1. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIA nON 
THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 
	131 	Subject 3. The character of the associations is objective. 
The external associations predominate, particularly the linguistic-motor forms. Both attempts at distraction were very successful, particularly internal distraction, which resulted in 29 per cent of sound reactions. A few reactions under internal distraction are of interest: 
ASSOCIATIONS 
Subject}. A bout 2I years of age, intelligent, well read 
SPECIAL QUALITY 
	lid 	nid (senseless rhyme) 
The subject sees a beermug with a lid. 
	hall 	throat (HallejHals) 
sees a waiting-room in a certain station. 
Grouping 
Predicative relationship Causal relationship 
fall 
staff 
sees a waterfall. 
	stone 	bone (SteinjBein) 
sees a picture of the little town of Stein on the Rhine. 
	132 	The fact that the number of internal associations remained 
nevertheless above the normal level in internal distraction, and in the first half of external distraction, can be attributed to the fact that the artificial lowering of attention was not uniform and continuous but decreased from time to time, whereupon normal reactions were given. The reactions obtained from the same subject in a state of great physical and mental fatigue give a more uniform picture of associative levelling-down. According to these findings, the state of fatigue has no other significance for this experiment than a uniform lowering of attention; its repercussion on the association is in no way different from the results of the distraction experiments. Nor is a difference discernible in the finer points of individual associations-which cannot be counted or measured-except in a very few reactions, the content of which is caused by the particular constellation of fatigue. As appears from our further observations on this subject and also from Aschaffenburg's investigations, no specific change, other than the blunting of the emotional response during the state of fatigue, can be demonstrated. The blunting of the reaction in fatigue can easily be accounted for by a decrease of attention. We also have every reason to assume 
5° 
	Co-existence 	22 
	Identity 	3 
	Linguistic-motor forms 	46 
Word-completion Sound 
	Rhyme 	3 
Indirect Meaningless Failures 
Repetition of stimulus-word 
Egocentric reaction Perseveration 
	Repetition of reaction 	7 
	Same grammatical form 	63 
	Same number of syllables 	52 
	Alliteration 	6 
	Consonance 	24 
	Same ending 	13 
	In ternal associations 	24 
	External associations 	71 
	Sound reactions 	4 
	Number of associations 	100 
NORMAL 
'1j v •.. 
'1j c ;:l 
:r: 
•. Qj 
•.. 
'1j 
§ ::r: '1j c 
'" 
~ '" 
8 16 
100 
51 
9 22 
7 
12 
44 
2 
3 
1 
2 12 
50 46 4 7 
20 
31 
63 
3 
DISTRACTION 
-;;; c •.. 
~ c •..... 
External 
	6 \U 	6 \U 
~~§ §~§ 
	~ c 	~ c 
Ol ;:l 
'" 
;:: 
« 
"' 
19 13 2 
4 6 
26 
5 15 
9 
6 
62 60 16 
35 22 
52 44 14 18 20 
34 36 
36 
42 
29 
100 
14 22 
14 4 
4 
10 32 
2 6 
54 
10 2 40 
10 6 
10 
6 
25 
6 
2 2 
3 
12 
2 8 
8 
8 
54 50 12 
30 16 
70 73 18 
47 44 
18 
5 
62 
52 
16 
16 
26 
50 
50 
100 

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
that the blunting of the reaction in alcoholic intoxication and manic excitation (observed by Kraepelin's school) is nothing but a symptom of disturbed attention. The connection with motor excitation suggested by Aschaffenburg is in our view merely an indirect one: the motor excitation lowers the intensity of attention and therefore brings about a blunting of associations. The disturbance of attention by motor excitation is a matter of experience and in the named conditions has long been known as "distractibility." Since attention as an affective condition is also linked to certain somatic (that is, muscular) processes, the decrease of its stability can be attributed to motor excitation. Thus Aschaffenburg is not correct when he considers motor excitation as the direct cause of the blunting of the reaction; motor excitation is absent in a whole series of abnormally low reactions. But common to all these conditions is a disturbance of attention, which is probably always the immediate cause for all association types similar to flight of ideasY The origin of disturbed attention is of course different in (i.e., specific to) each single process; it can equally well be based on motor excitation or on loss or decrease of kinesthetic feelings, on raising of the muscular stimulus-threshold, on mental excitement, or on psychological split (as in our experiments). 
	133 	The great variability of intensity of attention makes all 
association experiments with alcohol and fatigue susceptible to an error extremely difficult to estimate, so that in the state of our present experience it is practically impossible to say anything positive about the extent of the disturbances of association through alcohol, etc. Judging from the percentage ratios of these fatigue experiments, the subject must have been in an absolutely psychotic state. According to Aschaffenburg's theory, a result with 5 per cent internal associations and 27 per cent sound reactions corresponds to a state of heavy intoxication or serious mania or a state of quite abnormal fatigue. The intensity of this blunting, however, can easily be eXplained by the fact that great but not abnormal fatigue was accompanied by marked drowsiness. The decrease of attention, with raising 
11 Aschaffenburg errs when he says, for example, that Nordau's descriptions referred to hypomanics; they refer rather to the larger group of individuals incapable of concentration and showing blunt association-type. 

THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 
of external stimulus-thresholds, peculiar to this condition is, ir analogy with distraction experiments, to be considered as on( of the main causes of the blunting.12 The intensity of drowsi ness is an unmeasurable quantity; how much drowsiness w~: present in the states of fatigue examined by Aschaffenburg? 
	134 	Drowsiness is not merely a somatic, physiological, but alsc 
to a certain extent a psychological phenomenon, which ma~ perhaps be described by the name "autohypnosis." It is pri marily a psychological event that takes place in the area 0 consciousness. It is mainly stimulated by somatic sensations bUl can also be produced by pure suggestion. Exactly the sam( applies to the effect of alcohol. The effects of alcohol may be tc a large extent, particularly in the beginning of narcosis, purel~ suggestive; this probably accounts for the fact that the effects 0 alcohol on different dispositions may be quite different. Car one exclude or calculate the suggestive effects of alcohol in th( alcohol experiment? In our view this is not possible. There fore great caution is advisable in psychological alcohol experi ments. Accordingly, disturbance of attention in fatigue anc alcohol experiments need not always have its roots in motOl excitation, but could equally well be derived from suggestion 
	135 	Let us return to our experiment. The great prevalence oj 
external association can be attributed to momentary decreas( of attention. The cause of the blunt reaction can, however, li( deeper. It is not unthinkable that there are individuals who because of a congenital or acquired anomaly, have a mon superficial mode of association than others; this anomaly ma~ possibly lie in the sphere of attention, in that fatigue appean much more quickly than in other people. The figures for th( sister and mother of subject 3 are interesting in this respect a~ observations of family psychology. We give the tables here. 
	136 	Subject 4, about 20 years of age, is the sister of subject 3 
The associations have in general an objective character; th( external ones predominate considerably, especially the lin guistic-motor forms. Sound reactions also are numerous, so tha1 the character of the normal state looks like the result of a distraction experiment. In the experiment of internal distraction there is an unexpected increase of internal associations as well 
12 See below, experiment in drowsiness with subject 15 (educated men). 

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 				
Subjects 4 and 5· 	Sister and mother of subject 3 	
		SUBJECT 4 		SUBJECT 5 	
ASSOCIATIONS 		NORMAL 	DISTRACTION 	NORMAL 	
	"0 	"0 		"0 	"0 	
		.., 			.., 	
	.., 	... 		.., 	... 	
	... 	"0 		... 	"0 	
SPECIAL QUALITY 	"0 	c: 	- 	"0 	c: 	
	c: 	::l 	"" 	c: 	::l 	
	::l 	:t 	c: 	::l 	:t 	
	:t 		... 	:t 		
		"0 	.", 		"0 	
	~ 		;:: 	~ 		
	'" 	c: 		'" 	c: 	
		Of 	- 		Of 	
Grouping 	3 	8 	16 	24 	17 	
Predicative relationship 	7 	8 	8 	10 	7 	
Causal relationship 	- 	- 	I 	I 	0 	
Co-existence 	8 	6 	3 	8 	8 	
Identity 	2 	4 	1 	6 	13 	
Linguistic-motor forms 	67 	56 	39 	46 	45 	
Word-completion 	4 	8 	14 	3 	4 	
Sound 	3 	5 	9 	- 	3 	
Rhyme 	2 	1 	2 				
Indirect 	2 	3 	5 	1 	2 	
Meaningless 	1 	- 	1 				
Failures 							
Repetition of stimulus-word 							
Egocentric reaction 							
Perseverations 	I 	- 	2 	1 	2 	
Repetition of reaction 	9 	7 	4 	9 	5 	
Same grammatical form 	61 	51 	53 	82 	66 	
Same number of syllables 	48 	47 	35 	51 	38 	
Alliteration 	13 	11 	13 	5 	12 	
Consonance 	14 	19 	24 	16 	17 	
Same ending 	11 	14 	7 	18 	10 	
Internal associations 	10 	16 	25 	35 	24 	
External associations 	77 	66 	43 	60 	66 	
Sound reactions 	9 	14 	25 	3 	7 	
Number of associations 	100 	100 	100 	100 	100 	
		54 					

THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 
as a clear increase of sound reactions. The superficiality displayed in the experiment under normal conditions is in our experience abnormal, thus we must assume a disturbance of attention in this state. The subject is a definite "motor type"; from other experiments performed with the subject it becomes apparent that motor perception predominates by far over the other senses.13 Externally too the motor disposition is shown by great vivacity of movement and a strongly developed ability for motor expression. It must here be stressed that this active motility by far exceeds the limits of conscious innervation and is expressed in motor automatisms that are innervated by unconscious psychological complexes. Among the reactions of the normal state there are two linguistic automatisms that are very probably related to an unconscious complex. This complex is closely connected with the affect concerning a past engagement. Thus we have two probable reasons for the strikingly blunt reaction-type: the strong and abnormally independent motor tendency and a partially suppressed affect. The latter probably has the most significance for the blunting. 
	137 	(It would be too much of a digression to examine the in- 
dividual psychology of this case more closely. This will be done elsewhere.) 
	138 	The increase of internal associations during distraction ex- 
periments is a phenomenon that we find again in subjects of different character14 who under normal conditions also show an abnormally blunt type. We know no other explanation for the improvement of reaction-type in this case than that the attention, which under normal conditions is tied to the emotional complex, is released by the conditions of the experiment (new to the subject) and can therefore be used. Nevertheless, great fluctuation of attention occurred; this is indicated by the large number of sound reactions, together with the relatively numerous internal associations.15 
13 By that we do not mean that some sort of motor excitation is responsible for the blunt reaction type. In personalities of a motor type the motor factors per. haps play an independent role in the word-image combination in that they facilitate talking. 
14 Cf. subject 16 (educated men). 
15 Cf. subjects 15 and 16 (educated men). 
~~ 

1. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
something red 
THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 
	143 	From the subject's account, the visual image fills conscious- 
ness completely and exclusively, the verbal reaction being given almost involuntarily and touching consciousness only quite superficially. The above examples show clearly and repeatedly the purely mechanical character of the verbal reaction. 
	144 	Subject 5 is the mother of subjects 3 and 4. Quantitatively 
the reaction-type shows much similarity with that of subjects 3 and 4· The objective character of the reactions is qualitatively also very similar. Particularly prominent in these three people are the linguistic-motor forms. Characteristic of this family type are sound reactions under normal conditions, which distinguishes this type from others. For comparison, we give the main figures for these subjects under normal conditions: 
	139 	A special peculiarity of this subject is the occasional occur- 
rence of marked synesthesias (audition calorie), which influence the reaction. Examples under normal conditions: 
	to kiss (kiissen) 	yellow 
ii is yellow for the subject. 
misery (Elend) e is red. 
indolent (trage) ii is blue. 
	14° 	Examples from the distraction experiment: 
	orgy 	orgy 
Subject sees a yellow mass. 
pious 
blue 
	Internal 	External 
Associations Associations 
Sound Reactions 
blessed 
		Mother 	29.5% 	62.0% 	5.0% 
		Elder daughter 	27·5% 	67·0% 	3.5% 
		Younger daughter 	13·0% 	71.5% 	11.5% 
	145 	We draw attention to the increasing degree of blunting in 
the younger daughter. If the figures were all from the same individual one could believe that it is a distraction experiment. Perhaps this relationship is accidental but perhaps it has deeper psychological reasons. We refer to a similar observation reported below. Ranschburg16 found 11.8 per cent more internal associations in old than in young subjects. 
	146 	Subject 6. Such external associations as are usually found 
in the normal state predominate. The second hundred shows a slight increase of external associations and a clear increase of sound reactions. The quality of association deviates considerably from the types so far reported, reactions of strongly subjective character occurring with this subject. They are in part highly charged value judgments, e.g.: 
		pupil 	boring 	school 	beautiful 
		father 	good 	frog 	nice 
		book 	interesting 	piano 	horrible 
	147 	On the other hand, it is the predicates that designate prop- 
erties of things that are to a greater or lesser extent evident 
sees something yellow. 
	141 	Strangely enough, the subject [3J, who has the same re- 
action-type as subject 4, is also a definite "motor type" and also has very vivid synesthesias, which, as it happens, did not appear in the reactions. 
	142 	The following phenomena from the distraction experiment 
are worth mentioning: 
	stork 	-'s leg 
Subject sees a church-tower. 
to hinder sees a brake. 
hammer-let (Hamlet) 
	fall 	bone (Fall -z bein, paper-knife) 
sees a high wall from which one could fall. 
red 
sees a red sphere. barrel 
sees a certain cellar. 
wine 
-ter (Fass -ter [Vater?]) 
16 Ranschburg and Balint, p. 689. 
" 

THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 
to the senses. In the second hundred an increase of grouping~ from 9 to 14 and a decrease of predicative relations from 32 tc 14 can be noticed; accordingly the quality of reactions is altered in so far as they assume a noticeably more objective character with a tendency to irrelevant cliches. The decrease of predicative relations is due to the shifting of subjective value judgments into the background. Thus the more subtle quality of the reactions also shows a markedly fading interest. The relaxation of attention is shown very clearly in the decrease of egocentric reactions from 10 to 4. From this result the distraction experiments must be considered a failure. Objectively this is also shown by the subject's being unable simultaneously to follow the beat of the metronome and to react; either the motion of writing ceased at the moment of reaction or the reaction-time lengthened to the next pause in the beat, when the reaction was given with renewed attention. The only disturbing- influence was the perseveration phenomenon, which significantly only occurred with external distraction. 
	148 	The almost undiminished personal interest at the time of 
external distraction is well illustrated by the relatively large number of egocentric reactions. We will refrain from judging how far the relatively strong verbal connection by consonance under normal conditions is caused by the constellations of active poetic application. Many reactions of this subject betray a strong visual predisposition. From the subject's own account every stimulus-concept presents itself as a quite definite picture. The entirely individual character of the reactions distinguishes this subject from others and differentiates her from the subjects so far discussed. It is interesting to learn whether this type is accidental or whether it is of familial origin. Happily we are in the position of being able to some extent to answer this question. 
	149 	Subject 7. The number of internal associations considerably 
predominates over the external ones. The number of predicative relations is extremely great. Most of these consist of subjective value judgments, some of which are highly charged, e.g.: 

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 			
Subject 6. 	About 35 years of age, intelligent, very 		
		well read, poetic talent 		
ASSOCIATIONS 		NORMAL 	DISTRACTION 		
			"d 		External 	
		"d 	Q.I 				
		Q.I 	•... 				
		•... 	"d 				
SPECIAL QUALITY 	"d 	C 	c; 			
	C 	:: 		6 Q.I 	6 Q.I 	
		:: 	:I: 	c 			
		:I: 		•... 	o t: E 	o •... E 	
			"d 	Q.I 		o QJ 0 	
		.... 		C 	<0 Q.I 0 		
		'" 	c 		::E c 	~ ::E c 	
			01 	•.... 			
Grouping 	9 	14 	8 	8 	6 	
Predicative relationship 	32 	14 	30 	24 	36 	
Causal relationship 	1 					
Co-existence 	12 	18 	14 	16 	10 	
Identity 	2 	6 	2 	6 	2 	
Linguistic-motor forms 	39 	39 	40 	34 	42 	
Word-completion 	- 	1 	- 	2 		
Sound 	- 	4 	- 	4 	2 	
Rhyme 	4 	2 	- 	2 	2 	
Indirect 	1 	2 	2 	2 		
Meaningless 						
Failures 	- 	- 	2 			
Repetition of stimulus-word 	- 	- 	2 			
Egocentric reaction 	10 	4 	6 	8 	4 	
Perseveration 	- 	- 	- 	2 	4 	
Repetition of reaction 	15 	5 	4 	4 	4 	
Same grammatical form 	43 	52 	48 	46 	40 	
Same number of syllables 	50 	33 	36 	42 	42 	
Alliteration 	11 	13 	6 	8 	2 	
Consonance 	26 	28 	12 	12 	10 	
Same ending 	8 	10 	0 	2 	8 	
Internal associations 	42 	28 	38 	32 	42 	
External associations 	53 	63 	56 	56 	54 	
Sound reactions 	4 	7 	- 	8 	4 	
Number of associations 	100 	100 	50 	50 	50 	
			58 				

to cook water star 

laborious wonderful magnificent 
.~q 

to ride prison 

dangerous horrible 

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
About 40 per cent of the reactions betray an egocentric direct wish or a defence. 
	150 	Subject 8. The internal associations are more numerous 
than the external. This subject also showed a very subjective reaction-type, which appears particularly in the large number of predicative relations and especially in the numerous subjective value judgments. The number of egocentric reactions too is rather high. 
	151 	From these figures and from the individual quality of the 
reactions,a clear familial relation emerges. Thus we can conclude with some probability that the subjective reaction-type of subject 6 is based not on coincidence but on familial disposition. It will be of interest to consider the quantitive aspects within this family; particularly whether, in the case of the youngest member, we can prove an analogous proportion in respect to the blunting phenomenon found in the family of subjects 3, 4, and 5. For this purpose we again collate the main figures of our subjects in a normal state. 
Subject 7. The mother of subject 6, over 50 years of age, educated 

THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 		
	Internal 	External 	Sound 	Egocentric 	
Associations Associations Reactions 	Reactions 	
Mother 	75% 	19% 	0 	40% 	
Elder daughter 	56% 	39% 	1% 	15% 	
Younger daughter 	35% 	58% 	5·5% 	7% 	
	152 	These figures show a complete analogy to what we find ir 
subjects 3, 4, and 5· This too looks like a distraction experi ment which goes as far as the reversal of the relation of interna to external associations. There is a corresponding increase 0 sound associations as well as a decrease of egocentric reaction: which, as was shown in subject 6, express the degree of persona interest. This strange analogy between the two family type: does appear to be more than mere coincidence. Unfortunatel~ our material is not sufficient to elucidate these observations. jl final statement and interpretation of this apparent fact musI for the moment await an experiment at present being carriec out based on specially collected material. 
Subject 8. The elder sister of subject 6, about 39 years of age, educated 

ASSOCIATIONS 
SPECIAL QUALITY 
Grouping 
Predicative relationship Causal relationship 
Co-existence 
Identity Linguistic-motor forms 
Word-completion Sound 
Rhyme 

NORMAL 
1St 100 
9 16 
8 
12 
3 4 

	ASSOCIATIONS 	NORMAL 
	SPECIAL QUALITY 	1St 
100 
	Egocentric reaction 	40 
	Perseveration 	3 
	Repetition of reaction 	25 
	Same grammatical form 	45 
	Same number of syllables 	22 
Alliteration 
	Consonance 	9 
Same ending 
	Internal associations 	78 

ASSOCIATIONS 
SPECIAL QUALITY 
Grouping 
Predicative relationship Causal relationship 
Co-existence 
Identity Linguistic-motor forms 
Word-completion Sound 
Rhyme 

NORMAL 
1St 100 
6 49 
1 
18 
20 

	ASSOCIATIONS 	NORMAl 
	SPECIAL QUALITY 	1 st 
100 
	Egocentric reaction 	15 
Perseveration 
	Repetition of reaction 	14 
	Same grammatical form 	29 
	Same number of syllables 	33 
	Alliteration 	10 
	Consonance 	10 
	Same ending 	1 
	Internal associations 	56 

Indirect Meaningless Failures 
Repetition of stimulus-word 

60 

External associations 
Sound reactions 
Number of associations 

19 
76 

Indirect Meaningless Failures 
Repetition of stimulus-word 

61 

External associations 
Sound reactions 
Number of associations 

39 
78 

1. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
	53 	The reaction-type of the last three subjects is characteristic 
and widespread. What distinguish it from other less definite types are the numerous predicates, among which is a considerable number of subjective value judgments. We call this type the predicate type. The following three subjects are further examples of it . 
	54 	Subject g. The predominance of predicative relationships is 
clear in all phases of the experiment. Internal distraction could not be carried out as the subject was not capable of dividing her attention. The experiment of external distraction failed completely as the subject, exactly like subject 6, could not carry out two actions at the same time and therefore behaved exactly like subject 6. Only in the larger numbers of verbal connection by number of syllables, alliteration, and consonance may a certain shift of reaction towards the mechanical side be noticed. 
	;5 	Three of the four failures under normal conditions are as- 
sociated with emotionally charged stimulus-words (unjust) rich) stupid). 
	,6 	The average predominance of internal association over ex- 
ternal is noteworthy in an educated subject. The reaction-type is a mixed one and does not by any means show the strongly subjective character of subjects 6, 7, and 8. 
	.7 	Subject IO. The predicative relationships are on the average 
many times as numerous as the number of groupings. With reference to the failure in distraction, the same must be stated as for subjects 6 and g. The reaction-type is, particularly in the first hundred under normal conditions, a somewhat subjective one, which incidentally is also expressed by the g per cent of egocentric reactions. Perseverations occur solely with distraction. As in subject g, there is an increase in the number of syllables and consonances, which perhaps may be interpreted as slight disassociation. The large number of failures in all phases of the experiment is striking. Of the 14 failures under normal conditions, 10 coincide with emotionally charged stimulus-words (must) unjust) violence) to threaten) to suffer, etc); in another two failures the subjective emotional charge of the stimulus-word is only probable. It must here be said that the 'subject is slightly hysterical in so far as she has somnambulant dreams. We attribute the large number of failures to this 
62 

THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 		
Subject g. 	About 20 years of age, well read) fairly intelligent 	
ASSOCIATIONS 		NORMAL 	DISTRACTION 	
			-- 			
			"0 	External 	
		"0 	<l.i 			
		<:.i 	•... 			
		•... 	"0 			
SPECIAL QUALITY 	"0 	(::: 			
	(::: 	::l 		6 .., 	
		::l 	:r:: 	6 .., 		
		:r:: 		o .':l 6 	8 .':l 6 	
		~ 	"0 	~ .., 0 	~ .., 0 	
		'" 	(::: 	~ (::: 	~ (::: 	
			Of 			
Grouping 	4 	19 	18 	22 	
Predicative relationshi p 	37 	37 	38 	34 	
Causal relationship 	5 	2 	2 		
Co-existence 	26 	14 	14 	14 	
Identity 	1 	3 	4 	12 	
Linguistic-motor forms 	23 	23 	20 	18 	
Word-completion 	- 	- 	2 		
Sound 					
Rhyme 					
Indirect 					
Meaningless 					
Failures 	2 	2 	2 		
Repetition of stimulus-word 					
Egocentric reaction 	3 	4 			
Perseveration 	2 	1 			
Repetition of reaction 	13 	10 	6 	4 	
Same grammatical form 	29 	33 	20 	46 	
Same number of syllables 	38 	34 	56 	54 	
Alliteration 	10 	6 	8 	16 	
Consonance 	15 	12 	10 	20 	
Same ending 	3 	8 	8 	16 	
Internal associations 	46 	58 	58 	56 	
External associations 	52 	40 	38 	44 	
Sound reactions 	- 	- 	2 		
N umber of associations 	100 	100 	50 	50 	
			63 			

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 						THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 			
Subject IO. 	About 20 years of age, intelligent, very well read 	I 		Subject I I. 	Mother of the previous subject, about 56 years of age, 	
							I 		very intelligent, educated, well-read 			
ASSOCIATIONS 		NORMAL 	DISTRACTION 		I 									
										ASSOCIATIONS 	NORMAL 	ASSOCIATIONS 	NORMAL 	
												--- 		--- 	
			'" 	External 												
		'" 	'" 			~ 							'" 			'" 	
		<U 	•.. 				I 									
		•.. 	'" 			;::> 					'" 	<U 		'" 	<U 	
SPECIAL QUALITY 	'" 	= 			<.:> 		I 				<U 	•.. 		'" 	•.. 	
	= 	:: 			~ 						•.. 	'" 		•.. 	'" 	
		i 	::c 	6 v 	6 v 			I 		SPECIAL QUALITY 	'" 	= 	SPECIAL QUALITY 	'" 	-= 	
				o .': 8 	8 ~ § 	l'< 					-= 	:: 		-= 	:: 	
			'" 									:: 	::c 		:: 	::c 	
		~ 		<J:> '" 0 								::c 			::c 		
		'" 	-= 	::E -= 	~ ::E -= 		I 						'" 			'" 	
			et 									~ 			t? 		
												'" 	= 			= 	
									I 				et 		~ 	et 	
Grouping 	8 	16 	6 	10 	12 											
Predicative relationship 	31 	17 	38 	34 	30 				Grouping 	5 	4 	Egocentric reaction 	6 	5 	
Causal relationship 	1 	- 	- 	- 	- 			I 	Predicative relationship 	56 	35 	Perseveration 			
										Causal relationship 	2 	- 	Repetition of reaction 	5 	4 	
Co-existence 								I 								
	14 	13 	10 	4 	12 											
Identity 	3 	11 	18 	14 	6 			J 	Co-existence 	4 	4 	Same grammatical form 	27 	34 	
Linguistic-motor forms 	31 	35 	18 	20 	30 				Identity 	- 	I 	Same number of syllables 	37 	41 	
										Linguistic-motor forms 	28 	50 	Alliteration 	11 	3 	
Word-completion 	- 	- 	- 	- 	1 			, 					Consonance 	8 	14 	
Sound 	1 	- 	- 	4 	1 				Word-completion 	3 	4 	Same ending 	1 	10 	
Rhyme 	- 	- 	2 	- 	1 				Sound 	- 	- 				
							I 			Rhyme 	- 	- 	Internal associations 	63 	39 	
Indirect 	1 	1 	- 	- 	2 											
Meaningless 	- 	- 	- 	4 	2 				Indirect 	1 	- 	External associations 	32 	55 	
Failures 	8 	6 	6 	10 	3 				Meaningless 						
Repetition of stimulus-word 	- 	- 	2 	- 	1 				Failures 	- 	1 	Sound reactions 	3 	4 	
										Repetition of stimulus-word 	- 					
Egocentric reaction 	9 	2 	- 	4 	3 								Number of reactions 	96 	96 	
Perseveration 	- 	- 	4 	2 	2 											
Repetition of reaction 	16 	5 	18 	14 	18 				abnormality. We shall present the proof of this hypothesis in a 	
Same gI:ammatical form 	48 	51 	44 	42 	48 				publication about association anomalies in hysteria which will 	
Same number of syllables 	36 	33 	46 	40 	41 				appear laterY 						
Alliteration 	10 	3 	8 	10 	8 			IS8 	Subject I I is an outstanding predicate type of subjective 	
Consonance 	7 	9 	14 	12 	13 				character with numerous value judgments. A marked slacken- 	
Same ending 	5 	8 	18 	16 	18 	I 		ing in the second hundred is striking; this may be attributed to 	
Internal associations 	40 	33 	44 	44 	42 				obvious and objectively established boredom. Thus the second 	
							I 			hundred does not correspond to normal conditions but rather 	
External associations 	48 	59 	46 	38 	48 				to a distraction experiment. Nevertheless, if we compare the 	
Sound reactions 	1 	- 	2 	4 	2 				17 In his experiments on normal people Aschaffenburg had only one subject who 	
Number of associations 									had a strikingly large number of failures; he was a dreamy, vague, poetic young 	
	100 	100 	50 	50 	100 				man (IV, p. 243). [The textual allusion is to "Association, Dream, and Hysterical 	
										Symptom," infra.] 						
			64 										65 			

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 
reaction-type of this subject with that of the daughter, subject ra, we find the same phenomenon as before, that is that the daughter's reaction-type is a blunter one than that of the mother. 
NORMAL 
Subject I2. About 40 years of age, very intelligent, well-read 
DISTRACTION 
ASSOCIATIONS 
Mother Daughter 
Internal Association 
51% 36% 
External Association 
43·5% 53·5% 
':l '" '- 
':l 
>: := 
:r: 
SPECIAL QUALITY 
~ <JO 
	59 	We take this opportunity to repeat that in spite of this 
agreement the phenomenon may be pure coincidence and therefore urgently requires retesting. 
	60 	We also give the figures for three further subjects. Subject 
I2, a North German lady. The large number of current phrases is particularly striking. Internal distraction failed. External distraction shows a definite disturbance of attention. The reaction type is objective. 
	61 	Subject I3. Very diffident, hence the large number of repe- 
titions of the stimulus-word. Only distraction by metronomebeat of 100 was to any degree successful. The writing movements were, in accordance with what has been said before, very awkward. 
	62 	Subject I4. We give figures for this subject only for the 
sake of completeness. The reaction-type is an objective one. Internal distraction was only partially successful. Its effect is uncertain as, because of the omission of the second hundred of normal reactions, we have no information on the degree of variation in normal people. The second hundred could not be obtained for external reasons. 
	Grouping 	23 	12 
	Predicative relationship 	I 	16 
Causal relationship 
	Co-existence 	34 	18 
	Identity 	7 	6 
	Linguistic-motor forms 	34 	56 
Word-completion Sound 
Rhyme 
Indirect Meaningless Failures 
Repetition of stimulus-word 
Egocentric reaction 
	Perseveration 	I 
	Repetition of reaction 	6 	5 
	Same grammatical form 	57 	92 
	Same number of syllables 	50 	52 
	Alliteration 	5 	4 
	Consonance 	16 	18 
	Same ending 	25 	16 
Summary of the Group of Educated Women 
	63 	Unfortunately the material collected in this group is quanti- 
tatively somewhat uneven. On the other hand, the linguistic background is very similar, only one out of the fourteen subjects coming from North Germany and all the others being Swiss, whose colloquial language is the Swiss dialect. Their level of education is in general very high, two of the subjects having University education. Six subjects know one or two foreign languages. Ten subjects are relatively well read. Dis- 
66 
	Internal associations 	25 	19 
	External associations 	75 	80 
Sound reactions 
	Number of associations 	100 	100 
67 
"0 '" 
.0 
>: := 
:r: ':l >: 
'" 
100 
External 
'" >: 
'- 
~ >: 
•..... 
" '" obE 
<0 '" 0 
::; >: 
o '" obE 
o '" 0 ~ ::; >: 
15 19 
2 8 
12 6 
18 9 34 
6 
22 4 52 
10 70 
2 
2 
4 
2 
2 
5 64 57 
10 
12 12 
2 
82 56 
56 38 4 
12 
20 
20 18 
34 
18 
10 
61 
78 
86 
2 
2 
50 
50 

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 		I 		THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 	
										A bout 22 years of age, fairly intelligent, cultured 	
Subject I3. 	About 22 years of age, intelligent, all-round culture 		Subject I4. 		
ASSOCIATIONS 		NORMAL 			DISTRACTION 			ASSOCIATIONS 	NORMAL 	DISTRACTION 	
											--- 		
				"0 		External 						
		"0 		O.i 							"0 		
		O.i 		•.. 							O.i 		
		•.. 		"0 							•.. 		
SPECIAL QUALITY 	"0 		C 					SPECIAL QUALITY 	"0 	-;; 	
	C 		~ 		6 O.i 	6 O.i 			c 		
		~ 		::r: 							~ 	c 	
		::r: 				o t: a 	8 t: a 				::r: 	•.. 	
				"0 							O.i 	
		.... 			<0 O.i 0 	~ O.i 0 				.... 	c 	
		'" 		c 		::E c 	::E c 				'" 		
		~ 		0( 						~ 	....• 	
Grouping 	11 		21 	22 	10 		Grouping 	29 	9 	
Predicative relationship 	18 		19 	20 	14 		Predicative relationship 	I 	10 	
Causal relationship 	5 			1 	2 	- 	I 	Causal relationship 	- 	1 	
Co-existence 	10 		IQ 	16 	20 		Co-existence 	31 	12 	
Identity 	3 		12 	16 	16 	I 	Identity 	2 	12 	
Linguistic-motor forms 	46 		31 	14 	34 		Linguistic-motor forms 	34 	51 	
Word-completion 	- 			1 	- 	- 		Word-completion 			
Sound 	- 		- 	- 	- 	I 	Sound 	2 		
Rhyme 	- 			1 	- 	- 		Rhyme 	1 	2 	
								I 					
Indirect 	- 		- 	- 	- 		Indirect 			
Meaningless 	- 		- 	- 	- 		Meaningless 			
Failures 	6 		- 	6 	- 		Failures 	- 	2 	
Repetition of stimulus-word 	- 		4 	4 	6 		Repetition of stimulus-word 			
Egocentric reaction 	- 		- 	- 	- 		Egocentric reaction 			
Perseveration 	- 		- 	- 	- 		Perseveration 			
Repetition of reaction 	9 		II 	4 	2 		Repetition of reaction 	14 		
Same grammatical form 	61 		60 	56 	68 		Same grammatical form 	95 	69 	
Same number of syllables 	43 		43 	42 	42 		Same number of syllables 	59 	40 	
Alliteration 	8 			3 	8 	6 		Alliteration 	10 	9 	
Consonance 	10 		14 	8 	14 		Consonance 	15 	22 	
Same ending 	II 		12 	18 	16 	I 	Same ending 	24 	7 	
Internal associations 	34 		41 	44 	24 		Internal associations 	30 	20 	
External associations 	59 		53 	46 	70 	I 	External associations 	67 	75 	
Sound reactions 	- 			2 	- 	- 		Sound reactions 	3 	3 	
Number of associations 	100 		100 	50 	50 		Number of associations 	100 	100 	
			68 							69 			

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 
traction experiments were carried out with ten subjects; of these in five cases external and internal distraction, in two cases only internal and in three cases only external was carried out. External distraction was definitely successful in four cases, internal in three. One case of internal and one of external distraction were partially successful. 
	164 	Distraction failed in four cases, of which three are definite 
predicate types. (All predicate types who took part in the distraction experiments at all showed a much smaller distraction phenomenon than the other subjects.) Of the six subjects over 30 years of age, three showed an average predominance of internal association over external; of the eight subjects under 30 years of age, only one subject showed a predominance of internal association over external. 
ASSOCIATIONS 
NORMAL 
Subject I 5. '" 28 years of age, intelligent, very well educated 
DROWSI- 
SPECIAL QUALITY 
"1j <lJ •... "1j c: ;:l 
:r: 
"1j <lJ 
.0 
c: ;:l 
:r: "1j c: et 
.. '" 
Grouping 
Predicative relationshi p Causal relationship 
9 6 
13 16 
Co-existence 
Identity Linguistic-motor forms 
18 6 54 
5 8 
52 
n. EDUCATED MEN 
Word-completion Sound 
Rhyme 
4 
Nine subjects with 3)793 associations 
4 
	165 	Subject IJ. Reactions were obtained from this subject in 
four different states of disturbed attention: in the states of internal and external distraction, fatigue, and morning drowsiness on waking. The reaction-type is a very blunt one, as the ratio between internal and external associations shows, 15: 78 and 29: 65. The reactions show a very objective, almost entirely verbal character. The distraction experiments do not have much influence on the ratio between internal and external associations; on the other hand, the progression of sound reactions illustrates the increasing disturbance of attention, which reaches its maximum in the second external distraction experiment. Fatigue, which admittedly in this case was not very great, produced no change in type. The state of drowsiness caused a disturbance of attention which far surpassed the effect of the second external distraction. The subject experiences intense morning drowsiness after mental work at night, and it is difficult to wake him up completely. These reactions were obtained while the subject lay in bed and was only partially awake. The subject had been warned beforehand. The two experiments were carried out on two different days with an interval of about a week. As the figures show, the type is an 
Indirect Meaningless Failures Repetition of 
stimulus-word 
2 
2 
	Egocentric reaction 	I 	- 	3 
	Perseveration 	- 	- 	2 
	Repetition of reaction 	5 	5 	2 
	Same grammatical form 73 	47 	47 
	Same number of syllables 53 	45 	49 
	Alliteration 	7 	6 	5 
	Consonance 	15 	23 	16 
	Same ending 	19 	15 	9 
	Internal associations 	15 	29 	23 
	External associations 	78 	65 	67 
	Sound reactions 	5 	4 	11 
	Number of associations 	100 100 	100 
DISTRACTION 
External 
..... '" c: 
•... <lJ 
;:: 
..... 
.. 
@ 
~ 
.. '" 
.. •... 
'" ~ 
"1j c: et 
12 
4 
14 2 
54 
12 2 8 
4 
NESS 
"" ~ 
" 
f:: 
-< ~ 
.. •... 
'" ~ 
.. •... 
'" ~ 
"1j c: et 
4 19 
10 10 
.. '" 
10.2 10.2 
2 5 
2 
6 5 56 
8 2 
8 
10 
46 
4 6 
2 
14.1 2·5 53.8 
14 5 40 
6 
2 2 
2 
	6 	2 
	54 	46 
	46 	42 
10 4 
	24 	20 
	18 	18 
	20 	16 
	64 	60 
	12 	22 
	50 	50 
2 51 
2·5 
2 5 21 
2·5 
2 4 20 
2 
2 
3.8 
2 6 
63 44 4 
5 14 
4 
	9 	2 
	59 	60 
	61 	58 
	17 	9 
	32 	36 
	33 	36 
7 3 
20·4 
70.4 
	59 	59 
5 78 
	27 	32 
	78 	78 
• [To facilitate reference, all the cases are numbered serially in this paper. Originally, those in each category were numbered separately.] 

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
excessively blunt one. Sound reactions are extraordinarily numerous, particularly the rhymes. The figures for verbal connection are very high. This reaction-type shows the reaction to the most primitive linguistic mechanisms in, as it were, complete isolation. Fatigue is entirely excluded in these experiments; there is merely a decrease of active attention normal towards the end of sleep. As far as we know, attention is completely extinguished in sleep. If one succeeded in obtaining a reaction from a sleeping (but not somnambulant) subject, sound reactions would be the only result. In our view absolute undeviating attention directed inwards would have the same result. We are in the happy position of being able to report on a case that proves this to be so. 
	166 	The subject N. was deeply disturbed by violent affects. Out- 
wardly the main symptom was an almost complete lack of ability to concentrate. She kept the cause of her affects secret. In the experiment, to which she submitted out of scientific interest, she produced, apart from a few inexplicable (senseless) reactions, mainly sound and rhyme reactions. 
	167 	We should like to compare this case with a distraction ex- 
periment spread out over several days. Attention is completely bound up with the inner, emotionally charged complex,18 from which she cannot detach herself for comparatively unimportant incidents. Her attention is thus abnormally low for anything that does not concern the complex. We cannot of course judge how far this withdrawal is conscious. As the subject related, at the beginning of the experiment certain strongly charged ideas belonging to the complex were in her mind, which she constantly tried to suppress, because she feared they might betray themselves in the reaction. From the second third of the experiment onwards, only the feeling-tone of the complex persisted in consciousness, without these accompanying vivid ideas. The next things to occur to the subject were only sounds. The 
18 By "emotionally charged complex" we mean the sum of ideas referring to a particular feeling-toned event. We shall always use the term "complex" in this sense in what follows. [In the present volume, "emotionally charged" is the translation adopted for German afJektbetonte and, as a rule, "feeling-toned" for gefilhlsbetonte. Cf. vo!. 1, par. 168, n. 2a, and vo!. 3, "Psychology of Dementia Praecox," pars. 77 If. (ch. 2).] 
72 

THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS stimulus-words only made an impact by the sound and never by the sense. 
	168 	These observations prove most clearly the dependence of 
sound reactions, particularly those of the blunt reaction type, on disturbance of attention. Now, how can we explain the normally blunt reaction-type? The subject was psychologically trained and took the greatest interest in the experiment. The blunt reaction-type would seem to be connected with the fact that many educated subjects regard the experiment as simply verbal; they see the experiment against a verbal background and thus they try to respond to the stimulus-word by the first word to occur, without considering the meaning of the stimulus-word. They do so because it seems obvious to them that an isolated stimulus-word cannot have any special significance. This is how we explain the great predominance of verbal and sound associations. All those subjects who let themselves be influenced by the meaning rather than by the mere word tend to form internal associations. The meaning that different people give to the stimulus-word will vary. In our experience there are two main types of people; (1) The subject tries to do justice to the meaning as objectively as possible; therefore in his reaction he produces some general or special association of objective significance; the reaction is usually a co-ordinating relationship. (2) The subject endeavours to designate in a telling way the object named by the stimulus-word, which he vividly pictures. To state something about the stimulus-word, the subject uses the predicate. The reaction is therefore in most cases a predicative relationship. 
	169 	On these grounds the blunt reaction-type of certain edu- 
cated subjects should not be considered as the result of some disturbance of attention but as an "attitude phenomenon" (Bleuler). By the term "attitude phenomenon" we understand with Bleuler the emergence of an apparently abnormal reaction type through intentional preference for a certain mode of reaction. The mode is not, however, as must be stressed, chosen arbitrarily but motivated by the particular psychology of the subject. The more intense the attitude to the sound-effect of the stimulus-word, the blunter the reaction-type must become, for, by specially directed attention, the subject will stress 
73 

	I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 		I 	THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 			
	and put in the foreground all the more primitive associations 											
	that are repressed in the normal act of speech. Thus a very 		I 	Subject I6. 	47 years of age, intelligent, very well educated 	
	paradoxical picture can be created by the numerical presenta- 			ASSOC[AT[ONS 	NORMAL 		D[STRACTlON 			
	tion of the results of the experiment; we can understand it only 											
	on the grounds we have given. The following case will il- 						"0 		External 		
						"0 	" 					
	lustrate this . 					" 	.; 				"' 	
						•... 					:> 	
				SPECIAL QUALITY 	"0 	C 	'; 		~ 	Q 	
17° 	Subject I6. Here we find again a strikingly blunt reaction- 				c 	::l 		~ 	;;; 	;:: 	
						::l 	:I: 	c 	•... 		-< 	
						:I: 		•... 	'" 	~ 	~ 	
	type in the experiment under normal conditions, which is il- 						"0 	" 	~ 	"0 		
						~ 		C 	~ 			
						'" 	c 		'" 	c 		
	lustrated particularly by the large number of sound reactions. 					- 	'" 	..... 		'" 		
	The blunting is considerably increased in the experiment with 			Grouping 	16 	[5 	12 	20 	20 	10.2 	
	internal distraction; on the other hand, in the experiment with 			Predicative relationship 	6 	5 	6 	12 	2 	8 	
	external distraction a striking "improvement" of reaction ap- 			Causal relationship 	- 	- 	- 	4 	2 		
	pears, the number of internal associations far exceeding that 			Co-existence 		6 	8 				
	for the experiment under normal conditions. The "improve- 		I 		4 			14 	8 	5 	
	ment" is quite clearly demonstrated by the decrease and even- 			Identity 	6 	8 	2 	10 	10 	6 	
	tual disappearance of the sound reactions. 			Linguistic-motor forms 	5[ 	45 	38 	28 	58 	38 	
171 	This particular result is unique in our experiments and 		I 	Word-completion 	2 	1 	- 	- 	- 	2 	
	needs discussion. We have already mentioned the present sub- 			Sound 	8 	10 	24 	6 	- 	24 	
	ject in discussing subject 4 of the group of educated women, who 			Rhyme 	1 	3 	- 	- 	- 	2 	
	presented a similar picture; we then assumed that suppressed 	r 		Indirect 	6 	6 	10 	4 			
	affect was the cause of the blunt reaction-type. In this connec- 			Meaningless 							
	tion the very satisfying findings presented above in the discus- 	I 		Failures 							
	sion of subject 15 of the group of educated men should also be 			Repetition of stimulus-word 	- 	- 	- 	2 			
	mentioned. The recent very strong affect that took complete 			Egocentric reaction 	- 					5 	
	possession of this subject was the direct cause of the preponder- 					- 	- 	- 	- 		
				Perseveration 							
	ance of sound reactions. The affect in this case was repressed, 			Repetition of reaction 	3 	13 	8 	4 	6 	10 	
	inasmuch as it did not manifest itself directly in the reaction 											
	but only indirectly through a splitting of attention. One must 			Same grammatical form 	75 	63 	62 	70 	74 	58 	
	assume a similar psychological situation also for subject 4 of 			Same number of syllables 	48 	37 	42 	48 	56 	41 	
	the group of educated women and so explain the blunt type. 			Alliteration 	25 	22 	38 	16 	6 	28 	
				Consonance 	25 	23 	38 	24 	16 	23 	
	The fact that subject 4 of the group of educated women and 			Same ending 	14 	12 	10 	10 	12 	10 	
	subject 16 in the group of educated men are of the same type is 											
	perhaps fortuitous. 			Internal associations 	22 	20 	18 	36 	24 	18 	
172 	Affect is probably completely out of the question in sub- 			External associations 							
	ject 16. We must therefore look for another cause for the blunt 				61 	59 	48 	52 	76 	49 	
	type: we find it in the attitude phenomenon. Subject 16 is thor- 			Sound reactions 	1 [ 	14 	24 	6 	- 	28 	
	oughly trained psychologically and at the same time has ex- 			Number of associations 							
	traordinary powers of concentration. The subject had from the 				100 	100 	50 	50 	50 	78 	
	first directed his attention towards the sound of the stimulus- 											
	74 						75 					

THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 
a part in general motor excitation, the speech mechanism very easily responding to the appropriate stimulus. This circumstance may have coincided in this case with the special attitude, resulting in a greater number of purely mechanical connections. 
	177 	As can be expected of such a type, the personal and sub- 
jective elements in the quality of the reactions gradually recede, with few exceptions. 
	178 	Subject I7. The reaction-type is fairly blunt. In internal 
associations predicates are particularly prominent and have an almost exclusively objective character. As the number of egocentric reactions shows, relatively few subjective aspects appear. But as predicate types always present emotionally charged constellations, there is here, too, an emotionally charged complex noticeable in the reactions. The experiment was carried out on a very hot day: among the repetitions, there is snow twice and to 
I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
word and consequently reproduced the first association to occur. These can only be primitive verbal connections and sounds, if our presuppositions on associations closest to the perception of the stimulus-word are at all correct. In this way the abnormally blunt type in the experiment under normal conditions can be explained without difficulty. 
	173 	The blunting increases in the internal distraction experi- 
ments. The subject carried out this experiment in a model way; concentration on the D (distraction) phenomenon was excellent, as was the reporting of it. We therefore have no reason, in this case, not to assume distraction of attention. Thus the blunt type of reaction in this experiment is to be attributed to decrease of attention. It springs from a root different from the one in the experiment under normal conditions; consequently it is not an attitude-phenomenon. 
	174 	External distraction has a disturbing effect on the attention 
of most subjects and therefore causes blunting. In the present case the effect appears to be the opposite. The normal state of this case is characterized by the attitude phenomenon; attention is directed exclusively to the linguistic aspect. Now this attitude is disturbed by external distraction and the subject now has a different relation to the stimulus-word; i.e., the exclusive observation of the sound is disturbed and thus the production of the nearest primitive association is prevented. If the associations that are always repressed under normal conditions sink back into repression, then the next ones to follow must be the associations conditioned by the meaning of the stimulusword; i.e., the number of sound-reactions must fall and the number of internal associations must rise. That is the case here. 
	175 	The figures for fatigue show a remarkable agreement with 
those for internal distraction. Judging from external demeanour one could diagnose quite severe fatigue. This was actually not the case. The fatigue was by no means abnormally severe but merely a relatively slight evening fatigue which, according to the subject's account, did not noticeably influence the reaction. 
	176 	Here again we have an attitude phenomenon and met a 
disturbance of attention. That the attitude was apparently more intense in this state can perhaps be deduced from the fact that the subject, who is a "motor" type, is when slightly fatigued liable to motor excitation. Speech motility of course also plays 
Subject I7. 
About 26 years of age, intelligent 
ASSOCIATIONS 
SPECIAL QUALITY 
Grouping 
Predicative relationship Causal relationship 
Co-existence 
Identity Linguistic-motor forms 
Word-completion Sound 
Rhyme 
Indirect Meaningless Failures Repetition of 
stimulus-word 
NORMAL 	
	-- 	
"0 	"0 	
	<U 	
<U 	•... 	
•... 	"0 	
"0 	C 	
C 	:::l 	
::l 	:I: 	
:I: 		
~ 	"0 	
'" 	C 	
	.. 	
--- 	
9 	9 	
23 	26 	
21 
41 
2 
2 
2 
ASSOCIATIONS 
NORMAL 	
	-- 	
"0 	"0 	
	<U 	
<U 	•... 	
•... 	"0 	
"0 	C 	
C 	::l 	
:::l 	:I: 	
:I: 		
~ 	"0 	
'" 	C 	
	.. 	
--- 	
3 	3 	
5 		
9 	5 	
SPECIAL QUALITY 
Egocentric reaction Perseveration Repetition of reaction 
5 	Same grammatical form 	44 	49 	
10 	Same number of syllables 	44 	46 	
41 	Alliteration 	6 	4 	
	Consonance 	14 	9 	
4 	Same ending 	2 	13 	
2 	Internal associations 	32 	35 	
2 	External associations 	62 	56 	
	Sound reactions 	2 	6 	
	Number of reactions 	100 	100 	

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 
sweat twice. Apart from these there are the following perseverations: 
warm hot 
- ) 
4.	water 
5.	to dance 
to bathe to sweat 
ASSOCIATIONS 
Subject I8. 36 years of age 
NORMAL 
1.	stove 
2. to walk 
3· ( - 
	179 	Subject I8. The subject, a doctor, 36 years old, felt indis- 
posed during the experiment under normal conditions. The experiment with external distraction could not be carried out because of illness. The hundred associations carried out in "fatigue" were obtained after an eventful night without sleep. 
	ISO 	Internal distraction and fatigue show a striking agreement: 
a most definite decrease of internal associations, increase in external and particularly in sound associations and word-completion, an increase in the "same number of syllables" group, while the figures for the same grammatical form remained on the whole uninftuenced. In the first hundred in the experiment under normal conditions, there is a preponderance of internal over external associations (47: 43); in the second hundred the relationship is reversed (30: 59). The constant increase of wordcompletion and sound reactions in the experiment with internal distraction is nicely demonstrated if they are counted separately in each third of the hundred associations. We find: 
SPECIAL QUALITY 
Grouping 
Predicative relationship Causal relationship 
Co-existence 
Identity Linguistic-motor forms 
Word-completion Sound 
Rhyme 
Indirect Meaningless Failures 
Repetition of stimulus-word 
1st third: 2 word-completions, 6 sound reactions 2nd third: 5 word-completions, 7 sound reactions 3rd third: 9 word-completions, 9 sound reactions 
	.SI 	The predicates are already on the decrease in the second 
hundred of the experiment under normal conditions, even more so with internal distraction; they -disappear completely in fatigue. Rhymes do not become prominent till the fatigue experiment; we only find two under internal distraction and none in the experiment under normal conditions. 
Egocentric reaction Perseveration Repetition of reaction 
Same grammatical form Same number of syllables Alliteration 
Consonance 
Same ending 
Internal associations 
CONSTELLA nONS AND COMPLEXES 
	IS2 	In subject 18 we meet a relatively large number of associa- 
tions that can be explained only by reference to individual experiences from the recent past or present, e.g., ring / garden: at the time of the experiment a gold ring had been found in the garden of the establishment where the subject worked and its owner had not been found. 
External associations 
Sound reactions 
Number of associations 
~() 
"d " •... 
"d C :: 
::c: 
~ '" 
24 23 
15 
28 
2 
7 
3 2 
42 33 15 18 
6 
47 
43 
3 
100 
79 
"d !" .; 
c :: 
::c: "d c C< 
14 13 3 
12 8 39 
4 
6 
57 30 22 
27 II 
30 
59 
4 
100 
Z ..J 8 -< f-o z U 
fj ~ 
	f-o 	'" 
Z ~ 
	~ 	<=l 
01 ;:> u 
1= -< I'< 
7 
1 I 
4 
5 
9 
31 
20 
16 20 2 
16 27 8 
7 
8 
2 
45 47 32 41 
6 
47 53 26 
39 21 
18 
4 
36 38 
29 
58 
100 
100 

1. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
Lake (See) 
THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 
Untersee (the subject had from time to time been to that lake) 
grandfather (the subject still has a grandfather) 
Gliirnisch (the subject had been to that mountain once, without the journey having had any special meaning for him) 
hair-lotion (the subject occasionally prepares a hair-lotion in the dispensary for the patients) 
Susskind20 (proper name of someone not at all important to the subject) 
tobacco fields (fortuitous memory of a journey from Basel to Heidelberg) 
Brazil (the subject had several times drunk Brazilian coffee) 
	191 	These are mainly subjective reminiscences. Going a step 
further, we encounter the constellations sensu strictiori that we first mentioned when discussing subject 18 in the group of educated men. Individuals with many constellations usually also have many reminiscences (e.g., subjects 18 and 19, educated men). 
	192 	A separate group of constellations arises in some individuals 
through the influence of the immediate surroundings in which the experiment is carried out. The reaction-words carpet) flowers) ink-pot) calendar) books) pen-holder) landscape) telePhone) wallPaper) curtain) mirror) sofa, etc., usually refer to objects in the consulting-room even if they are associated with a quite suitable stimulus-word. The subject does not necessarily need to see the objects but only to know that they are in the room (see subject 25, uneducated women). 
	193 	From pathology-in normal, imbecilic, hysterical stupid- 
ity-quite pronounced cases of this type of association are known to us.21 
	194 	If the stimulus-word evokes a subjective emotionally stressed 
	183 	Or clothes / StaPfer. A patient by the name of Stapfer, who 
was in the care of this particular colleague, worried him greatly because, for example, he ordered clothes and afterwards always found so much to criticize in them that he finally would not wear the garment; there then followed much unpleasantness with the tailor and other suppliers. 
	184 	Or pencil / Kohinoor. Our colleague had at the time of the 
experiment just learned about the useful properties of this brand of pencil. 
	185 	Or murderer / Kaufmann. Our colleague had at this time 
to give an opinion of a defendant by the name of Kaufmann, who had committed murder when intoxicated. 
	186 	This type of association is caused by definite constellations 
(Ziehen), referring to relatively new, subjective, possibly emotionally charged experiences.19 
	187 	In some subjects (e.g., subjects 25 and 27, uneducated 
women) we find none at all or only very few. Such individuals react throughout entirely objectively and betray practically nothing personal in the associations. For example, they associate river / stream; school-boy / girl; table / floor; lamp / oil; mountain / valley; to kiss / to laugh; to plunder / to catch; to beat / to bite; prison / punishment; etc. 
	188 	Admittedly other subjects also make objective associations; 
from time to time there are among them associations which, in spite of their objectivity, allow conclusions about the subject, although they do not in the least betray his inner personality. It will not be difficult, for instance, to recognize the male nurse from the following compilation of associations (subject 35, uneducated men): to fetch / to run; to stink / foul air; to inform / report; prison / asylum; ill / melqncholic; errand / to run; freedom / convalescence; consciousness / to drink or sobriety, etc. 
	189 	Nevertheless the constellation plays only a very indirect role 
in these associations. 
	190 	Then there are subjects-that is to say, associations-in 
which not the momentary constellations but the individual experiences predominate (e.g., subject 19, educated men): 
father 
mountain 
hair 
sweet (Suss) 
potato 
'coffee 
19 We know, of course, that no reaction is fortuitous, but that each one, even the most objective, is caused by definite consteIlations. It makes, however, a great difference whether, e.g., murderer is associated with Meier and thus points to a 
80 
definite murderer, or murderer is associated with criminal which expresses a general thought. This difference we stress by using the designation "consteIlation." 20 [Siisskind, literaIly 'sweet child.'] 
21 See lung, "On Simulated Insanity." 
81 

1. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
image with the corresponding reaction then we get a special type of constellation-association-namely, the egocentric (as in Part I). In subject 4 [educated women] we find only a few, e.g., Piano / horrible (the subject had to put up with the tinkling of her not exactly musical neighbour). Or to be lazy / glorious; the egocentricity of this reaction is readily understandable for a busy person who is looking forward to approaching holidays. 
	195 	In some cases an egocentric reaction can be directly replaced 
by a missing reaction, a failure (see definition in Part I). It is not true that there is no reaction at all, but through a conscious or unconscious inhibition the reaction-word does not get as far as being spoken. This is probably not the origin of all failures, but certainly of the majority. 
	196 	Girls, for example, fail with stimulus-words bordering on 
sexual themes, e.g., to love) to kiss) to stroke) to choose) fidelity, etc. Often it does not actually come to a "failure" but the association to love / brother takes a relatively long reaction-time, so that the experimenter after some experience soon discovers who is concealed behind the innocent-seeming brother. 
	197 	The associations wedding / unhaPPiness) to kiss / never, and 
others of subject 19, educated men, have an analogous significance; the subject was at that time in a state of "suspense and anxious longing."22 
	198 	Now it is possible that an emotionally charged complex of 
ideas becomes so predominant in an individual and has such a profound influence that it forms a large number of constellations, failures, and reactions with long reaction-time, all referring to this complex of ideas. Subjects 19, 20, 21, and 22 of the group of educated men will give us an opportunity to return to this special form of constellation; the majority of complexes operative in the association experiments relate to direct or transposed sexuality. In the work on the associations of hysterics we shall return to the effect of the complex. 
	199 	In subject 18 of this group, w,e can show, besides many 
reminiscences, fifteen constellations in the first hundred under normal conditions, four in the second hundred, one under internal distraction, and twelve in fatigue. In the experiment un- 
22 [Well-known phrase, Hangen und Bangen, from one of Schiller's poems.] 82 

THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 
der normal conditions it is often the names of definite people, e.g., clothes / StaPler; keeper / Baum (Baum is the name of a particular keeper); tooth (Zahn) / Goschenen (the subject had a discussion in Goschenen about the poet Zahn). 
	200 	The constellation also expresses itself through proper names 
with subject 19 of this group. When the constellations are on the increase owing to fatigue (e.g., subject 18, educated men) they nearly always consist of the reaction in the form of a proper name; the reaction is associated to the stimulus-word also through similarity of sound (e.g., the internal connection of clothes / Stapler in contrast to the purely sound connection Stahl [steel] / StaPler). 
	201 	Subject Ig. Physician, 25 years old. Fatigue was defined as 
the condition of the subject at ten o'clock in the evening after a full working day. 
	202 	The ratio between internal and external associations is not 
unambiguous in the different experiments. The maximum of external associations, 61 per cent, is found in fatigue but it is only a little larger than the figure in the first hundred under normal conditions, 57 per cent. This maximum of external associations corresponds to a minimum of sound reactions. 
	203 	Internal distraction proves stronger than external. The first 
fifty associations with external distraction were obtained with a metronome beat of 60, the second fifty with a beat of 100, and the last eighty-five associations with a beat of 108. Internal distraction corresponds to a maximum in the columns for sound reactions, same number of syllables, same grammatical form, alliteration, and consonance. 
	204 	In external distraction the sound associations decrease pro- 
gressively and the indirect associations rise progressively, a proportion that we shall often meet again in distraction experiments. In the last third of the experiments with internal distraction the subject became uninterested, as if hypnoidal. At this point the number and intensity of visual images decreased, while the sound associations increased, as follows: 
1st third: 3 sound associations 2nd third: 6 sound associations 3rd third: 18 sound associations 
83 

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 			I 		THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 			
Subject Ig. 	Physician, 25 years of age 			l 	205 	The number of perseverations fluctuates within the norma] 	
						limits. We give as example: 				
ASSOCIATIONS 	NORMAL 		DISTRACTION 				fidelity perjury 				
										I 	once S merry (fidel) 				
	'1:l 		'1:l 									The origin of this perseveration is obvious. Fidel is on the one 	
			<l) 			External 		<-l 				
	'" 		•.. 									
	•.. 		'1:l 						;;> 				
	'1:l 		~ 					108 	" 			hand a sound association of fide le, the latter being a transla- 	
SPECIAL QUALITY 	~ 		:l 		-;;; 	60 	100 		f::: 				
	:l 		:I:: 		~ 	Metronome 		< 			tion of "faithful." Here is another example: 				
	:I:: 				•.. 			'" 							
			'1:l 		'" 											
	.. 				= 											
	'" 		~ 				beats 											
			Of 		•...• 						fruit 	Thurgau 				
										I 	false 	Falk (falcon) 				
Grouping 	19 	27 	Il 	20 	20 	- 	20 								
Predicative relationship 	9 	20 	10 	12 	6 	10 	13 			The family gets its fruit from Thurgau, from a Mr. Falk. Falk 	
Causal relationship 	- 		I 	2 	- 	- 	2 	I 			is a sound association to the second stimulus-word and in co- 	
Co-existence 					8 			6 				existence with the first. And, for instance, 				
	Il 	13 		2 	2 		5 									
Identity 	5 	10 	7 	- 	2 	12 	6 		to love --I Stern (star) 				
Linguistic-motor forms 	41 	17 	30 	34 	32 	40 	50 		son __ Isaac 				
Word-completion 	3 	- 	- 	- 	2 	I 	I 			Stern is the name of a young Jewish lady. Isaac, the son of 	
Sound 	6 		6 	27 	20 	14 	5 	I 			Abraham, is a fairly frequent though not a current association. 	
Rhyme 	- 	- 	I 	- 	- 	I 	- 			The association to Stern is internal. 				
	6 			6 			18 			Alt 		U chtspringe 			
Indirect 			5 		12 	12 		- 								
										Freiheit (freedom) 	at the Altmann 			
Meaningless 	- 		I 	I 	- 	10 	- 	I 							
Failures 	- 		- 	- 	- 	- 	- 	- 			Alt is, as is well known, the director in Uchtspringe. Freiheit 	
Repetition of stimulus-word 	- 		- 	- 	- 	- 	- 	- 			is the name of a peak near the Al tmann, in the San tis area.23 	
Egocentric reaction 	- 		- 	2 	2 	8 	- 	- 	I 		Thus we have here a perseveration of purely external nature. 	
Perseveration 	- 		4 	- 	2 	2 	- 	I 		206 With internal distraction we find in our subject an example 	
Repetition of reaction 		3 		2 	3 	4 	8 	21 	8 			of persistent perseveration of visual images appearing with the 	
												reaction. The reaction-words are associated with the stimulus- 	
Same grammatical form 	60 	59 	66 	52 	52 	50 	50 			word only by sound: 						
Same number of syllables 	28 	27 	50 	46 	46 	36 	37 									
Alliteration 	14 	14 	38 	36 	18 	15 	8 						V isual image 		
Consonance 	30 	23 	43 	28 	30 	20 	20 	i 		malt (Malz) 	pain:er (Maler) 	brewery 		
Same ending 	Il 		9 	Il 	4 	4 	9 	6 	I; 		omnipotence (Allmacht) 	Halma [a game] 	a barrel of malt 	
												spring (Quelle) 	the house at the 	in a district where 	
Internal associations 	28 	48 	23 	32 	26 	12 	34 	I 			fountain 	there was always 	
External associations 					45 	36 	36 	58 	61 	" 					a strong smell of 	
	57 	40 						I 					malt, the subject 	
				6 	28 		16 	7 		11 					had 	often 	seen 	
Sound reactions 		9 				20 			2 						malt-carts in his 	
Number of associations 	100 	100 	100 	50 	50 	85 	78 	II 					youth 		
												23 [Or. Konrad Alt (1861-1922) was director of a mental hospital at Uchtspringe, 	
			84 							li: 		Saxony, renmnled for its advanced methods. The Santis and the Altmann are 	
												high mountains in northeastern Switzerland.] 				

1. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIA nON 
THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 
	:07 	After the first reaction, malt / painter (Maler), the subject 
could not repeat his own reaction-word; he had forgotten it. While forming associations his attention was directed much more to visual associations than to verbal reaction. For similar reasons we find this forgetting of the stimulus or reaction-word much more frequently in pathological cases of emotional stupidity and hysteria. 
never 
sweet games will I play with you 
a particular chaise-longue (in the drawing-room 
of the young woman) 
is useless 
sweetheart 
bridal wreath (thought of with the appropriate melody)24 
Thou shalt in life (quotation, continuing "be with us loving and comforting") 
Numbers I, 5, and 8 are disguised wishes, although the external form is a negation. Numbers 2, 4, 6, 10, and 11 are quotations or lines from songs; number 6 is the continuation of number 2, a quotation from the Erlkonig. 
	212 	It is most noteworthy that in the other seventy-eight associa- 
tions only one other quotation occurs, namely 
5.	to kiss 
6.	game 
7.	sofa 
8.	to love 
9.	fidelity 
10.	wreath 
11. hope 
COMPLEX-PHENOMENA AND THE UNCONSCIOUS 
	08 	Going through the associations of our subject, only the ex- 
perienced observer would notice the complex-phenomena which are very important in normal subjects as a basis of comparison with pathological ones, where complexes play a large role. Unfortunately reaction-times were not taken in the material of subject 19 now being used. 
	09 	The material used here is derived not only from experi- 
ments on subject 19 used previously in our work but also from some earlier ones. What we recorded was the following (starred: not used in this work): 
On Sept. 17 Dec. 27 Dec. 27 
Feb. 22 (foIl. year) Aug. 19 
Aug. 19 
Aug. 25 
211 
to be compelled "no man can be compelled to be compelled"25 and quotations are very rare in the associations of this subject. Thus the complex makes use of a mode of reaction that is not usual in this subject: in fact, it is characteristic that the subject had only (to his shame, it might be said) salvaged from the Erlkonig this small fragment, "Come with me, sweet games will I play with you" into conscious memory.26 Of the ]ungfernkranz (bridal wreath), too, he only knows the very small fragment of the text, "vVe shall weave a bridal wreath for you," although he knows the whole tune. vVe shall return later, in the work on hysterical associations, to the frequently quite unconscious and automatic emergence of tunes and quotations, often only in fragments. (Cf. a similar phenomenon in subject 26, uneducated women.) 
	213 	In the first experiment of December 27 the subject formed 
among others these associations: 
78 associations without fatigue· 78 associations without fatigue· 
a further 78 associations in fatigue 156 associations in fatigue· 
200 associations without fatigue 
100 associations with internal distraction 185 associations with external distraction 
	10 	The subject had, during the time of the experiments, formed 
an attachment to a young woman. To make the experiments understandable it must also be mentioned that the young man had not yet outgrown adolescent internal conflict, and as he had had a strict Christian upbringing, his inclination for a Jewish girl worried him a great deal. Let us call her Alice Stern: we shall be keeping as near the truth as is necessary for the experiment. In the experiment on September 17 we find the following complex-constellations: 
1.	wedding 
2.	come 
3.	to suffer 
4.	misery 
1.	it 
2.	you 
"It, it, it, and it. It is a hard end" yes ... I 
misfortune 
come with me oh heavens-yes! 
who has not spent miserable nights? 
cor 
24 [The song "Wir winden dir den ]ungfernkranz," from Weber's opera Der Freischiitz.] 
25 [In German, miissen I "kein Mensch muss miissen." The quotation is from Lessing's Nathan der Weise.] 
26 [In the original, he misquotes even this fragment.] 
o~ 

1. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 
the complex stimulus-words is most striking. It replaces th, quotations of the previous experiment (in this experimen there is not a single one). 
	218 	The experiment of February 22 of the following year tool 
place in fatigue. The following associations are worthy 0 mention: 
is painful hm! 
amusement (with long reaction-time) 
(the subject asks to be allowed not to say the reaction; it would have been Stern) 
	214 	The associations 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 are self-explanatory after 
what has already been said. In 5 the long reaction-time, occurring suddenly, is suspicious. 
	215 	From the experiment of December 27 in fatigue, the follow- 
ing associations taken in their context are striking: 
	216 	The reaction-times were usually quite short. The subject 
had the feeling that the reactions had taken him unawares. In the whole experiment no other reaction was repeated, except kraut twice (with potato and sauer). In the other experiments, too, repetitions are rare. 
	217 	All the stimulus-words quoted belong to those with a close 
connection with the complex "Stern." The stimulus-word already (schon) was understood as beautiful (schon), preceded by tears (Triinen). As we recall, examples 4 and 5 especially were reactions at that time most closely connected with the complex (religion!). To kiss and yesterday are not to be regarded as a recollection; their relationship was not of this nature. It cannot be said with any certainty whether the unconscious had permitted itself to use the reaction gestern (yesterday) symbolically on account of its second syllable, or whether this word has any connection with the fact that this experiment took place immediately after the Christmas holidays, during which the subject had been tremendously pleased by a small present from the young woman. But the fact that this word, and this word only, is so often repeated in the experiment as a reaction to 
lHl 
3.	parting 
4.	star (Stern) 
5.	game 
6.	heart 
1.	to kiss 
2.	to love 
3.	already (schon) 
4.	miracle 
5.	to pray 
yesterday yesterday 
yesterday (the stimulus-word tears [Triinen] had preceded it; the subject thought he heard schon [beautiful]; we might have here a perseveration of the umlaut) 
yesterday yesterday 
	song 	Lore (a complex quotation; "Of all the girls, etc., 
like Lore best"; the vowel 0 occurs in the bisyllabi( real first name of the young woman; the two name! are very similar in sound) 
sacrifice ._ dog (Hund) (apparently senseless reaction) wedding ~ ram (Hammel) 
-a perseveration of the reaction. In the combination sacrifice / mm / wedding, the complex certainly played a part; in thi~ connection the perseveration in the experiment under normal conditions of August 19 is comprehensible: 
to love ~ Stern (star) son ~ Isaac! 

	219 	One association is senseless: rich / yesterday; probably yes- 
terday occurs as an association produced in embarrassment which has become stereotyped; it occurs again in this experiment in a peoPle / yesterday. Here too one can only conjecture; perhaps the concept "Jews" is the link. The association game / parents can be eXplained as indirect; the link, which was unconscious, is the quotation: "My dear child, come away with me, beautiful games, etc." the significance of which we learned above. The following associations also occur: 
inn 	the Star (Stern; the subject 	to part 	hurt 	
	was aware of the 	to cut 	hurts 	
	complex here) 	to stroke 	hurts 	
to kiss 	together 	to beat 	hurts 	
to love 	roses 	to sing 	hurts 	
220 
The first four associations belong to the complex, the following are probably only stereotyped repetitions of "parting hurts." Here too the repetition must still be considered as the effect of the complex. 
	221 	Otherwise only a few repetitions occur. 
" 
{

1. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS perseverations, 
egocentric associations, 
failures, 
and the predicates (v. infra, the section on averages). 
	225 	The linguistic-motor reactions are roughly equal in both 
halves; there are no indirect associations. 
	226 	The figures given above indicate that the subject reacts very 
subjectively and that by analogy a complex can be presumed in addition. The high number of constellations (56 per cent and 73 per cent) makes this very probable. On analysis, they predominantly refer to school and bride. The subject is an enthusiastic teacher; on the other hand the complex bride) wedding, etc., plays a preponderant role in his reactions, particularly in the second half, where the subjective phenomena are in any case more numerous. 
	227 	In the first half: 
26 per cent of the reactions refer to school, 2 I per cent to the bride complex. 
In the second half: 
2 I per cent of the reactions refer to school, 24 per cent to the bride complex. 
	228 	In addition, two to three failures in the first half and the 
majority of failures in the second half refer to the bride complex, e.g., the failures after the stimulus-words to stroke) ill) to suffer) to kiss. 
	229 	Apart from this, the complex is expressed less deviously than 
in the preceding subject; it is less repressed and does not fall back on song-quotations as with the former subject. Incidentally, school and bride are closely connected in subject 20, as he cherished the dream that he would soon be married and his wife would assume an important position in the institute. 
	23° 	Among the thirteen repetitions in the first half, the name of 
the institute occurs four times, an important event at the school twice, the name of the fiancee three times. In the second half, the name of the fiancee occurs seven times in the reactions, the word child twice, at which the subject thought of his future parenthood. The other repetitions mostly concern school matters; three times the subject was annoyed at the seemingly nonsensical stimulus-word and each time reacted angrily with "Rubbish! " 
	22 	In the distraction experiments there is no manifestation of 
the complex. 
	23 	Subject 20. In the second half of the experiment under 
normal conditions, 
(I) the internal associations increase from 49 per cent to 54 per cent, while the external decrease; 
(2) the sound reactions increase from 2 per cent to 6 per 
cent; 
(3) the perseverations from 6 per cent to 8 per cent; 
(4) the egocentric reactions from 14 per cent to 27 per cent; (5) the constellations from 56 per cent to 73 per cent; 
(6) the repetitions from 6 per cent to 15 per cent. 
	24 	The following are well above average in number: 
Internal associations, 
Subject 20. 
Science teacher, 25 years of age 
ASSOCIA nONS 
NORMAL 	
	-- 	
'0 	'0 	
	QJ 	
QJ 	'-< 	
'-< 	'0 	
'0 	i:: 	
::: 	;:l 	
:I: 	::r:: 	
... 	'0 	
en 	i:: 	
~ 	'" 	
	- 	
19 	21 	
28 	32 	
2 		
15 	2 	
- 		
20 	19 	
2 	5 	
ASSOCIATIONS 
NORMAL 	
--- 	
'0 	'0 	
	QJ 	
QJ 	'-< 	
'-< 	'0 	
'0 	i:: 	
i:: 	;:l 	
;:l 	::r:: 	
::r:: 		
... 	'0 	
en 	i:: 	
	'" 	
	- 	
I4 	27 	
6 	8 	
6 	15 	
SPECIAL QUALITY 
SPECIAL QUALITY 
Grouping 
Predicative relationship Causal relationship 
Egocentric reaction Perseveration Repetition of reaction 
Cv-existence 
Identity Linguistic-motor forms 
Same grammatical form 	46 	26 	
Same number of syllables 	28 	15 	
Alliteration 	5 	6 	
Consonance 	8 	14 	
Same ending 			
Internal associations 	49 	54 	
External associations 	35 	21 	
Sound reactions 	2 	6 	
Number of associations 	78 	78 	
qo 			
Word-completion Sound 
Rhyme 
Indirect Meaningless Failures Repetition of 
stimulus-word 
I 5 10 I I 

	I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 		THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 		
23' 	The perseverations, with two exceptions, concern school and 		Subject 2I. 	Physician, 23 years of age 		
	famil y affairs. 						
232 	Finally, a few examples of these complex-associations: 	l 	ASSOCIATIONS 		NORMAL 		DISTRACTION 		
	grandmother 	S. will be (S. is the name of his fiancee) 				~ 		External 	
	cross 	I as a teacher, according to S . 			~ 	., 				
					., 	•... 				
					•... 	~ 				
	(to come 	wri tten to S. 		SPECIAl. QUALITY 	~ 	c:: 	" 			
					c:: 	:: 				
	~ year 	will marry (in two years) 			:: 	:x:: 	c:: 	6 ., 	6 ., 	
					:x:: 		•... 	<8 t: E 	8 t: E 	
	I Sunday 	S. comes 			... 	~ 	~ 	., 0 	~ ., 0 	
					'" 	c:: 	.5 	::;: c:: 	::;: c:: 	
					~ 	'" 				
	f to kiss 	(subject will not react) 								
	I naturally 	(subject will not react) 		Grouping 	19 	20 	7 	12 	8 	
	to love 	S. 		Predicative relationship 	16 	42 	26 	20 	14 	
		she cried (S.) 		Causal relationship 	- 	- 	3 	2 		
	tears 									
	f fidelity 	S. 		Co-existence 	24 	5 	10 	30 	22 	
	lonce 	S. 		Identity 	5 	3 	5 	10 	4 	
	fhope 	that we can marry 		Linguistic-motor forms 	29 	23 	22 	12 	38 	
	I small 	child (I) 								
	(to pray 	shall I never (image of praying child) 		Word-completion 						
	Jdear 	child 		Sound 	2 	3 	18 	4 	6 	
	I where? 	in bed 		Rhyme 						
	lold 	S. 								
	ring 	at betrothal 		Indirect 	2 	I 	3 	2 	6 	
	to stroke 	(will not react at first) S. 		Meaningless 	3 	2 	6 	8 		
				Failures 						
	child 	my future (one) 		Repetition of stimulus-word 						
	(sweet 	a brand of chocolate, received from S. 								
	J to ride 	M-, home of fiancee, where she used to ride 		Egocentric reaction 	4 	19 	2 	- 	2 	
	I friendly 	S.'s family 		Perseveration 	4 	40 	5 	4 	10 	
	l three 	members of the family (there are three 		Repetition of reaction 	8 	8 	8 	4 	4 	
		in S.'s family) 								
				Same grammatical form 	58 	26 	32 	62 	42 	
133 	The bracketed stimulus-words followed each other immedi- 		Same number of syllables 	34 	22 	35 	50 	52 	
	ately in the experiment. 		Alliteration 	12 	8 	31 	12 	10 	
!34 	With the increase of the subjective emotional content in the 		Consonance 	18 	13 	33 	16 	8 	
	course of the experiment the value of the individual reactions 		Same ending 	6 	5 	2 			
	also increases, as the figures show. 		Internal associations 	35 	62 	36 	34 	22 	
!35 	Subject 2IY In the second hundred reactions of the experi- 								
	ment under normal conditions we find a maximum of co-ordi- 		External associations 	58 	31 	37 	52 	64 	
	nations, predicative relations, of internal associations generally, 		Sound reactions 			18 		16 	
	while the external associations diminish greatly. This maxi- 			2 	4 		4 		
	mum also covers the perseverations and egocentric associations. 		Number of associations 	100 	100 	100 	50 	50 	
				--- 						
	27 The reactions of this subject are given in detail in the section on Calculations 								
	of Averages, Complex-Constellation Type, pars. 429ff. 								
		92 	I 		93 				

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
	!36 	In comparison with the average figures for educated men, 
the predicates in the second hundred, the total of internal associations generally, as well as the perseverations and egocentric reactions, are high above average, in the following ratio: 
while the remaining figures deviate little from the average. With the fifteenth stimulus-word of the second hundred (to kiss)' the complex-reactions begin, at first still interspersed with others; then the complex persists through twenty-six associations, then again with interruptions, disappearing again towards the end of the second hundred. Thus altogether we find a maximum of So per cent of complex-constellations in the second hundred of the experiment under normal conditions; 13 per cent in the first hundred; under internal distraction S' under external 8. We have already found an increase of complexreactions in the second hundred of the experiment under normal conditions with subject 20, educated men. The appearance of the complex, in this case conjured up by an appropriate stimulus-word to kiss, causes a big increase of internal associations, probably due to the intense stimulation of attention. That the manifestation of the complex corresponds to an increase of internal associations is a proof that our classification is to some extent valid and natural. The stronger the emotional stress of the stimulus-word is for the individual and the more attention is devoted to that stimulus-word, the more the number of internal associations rises. This phenomenon is the exact opposite of the distraction phenomenon. Attention is improved because of the invasion of an emotional complex, which absorbs the whole personality, because the attention is directed more to the significance of the stimulus-word. 
	37 	If attention is distracted from the experiment not by ex- 
ternal distraction but by an emotionally charged complex, as for example in subject 18 quoted above (experiment after sleepless, eventful night) who was under the influence of strong emotion, then we see the opposite of the phenomena that we have just described in subject 21: internal associations decrease 
Predicates 
Internal associations generally Perseverations 
Egocentric reactions 

42 : 19·7 62 : 36.7 40: 2·4 19: 2.8 

THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 
and the result is very similar to an experiment with internal or external distraction. 
	238 	Thus in the second hundred, strong emotionally charged 
complexes were more manifest and perseverated more; there is, in contrast to the phenomenon usually appearing in the second hundred, an increase instead of a decrease of internal association, predicates, etc. That there are, among the stimuluswords of the second hundred, in the experiment under normal conditions, rather more words that stimulate slightly emotionally charged ideas is of no consequence in this case or in that of subject 20 of this group, because the complex manifests itself even with stimulus-words that are seemingly of no special significance. 
	239 	It is noteworthy that in complex-constellations the reactions 
readily come in the form of sentences, in other associations only rarely. 
	24° 	In distraction the complex no longer plays a role. In internal 
distraction we find a maximum of sound reactions (18), which is somewhat above the average for educated men. 
	241 	In the first group of external distraction experiments we 
find in the reactions a maximum of "same grammatical form" (62) and "same number of syllables" (So); in internal distraction, on the other hand, a maximum of alliterations (31) and consonance (33 per cent). 
	242 	Subject 22. 
Internal associations. Decrease in the second hundred of the experiment under normal conditions, which is much more marked under distraction. 
External associations. Increase in the second hundred and under distraction. Most predicates decrease mainly in the second hundred, as do the constellations. 
Linguistic-motor forms. Increase in the second hundred and in the second half of the distraction experiments; there we find a maximum of linguistic-motor forms. 
Repetitions and failures. Most frequent in the second hundred of the experiment under normal conditions; in addition, under distraction there is an increase of same grammatical form, same number of syllables, alliteration, consonance, and same ending. 
	243 	In the second part of the distraction experiments there is an 

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
DISTRACTION 
THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS improvement of reaction (perhaps due to getting used to distraction); slight increase of internal associations and predicates, absence of sound reactions, slight increase of constellations, slight decrease of same grammatical form and of same number of syllables, consonance, and same ending; on the other hand, increase of linguistic-motor forms and thereby of external associations. Perseverations also occur here most frequently. 
	244 	The constellations are nearly all conditioned by love or the 
subject's profession. There occur: 
ASSOCIATIONS 
Subject 22. Chemist, about 24 years of age 
SPECIAL QUALITY 
Grouping 
Preqicative relationship Causal relationship 
Co-existence 
Identity Linguistic-motor forms 
Word-completion Sound 
Rhyme 
Indirect Meaningless Failures 
Repetition of stimulus-word 
Egocentric reaction Perseveration Repetition of reaction 
Same grammatical form Same number of syllables Alliteration 
Consonance 
Same ending 
Internal associations 
External associations 
Sound reactions 
Number of associations 
-0 <l.I 
'" -0 
t: ;:l 
:I: 
~ on 
21 20 2 
18 5 26 
2 1 
2 
2 
3 2 II 
37 35 7 7 9 
43 
49 
3 
100 
NORMAL 
-0 <l.I 
'" 
-0 
t: ;:l 
:I: -0 C or 
18 14 2 
11 
9 32 
9 I 
5 
12 
54 34 5 
11 
8 
34 
52 
2 
100 
gG 
6 <l.I obE <D <l.I 0 
~ c 
24 2 
16 24 28 
2 
2 4 
2 
8 
86 58 8 
24 24 
26 
68 
6 
50 
External 
6 8 ~ ~ ~ 
16 10 2 
In the 1St hundred, normal conditions In the 2nd hundred, normal conditions In the 1St half of distraction 
In the 2nd half of distraction 
	245 	The following perseverations, caused by a 
worthy of note: 
44% 
20% 
6% 
14% 
complex, 
16 10 44 
are 
2 
lady 
1.	shoul?er to twme 
2 4 2 
of the heart blade 
entwine (the subject pictures an erotic situation) 
Town Hall 
Platz (this perseveration is not fortuitous either; a definite story, with erotic significance for the subject, is linked with the Town Hall square) 
	2-!6 	Failures appear in two forms in subject 22: sometimes the 
verbal reaction fails and in its place there is a vivid visual image, for example, or a vivid emotionally charged sensation, which the subject subsequently describes. 
	247 	In the other group there are inhibitions because certain 
erotic memories emerge. 
	2-!8 	Under distraction no failures occur. The egocentric reac- 
tions predominate in the experiment under normal conditions and refer mainly to erotic subjects. 
	249 	Of the repeated reaction-words only bright, good, and beau- 
tiful occur more than twice. 
	250 	The comPlex. The erotic complex rules a large number of 
reactions-a total of thirty in the experiment under normal 
square (Platz) 2. lawn 

70 42 8 12 12 
28 
7° 
50 
97 
{
{

1. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
THE ASSOCIATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS 
conditions, and ten in the second half under distraction (15 per cent under normal conditions and 20 per cent in the second half under distraction are demonstrable). In the first half, where distraction is more complete, we find none. The complex is hardly suppressed; on the contrary, it is manifest. 
	251 	The progressive decrease of sound reactions in the course of 
the external distraction experiments and the increase of indirect associations is in keeping with our assumptions. (See " Averages.") 
	252 	Subject 23. The figures show a very slight distraction-phe- 
nomenon. The proportion of internal and external associations changes very little in the distraction experiment, so that the variation in the results of the two experiments in fatigue are greater than between normal conditions and distraction. On the other hand the sound associations increase under distraction, as with subject 19 of this group; in both there are fewer sound reactions in fatigue. 
	253 	The associations in fatigue were obtained from both sub- 
jects under very similar conditions (normal fatigue after a doctor's working day, 10 o'clock in the evening), while a sleepless night, with heavy psychic demands due to emotion, preceded the associations in fatigue of subject 18 of this group. Here we find in fatigue an increase of sound reactions. 
	254 	The negligible difference caused by distraction may in sub- 
ject 23 be connected with the fact that the number of internal associations is already fairly low in the experiment under normal conditions (24, that is 26 per cent instead of 36.7 per cent, as in the average of educated men) and the number of external ones fairly high (72, that is 69 per cent instead of 52.7 per cent, the average of educated men). The number of internal associations in the experiment under normal conditions is roughly the same as the average number of internal associations under distraction (in educated men). 
	255 	The effect of fatigue is visible in the first fatigue experiment 
but not in the second. 
	256 	The figures for alliteration and consonance in distraction 
have perceptibly risen, as with subjects 18 and 22 of this group. 
	257 	The number of repetitions is throughout above the mean; 
there are relatively many words that are repeated twice but 
98 
ASSOCIATIONS 
Subject 23. Physician, 25 years of age 
SPECIAL QUALITY 
Grouping 
Predicative relationship Causal relationship 
Co·existence 
Identity Linguistic·motor forms 
Word·completion Sound 
Rhyme 
	Indirect 	2 
Meaningless Failures 
Repetition of stimulus·word - 
Egocentric reaction Perseveration Repetition of reaction 
Same grammatical form Same number of syllables Alliteration 
Consonance 
Same ending 
Internal associations 
External associations 
Sound reactions 
Number of associations 
NORMAL 
'0 <lJ 
'"' '0 
c: ;:l 
:r: 
... '" ~ 
9 14 I 
24 5 43 
3 5 16 
57 42 8 
14 12 
24 
72 
100 
'0 <lJ 
'"' '0 
c: ;:l 
:r: '0 c: 
'" 
9 17 
7 19 
43 
3 
3 
15 
51 42 6 
10 10 
26 
69 
3 
100 
99 
DISTRACTION 
c; c: 
'"' <lJ 
.s 
6 <lJ o 1:: E 
	<.0 	<lJ 	0 
:E c: 
I I 18 
8 55 
2 4 
2 
2 22 
47 45 20 
28 12 
29 
63 6 
100 
External 
12 16 
8 2 56 
6 
2 12 
42 32 22 26 10 
28 
66 
6 
50 
FATIGUE 
6 <lJ 
•	'"' c: 
o V 0 
~ :E c: 
C 
<lJ 
E 'C 
<lJ 0X r.o:.l 
... 
'" 
C 
<lJ 
E 'C <lJ 0X r.o:.l 
'0 c: 
'" 
8 16 
13 6 
13 20 
14 10 
42 
7 9 61 
12 5 49 
2 
4 4 
10 
I 18 
4 18 
50 28 28 38 14 
67 45 
20 
21 12 
59 48 II 
14 10 
24 
19 
34 66 
66 
77 
2 
50 
156 
156