des manuscrits alchimiques Grecs VI, Brussels: Maurice Lambertin 1928, pp 139–151, text pp 148–151.

[857] Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon of Classical Greek, The Perseus Project, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu 2002

[858] Thomas Norton of Bristoll, The Ordinall of Alchemy, 1499.

[859] Ibid, Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon of Classical Greek.

[860] Homer, Odessy.

[861] Thomas  Bullfinch,  The  Age  of  Fable,  1942,  Heritage  Press.  American  Heritage Dictionary, 1965.

[862] Ordnance Survey, Britain's national mapping agency. All content Crown Copyright © 1999.

[863] Okamoto Shoji, based on his own research and NOVA Online Web site which was produced for PBS Online by WGBH Educational Foundation. Shoji Okamoto Japan.

[864] Kenton N. Harper, History of the Grand Lodge and of Freemasonry in the District of Columbia, Grand Lodge, Washington, D.C.: 1911. p. 12.

[865] The National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior © Copyright Thaddeus O. Cooper 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999.

[866] The Washington Post January 13, 1999; Page H03.

[867] About the Pentagon, Department of defense, http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/pentagon/about.html

[868] II Book of Adam & Eve 20:1.

[869] Alfred Edersheim, The Bible History: Old Testament , published 1876-1887 in seven volumes.

[870] Peter Minuit. Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc., 1995. New York (city). Grolier electronic Publishing, Inc., 1995.

[871] Fritjof Capra, The Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the Parallels between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism, Shambhala Publications, Inc. 1999, Fourth Edition, Updated, p.16–17.

[872] Goodchild, Peter. J. Robert Oppenheimer, Shatterer of Worlds. New York: Fromm, 1985. Pg. 162.

[873] Roman calendar online http://www.clubs.psu.edu/aegsa/rome/romecal.html

[874] Plutarch, Romulus,Written 75 A.C.E. Translated by John Dryden, http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/numa_pom.html

[875] Jean-Marie Ragon, Maconnerie Orthodoxe, p. 44. 1 janvier 1990.

[876] The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XII Copyright © 1911 by Robert Appleton Company Online Edition Copyright © 1999 by Kevin Knight.

[877] Ibid.

[878] Writing, Smith’s Bible Dictionary, 1987 ed.: 327. “Alphabet,” The New Westminster Dictionary of the Bible, 1976 ed.: 30.

[879] Thomas Gangale, Mars in Roman Religion Copyright © 1998.

[880] Dante Paradiso Canto IX:127–142.

[881] Plutarch NUMA POMPILIUS, 8th-7th Century B.C. translated by John Dryden.

[882] Ibid.

[883] Kamil, Jill Al-Ahram Weekly Online6 - 12 December 2001 Issue No.563.

[884] Alexander Hislop, The Two Babylons, Loizeaux Brothers Publishers, Neptune, New Jersey 1953.

[885] Ibid.

[886] Ibid.

[887] Michael Curl, The Anagram Dictionary, Publisher: Robert Hale, 1996.

[888] Manly Palmer Hall, The Secret Teachings of All Ages. Los Angeles: Philosophical Research Society, 1975.

[889] Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon of Classical Greekmade possible by support from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Science Foundation.Opp. (v.infr.) infr.), Ep. rhoizêsa Hom. Il. 10.502:-- Pass., v. infr.: eIs (rhoizos):-- whistle, Il.l.c.; of a snake, hiss, Hes. l.c., A.R.4.129, etc.; heon nomon erroizêse Opp.H.1.563; of birds, rush or whirr through the air, Luc.Am.22, cf. Arist.HA535b27: in late Prose, shoot an arrow, LXX 4 Ki.13.17 (cod. A); of a stream, IB2=LXX Ca.4.15.

[890] The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XII Copyright © 1911 by Robert Appleton Company Online Edition Copyright © 1999 by Kevin Knight.

[891] Ibid. The Catholic Encyclopedia.

[892] Fernando Colon, (1571) Benjamin Keen, trans. (1959). The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. [English translation of the 1571 book in Italian.]

[893] Charles Squire, Celtic Myths and Legends, 1994 Encyclopedia of World Mythology, Arthur Cotterell - General Editor, 1999.

[894] E.K.Chambers, Arthur of Britain 1967.

[895] Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend (1972).

[896] Herodotus, History, 2.138.

[897] The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XII Copyright © 1911 by Robert Appleton Company.

[898] Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend (1972), ~Iliad~ by Homer, 9th century B.C.

[899] Penn State Architectural Engineering Graduate Students Association http://www.clubs.psu.edu/aegsa/rome/feb11.htm#feb15. Ovid, Fasti (267–302), Sir J. Frazer, transl, II. 290.

[900] Ibid. Catholic Encyclopedia.

[901] Ibid. Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon of Classical Greek.

[902] Augustine, City of God 18.5; Ovid, Metamorphoses 9.692; Varro, On the Latin Language 5.57.

[903] http://www.kemet.org/glossary/heru-em-akhet.html

[904] Plutarch, Nuna Pompilius, C.E. 75 Sanctum Library: 8th-7th Century B.C.E. Translated by John Dryden. http://web.bilkent.edu.tr/Online/www.english.upenn.edu/jlynch/Frank/Plutarch/numapom p.html

[905] Ibid. Plutarch, Nuna Pompilius.

[906] E.Von-Meyer, History of Chemistry, 1906 5. J. M. Stillman, Story of Alchemy And Early Chemistry.

[907] Ovid, Metamorphoses, Book 15.426–35.

[908] Theosophical glossary entry Guruparampara Copyright © 1999 by Theosophical University Press http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/etgloss/gn-gz.htm

[909] P.E. Cleator, Rockets Through Space, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1936, page 195.

[910] JC Cooper, An illustrated Encyclopaedia of Traditional Symbols, 1978, Thames and Hudson, p.123.

[911] Frater IAM, Magister Templi of the Ordo Rosae Crucis, Towards a Taxonomy of the Pure Ones Parallels within Gnosticism, Graeco-Roman Mythology and Hermeticism, 1994.

[912] J. Ypotius, Symbola divina et humana Prauge, 1601–03.

[913] Michael Maier, Atalanta fugiens, Oppenheim,1618.

[914] S. B., Flexner, The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. New York: Random House Inc., 1987.

[915] Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon of Classical Greek.

[916] Ibid. Towards a Taxonomy of the Pure Ones Parallels within Gnosticism, Graeco-Roman Mythology and Hermeticism.

[917] Strong’s Lexicon of Hebrew # 119.

[918] MS. Sloane 3645. Clay Holden transcription of emblems 1 to 10, and Hereward Tilton has transcribed 11 to 34, Emblem XXI.

[919] Charles Mills Gayley, Classic Myths in English Literature and in Art Boston, Ginn and Company, 1893 [repr. 1939]: 139–141; 237–241.

[920] Dubs, H. H. ISIS 1947,28,62.

[921] Rosemary Ellen Guiley, The Encyclopedia of Witches and Witchcraft. New York: Facts On File, 1989.

[922] Leslie A. Shepard, ed. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology, 3rd ed.Detroit: Gale Research, Inc., 1991.

[923] Ibid.

[924] NASA Special Publication-4201 in the NASA History Series, 1989. GMT is 5 hours ahead of EST except during daylight saving time which begins in April in the United States when it is only 4 hours ahead. www.Behindthename.com

[925] Valerie Neal, Cathleen S. Lewis, Frank H. Winter, Spaceflight: A Smithsonian Guide. in association with the National Air and Space Museum, The Smithsonion Institution, Washington, D.C., New York, 1995.

[926] The New Age Magazine. Supreme Council 33° A.&A. Scottish Rite of Freemasonry of the Southern Jurisdiction, Washington, D.C.: November 1969. pp. 14–30.

[927] Jim Harrison, Freemasons Who Made A Difference. Gavel Society, Vancouver, Canada, 1992.

[928] Arlen Schumer, article, Comic Book Marketplace #63, October, 1998.

[929] Edgar Rice Burroughs, A Princess of Mars, Chapter 3 - My Advent on Mars.

[930] Theosophical Glossary. http://www.theosociety.org

[931] Ibid.

[932] Denarius, AD 146, Sestertius, AD 138.

[933] Alexander Hislop, The Two Babylons - -Chapter VII Section V The Name of the Beast, the Number of His Name--The Invisible Head of the Papacy.

[934] Tufts University, Argonautica.

[935] Pindar, Pythian Odes 3.54–58; Euripides, Alcestis 3-6; Apollodorus 3.10.4; Hyginus, Fabulae 49; Diodorus Siculus 4.71.2–3.

[936] Plutarch, Romulus 28.3.

[937] Ibid.

[938] Scholia in Aristoph, Nubes 609; Lucian, Pro lapsu 5. Apollonios Sophistes, The Pythagorean Pentacle, © 1996, revised 1999.

[939] An etymological dictionary of classical mythology. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6946/mythology/r.html

[940] Pausanias L. 1. sive Attica, p. 8. {b} L. 3. sive Laconica, p. 215. {c} L. 9. Epig. 14.

[941] Joseph Robert Jochmans. All rights reserved. Excerpted from Joseph's book, Time- Capsule: the Search for the Lost Hall of Records in Ancient Egypt. Copyright 1995.

[942] H. P. Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine, G. de Purucker, Occult Glossary.

[943] Ibid.

[944] Ibid.

[945] FRANK PONTIFEX, aka THE REVD FRANK J. GELLI, ANCIENT ROMAN RELIGION © copyright 1997 Frank J. Gelli William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: Dictionary of Greek & Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875. <E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/home*.html>

[946] Edgar Rice Burroughs, A Princess of Mars.

[947] Ibid.

[948] Anton LaVey, The Satanic Rituals: Companion To The Satanic Bible, p. 57.

[949] Albert Pike, Morals and Dogma, p. 430, 1951 edition.

[950] Camille Flammarion, Urania. New York: Cassell, Translated from the French by Mary Serrano. Also published by: Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1890; London: Chatto and Windus.

[951] Camille Flammarion. L’Inconnu et les problèmes psychiques. [Tr. The Unknown.] Paris: Éditions Flammarion, n.d.

[952] Louis Pope Gratacap, The Certainty of a Future Life in Mars, New York: Bretano’s, 1903; New York, Irving Press.

[953] Carl Sagan, Cosmos May 8, 1975 ERB-dom #55, 1972.

[954] Ibid.

[955] Theosophical Glossary. http://www.theosociety.org

[956] Ibid.

[957] Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels 1726 Part III, Chapter 3.

[958] Ibid, Theosophical glossary.

[959] William Sheehan, Giovanni Schiaparelli: Visions of a Colour Blind Astronomer, Journal Brit.Astr. Assoc. 107, 11–15, 1997.

[960] Ibid, Giovanni Schiaparelli: Visions of a Colour Blind Astronomer.

[961] G.Van Biesbroeck, ed., E.E. Barnard’s Visit to G. Schiaparelli, Popular Astronomy 42, 553–558, 1934.

[962] Prince Michael Stewart, The Forgotten Monarchy of Scotland, Element Books, 1998, p. 29. 63. The Forgotten Monarchy of Scotland, p. 30.

[963] H. Gaston Halsberghe, The Cult of Sol Invictus, E.J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1972. p. 155.

[964] Ibid. p. 167.

[965] An etymological dictionary of classical mythology. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6946/mythology/r.html

[966] Ibid.

[967] Albert Pike, Morals and Dogma, 1951 edition, p. 430.

[968] Kathryn Pietras, and Ross, Mythology Tales and Legends of the Gods.  New York: Workman Publishing Company, 1998.

[969] Brian Scrivener, Boundaries from The Scrivener The Domesday Book of 1086 Vol. 8 No. 1.

[970] Cratin.225 (pl.), Aristoph. Pl. 690, Dem. 18.260 (pl.) ; p. alone, Hyp.Fr.80, Thphr.Char.16.4 ; ho pareias ê Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon of Classical Greek. made possible by support from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Science Foundation.

[971] Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon of Classical Greek made possible by support from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Science Foundation.pu^ro-eis, essa, en, fiery, keraunos Cleanth.au=Placit. 1.10; astêr A.R.3.1377; mukêtes Call.Fr.47; ommata, pothos, AP5.14 (Rufin.), 9.132; kapros Opp.C. 1.389, al.; belos Nonn.D.2.436.2. ho P. the planet Mars, from its fiery colour, Arist.Mu.399a9, IG12(1).913 (Rhodes, i B.C.), Cic. ND2.20.53, Alex.Eph.ap.Theo Sm.au=Cic. ND p.139 H., Ph.1.504, Cleom.1.3, etc Strong’s # 4442.

[972] Pausanias 5.17.2.

[973] Ibid, Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon of Classical Greek, Ku^dôn-ios, a, on, (Kudônia) ti=Aristaenet. Cydonian, mala quinces, Stesich.29, cf. Alcm.143, Canthar.6, Phylarch.10 J.; mêlides Ibyc. 1.1; kudônia, ta, Dsc.1.115. Theoc.23.8 (rhodomallon codd., rhoda malôn Ahrens).

[974] Strong’s concordance Greek lexicon, “Malus”.

[975] Name meaning in mythology, http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6946/mythnames.html

[976] Richard Hinchley Allen, Starnames, Their Lore and Meaning", 1889, a reference book on the history of the stars and constellations for astronomers, Dover Publications 1963  p.75.

[977] Manly P Hall, The Secret Teachings Of All Ages, 1928.

[978] P.Kingsley, Ancient Philosophy, Mystery and Magic: Empedocles and Pythagorean Tradition, Oxford University Press, 1995.

[979] Powell, pp. 110, 147, 366.

[980] Charles Pellegrino, Unearthing Atlantis. 1991 p. 89.

[981] R Hoagland, Monuments of Mars, pg.175–177.

[982] Dr. Floyd McCoy, Ground Truth, Earthwatch Research Report, Charles Pellegrino, Unearthing Atlantis, 1991, p. 89.

[983] The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2000, Columbia University Press.

[984] Frank H Stubbings, The Rise of Mycenaean Civilization, In I.E.S. Edwards and E. Sollberger, eds., 1973. The Cambridge Ancient History, 3d. ed., II, Pt. 1: History of the Middle East and Aegean Region, c. 1800-1380. London: Cambridge University Press, 627–58.

[985] Aleister Crowley, 1875–1947.

[986] E. Feilding, W. W. Baggally, H. Carrington,   Report  on  a  Series  of  Sittings  With Eusapia Palladino, PSPR, 23, 1909, p.313.

[987] Quoted in H.P. Blavatsky, Isis Unveiled, TUP, 1972–1877, 1:195.

[988] Brian Inglis, Natural and supernatural: A history of the paranormal, Bridport, Dorset: Prism Press, Lindfield, NSW: Unity Press, 1992, p. 425.

[989] Parapsychology: The controversial science, pp. 61-3. William Sheehan,  The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery, The University of Arizona Press, Tucson Copyright © 1996 The Arizona Board of Regents Chpt 7 Publication copy for YGGDRASIL:The Journal of Paraphysics  Copyright © James E. Beichler, The Search for Spock, Developing the Theoretical Basis of Psi. 1998.

[990] Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1895.

[991] Greenslet, The Lowells and Their Seven Worlds, p. 355.

[992] Camille Flammarion,  Urania, New  York:  Cassell,.  Translated  from  the  French  by Mary Serrano. Also published by : Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1890; London: Chatto and Windus.

[993] Camille Flammarion,  L'Inconnu et les problèmes psychiques.  [Tr.  The  Unknown.] Paris: Éditions Flammarion, n.d.

[994] Mysterious Psychic Forces. Pg. 441, 431, quoted in Pembers Earths earliest ages.

[995] Flammarion, Camille, La Planete Mars et Ses Conditiones d'Habitabilite, Paris, 1892, page 591.

[996] Ibid.

[997] Jackson, C. D. and Hohman, R. E., An Historic Report On Life In Space: Telsa, Marconi, Todd, 1962 report to the American Rocket Society.

[998] Code Expert Ready For Message", New York Times, August 23, 1924.

[999] David Kahn, The Codebreakers: The Story Of Secret Writing, 1968, Macmillan

[1000] Crowe, 399; DeVorkin, 37–53.

[1001] Seeks Sign From Mars In 30 Foot Radio Film, New York Times, August 28, 1924.

[1002] The general description of this experiment is derived from accounts carried in the Washington Post, August 21–22, 1924.

[1003] The New York Times, August 23, 1924.

[1004] Edwards Frank, Flying Saucers -Serious Business. published in 1966 Pages 75–78.

[1005] Collier’s Weekly (March 1901 Vol 24, 4–5,): “Talking with the Planets” p. 359–361.

[1006] Agnes M. Clerke, A Popular History of Astronomy during the Nineteenth Century, 3d ed., London: Adam and Charles Black, 1893, p. 519.

[1007] Gazetteer for Scotland. Supported by: The Robertson Trust, The Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, The Royal Scottish Geographical Society, The Department of Geography, University of Edinburgh. ©1995–2002.

[1008] Richard Preston, First Light: The Search for the Edge of the Universe, New York: New American Library, 1987, p. 37. But see also Sheehan, William, and Osterbrock, Donald E., ``Hale's `Little Elf': the mental breakdowns of George Ellery Hale," Journal for the History of Astronomy, 31 , pt. 2, May 2000, pp. 93–114.

[1009] Ibid. Giovanni Schiaparelli: Visions of a Colour Blind Astronomer.

[1010] Strong’s number Hebrew lexicon 3667.

[1011] Strong’s numbers Hebrew lexicon 7014 Kahyin 7070 kawneh=branch,calamus,  cane 7069 kawnaw =To buy, get, purchased, buyer, possessor and owner.

[1012] II. A.], , Pall. Jul. 1 and 7; Sol. Veg. 5, 35: inclementia, Sid. Ep. 2, 2.

[1013] Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon of Classical Greek & Latin.

[1014] Condensed from Archives for Mosaical Metrology and Mosaistics (AMMM) vol. 2, no. 2 (1993) pp. 11-15 by courtesy of BAALSCHEM PRESS Verlag, Bahnhofstr. 19, D-35745 Herborn 1, GERMANY.

[1015] “Writing,”   Smith's   Bible   Dictionary,   1987   ed.:   327.   “Alphabet,”   The   New Westminster Dictionary of the Bible, 1976 ed.: 30. “Writing,” NIV Compact Dictionary of the Bible, 1989 ed.: 632–3. Archeology and the Bible, The Lion Encyclopedia of the Bible, 1986 ed.: 38. “Writing,” The New Harper's Bible Dictionary, 1973 ed.: 829. E. Raymond Capt, Missing Links Discovered in Assyrian Tablets, Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Artisan Sales, 1985, pp.24, 44. Ernst Doblhofer, Voices in Stone New York, Viking Press, 1961, p.35.

[1016] M. Mielziner, Introduction to the Talmud, Cincinnati, 1894; New York, 1903; M.L. Rodkinson, The History of the Talmud, New York, 1903.

[1017] Talmud: b. Shab. 146a, Raphael Patai, Gates to the Old City. Detroit: Wayne State Universtiy Press.

[1018] Kaabala: Zohar 1:37a, Patai, 81:471.

[1019] The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VIII 1910 by Robert Appleton Company.

[1020] Eberhard Schrader, Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek; Sammlung von assyrischen u d babylonische 1836–1908, Comp. Schrader, u.s., p. 283, Texten in Umschrift und, 1970.

[1021] Strong’s Lexicon.

[1022] William Foxwell Albright, Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan.

[1023] Plinio, Historia Naturalis, Libro XXXVI-XVIII.

[1024] THEOSOPHY, Vol. 15, No. 10, August, 1927, Pages 447–455.

[1025] Antonio Loprieno, Ancient Egyptian, A Linguistic Introduction, 1995 Raymond O. Faulkner, A concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, 1962.

[1026] www.nasa.gov/ic/projects/bayes-group/Atlas/Mars/features/h

[1027] Geoffrey Cornelius, Starlore Handbook, An Essential Guide to the Night Sky, Description de l'Egypte, vol. IV, pl. 20, Dendera.

[1028] Kevin Crossley-Holland, The Norse Myths, 1980 Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology, R. Aldrington, D. Ames, 1994.

[1029] Ibid.

[1030] Christopoulos, G. A. & Bastias, J. C. Eds.  1975.  History of the Hellenic World: The Archaic Period. Pennsylvania State University Press.  University Park, Pennsylvania.

[1031] Alexander Hislop, The Two Babylons Chapter II Section II Sub-Section II The Child In Egypt.

[1032] E. Cobham Brewer, Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.

[1033] Horace W. LaBadie, Jr, On the Roman Religion, with extensive notes and a translation of Book One of Cicero's De Divinatione.

[1034] Encyclopedia of Greek Mythology www.mythweb.com/encyc/index.html

[1035] Euthyphro, 11e.

[1036] Odyssey, XI, 582

[1037] Cratylus, 395b–d

[1038] Richard C Hoagland, The Monuments of Mars. North Atlantic Books Berkeley California 94701 C. 1987 p.63.

[1039] G.H. Pember, Earth’s Earliest Ages, p.55.

[1040] Ibid, p.78.

[1041] Marcus Tullius Cicero, On Divine Nature. Book I. XVIII, 106–45 BC.,  1933 translation by Harris Rackham, 1868–1944.

[1042] Ibid, The Monuments of Mars, p. 78.

[1043] Peter Tompkins, Secrets of the Great Pyramid, Perennial Library Harper and Row, Publishers New York 1971.

[1044] Al-Ahram Weekly1–7 June 2000 Issue No. 484.

[1045] Encyclopedic Theosophical Glossary: Pro-Pz 1999 by Theosophical University Press.

[1046] Zecharia Sitchin, The Wars of Gods and Men. Avon Books, New York, NY, 1985, page 115.

[1047] Plato, Critias, Translated by Benjamin Jowett.

[1048] Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon.

[1049] Henry H. Howorth, The Mammoth and the Flood by Anonymous review; Saturday Review, 65:52-53, January 14, 1888 (The source for this text is Strange Planet, by William R. Corliss, The Sourcebook Project.) The late PALEOLITHIC, 45000–10000 BCE.

[1050] Godfrey Higgins. Anacalypsis; an attempt to draw aside the Veil of the Saitic Isis, or an Inquiry into the Origin of Languages, Nations, and Religions. 2 vols., quarto, Posth. Privately printed 1836Volume I Page 354.

[1051] Arthur Quiller-Couch, The Oxford Book of English Verse : 1250–1900. ed. 1919.

[1052] Strong’s Lexicon  #01966.

[1053] Strong’s Lexicon #01984.

[1054] The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume IX Copyright © 1910 by Robert Appleton Company.

[1055] Rev. Alexander Hislop, The Two Babylons; or the Papal Worship: Proved to be the Worship of Nimrod and His Wife. Loizeaux Brothers: Neptune, New Jersey. 1959.

[1056] R. Hägg, Mycenaean Religion: The Helladic and the Minoan Components,” in A. Morpurgo Davies and Y. Duhoux (eds.), Linear B: A 1984 Survey, Louvain-la-Neuve 1985, 203-225. M. P. Nilsson, The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion and its Survival in Greek Religion [2nd edition] Lund 1950.

[1057] John Chadwick, The Decipherment of Linear B, 2nd ed.1967, Encyclopedia Britanica, London, England.

[1058] Richard Deacon, John Dee, London, 1968. Peter J. French, John Dee: the World of an Elizabethan Magus, London, 1972. Dictionary of National Biography, repr., London: Oxford University Press, 1949–1950, 5, 721–9. E.G.R. Taylor, Tudor Georgraphy, London, 1930, pp. 75-139,191–2.

[1059] John Dee’s De Heptarchia Mystica Edited by Joseph H. Peterson, © Copyright 1999.

[1060] Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, The Occult Roots of Nazism Secret Aryan Cults and their influence on Nazi Ideology, New York University Press, New York 1985, 1992  page 224.

[1061] Ibid, The Occult Roots of Nazism. pages 223–224.

[1062] Ibid.

[1063] Ibid. page 40.

[1064] Ibid. page 224.

[1065] Macrobius’ Saturnalia, I.7–10.

[1066] GODS OF THE STATE: PRINCIPAL DIVINITIES, Janus, New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology, Introduction by Robert Graves, Roman, pp. 200–202.

[1067] Ibid, p. 201.

[1068] Ovid, Fasti, I.279f.

[1069] Jim Marrs, The Untold Story of Extraterrestrials Among Us, Harper Collins 1998.

[1070] Graber, G.S. The History of the SS: A Chilling Look at the Most Terrifying Arm of the Nazi War Machine.  New York, Charter Books, 1978.

[1071] Charles Donefer, ‘Wernher von Braun: National Hero or Enemy to the World?’ 1996.

[1072] Ibid. Alien Agenda.

[1073] Ibid.

[1074] Ibid.

[1075] Rosemary Ellen Guiley, The Encyclopedia of Witches and Witchcraft. New York: Facts On File, 1989.

[1076] Aleister Crowley, Satanic Extracts, Black Lodge Publishing, 1991.

[1077] The Collected Writings of Jack Parsons, Part One, The Book of Babalon, introduction, “Conception.”

[1078] Rosemary Ellen Guiley, The Encyclopedia of Witches and Witchcraft. New York: Facts On File, 1989.

[1079] Spanish /English dictionary, The Probert Encyclopaedia Spanish/English Dictionary “San Diego History Society http://www.sandiegohistory.org/quiz/answer1b.htm

[1080] John Whiteside Parsons, excerpt from Freedom is a Two-Edged Sword, Falcon Press/OTO 1989.

[1081] Willy Ley, and Wernher von Braun, The Exploration of Mars, New York, Viking, 1956, Plate X, page 66.

[1082] The Collected Writings of Jack Parsons, Part One, The Book of Babalon, introduction, “Conception.”

[1083] John W. Parsons, Freedom Is A Two Edged Sword, Falcon Press/OTO 1989, introduction by Hymenaeus Beta, p. 7, The Collected Writings of Jack Parsons, Part One, The Book of Babalon, introduction, “Conception.”

[1084] Francis King and Isabel Sutherland, The Rebirth of Magic, London: Corgi Books, 1982, p.182.

[1085] Ibid, The Collected Writings of Jack Parsons.

[1086] The material cited here is from a brochure describing the Disney film, Man and the Moon. The text was prepared by the Division of Audio-Visual Education, Los Angeles County Schools.

[1087]Willy Ley and Wernher von Braun, The Exploration of Mars, New York, Viking,1956, p. 60.

[1088] Valerie Neal, Cathleen S. Lewis, Frank H. Winter, in Association with the National Air and Space Museum, The Smithsonion Institution, Spaceflight: A Smithsonian Guide. Washington, D.C., New York, 1995.

[1089] Alabama Department of Archives & History.

[1090] Strong’s Hebrew Lexicon.

[1091] Encyclopædia Britannica Article.

[1092] Strong’s Hebrew lexicon.

[1093] The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XIV, © 1912 by Robert Appleton Company.

[1094] King and Sutherland, The Rebirth of Magic, Corgi, Aylesbury 1982, p. 182.

[1095] Olin Karch, Blu Mundy, Prophetic Dates Given by Toltecs and Mayas, Naturegraph Co. Healdsburg, CA 1963.

[1096] Four Remarkable Indian Prophecies of the Navajos, Toltecs, Mayas and Indians of Idaho, Naturegraph Publishers, Inc. 1963.

[1097] Ibid. Four Remarkable Indian Prophecies of the Navajos, Toltecs, Mayas and Indians of Idaho.

[1098] Vesna Wallace, The Inner Kalacakratantra, Oxford University press, 2001.

[1099] The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VIII Copyright © 1910 by Robert Appleton Company.

[1100] The Fifty-third Chapter of Isaiah According to the Jewish Interpreters, Ktav Publishing House, 1969, Volume 2, pages 374-5.

[1101] Ibid.

[1102] Raphael Patai, Ph.D., The Messiah Texts, Avon Books, © 1979.

[1103] Ibid, The Messiah Texts, p.166.

[1104] Targum Yonathan Yesha’yahu 11:4.

[1105] Encyclopedia Judaica article, Jerusalem; New York, Macmillan, c1971–c1982, v. 1, c1972.

[1106] Ibid. The Messiah Texts, p.157.

[1107] Johann van Rooyen, South Africa, http://www.hebroots.org/hebrootsarchive/9711/971106_b.html

[1108] Ibid. The Messiah Texts, p.157–159,166, 314.

[1109] Zondervan Pictorial Dictionary.

[1110] E. W. Bullinger, The Witness of the Stars, 1893 The Sign Taurus.

[1111] Ibid. The Witness of the Stars. The sign of Orion.

[1112] Andrew Collins, Gods of Eden: Egypt's lost legacy and the genesis of civilization, London: Headline, 1998, pp. 58–62.

[1113] Our Work in Palestine, p. 115. Warren, Recovery of Jerusalem, i. 121.  Corpus. Inscr. Semit,  Pars I. Planches, pl. 29, No. 136.

[1114] M.R. James, Old Testament Legends, Longmans, Green and Co., 1913, by kind permission of N.J.R. James.

[1115] Ibid.

[1116] Ibid. Testament of Solomon 2:2–4.

[1117] Ornias is named in a Latin document printed from a ninth-century MS. at St Gall: Anonymi Inventiones nominum in Miscellanea Cassinese, 1897, Patristias, p.11.

[1118] Moncure Daniels Conway’s Writings of Thomas Paine G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1896.

[1119] Allen Holub, Kenneth Grant, Outside the Circles of Time, Frederick Muller, London, 1980.

[1120] Leybourn Su: The Keys of Aaton, Liber CMXCIX, copyright 1997.

[1121] www.templeinstitute.org 36 Misgav Ladach Street Jewish Quarter, Old City Jerusalem 97500 Israel.

[1122] Ibid. www.templeinstitute.org

[1123] Alexander Hislop, The Two Babylons, The Child in Assyria, Chapter II Section II Sub-Section I.

[1124] Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 12,5,5.

[1125] Posnansky, Arthur. Tiahuanacu. New York: J.J. Augustin, 1946

[1126] Childress, David Hatcher. The Coneheads of Peru, World Explorer Magazine. Kempton, Il: World Explorers Club, Vol. 3, No. 4.

[1127] Arthur Posnansky, Tiahuanaco, The Cradle of American Man, (N.Y.: Augustin, 1958).

[1128] http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-134180701.html

[1129] Acosta, Hint, of the New World, bk. y. chap. 4, bk. vi. chap. 19, Eri£. trans., 1701, “History of the Incas” by Pedro Sarmiento De Gamboa, translated by Clements Markham, Cambridge: The Hakluyt Society 1907, pp. 28–58.

[1130] Posnansky, Arthur. Tiahuanacu: The Cradle of American Man (4 vol., 1945–58). J. J. Augustin, New York, 1945.

[1131] Cf. H.S. Bellamy and P. Allan, The Calendar of Tiahuanaco (1959) and The Great Idol of Tiahuanaco, both published by Faber and Faber, London.