I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 

4.0 										
3.8 										
3.6 										
3.4 										
3.2 										
3.0 										
2.8 										
2.6 										
2.4 										
2.2 										
2.0 										
1.8 										
1.6 										
1.4 										
1.2 										
1.0 										
0.8 										
0.6 										
0.4 										
0.2 										
0.0 										
	neut. 	crit. 	post-crit. 	neut. 	crit. 	post-crit. 	neut. 	crit. 	post-crit. 	
		Culprit 			Informed 			Uninvolved 		
GraPh A: Mean Values of Reaction-Times 
complex can compromise the result.48 In spite of all difficulties, however, the graph shows considerable material indicting the Culprit. 
	787 	As we have seen, incorrect reproductions are also among 
the complex-symptoms. The Culprit reproduced 20 per cent of the reactions incorrectly, the Informed 5 per cent, the Uninvolved 21 per cent [see Graph BJ. 
	788 	As Graph B shows, the Culprit made mistakes in not less 
than 90 per cent of the reproductions of the critical and postcritical responses, the Informed in 80 per cent, and the Uninvolved in 71 per cent. 
	789 	Here again we see the strongest weight of evidence in the 
Culprit, although the figures for the controls are also unexpectedly high. 
48 We have here, however, to consider that the reduction of the Informed to the level of the Culprit is not a quite unobjectionable procedure, because the times can only be extended upwards and not downwards. Finally, it is also characteristic that the innocent can act quickly, that is, without hesitation. 
350 

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF EVIDENCE 

90 										
85 										
80 										
75 										
70 										
65 										
60 										
55 										
50 										
45 										
40 										
35 										
30 										
25 										
20 										
15 										
10 			I 							
5 				• 						
0 										
	A 	B 	C 	A 	B 	C 	A 	B 	C 	
		Culprit 			Informed 			Uninvolved 		
A = Total of incorrect reprods. in % of total reprods. B = Incorrect reprods. (%) for critical and post-critical reactions. 
C = Incorrect reprods. (%) for neutral reactions. 
GraPh B: Incorrect Reproductions 
	790 	The question of how often there are reactions to critical 
stimulus-words that may indicate the complex is an interesting one. According to Wertheimer's data we could expect significant findings. Here we must take into account that any grouping from this point of view is extremely arbitrary. In the graphs I have always emphasized the critical reactions by the type. As can be seen, I have proceeded in a very generous way. This is one source of error: another is the fact mentioned above that the reaction may, contrary to expectation, conceal the complex instead of revealing it. For the Culprit, there are 49 per cent indications of complexes in critical and post-critical reactions, for the Informed 32 per cent, and for the Uninvolved 46 per cent. True, the figure for the Culprit is the highest, but this does not prove very much. 
	791 	The circumstance that the scene of the crime was somewhat 
commonplace presented a great difficulty in the experiment; it need not always be so. On the contrary, the scene could in another case be of such a special kind that there would inevitably 
351 

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
be a large number of complex-stimulus-words which would appear harmless to the Uninvolved, while the Culprit would continually avoid complex-constellations; as our experience shows, that cannot happen without characteristic disturbances. So much can already be seen from Gross's and Wertheimer's experiments. 
	792 	In summarizing, I must point out that the Culprit is dis- 
tinguished only by the quantitative aspects of his complexsymptoms, and that this lends support to the diagnosis of the theft. Had the association method not become a most valuable diagnostic aid for psychopathology, making it possible to get access to pathological complexes, and had we not acquired a certain experience in carrying it out, I would not have ventured on that bold diagnosis. It was, however, the analogies with psychopathology that convinced me. I cannot therefore blame anyone who is not equally convinced. Far be it from me to dash cold water on the interesting and undoubtedly promising efforts and expectations of success in the psychological diagnosis of the criminal case; I am not sorry, however, with this case, to have been put in the position of giving a warning against undue optimism. I am giving it in the interest of this incomparably fine psychological method of investigation, which could easily be brought into discredit by drastic failures. The association method is a delicate tool which, up to now, is suitable for use only by experts, and one has on countless occasions to pay dearly for one's mistakes if one is not very experienced. Thus, as the method stands at present, one must not expect too much of it; it has, however, possibilities all of which can hardly be foreseen. The present article is meant not only as a warning but also as an encouragement to practise the association method, which is one of the most fruitful in all psychology.49 
49 (The last sentence was omitted in the 1906 version.] 
352 

ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOMl 
I. THE ASSOCIATIONS 
	793 	I should like to support and clarify the views on the nature 
of anomalies of association in hysteria expressed in two others of these Studies2 by presenting further investigations. The subject of this research is the following case: 
A 24-year-old girl of fair intelligence and average education, physically healthy. The mother suffers from osteomalacia, which has completely crippled her. Otherwise nothing of hereditary relevance can be established. The patient is the youngest child, the only daughter, and has four elder brothers. Healthy up to school age. Very sensitive at school but made good progress. During the second year at school, twitching of the right arm began which soon made writing impossible; then the twitches became generalized until at last a hysterical chorea developed. The patient even became the focus of a small epidemic of chorea among the pupils. The chorea manifested itself in tic-like attacks, said to have lasted 1-2 minutes each. The patient threshed about and stamped, and occasionally screamed as well. There was no disturbance of consciousness during the attacks, which occurred 15-20 times a day. Menstruation set in at the age of IS years. With the first period the attacks of chorea ceased quite suddenly (two years before this, the parents had consulted a specialist, who had said that the attacks would stop with menstruation). During the same week, however, dull sensations in the head set in, always towards evening. The sensations gradually assumed the character of heat, which got considerably worse during 
1 (Originally published as "Assoziation, Traum und hysterisches Symptom," Journal filr Psychologie und Neurologie, VIII (1906): 1-2, 25--60. Republished in Diagnostische Assoziationsstudien, Vol. II (1909),31--66 (VIII. Beitrag). Trans. lated by M. D. Eder as "Association, Dream, and Hysterical Symptoms," Studies in Word-Association, pp. 354-95. See supra, par. 1, n. 1.] 
2 lung, "Psychoanalysis and Association Experiments," supra; Riklin, "Cases Illustrating the Phenomena of Association in Hysteria" (1906). 
353 

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
each period. The complaint increased with the years. At last the heat-sensations began at about 10 o'clock in the morning and gradually increased until they became unbearable. During the last three years the complaint became so bad that the patient was tortured by heat sensations in the head almost all day long. Innumerable attempts at cure by every conceivable method had no success at all. In the morning the patient was occasionally still able to help a little with the housework. From 10 o'clock on she walked restlessly about, persistently complaining about her head. Gradually she became afraid of other people and shunned all social contacts. During the summer she spent the hot weather in the cellar. In the winter she could not stand a heated room. Patient consulted me during the summer of 1905. This was followed by rapid deterioration. She was afraid of going mad, and had hallucinations of white and black figures at night. Was incessantly trying to be admitted to this institution. "Vas admitted in the autumn of 1905. 
Condition: Well-nourished, graceful person. Expression of suffering which appears to be aimed at arousing sympathy; listless behaviour without any energy at all, which is also expressed by a spidery, sloping handwriting. Incessantly complains of heat sensations in the head. Complaints uttered in a whining tone of voice. The patient describes her sensations as follows: "My whole head is blocked up to the neck and quite hot, I must have a temperature of 104 ° in the head, it is quite tense as if choking; my throat is hot, dry, and parched, and I feel strangled. The feeling of dryness and heat at the back of my throat is terrible. It is always worse after a meal. At the same time my body is quite cold, my hands blue, my feet like ice. It seems to me if I could only once bleed properly from the nose I would feel easier. I keep imagining myself bleeding from the nose and mouth, a whole wash-basin full; I keep imagining big clots of blood. I am also always dreaming of blood. Often I dream I am wading in blood, the whole room is full of blood or blood is gushing out of my nose, mouth, eyes, and ears. Just as often I dream of liTe; then everything is ablaze." 
When going off to sleep she often imagines she sees a black man who stretches his black hand towards her and clutches her arm. Occasionally she also dimly sees white female apparitions. 
Since January 1905 menstruation has ceased, there is severe constipation; flatulence, alleged to have persisted for several months, which makes the abdomen protrude noticeably. The patient finds sitting unbearable, therefore remains standing or walks up and down the room. Profound loathing of meat, avoids everything that 
354 

ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM 
makes her hot. She has only to hear steam being let into the radiators and she feels worse. She washes in cold water several times a day and practises gymnastics in her room. These activities are very important for her. In a strange contrast to this are her aversion and dread of regular work, which she thinks is very bad for her condition. She shows a pathological love of orderliness and cleanliness (formerly, she says, she had for a time a compulsion to touch, so much so that she constantly had to touch all the objects in the room while walking about). The patient has no insight at all into the psychological nature of her complaint but is firmly convinced of an organic change in the head; she cannot, however, help laughing when explaining that one of her doctors took her for a case of Graves's disease. She has, of course, no idea of the causes of her illness, as little as the doctors who had hitherto treated her. 
	794 	There can hardly be any doubt that this is a case of hysteria. 
The long duration of the illness and the lack of alteration in the syndrome, not quite usual in hysteria-i.e., the unchanging character of the main symptoms-point to a deep-seated paralysis of psychic energy and a complete subjugation of the personality by the illness. The patient has been ill for seventeen years. In considering the peculiarity of the case one must take into account the fact that there has been a continuous development from the "St. Vitus's dance" (choreatic tic) into the present condition. It cannot be assumed that the chorea was cured, but everything speaks for the fact that under the influence of the first period it was simply replaced by another manifestation of the basic illness. Her completely childish and asthenic personality shows all the characteristics of the infantile Meige-Feindel tic.3 
	795 	For the sake of clarity I am now going to describe the 
association experiments that I carried out with the patient. The patient had treatment from October I, 1905, to December 21, 1905. The experiments were made during this period. The treatment resulted in a certain success, which had considerable influence on the experiment. The tests were carried out each time in a room that had been only moderately heated (13°C. = 55.4 OF.), because the patient could not stand more than about 11°C. = 51 OF. for any length of time. 
3 [See Meige and Feindel. Tics and Their Treatment (orig. 1902).] 
355 

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 			ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM 	
	THE ASSOCIATION TESTS 					Reaction- 		
	Test I 				Stimulus- 	Reaction 	time 	Repro- 	
						word 		(in Yri-secs.) 	duction 	
June 23, 10 a.m. 	With reproduction test. 		34. yellow 	yolk 	26 		
	Reaction 	Reaction- 			35. mountain 	Mount Utli 	23 		
Stimulus- 			time 	Repm- 	I 	36. to play 	chess 	16 		
word 			(in Y;;-secs.) 	duction 	I 	37. salt 	sal t -cellar 	12 		
1. head 	-ache 	6 			38. new 	Neumiinster 	15 		
2. green 	-PIP 	33 			39. morals 	morality 	46 		
3. water 	- 	- 			40. to ride 	riding-school 	18 		
4. to sting 	bee 	9 			41. wall 	wallpaper 	12 		
5. angel (Engel) 	-court (-hof)3a 	105 	- 		42. silly 	silliness 	45 		
6. long 	knife 	65 	- 		43. exercise-book 	school-book 	15 		
7. ship 	steamship 	35 	- 		(Heft) 	(Schulheft) 			
8. to plough 	field 	21 	garden 		44. to despise 				
9. wool 	to knit 	75 			45. tooth 	eye-tooth 	15 		
10. friendly 	-ness 	11 			46. right 	to make right 	25 		
11. table 	-leg 	30 			47. people 	People's Press 	23 		
12. to question 	- 	- 			48. to stink 	jackdaw 	50 		
13. state 	- 	- 			49. book 	school-book 	15 		
14. stubborn 	stubborn person 	40 			50. unjust 				
15. stalk 	flower-stalk 			I 	51. frog 	tree-frog 			
		11 					25 		
16. to dance 	dance-floor 	10 			52. to separate 	divorce 	32 		
17. lake 	Lake Zurich 	29 			(Scheiden) 	(Ehescheidung) 			
18. sick 	- 	- 			53. hunger 	to eat 	19 		
19. pride 	conceit 	19 			54. white 	snow 	18 		
20. to cook 	cookery school 	13 			55. cattle 	herd of cattle 	32 		
21. ink 	ink-pot 	9 			56. to attend 	attention 	30 		
22. bad 	badness 	39 			57. pencil 	pencil-holder 	31 		
23. pin 	pincushion 	10 			58. dull 				
24. to swim 	swimming-school 	45 			59. plum 	plum jam 	66 		
25. travel 	travelling-rug 	60 			60. to hit 				
26. blue 	Blue Street 	35 			61. law 				
27. bread 	breadless 	20 			62. love 	unloving 	15 		
	(unemployed) 				63. glass 	water-glass 	8 		
28. to threaten 	punishment 	60 	to punish 		64. to argue 	to quarrel 	23 		
29. lamp 	lampshade 	11 			65. goat 	goat's milk 	12 		
30. rich 	riches 	21 			66. grand 	grandeur 	15 		
31. tree 	fruit-tree 	23 			67. potato 	potato-flour 	20 		
32. to sing 	singsong 	16 			68. to paint 	oil-painting 	21 		
33. pity 	regret 	35 			69. part 	part-payment 	26 		
3& [See supra, par. 655, n. 9.] 										
	356 								
							357 			

	1. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 		
		Reaction- 		
Stimulus- 	Reaction 	time 	Repro- 	
word 		(in )t-secs.) 	duction 	
70. old (alt) 	Altstetten 	49 		
71. flower 	bunch of flowers 	51 		
72. to strike 	hammer-stroke 	3° 		
73. cupboard 	linen-cu pboard 	21 		
74. wild 	wild duck 	21 		
75. family 	family dinner 	26 		
76. to wash 				
77. cow 	cow's milk 	10 		
78. guest 	guest-book 	3° 		
79. luck 	good luck 	53 		
80. to tell 	tale 	15 		
81. manners 	training in 			
	manners 	55 		
82. narrow 				
83. brother 				
84. shame 	shame-joy 	10 		
(Schade) 	(Schadenfreude) 			
85. stork 	stork's nest 	26 		
86. false 	falsehood 	37 		
87. anxiety 	feeling of anxiety 	20 		
88. to kiss 	sister's kiss 	65 		
89. fire 	great fire 	28 		
90. dirty 				
91. door 	lock 	21 		
92. to elect 	election for the 	55 		
	Co-op 			
93. hay 	hay-cart 	19 		
94. still 	rest 	39 		
95. ridicule 	ridiculous price 	10 	ridiculously 	
			cheap 	
96. to sleep 	sleeplessness 	17 		
97. month 	monthly meeting 	15 		
98. coloured 				
99. dog 	fai thful dog 	15 		
100. to talk 	consultation 	67 		
(reden) 	(Sprechstunde) 			
ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM 
	796 	This test was given during the consultation. Let us first 
look at the associations from the statistical angle. I am limiting myself to the classification into internal and external associations, sound reactions, failures, and indirect associations.4 This rough classification suffices for our purposes. The patient produced: 
Internal associatIOns External associations Sound reactions Failures 
Indirect associations Incorrect reproductions 
16% 60 
9 14 
I 
14 
	797 	External associations form an exceptionally large majority. 
The patient, though not unintelligent, lacks higher education (she has only had an elementary education and was often absent from school). A glance at the reactions shows that the external associations consist mainly of combinations of motor verbal patterns, of word compounds. Besides these we also find quite a number of word complements (sound reactions). The large number of failures is striking. If we compare the figures with the average figures for educated women:5 
Women 
35.0 58.0 3·3 1.4 
we see that the patient's figures show a much more superficial mode of association; they approximate to the figures of the distraction experiment. Average of the distraction experiment with 100 metronome beats per minute: 
Average for Educated Internal associations External associations Sound reactions 
Failures 
Educated Women excluding the Predicate Type 
Internal associations External associations Sound reactions Failures 
20.8 62.8 13.2 
0·4 
4 Cf. "The Associations of Normal Subjects," supra, pars. 20ft 5 Ibid., Table F. 
358 
359 

sion, i.e., the inhibition arising from the pathogenic complex, was at that time still too strong. 
	801 	After the consultation during which this test was taken, the 
patient went home again. As already mentioned, the illness grew rapidly worse. Three months later she was admitted to this hospi tal. 
I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIA nON 
	798 	Thus one might think that the attention was distracted 
during the experiment. This leads to the question of the cause of the distraction, i.e., what was it that had a disturbing influence? No external causes could be found. Therefore the possibility of a psychological interference must be considered. We need not go far in our search, because the patient is already full of a subject that makes every interest in her environment fade, namely, the complex of ideas regarding her illness. All her attention is riveted to her symptoms and only a small remnant is available for the association experiment; hence the superficial reaction-type. She is so much absorbed by her illness that she hardly allows the meaning of the stimulus-word to reach her; in most cases she is quite satisfied simply to grasp the outer form of the word and her intellectual effort is confined to finding a commonplace association to the stimulusword. She listens with only "half an ear" and lets the stimuluswords, as it were, slip away from her. She cannot bring herself to devote her attention to the experiment; this is apparently not interesting enough compared with the complex. The small amount of self-control sometimes dwindles to nothing (failures), and this actually often happens wherever a commonplace combination of words is not ready on the tip of her tongue; this also often occurs when the stimulus-word has aroused emotionally charged associations, as we shall see later. As soon as she realizes that the reaction is not at her fingertips, she completely refrains from forcing one. Here the experiment reveals the meaning of the clinically conspicuous aboulia, which, as usual, consists in the fact that the whole interest is absorbed by the complex, i.e., by the hysterogenic complex underlying the manifest illness, so that nothing remains for the environment.6 
	799 	The probable mean of the reaction-times of the experiment 
is 5.2 seconds; it is thus very high. We believe that such prolonged intervals are due to certain emotional inhibitions. 
	800 	As in the case reported in "Psychoanalysis and Association 
Experiments," an analysis of the patient was impossible because she appeared quite indifferent and did not want to deal with any questions that did not concern her symptoms. The repres- 
6 A similar case of diversion phenomenon is reported supra, pars. 170ff., where, however, quite a recent affect formed the cause of the interference. 
360 

802 

ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM 

	Test II 		
	October 5, 5 p.m. 		
1. head 	headache 	1.6 	
2. green 			
3. water 	water-works 	2.8 	
4. to sting 	stinging-nettle 	2·4 	
5. angel 			
6. long 	long-winded 	2.2 	
7. ship 			
8. to plough 			
g. wool 	cotton-wool 	2.2 	
10. friendly 	friendliness 	3.0 	
11. table 	table-mate 	2.2 	
12. to question 	question-mark 	6.6 	
13. state 			
14. stubborn 	stubborn person 	3.2 	
(trotzig) 	(Trotzkopf) 		
15. stalk 	flower-stalk 	6.0 	
16. to dance 	dance-floor 	4.0 	
17. water 	water-lily 	g.o 	
18. sick 	sickly 	3·4 	
Ig. pride 			
20. to cook 			
21. ink 	ink-blotter 	4.6 	
22. bad 	badly 		
23. pin 	pincushion 	2·4 	
24. to swim 	swimming-pool 	4.0 	
25. travel 			
26. blue 			
27. bread 			
28. to threaten 			
The patient gave up completely at No. 28, declaring she could not stand any more. She could not be induced to stay in the consulting room any longer. Therefore it was not possible to make a reproduction test. An analysis was equally 
361 

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 

ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM 

impossible. Nevertheless a number of points emerge from the result. Above all, one is again struck by the peculiar character of the associations: there is nothing but word combinations and there are numerous failures. Expressed in percentages there are: 
	803 	This is quite an unusual picture; The patient's behaviour 
during the test was characteristic. She held her head in both hands, and from time to time she sighed because of the unbearable heat in her head, caused by the heated room (55°F.! The patient is unaware that she experiences 55 ° as pleasantly cool in summer, while she finds the same temperature unbearable in winter. The operative factor in the air temperature is the mere concept!) During the test she obviously was completely absorbed by the complex. It is not surprising therefore that she could not spare any attention for the tedious experiment. Thus we have a distraction phenomenon again, but in a considerably higher degree than in Test 1. The deterioration of her condition decidedly increased the distraction of her attention; i.e., her attention is, even more than previously, directed towards the complex, so that she participates less in the experiment. To direct the attention towards the experiment is obviously very strenuous for her, so that she is already tired after 28 reactions and has to abandon the test. Her available energy has been reduced to a minimum. This is already shown in the enormous number of failures, which have almost tripled compared with the first test. She again fails at stimulus-words that do not immediately arouse a commonplace combination of words. But not all failures can simply be due to the lack of commonplace word combination (e.g., for to cook there are the common combinations cooking-stove, cookery, ete.; for state there are statecraft, state-house, ete.; for travel, travelling bag, ete.). Nor can all the long reaction-times be accounted for by verbal difficulties (e.g., water, with g.o secs., with which there are many common combinations). We must also consider the 
~62 
Tests 
Internal associatIOns External associations Sound reactions Failures 
Indirect associations 

I 16% 60 
9 14 
I 

II 
0% 46.4 14·2 39.2 
o 

possibility of these disturbances being caused by affects that may be due to unconscious inhibitions arising from the pathogenic complex underlying the illness. 
	804 	The probable time-mean of the test is 5.2 seconds (the fail- 
ures taken as 20.0 secs., though usually we waited up to 30 secs.). The probable mean is therefore very high. 

		Test III 			
October 9, 5 p.m. 	With reproduction test. 	
1. lamp 	lamp-chimney 	1.8 		
2. rich 	riches 	1.8 		
3. tree 	tree-trunk 	1.4 		
4. to sing 	singsong 	3.2 	operetta 	
5. pity 	- 			- 	pitiful 	
6. yellow 	golden-yellow 	3.2 		
7. mountain 	mountain range 	4.8 		
8. to Play 	operetta 	6.6 	ball 	
(spielen) 		(Singspiel) 		(Spielball) 	
9. salt 	salt-cellar 	6.8 		
10. new 	new moon 	3.0 		
11. morals 	- 			- 	morality 	
12. to ride 	riding-school 	3.0 		
13. wall 	wall-painting 	4.6 		
14. silly 	silliness 	4.0 		
15. exercise-book 	school-book 	2.2 		
(Heft) 		(Schulheft) 			
16. to despise 	- 			- 	desPicable 	
17. tooth 	toothache 	2.0 		
18. right 						
19. people (V olk) 	fair (V olksfest) 	2.0 		
20. to stink 						
21. book 	school-book 	3.8 		
22. unjust 						
23. frog 	tree-frog 	2·4 		
24. to separate 	- 			- 	divorce 	
(scheiden) 					( Ehescheid· 	
					ung) 	
25. hunger 	hunger-pangs 	5.0 		
26. white 	snow-white 	2.0 		
27. cattle 	herd of cattle 	4.1 		
28. to attend 	attention 	2·4 		
29. pencil 	pencil-holder 	6.6 		
30. dull 						
		363 			

ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM 
I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
Tests 
Internal associations External associations Sound-reactions Failures 
Incorrect reproductions 
Il 0.0% 46·4 14.2 39.2 
III 3.1% 59·3 6.2 
31.2 18·7 
13. cupboard 	linen-cupboard 	5.6 	
14. wild 			
15. family 	family dinner 	4.0 	
16. to wash 			
17. cow 	cow's milk 	3.2 	
18. guest 	guest-book 	3·4 	
19. luck 	good luck 	2.8 	
20. to tell 			
21. manners 	training in manners 	2.8 	
22. narrow 			
23. brother 			
24. shame (Schade) 	shame-joy 	3.6 	
	(Schadenfreude) 		
25. stork 			
(stimulus-word 			
first misunder- 			
stood-then 			
failure) 			
26. false 	falsehood 	8.2 	
27. anxiety 	feeling of anxiety 	3.0 	
28. to kiss 	sis ter' s kiss 	4.0 	
29. fire 	fire-blackened 	6.8 	
30. dirty 	dirty marks 	7.0 	
31. door 	trap-door 	4.8 	
32. to choose 			
33. hay 			
34. still 			
31.	plum 32. to hit 
	805 	This test shows some changes compared with the previous 
ones. The result expressed in percentages is as follows: 
	806 	Here we have one more distraction-experiment. The prob- 
able time-mean is 
Test I 5.2 secs. 
Test Il 5.2 secs. 
Test III 4.6 secs. 
	807 	Compared with the second test there is some shortening of 
the reaction-time, which is probably to be explained mainly by the relative reduction in the failures. This result may perhaps permit the conclusion that the patient had pulled herself together a little. This seems also to express itself in the fact that in spite of the early failure in the association test she was willing to do the reproduction test. This test also went four reactions further than the previous one (28, 32). The number of sound reactions has not inconsiderably decreased, to the benefit of the external and internal associations. This also allows us to infer some improvement in her concentration. 
Test IV 
October 17, I. law 
2.	love 
3.	glass 
4.	to argue 
5.	goat 
6.	grand 
7.	potato 
8.	to paint 
9.	part 
10.	old 
11.	flower 
12.	to strike 
	5 p.m. 	With reproduction 
	against the law 	5.0 
	unloving 	3.0 
	glass-cupboard 	2.0 
	808 	This test was carried out at a time when the patient was 
not so well (one of those fluctuations that are not unusual in the course of hysteria). The test certainly again looks like a distraction experiment. Apart from one exception (to kiss / sister's kiss) the patien t so to speak never bothers wi th the meaning of the stimulus-word but contents herself with the perception of the outer word-form. There were no mistakes in reproduction. The test yielded two reactions more than the previous one (32, 34). In percentages: 
test. 
	goat's milk 	2.8 
	grand city 	4.8 
	potato-field 	5.6 
	painter's studio 	5.4 
	partner 	3.0 
	old town 	9.6 
	flowerlet 	2.4 
Tests 	Il 	III 	IV 	
Internal associations 	0.0% 	3.1% 	2·9% 	
External associations 	46·4 	59·3 	58.8 	
Sound reactions 	14·2 	6.2 	5.8 	
Failures 	39.2 	31.2 	32.3 	
Incorrect reproductions 	- 	18·7 	0 	
	~6r; 			
~6A. 

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM 
6·4 
The probable time-mean is: 
Tests 
Il 5·2 secs. 
III 4.6 secs. 
28.	modest 	content 
29. ground (does not understand stimulus-word 
at first) 
30.	to whistle 
31.	purpose 
32.	hot 
33.	hand 
34.	to wake 
35.	apple 
IV 5·4 secs. 
	Bog 	Thus we again have an increase in the reaction-time, which 
we may ascribe to the unfavourable attitude of the patient at that moment. The lack of incorrect reproductions may, in view of the small number of reactions, be accidental, but it is also possible that this time the patient remembered the reactions in order not to make any mistakes with the reproduction later on. 
November 9, 
1.	ridiculous 
2.	to sleep 
3.	month 
4.	coloured 
5.	dog 
6.	to talk 
7.	coal 
8.	moderate 
9.	song 
10.	to assume 
11.	pain 
12.	lazy 
13.	moon 
14.	to laugh 
15.	coffee 
16.	wide 
17.	air 
18.	to frighten 
19.	plate 
20.	tired 
21.	intention 
22.	to fly 
23.	eye 
24.	strong 
25.	fruit 
26.	to be busy 
27.	sail 
Test V 
	5 p.m. 	With reproduction test. 
rest 
	Negro 	6.3 
	domestic animal 	3.4 
	to tell a story 	4.8 
	to iron 	4.0 
tune facts ill 
to work 
3.6 
10.0 
5.2 5·4 
merry breakfast measure warm anxiety to eat 
to sleep 
to damage 
2.2 3.6 5.0 7.6 7.0 4·4 7-4 
vigorous 
2.6 
industrious ship 
3.0 7.0 
366 
1.8 
tired time 
36.	naughty 
37.	mouth 
38.	to drink 
39.	bed 
40.	pretty 
41.	danger 
42.	to visit 
43.	worker 
illness 
44.	high 
45.	axe 
46.	to remember 
47.	path 
48.	round 
49.	blood 
50.	devoted 
51.	precaution 
52.	funny 
53.	market 
54.	to forget 
55.	drum 
56.	free 
57.	carriage 
58.	to eat 
59.	insolence 
60.	fast 
61.	chimney 
62.	enjoy 
63.	parson 
64.	light 
65.	neck 
bed ? 
to work 
land sound 
cause 
yes, yes, in here limb 
awake 
don't know 
Affeltrangen (Place) 
teeth liquid tired beautiful 
occupation 
mountain wood 
to watch a walk sphere 
to watch story 
to shop thought noise free-spoken to ride appetite 
to walk smoke pleasure sermon weight slim 
367 
10.0 6·4 3·4 4.0 3.0 3.0 
13.6 
light 
to get up 
7.2 4·4 7.2 4.0 
to sleep ? terrible 
6·4 
to be occuPied 
4.6 9·4 2.0 
5.0 2·4 
red 
4.8 3.0 5·4 5.0 6.6 
3.2 5.0 
to laugh 
story 
2·4 2.6 
3.2 2·4 3.6 7.0 

	1. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 		
66. to wish 	present 	5.6 		
67. stone 	hard 	8.8 		
68. noble 	rich 	5·4 		
69. hose 	rubber 	2.6 		
70. to love 	beautiful 	9·4 	? 	
71. tile 	roof 	3·4 		
72. mild 	temperature 	4.8 		
73. greed 	craving for money 	6·4 		
74. to search 				
75. blanket 				
76. good 				
77. leaf 				
78. to torture 	illness 	6.0 		
79. station 	to go on a journey 	4.8 		
	810 	This test shows quite a different association type compared 
with the previous tests. It is as if the patient had suddenly found a different attitude.7 The percentages are as follows: 

Tests 	Il 	III 	IV 	V 	
Internal associations 	0% 	3.1% 	2·9% 	56.9% 	
External associations 	46.4 	59·3 	58.8 	18·9 	
Sound reactions 	14.2 	6.2 	5.8 	1.2 	
Failures 	39.2 	31.2 	32.3 	21.5 	
Indirect associations 	0 	0 	0 	1.2 	
Incorrect reproductions 	- 	18·7 	0 	21.3 	
	811 	Looking at the association tests, the results of which we 
have given here in figures, we see that the patient's reactions have assumed a normal character. She now goes into the meaning of the stimulus-word and thus produces a preponderance of internal associations.s 
	812 	The abnormal component parts have rather diminished, so 
that, for instance, the number of sound reactions does not exceed the normal mean. Only the number of failures is still abnormally high; it has, however, considerably decreased compared with the earlier tests. The patient's perseverance has increased remarkably, in that this test lasts longer by 45 reactions 
7 This is not actually the case, however, because already in Test I the patient showed the beginnings of a less superficial association type. 
s Thus the patient now shows a reaction-type that we not infrequently see in uneducated people: a great many internal associations, few external ones, and very few sound reactions. 
368 

ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM 
than the previous one. The time-mean is 5.4 seconds, as in the previous test. The reaction-time is thus still very long. 
	813 	This test was carried out three weeks after the previous one. 
In the meantime the treatment had clearly improved the patient's condition. Therefore one may ascribe the improvement of the association type also to this fact. In the previous tests we mainly stressed the lack of entering into the meaning of the stimulus-word, the absolute preponderance of external associations, the enormous number of failures, and the rapid onset of fatigue as pathological signs and as an abnormal domination of the patient's interest by the complex. The improvement in the condition is thus particularly expressed, from the psychological point of view, in the fact that the patient again takes a more or less sufficient though quickly tiring interest in objective processes. The treatment is resolving her possession by the complex. Her personality is gradually being freed from the tyranny of the illness and is again able to assimilate objective material, in other words to adapt itself again to the environment. As stigmata of hysteria the following are, however, still present: the enormous number of failures; the long reaction-times and other complex-characteristics, i.e., signs of a pathological emotionality, which is, as we know, the psychological foundation of hysteria. 
Test VI 
		December 1, 5 p.m. 	With reproduction test. 
	814 	The test comprised one hundred reactions. It was concluded 
not because of the patient's fatigue, but because I considered one hundred reactions enough to analyze. I shall describe and discuss the test in individual sections. 
	815 	I should like to remark at the outset that the probable time- 
mean of this test is 5.2 seconds. It is thus not lower than the preceding ones. In spite of this apparent similarity, however, the temporal aspects are in their averages entirely different from those in the previous tests. For the purpose of discussing these relations I am splitting each test up into sequences of six to ten reactions, and for each sequence I have calculated the arithmetic time-means.9 I have arranged the means thus obtained in curves below. 
9 The failures were calculated at 20 secs. each. 
369 

ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM 
I should like to mention that the one hundred stimulus-words given in Test I were used a second time in Tests II-IV and a third time in Test VI. As the curves show, repetition of the tests had no noticeable effect in reducing the reaction-times. Tests II-IV made one rather suspect the contrary. According to Kraepelin's findings, a relatively rapid shortening of the reaction-time is actually to be expected because of a fixation of the reactions. In Test VI, however, there are not only no fixations but entirely different reactions (in accordance with the new attitude that had first appeared in Test V). 
	816 	As has repeatedly been indicated in the discussion of the 
curves, the increased reaction-times are linked with a strong tendency towards fatigue, i.e., with a complete inability to detach the attention from the syndrome. The patient has great difficulty in directing her attention to anything but her illness for any length of time; because of the exertion she tires very quickly. The curves representing the time-extensions are therefore also curves representing weakness of energy. This immediately becomes obvious when we turn them over and read them from right to left. Then they look like the work-graPhs of an easily tiring neurotic (will-fatigue!). In particular we notice the facilitation and the increased reaction-times in curves I, V, and VI, the final spurt in curves I, Ill, and V. In curves I and VI the progressive fatigue is clearly marked. This shows that in certain cases the association experiment also gives information on energy and fatigue. 
I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
Test I. The curve fluctuates very much. Near the beginning there is a line of relatively short times which, after various fluctuations, rises higher and higher. Towards the end there are very strong increases in reaction-times which, however, are again somewhat shortened, but do not reach the initial level. The curve gives the impression that the patient has noticed the excessive times and therefore pulled herself together for a few reactions. Test I was carried out during the consultation. As reported in the case-history, the condition afterwards rapidly deteriorated. This deterioration shows in the curve of ... 
Test Il. Here the curve starts rather high, and after pulling itself together for a short time it rapidly collapses. 
In Test III the curve begins low. The patient had (as she told me at the time) made a resolution to take great pains this time to answer quickly. The carefully gathered energy, however, does not last; the reaction-times increase progressively until they become very high. The observation of this weakness probably induced the patient to a little spurt at the end which, however, exhausts the remains of her energy. 
Test IV. The curve starts a little higher than last time (the patient was, as we mentioned before, indisposed psychologically at the time of this test). Here too there is a steady increase in the reactiontimes. 
Tests I-IV mainly yielded external associations and failures. We can already see from the curves that this mode of association is linked with rapidly increasing reaction-times. 
Test V. Here the curve begins very high (perhaps to be explained by the fact that the patient was still discouraged by the previous tests and therefore had some resistance against the experiment). It decreases quickly, however, and then, after a stronger fluctuation stays near the centre, though rising slightly. Then there is a more noticeable and longer-lasting final spurt, which, however, ends in a quick and steady increase of the reaction-times. The final spurt has completely exhausted the patient's energy. 
Test VI. In this last test (after two months' treatment) the curve begins at a medium height and then falls quickly to a very low level, which is fairly well maintained during the whole test without any appreciable fluctuations and only towards the end shows a tendency to rise. Test V shows, at least in its middle parts, a tendency towards steadiness, which is finally reached in Test VI. Tests V and VI are, however, those that show a normal mode of association. Thus the normal type appears to go with the tendency to steadiness in the reaction-times. At the same time a very low level is reached and maintained in Test VI. 
Analysis of the Associations Obtained in Test VI 
I am setting the associations of Test VI side by side with those of Tests I-V for the purpose of analytical comparison (time in seconds): 
Tests 
1.	head 
2.	green 
3.	water 
4.	to sting 
5.	angel 
6.	long 
7.	ship 8. to 
plough 
I 
VI 
ll-IV (V) 
-ache 	1.2 	headache 	
-pip 	6.6 		
		water-works 	
bee 	1.8 	stinging- 	
		nettle 	
-court 	21.0 [?J10 		
knife 	g.o [?] 	long-winded 	
steamship 	7.0 [?] 		
field 	4.2 [garden] 		
	1.6 	pa-head-pains 1.8 
		forest 	3.2 
	2.8 	deep 	1.4 
	2.4 	bee 	2.8 
2.2 	road 	5.0 	
	ocean 	4.0 	
	to demand/ 	7·4 	
	to give 		
370 
10 Failure or incorrectness of reproduction is indieated in square brackets. 
371 

	I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 			
g. wool 	to knit 	15.0 	cotton-wool 	2.2 	(stimulus- 		
					word not 		
					understood) 	
					to knit 	10.2 	
10. friendly 	-ness 	2.2 	friendliness 	3.0 	- 	[people] 	
11. table 	(does not at 		table-mate 	2.2 	room 	g.o 	
	first un- 						
	derstand 						
	stimulus 						
	word, 						
	then:) -leg 	6.0 					
1: head, of course, arouses the complex in that the patient has localized the main symptoms in the head. Although the times are not long, we find a disturbance by a slip of the tongue in Test VI instead. The two previous reactions have the superficial character that we not infrequently find in complex-reactions and that are meant to make light of the complex. 
3: water appears still to belong to the field of the perseverating feeling-tone. 
s: angel shows complex-characteristics. The patient is not religious but still childlike. She has often during recent months had thoughts of dying; she even had one evening hallucination of the "black bone-man" stretching out his hand towards her. This is reason enough for the complex-interference. We have, however, to go even deeper. The patient has an intimate and confidential relation to her mother. The two women are moreover tied together through severe illness. The mother suffers from osteomalacia and is totally crippled. The mother is for the daughter not only an example in a moral respect but perhaps also a foreboding of her own fate. The fear of having to expect a fate similar to that of the mother may not be very far from the patient. Lastly, one has to remember the fact that young girls and hysterics talk of dying when they want to love. 
The disturbances last from angel to 8. In Test I there was even an amnesic island.u 
In 8, another stimulus-word was substituted in Test VI to make the complex more precise: to demand is followed by 7.4 seconds, the next stimulus-word wool is misunderstood, with 10.2 secs. With to demand I get the patient to produce further ideas: 
The patient literally says: "I thought you (the author) demanded too much of me, it is too much if you are always wanting me to get well." It seemed to me that the patient was somehow "skipping over 
11 Cf. "Experimental Observations on the Faculty of Memory," supra. 
372 

ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM 
it," although in hysterics the thought of the doctor who carries out the treatment tends to be associated with strong emotional charges,12 Therefore I simply said: "The demand." The patient starts slightly, saying: "I don't know what you mean-I really cannot think what you can still want of me." Then she suddenly bursts out into loud laughter, blushes, and says no more. The progress of this analytical detail is as follows: First the patient accuses me of demanding too much of her, then there are the familiar negativistic excuses and lastly, behind laughter, a strong emotionally charged thought which may not be difficult to guess. The laughter is diagnostically important: it often indicates in psychoanalysis that a complex has been touched. It is obvious that no one but the patient demands anything that is too much. Freud says: "Many of my neurotic patients who are under psychoanalytic treatment are in the habit of confirming the fact by a laugh when I have succeeded in giving a faithful picture of their hidden unconscious to their conscious perception; and they laugh even when the content of what is unveiled would by no means justify this. This is subject, of course, to their having arrived close enough to the unconscious material to grasp it after the doctor has detected it and presented it to them."13 
10, friendly seems to be critical in Test n, but not in Tests I and VI. 
Analysis: First there are strong inhibitions Cl don't know anything," etc.). Then "I was thinking of you, sir. You were not nice to me last time." This reminiscence refers to a definite incident, when the patient had transposed her bad temper on to me and alleged afterwards that I had been in a nasty mood ("transitivism" in affect). This idea seems enough to explain the disturbance. I indicated before that the patient transposed the "demanding too much" on to me, she also fits me out with her bad temper and accuses me of being unfriendly to her. She thus demands that I should be friendly to her, and if I am as usual I am not friendly enough, for she still complains of my unfriendliness. So she wants even more friendliness from me; that allows me to conclude that the patient is erotically not indifferent to me. Of course, I cannot give in to this demand. Thus the patient demands too much. She only acquired this aspect of the complex while she was here. The complex disturbances may therefore increase at friendly. 
12 Transference [Transposition] to the doctor; see Freud, "Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria" (orig. 1905). 
13 Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious (orig. 1905), p. 170. 
373 

ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM haviour, and here she even says she did not go to school any more out of stubbomness. But if we ask her in another context why she no longer went to school, then she says she was very ill at that time. For the moment we must be satisfied with this information. The twelfth year of life has, however, another significance which is infinitely more important, as we shall see later on. 
Like stubborn/stubborn person, 16, to dance/dance-floor skips over the deeper meaning. Only the reaction ball, which goes more thoroughly into the meaning of the stimulus-word, brings about a distinct complex-disturbance. Dance-floor14 is something that is abhorrent to the circles to which the patient belongs, while ball is actually the legitimate opportunity to start erotic relationships. The patient is compelled to laugh when she is asked for associations to ball; she therefore may well have erotic ideas. 
In 19, yearning was given as a stimulus-word in Test VI. Analysis: The patient declares stubbornly and with obvious resistance that absolutely nothing but nostalgia comes to her mind in response to yearning. I insisted something would occur to her. To this, suddenly loud laughter, which is at once angrily suppressed: 
"Oh no, now that spoils it for me-this is boring!" We had the same reaction to demand. There is probably a strongly repressed erotic desire. 
1. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIA nON 
In 12, to question, obvious complex-disturbances are aroused that involve the subsequent reaction as well. 
Analysis: "I thought the Doctor was asking me a lot, I know absolutely nothing more-I certainly don't know anything else." The patient said this with emphasis and an angry ill-humoured face, which was in striking contrast to her usual politeness and submissiveness; then she suddenly burst out into loud laughter, which she tried to suppress by expressing anger: "Oh, what a strain!""This is impossible!"-"I have never thought of that!," because she did not think of the special and, for a young girl, so immensely important meaning of the word question at the moment of the reaction. She thinks this meaning has only now occurred to her; "of course, she never thinks of such a thing otherwise." Thus we have here a further indication of the presence of an erotic complex. 
16: stubborn is very suitable to bring out a reference to the ego. 
Particularly if the reaction to it is character or quality or misbehaviour, we may suspect the subject of the experiment behind it. With character the reference to the ego becomes obvious, hence probably also the stronger disturbances, compared with the previous reactions. 
Analysis: "People are often stubborn-for instance, I was, too, when I was a child. Once I was rather stubborn and did not want to go to school any more-I was twelve years old then, I think. From then on I did not go to schooL" 
It is known that the patient could no longer go to school because of her St. Vitus's dance; now she interprets this illness as misbe- 
374 
Tests 	I 	
12. to 			
question 			
13. state 			
14. stubborn 	stubborn 	8.0 	
(trotzig) 	person 		
	(Trotzkopf) 		
15. stalk 	flower-stalk 	2.2 	
16. to dance 	dance-floor 	2.0 	
17. lake 	Lake 	5.8 	
(water) 	Zurich 		
18. sick 			
Ig. pride 	conceit 	3.8 	
20. to cook 	cookery 	2.6 	
	school 		
21. ink 	ink-pot 	1.8 	
II-IV 
	question- 	6.6 
mark 
	stubborn 	3.2 
person 
flower-stalk 6.0 dance-floor 4.0 water-lily g.o 
	sickly 	3.4 
	ink-blotter 	4.6 
	VI 	
answer 	5.8 	
state-house 	11.6 	
character 	6.0 	
flower-stalk 	10.6 	
ball 	5·4 	
deep 	7.2 	
hosPital 	6.2 very 	
yearning/ 	7·4 	
nostalgia 		
kitchen 	3.6 	
to write 	2.0 	
Tests 
22.	bad 
23.	pin 24. to 
swim 25. travel 
26. blue 
27. bread 
28. to threaten 
badness pincushion swimming- 
school travellingrug 
Blue Street breadless (unemployed) 
(does not understand stimulusword) punishment 
I 	II-IV 	VI 	
7.8 	badly 	3.8 	disobedient 	7.6 [chi 	
2.0 	pincushion 	2·4 	child/work 	7.8 [de, 	
g.o 	swimming- 	4.0 	public 	6·4 	
	pool 		baths 		
12.0 ? 	- 		railway 	4.8 	
7.0 	- 		colour 	1.8 	
4.0 	- 		baker 	2.0 	
			to expect/ 	3.6 	
			visit 		
(to 
12.0 punish) 
Here ends Test II 
14 [German Tanzboden, lit. 'dance-floor,' has the sense of a low-class dancehall.] 
375 

	I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 			
		Test 111 				
29. lamp 	lampshade 	2.2 	lamp- 	1.8 	light 	4.0 	
			chimney 				
30. rich 	riches 	4.2 	riches 	1.8 	money 	6./l 	
31. tree 	fruit-tree 	4.6 	tree-trunk 	1.4 	garden 	3.6 	
32. to sing 	singsong 	3.2 	singsong 	5.2 	concert 	5.2 	
ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM 
42.	silly 
43. exercise -book (Heft) 
R.33: pity. 
Analysis: "I cannot imagine at all what pity might have to do with me-oh, perhaps with my illness-people ought to pity me." 
I give here only one example of the inhibitions the patient had about this word: in fact, the resistance lasted much longer and also showed itself in a suffering facial expression. The tendency to arouse pity is of great significance in the history of the patient's illness. Through her illness she achieved not having to go to school any more. Later on she was the "pitied" centre of the whole family. The patient must have some, though dim, awareness of this role; it may perhaps be the origin of the strong resistance. 
35: mountain. 
Analysis: Does not want to know anything about it, she has nothing to do with mountains, this is no concern of hers. She has also never been on a mountain, although she would like to go once to the Alps, but this is, of course, impossible because of her illness, and then she cannot even travel by rail, she cannot stand it. 
The patient speaks quite negatively, as if a mountain-trip was of no importance to her. A few days before the test I made a trip into the mountains, after which the patient was unhappy because I had not taken her with me; she had never seen the mountains close to. She completely repressed this incident, without actually any obvious reason, unless "travelling" was of a certain complex-significance. She has all sorts of erotic fantasy relations to the doctor. A journey with the "erotic symptom figure" is a metaphor for a "honeymoon." This is probably the reason why this event was sexually repressed. 
38: new. 
Analysis: The patient has become an intimate friend of a lady who moved into a new house, to which the patient takes a peculiar liking. She envies the lady particularly for the way she runs her houSe. "I shouldn't mind something like that." This interest seems to be symptomatic. The analysis meets with great resistances ("one 
377 
36. to play 	chess 	3.2 	
37. salt 	salt-cellar 	2·4 	
38. new 	Neumiinster 	3.0 	
39. morals 	morality 	9.2 	
40. to ride 	riding- 	3.6 	
	school 		
41. wall 	wallpaper 	2·4 	
22: bad is taken personally; disobedient seems to express the complex best. 
Analysis: "I was bad to you the other day-years ago too I was often bad-and disobedient at school, etc." 
23: The association child/work is peculiar and cannot be explained by the patient. The reproduction yields the more suitable association dear. Preceding is the school-complex, which is most closely connected with the concept of work. I should like to remind the reader that the stimulus-words to work and worker in Test V produced complex-disturbances. Moreover, the patient always stresses that she is not "lazy," she would like to do the right kind of work; she also complained of certain relatives who said of her that all she was suffering from was "laziness." The stimulus-word child is a word which, as a rule, has a critical effect in the erotic complexes of women. 
There are complex-characteristics in 25: travel. 
Analysis: "Oh, I am thinking of a nice journey to Italy that I should like to do one day"-long interval. With great embarrassment: "Honeymoons are spent in Italy, too." 
28, Test VI: to expect. 
Analysis: "I don't expect anything-absolutely nothing-yes, health-and-," loud laughter again which the patient tries angrily to suppress. Thus the same reaction again as to demand and yearnmg. 
30: rich. 
Analysis: "I should like to be rich, then I could stay here a long time for treatment"; then there are strong inhibitions that bar any further ideas. For the patient "to stay a long time for treatment" equals "to remain for a long time in a personal relationship to the doctor." 
silliness school-book (Schulheft) 
Tests 	I 	Il-IV 	VI 	
33. pity 	regret 	7.0 	- 	[pitying] 		
34. yellow 	yolk 	4.8 	golden- 	3.2 	canary- 	5.0 	
			yellow 		bird 		
35. moun- 	Mount 	4.6 	mountain- 	4.8 	mountain- 	10.8 	
tain 	Utli 		range 		range 		
			376 				
operetta salt-cellar new moon 
9.0 3.0 
ridingschool wallpainting silliness school -book 
6.6 [ball] 	ball 	6.8 	
6.8 	to cook 	2.2 	
3.8 	house 	7.0 	
[morality] hope/happy 	8.2 [joy] 	
3.0 	path 	1.8 	
4.6 	room 	5.2 	
4.0 2.2 
se-sensible copy-book (Schreibheft) 
7.2 5.2 

Ha [This apparently refers to a performance or calculation test, devised by Kraepelin, and still in use at the Burgh6lzli. The patient has to add pairs of digits and write the sum down in an exercise-book, in which the experimenter enters a mark at each minute in order to indicate the patient's rate of performance. Dr. C. A. Meier has kindly supplied this information.] 
379 
ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM eralities that are difficult to interpret. Is there perhaps anything in her activities that is not or was not "right"? 
53 (Test VI): dog has a very long reaction-time (6.8 secs.). Analysis: The patient has dreamed of dogs, which probably have an erotic significance (see below!). 
57: pencil. 
Analysis: The patient thinks of those tests when I sat opposite her and, while she did addition, occasionally made marks with a blue pencil in her exercise-book.14a Nothing else occurs to her after this idea. These tests took place shortly before Test VI. It may thus only be a reminiscence which, however, must somehow be constellated. One might perhaps suspect a masturbation-complex or another sexual fantasy. During the whole time of the treatment I avoided the topic of sex as much as possible, and only towards the end did I come to speak of it. If, therefore, a masturbation or other physical sexual complex was present, it was not aroused during the treatment (i.e., by Test VI), and thus could become more or less dormant, 
1. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIA nON 
often moves into a new house-we at home also have a new apartment," etc.). I now ask pointedly: "When does one move into a new house?" This rather general question causes the patient great embarrassment, she blushes and confesses: "When one gets married." Thus she has assimilated the "new house" to her erotic complex. 
39. (Test VI): hope. The analysis at once produces lasting giggles and that says enough. The laughter here is, however, very inadequate. R.23, child also produced a disturbance. We shall come back to this complex at 69. 
42: silly. The analysis yields self-reproaches about the time when the patient left school for good (12th year of her age). She reproaches herself for not having learned enough because of lack of energy, and for being therefore "silly." 

Tests 	I 	ll-IV 		VI 	
44. to 	- 		- 		[despica- 	people 	7.2 	
desPise 					ble] 			
45. tooth 	eye-tooth 	3.0 ? 	toothache 	2.0 		mouth 	3.6 	
46. right 	to make 	5.0 ? 	- 			to check 	6.6 	
	right 					(up on) 		
47. people 	People's 	4.6 	fair 	4.0 		crowd 	5.0 	
(Volk) 	Press 		(V olkstest) 					
	(Volksblatt) 							
48. to stink 	jackdaw 	10.0 ? 	- 			to die / ceme- 	3·4 	
						tery 		
49. book 	school-book 	3.0 	school-book 3.8 		to read 	2.2 	
50. unjust 	- 		- 			wedding/ 	3.2 	
						church 		
51. frog 	tree-frog 	5.0 	tree-frog 	2·4 		green 	2.0 	
52. to 	divorce 	6·4 	- 		[divorce] 	divorce 	4.0 	
separate 	(Ehescheid- 							
(scheiden) 	ung) 							
53. hunger 	to eat 	3.8 	hunger- 	5.0 		dog/to 	6.8 	
			pangs 			ba-rk 		
54. white 	snow 	3.6 	snow-white 	2.0 		snow 	3.2 	
55. cattle 	herd of 	6·4 	herd of 	4.2 		herd of 	9-4 	
	cattle 		cattle 			cattle 		
44: to desPise. 
Analysis: The patient always feels slighted; she felt her incomplete education as something for which she must be despised; people also despised her for her illness, which they interpreted as laziness. Is there perhaps anything else in her illness that makes her particularly despicable? We know that sexual self-reproaches tend to be connected with this. 
46: right also shows disturbances. The analysis yields only gen- 
378 

Tests 	I 	ll-IV 	
56. to attend 	attention 	6.0 	attention 	2·4 	
57. pencil 	pencil- 	6.2 	pencil- 	6.6 	
	holder 		holder 		
58. dull 					
59. plum 	plum jam 	8·3 			
60. to hit 					
			End of Test III 	
			Test IV 		
61. law 	- 		against 	5.0 	
			the law 		
62. love 	unloving 	3.0 	unloving 	3.0 	
63. glass 	water-glass 	1.6 	glass- 	2.0 	
			cupboard 		
64. to argue 	to quarrel 	4.6 			
65. goat 	goat's milk 	2·4 	goat's milk 	2.8 	
66. grand 	grandeur 	3.0 	grand city 	4.8 	
67. potato 	potato-flour 	4.0 	potato-field 	5.6 	

VI 
	attention 	2.8 
	black 	5.0 
	weather 	2.0 
	cat/domestic 	8.0 
animal 
	marksman 	3.6 

against 	5·4 	
the law 		
child 	2.0 	
bottle 	8.0 	
discord 	7.8 	
fire/house 	3.8 	
ocean 	11.0 	
dish (food) 	6.8 	

1. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
particularly when it was not being activated. Tests I-IV took place at the beginning of the treatment, when the complexes were still very active. Test VI was not carried out until the third month. This might explain the lack of complex-characteristics in this part of Test VI. In Test I the after-effect may last up to R.6I. 
In R.62, the more obvious hint, child, has a strongerperseverating effect than the former superficial unloving. 
Tests 
I 
lI-IV 
68. to paint 
oilpainting partpayment Alt-stetten bunch of flowers hammerstroke linencupboard wild duck family dinner 
4.2 
painter's studio partner 
69. part 
5.2 
70.	old (alt) 
71.	flower 
9.8 
10.2 
old town flowerlet 
72. to strike 
6.0 
73. cupboard 
4.2 
linencupboard 
74.	wild 
75.	family 
4.2 5.2 
family dinner 
76. to wash 77·cow 
cow's milk 
2.0 
cow's milk 
78.	guest 
79.	luck 
80.	to tell 
guest-book good luck story 
guest-book good luck 
6.0 10.6 3.0 
VI 
5·4 
picture 
3.0 
birth/ difficult old man garden 
6.6 2·4 
5.6 
to sit/ tired room 
4.0 
lion large 
3.2 
kitchen man/pater- 
familias spare room joy 
story 
3-4 2.8 
69 (Test VI): birth/difficult. 
Analysis: "My mother had difficult labours; she has told me that her illness was caused by childbearing" (let us remember here 23, child/dear, and 39, hope/happy). Although R.69 does not show any external complex-characteristic that is especially conspicuous, it contains a clear description of the complex. The mother's fate is bound to be a warning to the daughter, because it is easy for her to be afraid that if she gets married she might also become a victim of osteomalacia. It would not be surprising then if the sexual fantasies carried rather gloomy emotional charges and therefore could be maintained only under a certain mental reservation, i.e., in the repression, because then there would not be any pleasurable expectation attached, but a strong feeling of unpleasure. This realization came perhaps rather early and had its share in the construction of the syndrome. 
76: to wash with its conspicuous disturbances can have been con- 
380 
ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM 
stellated by family or by her obsessive cleanliness (see also the analyses of the dreams!). 
77: That there is something attached to family becomes obvious in man/paterfamilias, 8.8 secs. 
consultation 13.4 (Sprech- 
stunde) 
81: manners tends to stimulate sexual complexes. 
In 85, with stork, there are marked disturbances that can be re- 
381 
Tests 
81. manners 
2·4 
82.	narrow 
83.	brother 84. shame 
(Schade) 
4.0 
3.0 5·4 
85. stork 
2.2 
86.	false 
87.	anxiety 
7.0 
3-4 5.2 
88.	to kiss 
89.	fire 
6.0 8.8 
90.	dirty 
91.	door 
92.	to elect 
5.0 5.2 3.0 
93.	hay 
94.	still 
95. ridicule 
96.	to sleep 
97.	month 
98.	coloured 
99.	dog 
lOO. to talk (reden) 
I 
	training 	11.0 
in manners 
shame-joy (Schadenjreude) stork's nest 
•• 5.2 
falsehood feeling of anxiety sister's kiss great fire 
13.0 5.6 
lock election for the Co-op hay-cart rest 
4.2 11.0 
	ridiculous 	2.0 
price sleeplessness 3.4 monthly 3.0 meeting 
faithful dog 
lI-IV 
VI 
	training 	2.8 
in manners 
morals 
2·4 
2.0 
	shame-joy 	3.6 
space siblings loss 
3.6 7.8 8.2 
H 4.0 
(does not understand stimulusword) then - 
	falsehood 	8.2 
	feeling 	3.0 
of anxiety 
	sister's kiss 	4.0 
	fire- 	6.8 
blackened 
dirty marks 7.0 trap-door 4.8 
street lock 
1.8 2.0 
to fly 
7·4 
people trembling 
3.2 4.2 
sister's kiss house 
3.8 8.8 
3.8 7.8 
barn quiet 
2.2 6.8 
End of Test IV 
Test V 
to laugh 
2.8 
rest 
1.8 [tired] [time] 
6.8 6,4 
night long 
3.0 
Negro domestic animal to tell 
a story 
6.2 
6.8 3-4 
painter river/wide 
2.6 3.0 
4.8 
people 

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIA nON 
lated to the stimulus-word (the erotic meaning of which is of course well known) as well as to the preceding accident. 
88: to kiss is rather harmlessly disguised by sister's kiss and clearly shows the naIve compulsion to repress (similarly stork / to fly). But perhaps sister's kiss has a very deep meaning that I could not have suspected at the time of the test (see the dream-analyses!). 
89: fire shows long reaction-times throughout. Fire is one of the expressions by means of which the patient describes the head-symptoms. The response house is constellated by' the dreams of fire in which she often sees houses ablaze. 
92: to elect produces the utterly forced reply election for the Co-op. 
Analysis: "One can elect (choose) a number of things, for instance a town councillor or anyone else"-(resistance, then giggling and embarrassment). We have already long known what a young girl associates with "choosing"; it is actually a "co-operative choice," namely, someone who co-operates for life. This probably explains the disturbances that follow, because this is the "burning" question par excellence. 
97: month often excites the image of the period in a woman, which in our case has a special significance. Hence the complexdisturbance. 
Summary of the Analysis 
	817 	The association experiment and the analytical investigation 
into its results have given us insight into numerous trains of thought which, however, are still only vaguely differentiated. The analysis had to struggle with special difficulties because very few reactions in the three series appear normal. There is an abundance of complex-characteristics, which is further experimental evidence of how much the patient is overpowered by her complexes; we can almost say that not she but her complexes have the last word. The analysis not only met with great difficulties in getting at the critical reactions, because of the numerous complex-characteristics, but its task is made much more complicated by having to try to elicit further thoughts from the patient. Frequently the patient stops after only a few generalities and her laughter betrays that something is flashing through her mind. Interpretations that the patient can confirm are rare. She is so much under the influence of the complex 'that, if she were asked to evaluate its emotional significance, she would not be able to do so and would not know whether 
382 

ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM 
it is important or not. We depend therefore almost entirely on conjectures, which, however, permit certain conclusions. 
	818 	I have picked out only certain complex-constellations, al- 
though there are quite a number of others present. The associations produced in these are, however, only of secondary importance, so that I omitted their analysis for the sake of brevity. 
	819 	There are a good many associations that show complex- 
characteristics throughout all three series and which therefore have to be understood as constant complex-constellations. In the majority of these cases a rather uniform interpretation is possible. Thus, for instance, it cannot be doubted that erotic ideas play an important part; they allow us here and there to recognize references to the doctor. In the second place comes the illness-complex. These two complexes, apparently independent of one another, have some aspects, however, in which they meet. 
	820 	In analogy to the illness of the patient is the illness of the 
mother which, in its turn, touches the sexual complex of the daughter (birth / difficult, etc.). There are also certain signs that it is perhaps a physical sexual complex. Lastly, there is also a school complex present. 
	821 	With these statements a number of threads has been pro- 
vided that may lead us through the maze of the patient's thoughts. Because of her lack of self-control and her helplessness in the face of her complexes, however, the patient brings us into a precarious position in which we have to look for other means of finding confirmation of our assumptions. 
	822 	Nature has an apparatus that makes an extract of the com- 
plexes and brings them to consciousness in an unrecognizable and therefore harmless form: this is the dream. As I thought I had found only the general idea with the association experiment, I collected the patient's dreams. From the beginning nothing but stereotyped blood and fire dreams were related, and these only in a vague form. One had of course to be prepared to obtain material from the past, only after it had been carefully sifted. Everything that was too obvious had been obliterated by strong inhibitions. Also, during the observation the patient dreamed very little, i.e., she remembered only a few dreams. Unfortunately, therefore, the material is not as plentiful as one could wish. 
383 

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIA nON 
n. THE DREAMS 
	823 	During the early months of the treatment I often inquired 
about her dreams. They were said to be infrequent; now and then the patient said she had again dreamed of fire, or of blood: 
"The whole room was full of fire or blood." Now and then she dreamed that blood was spurting from all the openings in her head, or she dreamed the same of another patient whom, in the dream, she saw in her room. The patient did not mention anything of any other dreams. The blood and fire dreams seemed to me to be stereotyped expressions of the dream-life, as the heat-sensations were of the waking life, which first of all symbolically represented the patient's phraseology (she had too much blood in her head, the blood was too hot; she had a temperature of 1040, she ought to be able to bleed properly once, everything in her head was like fire, everything was parched and charred, etc.). In the second place, the stereotyped dreams are, as always, symbolical expressions of the complex, which we have not yet clearly defined. For the therapeutic purpose of setting her against these dreams, which were often accompanied by anxiety, and for the theoretical purpose of learning whether she would abandon the dream-stereotypes and substitute something else for them, I said to the patient casually: "Blood is red, red means love, fire is red and hot, surely you know the song: No fire, no coal can burn as hot, etc. Fire, too, means love." 
	824 	This interpretation made a strong impression on the pa- 
tient. She burst out laughing with marked embarrassment. So she responded with feeling to my interpretation. My naive interpretation of the dreams was based on the assumption that the dream symbolism would be simple and childish, in accordance with the patient's mentality. The interpretation took place in the middle of November. In the second half of November the following dreams occurred: 
	825 	FIRST DREAM (Nov. 27). "The room is full of cats) which are 
making a terrific noise." During the dream, strong anxiety with anger. Details were denied. The above rather general statement had to stand. 
	826 	The analysis was carried out in the same way as with the 
associations; I made her produce the first ideas that came to 
384 

ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM 
mind, avoiding all suggestive remarks and pressing only if the patient appeared to succumb to a stronger inhibition. (The decrease of energy at the approach of a complex, the failure to respond in critical places, etc. are the same.) I should like to point out that in all the coming analyses the result is mentioned beforehand each time, while the material follows in small print. Anyone who is interested in the result only can skip the material. 
	827 	Result of the analysis: The patient lived for eleven years in 
a place where she was frequently disturbed by caterwauling. This noise is known to be caused by mating fights. Behind the manifest dream-content is concealed the idea of sexual intercourse. 
Material. Ideas relating to cats: The patient: "During recent nights there were now and then cats in the garden outside my room. I can't think of anything else-nothing at all (note the strong negations which are forerunners of an intensive inhibition. I insist)I can think of absolutely nothing-yes, we had a lovely Angora cat once upon a time; unfortunately it was stolen." It is definitely peculiar that such a simple reminiscence should be subjected to such strong inhibitions; one has therefore to assume that this reminiscence has yet another aspect of personal significance. I therefore make her continue to associate: "(sounding angry) There are many cats that jump through our garden, yellow, black, white ones-I don't know what you want-(becomes very indignant, as if she were being forced to do something disgusting)-really, I can't think of anything else." This very decisive refusal has to be cut short; so I ask: "Were you disturbed by caterwauling at night?" "Never; it was actually quite impossible, because where I sleep at home one cannot hear the cats at all-as I said, I was never disturbed by cats-(in a casual tone, as if by the way) Oh, I remember that when I was ten or eleven, no, twelve years old (I), we lived in a place where there were always very many cats. They often made such a terrific noise at night that one thought the house would fall down. There were often about sixteen cats; they made this infernal row almost every night." 
I asked: "How long did you live in this place?"-"Eleven years, i.e., from my 12th to my 23rd year." The patient is now 241 So she lived for eleven years, and actually until the year before, in a place where she was disturbed by caterwauling. As we have seen, the inhibition on the reminiscences about cats is so excessively strong that 
385 

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
it leads to the greatest contradictions. It has to be pointed out that the patient's tone, which was usually very courteous and unassuming, became irritable and aggressive during the analysis; a manifestation quite unusual for her. Simultaneously her face more and more assumed an expression of suffering; she thus showed the same expression that otherwise belongs to the illness-complex. Now I asked her whether she knew the meaning of the nightly caterwauling, which she indignantly denied; I probed but received a vehement denial. A 24-year-old girl of average intelligence who has had a cat of her own, and apart from this had ample opportunity to learn about the behaviour of cats, must surely know what the nightly gatherings mean. When she is hysterical, she perhaps does not know it with her ego-complex but surely with her sexual comPlex.15 Now I explained to the patient that the caterwauling meant mating. This was followed by visible excitement; the patient did not answer, blushed and looked out of the window. With reference to the dreams, I told her that cats had a symbolical meaning; she would be given the interpretation later. If one dreams of cats or dogs, this always means something definite. On the following days the patient repeatedly asked for the meaning of the dream, which interested her. 
	828 	SECOND DREAM (Nov. 30). "The whole room is full of mice) 
which are jumPing all over the Place and are making a great noise. The mice have an unusual appearance; they have bigger heads than ordinary mice) somewhat like rats) but they have big black ears; they also have peculiar glowing hot eyes." 
	829 	Result of the analysis: The mice conceal the reminiscence 
of two dogs (male and female) that the patient often saw playing together. The patient has already observed how dogs jump at each other. She has also seen the dog stand up against a maid. This again is about mating. 
Material: Superficially we notice in this dream that on the whole the situation of the last dream is repeated, only the cats have been replaced by mice which, however, do not seem to be proper mice. The "glowing hot" eyes seem to be a fragment of the fire dreams. I put the text of the dream to the patient again; she has nothing to add. 
Associations to the mice: "I particularly noticed that all the mice jumped out of little wooden huts-(this essential piece of description had apparently been kept under an inhibition and therefore could not be produced until now).-The huts looked like dog-kennels." 
15 See Bleuler's theoretical discussions in "Consciousness and Association" (orig. 1905). 
386 

ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM 
Here we seem to be on a new track, because dogs do not appear in the dream. It is true that in the last analysis I drew the patient's attention to dogs. The idea "dog" seems to be indicated indirectly in the dream (i.e., it is repressed). I therefore take "dog-kennel" as the starting point of the analysis. 
Ideas relative to dog-kennel: "Surely, there are many dog-kennels -(indignant) I don't know what you mean-there was nobody near us who had a dog-but one can see such dog-kennels everywherein gardens and court yards-I cannot understand how you could suspect anything here-whatever could be behind it! For instance, just behind our house there was a garden with a dog-kennel in it. There were two dogs, two black ones, I think setters-perhaps a dog and a bitch; but the bitch was immediately removed-they often played together-they tore paper or pushed sticks about-or barked." Then comes a complete resistance with vehement indignation; she does not want to hear anything more about the dogs. After much persuasion it comes out at last that she often saw the dog stand up against the maid when she went into the garden. That the dog mounted the bitch is vehemently denied. But we know already that there are certain things that the patient cannot say, because the inhibitions are far too strong. It can with the greatest probability be assumed that she has seen it; this can be conjectured not only from the way she tells the story, but also from the whole situation. I say: "But one can often see dogs jump on each other's backs!" "Yes, I have often seen that in the street, but these two dogs did not do it." I asked her what the jumping meant: she eXplained it was a game, she did not know any other meaning. She said the last sentence in an irritated voice. We have to make the same comment here as on the previous dream: it is inconceivable that she does not know the meaning. Here, however, we must again remember the influence of the sexual complex on the conscious perceptions of the ego. 
The dream may be reconstructed in the following way: 
The mice are cover-figures which, however, are penetrated by the elements of the cat dream at several points. Mouse is a current association to cat, the two words can thus substitute for each other in the dream (or in a state of reduced concentration!).16 
The mice are as noisy as the cats were, also they are in the room and in greater number. The mice have larger heads; thus they are 
16 We have shown that in a state of diversion of attention the indirect associations increase in such a way that a very frequent association replaces either the stimulus-word or the reaction, so that it appears as if the stimulus-word must have been misheard or that the patient reacted by a slip of the tongue. "The Associations of Normal Subjects," 
387 

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
not really mice, but larger animals. They have large black ears, like the black setters which also have big black ears. The mice jump out of kennels. The analysis points to a very ambiguous situation, the interpretation of which should not be difficult; it is mating again, as in the previous dream. That the dog jumps up on the servant seems to be a subtle indication as to what sort of person the thought of sexual intercourse refers to. This indication was missing in the first dream. Perhaps one may express the hypothesis that the first analysis stimulated the patient's sexual complex, so that her own person appeared in the next dream. I would also point out that as, in the earlier blood and fire dreams, the entire room was always full of blood or fire, the room is now full of cats and mice. The analysis took place on December 1, after the third dream, which follows. I did not inform the patient of the analysis of the second dream, so that when she had the third dream she had no insight about the content of the second dream. 
	830 	THIRD DREAM (Dec. 1). "She goes into a shop in the town to 
buy something. A big black dog that is very hungry comes along and jumps up on her} as if she could give him something to eat." 
	831 	Result of the analysis: In this dream the patient clearly 
takes the place of the maid of the previous dream, thereby revealing that the idea of mating refers to her. 
Material: The manifest form of the dream betrays the content in line with the analysis of the preceding dream. 
The patient is now in the situation of the maid; this clearly throws light on the critical point which remained unexplained in yesterday's dream, yet in the form that the patient could not understand on the previous day. Had she understood this symbol, it would probably not have been used-like the cats, the significance of which had been explained to her. Associations to the "dog jumping up": First there are generalities as usual, excuses and blockages which I am not going to reproduce, so as not to go into too much detail. At last she again thinks of the scene with the maid and the dog. Our first thought when considering the dream was of course this scene, but it was different for the patient. She has to search for it at great length, as if it were a reminiscence that had long since faded away and been forgotten. This is because at first she has to push aside all the resistances attached to this recollection. We are free from such resistances. The same thing happens to her in the dream-analysis as happened in the association experiment, when she always had the same blockages at critical points, even after two or 
388 

ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM 
more repetitions, although one would actually expect that a reaction produced with so much effort would be more enduring than one without any special significance. 
On the same day I carried out the analysis of her main symptoms (see below). During the following night she had a dream: 
	832 	FOURTH DREAM (Dec. 2). "She is standing in the corridor of 
the Department and sees a tall black man coming along. He is leading someone down the corridor} but she does not see whether this person is a man or a woman." 
	833 	Result of the analysis: The black dog becomes the black 
man, the scene is transferred to the Hospital. The black man is the disease-producing sexual complex that brought the patient to the mental hospital. She is trying to gratify her desire for love by falling in love with the doctor, but it is not to the purpose, since the doctor is already married. 
Material: The manifest form of the dream reminds us of the dog scene, except that the big black dog has now become a big black man. The maid of the dog scene (the patient herself) has become blurred (the patient does not know whether it is a man or a woman). The patient herself does not appear to take any further part in the dream; we therefore have to look for her in a dream-figure, and may well presume that she is the indistinct figure. 
Associations to the "black man": "The man comes from the front door, as if taking someone to the Department. He is dressed like a judge of a Vehmic court17 (whom she had once seen at the theatre); he looks like a ghost, "like the black man whom I used to see when going off to sleep." I asked her whether it had frightened her: "No, I was not frightened of him-yet I was. I even wanted to retreat into a room out of fright, but a nurse called out: 'Stop, this is forbidden! This room is already occupied.''' There is apparently an inhibition attached to "fright." We have now traced the "black man" of the dream back to the "black man" of the vision. The vision shows the man stretching out his hand to catch hold of her; this frightens her very much. The vision is a stereotyped complex-expression, like the blood and fire dreams; it is thus a rather rigid psychic product which it is not easy for the analyst to tackle. In fact, the analysis comes up against strong barriers here which the patient cannot break down. We therefore have to resort to conjecture. The black man who approaches her to catch hold of her is analogous to the hungry black dog that jumps up on her. The 
11 [A medieval tribunal that sat in secret.] 
389 

I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIA TlON 
dog has a strong sexual background, which probably also belongs to the black man. The vision originated at a climax of the illness, when the patient was often thinking of death and was afraid she might even die as a result of her illness. As we indicated in the analysis of the associations, thoughts about death do not by any means exclude the sexual background; on the contrary, they can take the place of sexuality. As we have seen from the analysis of the associations and the analyses of the dreams so far, the patient is completely pervaded by a sexual complex. It is therefore most likely that the idea of intercourse is enacted in this dream as well. But let us leave this aspect for the time being and observe more closely the behaviour of the black man. At the height of the illness she is afraid she will die. Symbolically expressed: death is stretching his hand towards her, i.e., the illness will take her and lead her into the grave. The black man of the dream is leading an indistinct figure, who might represent the patient, into the mental hospital, and moreover to the same department where the patient is in actual fact. Thus the illness has not taken the patient to the grave but to the lunatic asylum. 
The black man derives from the sexual dog, and the illness from the sexual complex. 
To elucidate this sentence I beg to remind the reader of all the statements so far made: in the associations the clear and intensive activity of a sexual complex becomes obvious; in the dreams we found up to now nothing but metaphors for the sexual complex. At first there are the stereotyped blood and fire dreams, which are of a nai've symbolism. They say: "My blood is hot, I have strong sexual feelings of love." The dreams speak of sexual intercourse. Her illness is clearly connected with menstruation. That much is also acceptabll'; to the patient, that the illness has a connection with the first period. Everything we were able to find out so far speaks for the sexual origin of the illness. What the patient is yearning for is doubtless The Man. She wants the man but has the illness; as long as she is ill she cannot get married. Does she want to be ill? We know the will-to-be-ill of hysterics. They escape into illness for some reason; they want to be ill. This is a truth that almost forces itself on the observer. From the asthenic personality of the patient who, for no other obvious reason, breaks down in the simple association experiment, which does not require any effort, I could not help getting the impression that she did not make any effort whatsoever to react normally, i.e., to be healthy; on the contrary, she behaved in such a way that one could not help seeing how ill she was and how little interest she had in being healthy. 
390 

ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM 
She needs the illness as an obstacle to prevent her getting married. 
So she has the choice between illness and man, therefore the choice between the joys of sexual love and the care and attention given to the sick child, which also has its advantages for a nai've female mentality. I had explained to her the previous day that she wanted to be ill because she was afraid of getting married and being healthy. The dream is the answer to it. I had already told her dozens of times: "You are escaping into the illness again; you must not do that, it is forbidden." I said this to her each time she wanted to avoid telling me something unpleasant and disguised it by a headache and heat sensations. What does the dream say? 
"But a nurse called: Stop, this is forbidden!" the nurse (thus my proxy) calls out in these words when the patient wants to take refuge in a room from fear of the black man (this part of the dream is, as its form shows, further protected by a special inhibition, so that it is produced only during the analysis). The fear of the sexual future and all its consequences is too great for the patient to decide to abandon her illness. She prefers to be ill, as she has been up to now, i.e., in actual fact to be nursed and pampered by her mother. 
The dream, however, does not end with the presentation of this train of thought; it says, moreover, that the patient cannot retreat into the room, for it is already occupied. As the analysis shows, we assume that to take refuge in a room is a symbol for escaping into the illness, that therefore "room" means "illness." The patient is, however, in possession of her illness already, it therefore cannot be occupied by anyone else. But let us remember that "illness" is ambiguous. Her illness is the sexual complex, i.e., the repressed sexual feelings. The prohibition thus also says: It is forbidden to have sexual feelings, because something in the sexuaFty is already "occupied." Because of lack of time I had to interrupt the analysis at this point and to postpone it to the next day, when I intended to ask for information about which room it had been in the dream. On the following day I asked the patient at once which room it had been. She promptly replied: "Room No. 7." In order not to spoil anything, I asked the patient for the dreams of the previous night, before I began the analysis. She had dreamt again: 
	834 	FIFTH DREAM (Dec. 3)' "1 was outside and stood next to 
Miss L. We both saw that a house was on fire. Suddenly a white figure emerged from behind the house; we both got scared and exclaimed simultaneously: 'Lord Jesus!' " 
	835 	Result of the analysis: Here the black man has turned into 
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a white figure; the burning house is the sexual complex. Miss L. is a patient who has a crush on the author. She was, like the patient, taken ill because of an erotic complex. The patient therefore expresses through this person that she has fallen in love with the author. Thus the patient substituted the tender relationship with her mother, which is damaging to her energy, by the erotic relation to the doctor. 
Material: The form of the dream shows us that because of the dream interpretation the black man had to assume another disguise and changed to the white apparition which, however, played the same frightening role. The situation too is similar in that, as the patient starts to do something, she is suddenly prevented. In the burning house we suspect the heat of sexual feelings. A pointer for the analysis is, by analogy with previous ones, that part of the last dream that was not completed at yesterday's analysis; namely Room No. 7. Room No. 7 is occupied by Miss L., a patient of the same age as our patient. This gives us a new point of vantage regarding the previous dreams. In that dream the patient thought something like this: "I go into Miss L.'s room, I do the same as Miss L." Particularly characteristic of Miss L., however, is the fact that she is in love with the writer-hopelessly, as the writer is already married. The patient therefore finds the "room" occupied in two senses: (1) Miss L. is already in love with the writer; therefore there is nothing left for her. (2) The writer is married; this precludes any tender emotion from the very start. In today's dream the idea of yesterday's is elaborated in more detail. In the dream the patient always does what Miss L. is doing. Thus she also watches the burning house. Therefore she also has a hot yearning or a burning love. The patient also knows that Miss L. was taken ill because of an unhappy love-affair. Here is a further very stimulating analogy! Therefore they both see how the white apparition, alias the black man, alias the illness, suddenly appears behind the fire of love and frightens them both, as love has made them both ill. Miss L. suffered from sudden depressive agitations, during which she behaved in an utterly despairing and senseless manner. The patient always was amazed at this and frequently stated with satisfaction that she was after all not so ill as to have to behave like that. I had also often told her (our patient) that if she had let herself go, she would have become even worse. Thus the patient could easily think, with her mild jealousy of Miss L., that Miss L. had let herself go more and therefore had become more severely ill. This is how "Room No. 7" 
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was further determined. This point had not been explored in the former analysis; therefore we meet it again later on. 
The content of this dream again throws light on that of the previous one in a peculiar way: The fear of the black man (sexual future) makes her escape into illness, which is, however, forbidden. Therefore the patient looks for a new way out: she does the same as Miss L., she falls in love with the doctor who can appreciate the complex and is a sexually harmless man; thus the dream finds a fortunate compromise. It replaces the love-giving but illness-producing mother by the healing but also sexually significant man. But there is a snag; the patient is poor and cannot stay at the clinic much longer, because she has not enough money. Miss L., however, is very rich and can stay as long as she likes. Miss L. then can take her place and "occupy" the room. 
This manoeuvre also led nowhere and therefore the idea behind it remained active. 
When I tactfully explained the content of these dreams to the patient she made a sad disappointed face-apparently the explanation was too blunt-and said in a suffering tone: "Oh, if my mother knew the things that are dragged out of me here!" 
This reaction is noteworthy, since her mother would probably be indifferent to shades of feeling in her daughter. The answer, however, excellently depicts the cooling down and turning away of the patient's infantile sexual need for tenderness from the doctor and her reinsurance with the mother's love, a clear indication that the compromise is not tenable and the patient cannot separate herself from her childlike relation to the mother. 
	836 	SIXTH DREAM (Dec. 6). "My father is here and I am showing 
him the Institution by going through all the departments with 
h
· " lm. 
	837 	Result of the analysis: The patient fulfils the wish to stay 
longer in treatment with the author, which she hopes will cure her. 
Material: The patient states that this is only a fragment of a longer series of dreams which, however, she cannot remember. Even analysis cannot produce what is missing. It is not difficult to understand the dream; it represents an uncompleted piece of yesterday's dream. The patient behaves in this dream as if the Institution is more or less her home. I had asked her occasionally whether her father never came to visit her, to which the patient said that she thought she was here for such a short time that it was not worth- 
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while for her father to make the journey. In the dream apparently a situation has arisen in which the visit was worthwhile all the same. So the patient can stay here for a very long time (as she actually wants to do). Besides which, the dream shows the patient in an unexpected position of authority. She has the master key which opens all the departments for her; this leads to the conclusion that she is enjoying the quite special confidence of the doctor. What this confidential relation to the doctor means is not difficult to guess. 
	838 	SEVENTH DREAM (Dec. 6, during the same night as the 
previous one). "I am at home} Mother is sitting at the dinner table} you} Sir} opposite to her} and you are eating. Between Mother and you there is an empty chair. I want to sit down on this chair and eat too. But Mother has a hot flat-iron which she pushes towards me and that makes me get hot in the head. I tell Mother to put the iron away; she makes me feel hot with it so that I cannot eat. I too would like to eat with you both. A t this you get up and shout at me that there is no need at all for me to eat now} I can just as well eat later." 
	839 	Result of the analysis: The patient desires a sexual relation- 
ship with the author, for she hopes that in this way she may get free of the influence of the mother which contributes to her illness. But the author is married, so that this wish cannot be fulfilled. She must therefore remain ill. 
Material: This dream too shows a transparent symbolism; we can interpret it without any difficulty with the help of the pointers in Dream IV. We have seen that in Dream IV the patient starts to make a compromise between the infantile relationship to the mother and the sexual relationship to the man. Here the author clearly takes the role of the "man." The animal symbolism had already been dropped in the latest dreams, as it had been dealt with and become too transparent. So she has to create other coitus symbols. The dream begins with the patient being at home. This is the main question now which she puts to me daily: "How will it work out at home? I am always afraid it will go wrong again at home!" What is dangerous at home is mainly the mother, who as the careful nurse of her youngest child and image has apparently contributed her share to the patient's hysteria. Thus at home the question again arises: "Shall I continue with the role of the sick child that needs nursing, or shall I, in accordance with the doctor's advice, entrust myself bravely to the sexual future?" She therefore stands between 
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ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM 
doctor and mother. The author is eating, she wants to eat with them, i.e., to do the same as the author. In what way can she do the same as the author? There is only one possibility, and that is the one that has already repeatedly been deliberated: to marry. She would like to sit in the chair next to the author, she would therefore like to sit beside him; this means nothing but that she relates to me in the sense of "husband." Does "to eat" therefore mean the marital function? We know Freud's principle of the displacement from below upwards. What happens to the mouth (in the dream, in hysteria, in schizophrenia) happens to the genitals. If one eats, one puts something into the mouth. 
(A patient in the early stage of dementia once expressed her wishdelirium by saying that the man she desired as her bridegroom fed her with a spoon, which made her pre?;nant and she had a child.) So she wishes to enter into a sexual relationship with the doctor. But the mother makes her feel hot with the flat-iron, so she cannot sit down at the table, i.e., the mother brings back her illness (heat sensations in the head) and thus prevents her marriage. The fear that she may become worse again when she gets home is reflected here. Up to now the author has played a passive role, so that actually nobody but the mother stopped her from giving her love to the doctor. But now the author gets up and rejects her bluntly by forbidding her to "share the meal," i.e., to attach sexual thoughts to him, and at the same time comforts her by referring her to the future, when she can get married. This passage refers to a talk that I had with the patient a few days before, in which I carefully indicated that the question of getting married would not be so difficult later on, once she was well again. From this content it appears that the patient is again concerned with the dream-situation of the occupied room, with some variation, but this is connected with the obviously deep impression made on her by my previous analysis, in which I ruthlessly destroyed her illusions. Through this refusal she sees herself thrown back on the mother, and with the mother she becomes ill, because the mother does not want her to get married (see below). I have hardly concluded the analysis with the patient, when she says, quite out of context: "I am reminded of a dream that I used to have very often. I always used to dream of worms, reddish and whitish ones, the floor and the whole room were full of them (just like the blood, the fire, the cats, etc.). Very often, too, it was as if a colossal worm was being drawn out of my mouth." This dream in this context can be nothing but one of those penis dreams, so frequent in the normal as well as in the ill person (in dementia praecox, patients often have special neologisms for this such as 
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I. STUDIES IN WORD ASSOCIATION 
snakes, the stalk of a lily, staff of life, etc.). The mouth again indicates the displacement from below upwards. 
It is therefore not unlikely that interference with marriage by the mother is the hysterogenous basic experience. Moreover, a sexual trauma has to be expected because of the lively erotici~m of the patient. Therefore I told the patient that I was not satisfied, there must exist another experience which she had not yet (:old me, and which was of particular importance. Perhaps it would be revealed to me by her dreams. Perhaps this experience has also a connection with her cleanliness compulsion. Then for eight days the patient cannot recall any dream, although she knows she has had vivid ones. During this time I tried, as always, to get her interested in some activity and repeatedly discussed with her whether she did not know of any chance anywhere of earning a little money. After eight days had elapsed she again remembered a dream. 
	840 	EIGHTH DREAM. "] am at home and Picking small coins up 
off the floor. ] also find lovely stones, which] wash. ] put the money and the stones on the kitchen-table and show them to my brothers:' 
	841 	Result of the analysis: The patient thinks of going home, she 
has made several good resolutions and particularly thinks that she will find a substitute for the impossible relationship to the doctor in her family, especially in her brothers. The background of the dream, however, remains un interpreted. 
Material: In this dream she has realized her future earning of money. A new feature, however, is "the lovely stones" which she washes (cleanliness compulsion?). She shows her brothers what she has washed on the kitchen-table, which is perhaps reminiscent of the dinner-table? The analysis yielded Ilothing but generalities; the strongest resistances were put up against any deeper penetration. What are the brothers doing at the kitchen-table, are they perhaps replacing the doctor at the dinner-table? I could not solve this question. 
	842 	NINTH DREAM (Dec. 12). "] am going for a walk in Zurich, 
but it suddenly becomes the place where my home is. Outside a house] see a policeman standing, talking to a man whom] only see indistinctly. The policeman makes an extremely sad face and enters the house. Then suddenly Miss L. walks along the street with a terribly sad face. Then we are suddenly together in a room and are sitting at the dinner-table. Suddenly 
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ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM someone says that the house is on fire. Miss L. says: 'Now] am getting into bed.' ] find this inconceivable and run out into the corridor, but there] am told there is no fire; it was therefore only a false alarm. Now] go in again and find myself at home in the kitchen with Mother, and two of my brothers are there too. A basket full of gorgeous aPPles is standing there. One of my brothers says: 'This also is something for me.''' 
	843 	Result of the analysis: The patient, like Miss L., is disap- 
pointed in her hope of love which, however, she understands with regard to Miss L., whose less good qualities she scornfully stresses. So she goes home, where she again enters into a suspiciously intimate relationship with one of her brothers. 
Material: The general situation of the dream is a similar one to that of the seventh dream. It is again about being together at the dinner- or kitchen-table. In the first part of the dream there is a policeman with a terribly sad face. Immediately afterwards and quite suddenly, Miss L. turns up with the same attribute. The policeman enters a house, and this is immediately followed by the patient eating with Miss L. in a room. Miss L. and the policeman are apparently equivalent. How and why has Miss L. changed into a policeman? I ask the patient for conspicuous characteristics of Miss L. The patient finds in particular that Miss L. has such peculiar manners that she is only half a woman, almost a man, and she is also very thin. We have a long thin sausage in Switzerland which is called something like "dried-up policeman."IB This term is also used as a nickname for thin people. The patient thus indicates the less laudable aspects of Miss L. Why she does so is shown by the circumstance that the policeman speaks to a man whom the patient sees only indistinctly; if Miss L., however, speaks to a man, then in the dream it can be nobody but the author. It is therefore likely that the patient is again jealously stressing Miss L.'s feelings for the author, thence treating Miss L. very disdainfully. Then she sits with Miss L. at the dinner table. She is therefore in a sexual situation with her which, however, one must not think of as anything homosexual, as "dinner-table" in its sexual meaning has already been dealt with by the author; it would therefore be far too transparent. Here it probably only means: "I feel sexually as Miss L. does." The firealarm that follows also indicates this. 
The patient goes outside to look. Miss L., however, goes to bed, i.e., becomes sick with love. To understand this, we must know that 
18 [In German, diirren Landjiiger.] 
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Miss L. always went to bed when she was excited. At the beginning of the dream the patient humiliates her rival, then when the sexual situation (fire-alarm) comes up, Miss L. actually becomes ill and therefore completely harmless. So the rival has been put out of the way. But the patient hears it is only a false alarm: this is the disappointment ("the room is occupied," "she cannot partake of the meal"). The author has spoiled her illusions, the transposition of her desire for love to the man has not succeeded, she therefore has to return to mother, where at least she finds an equivalent to the gratification of her need for love. Therefore the situation changes in the second part of the dream. The patient is suddenly at home with her mother in the kitchen instead of at the dinner-table. If only the relationship to the mother was concerned, there would be no need for the brothers. But two brothers are there as well and, as in the eighth dream, at the kitchen-table, but instead of the "lovely stones" a basket of "gorgeous apples" now stands there, and a brother says: "This also is something for me." The dinner-table scene of the seventh dream, as well as the dinner-table scene of this dream with Miss L., can hardly be interpreted in other than a sexual sense: now we have a similarly constructed picture in immediate succession to the sexual scene in that "dinner-table" has been replaced by "kitchen." In the first place the "gorgeous apples" look like the "lovely stones" on the kitchen-table, and secondly they are something edible (cf. Eve's apple). This is something for the brother, he gets some of it. We have to keep in mind: in the first part of the dream a sexual wish is destroyed for the patient; the second part can hardly refer merely to the mother, sex must somehow play its part here. I now make her produce ideas about the "apples": "I thought of the apples I saw at a fruiterer's19 yesterday. I was there with Mrs. Jung." So she was there with my wife; this could be a clue. But now the analysis comes to a halt and no further progress can be made. So I make a fresh start with the brother: "This was my brother who lives in Italy: he has often invited me to go to Italy and visit him." 
Remember here R.25, Test VI. 
Travel: The patient associated at this point: "A nice journey to Italy-honeymoon." This would, however, be nothing to do with the brother, and yet the apples are meant for him too. I would like to add here another short dream which the patient had right at the beginning of the treatment. She dreamed that I came into the room and she said to me: Unfortunately the nuts could not be gathered 
19 [The word used, Sudfruchtengeschiift, means a shop specializing in fruit from the South.] 
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ASSOCIATION, DREAM, AND HYSTERICAL SYMPTOM 
yet, but she had a whole basket full of them at home. In this dream the patient offers the fruit to me, nuts. Nuts are as hard as stones, one has to open them to be able to eat them. Remember the "lovely stones," the "gorgeous apples," which she now allocates to the brothers. What her erotic expectation originally promised me is for the brother now, she has turned away from me. 
I think that here it becomes obvious that there is something about the brother that goes beyond a sibling relation. The brother's significance for the sister becomes suspect (cf. to kiss/sister's kiss), and we cannot help having a strong feeling that here is something, sought for a long time, that would explain a lot, if we could be sure of it.20 Some adventure of the time before puberty, in which the brother plays an impressive role, seems to be at the bottom here, a Freudian trauma. But the secret is well defended, and the analysis cannot gain access. 
I told the patient quite casually of the content of the analysis, avoiding making any hints of a sexual nature. I wanted to avoid this because revealing the symbolism might make the next dream even more obscure. The inner development of the patient indicated in this dream, i.e., the turning away from the author, the abandoning of his point of view and the invalidating of his advice and teaching showed themselves (apart from an objective deterioration) in the significant fact that the patient now started again to dream of fire and blood; she "heard the fire-alarm every night." 
The time of discharge now came nearer and nearer, and I hoped for a decisive dream, but the patient did not remember her dreams any more (except the fire dreams) apart from a single small fragment that did not tell us anything. On the morning of the day of her discharge I asked her, as usual, whether she had dreamt again. She said "Yes" but added quickly: "But I know already what the dream means, I noticed it at once. But I am not going to tell you; it is something from the past that I can only perhaps tell my mother." I implored her repeatedly, but in vain; she insisted it was of such a nature that she could only tell it to her mother. At last I said, then it must be a very unpleasant sexual story! The patient did not reply to that but looked out of the window. I could not venture to press the point any further. 
Thus our dream-analysis and the analysis of the illness as a whole 
20 Here it should also be remembered that in the dream of the occupied room there was the call: "Stop, this is forbidden!" Perhaps my phrase made such an impression, because it was complex-stimulating and expressed something that was of great importance for the patient (if we assume that the complex here touched actually exists!). 
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