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Inventors Whose Inventions have Been Suppressed
Pogue Carburetor

Suppressed Inventions
The list of suppressed and censored inventions created in the last century that could have provided mankind with low cost energy in terms of fuel efficient vehicles and power to run your home is truly staggering. In this article Inventors Whose Inventions have Been Suppressed we will take a look at just a few of the hundreds of inventions that could have helped mankind.
With dwindling oil supplies and the high cost of electricity to run our homes you will simple be amazed by the inventions that could have saved mankind billions, if not trillions in oil and electricity costs.
Through bribery, harassment and flat out intimidation Big Business such as the Oil Industry and Power Companies have kept the public from reaping the rewards from these suppressed inventions. Many inventors have died mysterious deaths or 'committed suicide' and even the government and the military have colluded to keep these inventions from seeing the light of day.
Again censorship and disinformation is the common tool used by The Powers That Be to keep the public woefully ignorant of these and other suppressed inventions. Simple by denying that these inventions ever existed or worked for that matter, keeps the masses from learning how deep the 'rabbit hole' of deception goes.
Here are just a few of the inventors and their inventions that have been suppressed, but like their inventions, details of their lives and history are mysteriously unavailable on the World Wide Web.
Charles Pogue
The now infamous Pogue Carburetor invented by the Canadian Charles Nelson Pogue is a prime example of how disinformation, lies, bribery and intimidation works to censor inventions and keep the public guessing.
"Winnipeg’s largest automobile dealers tested the Pogue carburetor and got results of up to 216.8 mpg! In 1945, according to an unnamed source, carburetors marked “POGUE CARBURETOR, DO NOT OPEN” were used on American Army tanks throughout WWII but were removed from circulation after the war ended."
Pogue wisely sold his invention to Big Oil and overnight became the the manager of a successful factory that made oil filters for the motor industry.
This carburetor proved ineffective when lead was added to gasoline and this is the real reason behind lead based gasoline, so others inventors would not try to duplicate his invention.
My contention is that if this invention was really proven to not work as advertised why is their so much mystery behind the story?
Henry Moray
In the early 1920's Henry Moray developed what is known as the 'radiant energy device' that was able to tap energy from the metafrequency oscillations of empty space.
Unable to acquire a patent, this device was never developed, although the inventor provided a working prototype.
Moray also invented the first working transistor years ahead of the widely recognized transistor made by Bell Laboratories.
His device could also be used as a weapon, as many of his experiments showed.
Moray had managed to rig the device so that it projected a ray of energy in a beam, and could kill mice instantly at over fifty feet. When radiated by the beam, the mice were carbonized immediately. They appeared frozen, but nothing was left except their shells, and they simply fell apart when touched.
This sound eerily familiar to recently unexplainable events at the turn of this century.
Ivor Newberry
Ivor invented what basically amounts to a vaporizer to use the engines own exhaust to create a more fuel efficient carburetors. Although he was able to acquire a patent and sold the device in the 30's it has since been taken off the market.
This patent describes a carburetor design which was able to produce very high mpg figures using the gasoline available in the USA in the 1930s but which is no longer available as the oil industry does not want functional high mpg carburetors to be available to the public.
Big Oil has prevented the public from obtaining any inventions which might allow them to use fuel efficient vehicles. My '91 Honda Civic gets better gas mileage than many similar sized cars made today.
Hans Coler
Hans invented what he termed the Magnetstromapparat a free energy device that created energy seemingly from no known power source.
It should be noted that the above mentioned Dr. Schumann is the very same scientist involved in project Paper Clip. On page 168 of the book Hitlers Flying Saucers by Henry Stevens, Hans Coler's device is described in detail and Dr. Schumann's connection to it.
Lester Hendershot
Lestor Hendershot invented the fuel-less generator in 1927-28 unable to get a patent he eventually committed 'suicide' in 1961.
In an article written by Mark Hendershot, Lester's son he says
"My Father said that while he was in the hospital, he was approached by a large corporation to stop his activity in connection with the motor or generator. Until the day he died, he would not reveal the name of the company, only that if he were successful with his generator, it would be a serious threat to their multimillion dollar industry. He named the sum he accepted as $25,000, and the condition was that he was not to build another unit for twenty years. That's when he dropped out of sight."
Suppressed energy saving technology was most prevalent in the early part of the twentieth century as the main source of information to the public was newspapers which were owned by The Powers That Be.
Joseph Yater
Yater supposedly invented a rooftop device that converted the freed electrons from heated molecules and was claimed to run off the 'fluctuation voltage' derived from static noise heard on radios and amplifiers.
This device was demonstrated to the US government and was declared to have 'real potential'. The government then took over the project promising to have a working prototype delivered in six months, however soon after declared that the device was impractical.
Joseph Bascle
The Bascle carburetor was invented in the 1950's and although was used by taxicabs in the Baton Rogue area was never commercialized.
It supposedly raised mileage by 25 percent and reduced pollution by 45 per-cent. Its inventor, Joseph Bascle, was a well known Baton Rouge researcher who re-modified every carburetor in the local Yellow Cab fleet shortly after his arrival there.
Not much is known about this inventor as I had to go to page four of Google search just to find any information on this researcher/inventor.
John Andrew
Again trying to find documentation of these inventors has proven difficult on the World Wide Web and this no different for John Andrew's a Portugese chemist that invented a water additive (a green powder derived from coal) to gasoline that for all intensive purposes would reduce the cost of gasoline to about two cents a gallon.
Walter Meriwether, the Navy editor of the New York World, met with Andrews at his home in McKeesport, PA. Andrews was extremely paranoid. He said:
"Somebody poisoned my watchdog last week. The only reason my dog was poisoned was so somebody could get at me more easily. I am being followed everywhere, day and night. A lot of people know about my invention --- how it will put every oil company in the world out of business. Two cents a gallon for a substitute as good as the best they can refine? I tell you, my life is not worth that [snapping his fingers]! Think of what my invention means to nations at war".
He demonstrated his additive to the US Navy in 1917 and showed that it would work, but before he could commercialize this product he went missing and his research was destroyed. Other stories have Andrews being murdered and his sister taking his formula to Scotland where she ends up murdered as well. Nothing more is known about his whereabouts or his formula.
Guido Franch
Guido Franch, a former coal miner, also came up with a similar formula to that of John Andrew's and about the same time period. Franch spent the next fifty years trying to find investors willing to produce his fuel additive which he called 'Mota', which is atom spelled backwards.
On July 13, 1979, the story of Guido Franch and his "Mota-Fuel" made the papers nationwide. He claimed he could turn ordinary tap water into 105 octane gasoline by merely adding some green crystals to it. With a gasoline shortage in full swing, his announcement was met with a great deal of interest.
Although Franch demonstrated his additive hundreds of times throughout the years and even in front of two judges at his fraud trial, the formula was never commercialized. Franch received about 100,000 dollars over the course of forty years of his life from small investors.
Other Inventions

Tom Ogle
Thomas Ogle was 24 year old high School drop out from El Paso, Texas that grabbed national headlines when, during the energy crisis of the early 70's, claimed that his carburetor would allow V8 engines to get 160 miles to the gallon.
Although Ogle was able to get a patent for his carburetor, he was told that his patent may have already been issued to General Motors, which had chosen not to commercialize the design.
Of course the obvious question is why had General Motors decided not to pursue the manufacture of a carburetor that would provide vehicles with fuel-efficient motors.
Ogle even approached President Jimmy Carter with his design but was denied, less than two years later he died of a mysterious alcohol and drug overdose.
Lost Inventions
Somethgblue
- Knowledge Speaks, Wisdom Listens . . . The Media is Lying To You, So What Is the Truth?
This article introduces us to the fact that the media has the legal right to lie to you and spread disinformation. It details the lawsuit against the Federal Reserve System and all the strange geographical disasters being reported as bad weather. - 10 months ago
Conclusions
This is just a list of ten inventors whose inventions have been suppressed that created and designed inventions that would have saved the public Trillions of dollars in fuel prices over the last fifty to one hundred years, had they been allowed to produce them.
Although many inventions maybe considered hoaxes, the similarities in design and operation of the devices mentioned above should provide anyone with an ounce of skepticism to realize that these inventions obviously have merit and have been suppressed, censored and stolen.
Does anyone truly believe that a civilization that can create sophisticated computers, advanced medical technology and stealth aircraft cannot invent a motor that gets 100 miles to the gallon?
Are we to believe that the combustible engine cannot be improved upon since the early part of the Twentieth Century, over a hundred years?
When High School drop outs are inventing carburetors that get 160 mpg, then it is time to realize that these improvements are simple and can be easily produced.
It is obvious that the Big Energy Corporations of America are using their sphere of influence, money and power to control our government and silence any who oppose them. Inventors in this country that create energy saving devices have three alternatives, sell out to Big Business and get what you can, disappear never to be heard from again or an early death by 'suicide'.
It is obvious to this author that this is just the tip of the iceberg when considering the list of Inventors Whose inventions have Been Suppressed.
Related Hubs
From Tesla to Today Free Energy will Kill You
You make the call
Is anyone willing to believe that a country that can supposedly put a man on the Moon cannot create a combustible engine that gets 100 mpg?
- 89% No, it is obvious that fuel efficiency has been overruled by greed.
- 0% Yes, that seems reasonable to me.
- 11% Don't believe we ever put a man on the Moon
This Hub was last updated on November 18, 2012
Loading... Comments 65 comments
Wow, pretty neat hub! Although I found it hard to read those columns you put side by side on my smartphone. I remember watching this documentary once where this kid in India had invented a motorbike engine that used something completely green and free and I kept wondering why such inventions are surpressed. The documentary also covered water heaters that used so little electricity to heat up that would cut down your electricity bill significantly. Why are such inventions covered up? Some never get to see the light of day.
I doubt a civilization that can create sophisticated computers and military weaponry can fail to come up with more eco-friendly transport systems!
i wish this was a tesla world
....especially the mop slippers
I enjoyed this Hub... I just added a link to it, within the 'comment field' of a Hub I was posting comments to a few days ago, here: http://larrywall.hubpages.com/hub/Alternative-fuel
I thought that it complimented it quite nicely...
You stated:
"It is obvious that the Big Energy Corporations of America are using their sphere of influence, money and power to control our government and silence any who oppose them. Inventors in this country that create energy saving devices have three alternatives, sell out to Big Business and get what you can, disappear never to be heard from again or an early death by 'suicide'.
It is obvious to this author that this is just the tip of the iceberg when considering the list of Inventors Whose inventions have Been Suppressed."
Many years ago, a station in New Orleans, WWL-TV ran a series of stories about a man who had invented a new source of energy. He had letters from astronauts and scientists saying, "if these theories prove true, then it will change the laws of physics as we know them."
This genius shows a box. He opened the top to show a group of small logs were constantly turning. This story went on for months, with more letters that began with the word "if." Well, the day finally cam when we were to see a car run on this new remarkable power source. It would not even start. The news crew spent several hours at the man's house, so he could make adjustments. It never started, and the story went away.
As I said in another Hub, if you believe patents are on file that would accomplish all the things that can be done, then produce them. They are public record. You can research them. It might not be easy but it can be done.
By the way, the computers you talk about run on electricity. Electricity is generated by coal, natural gas, hydro power and atomic energy. Coal and natural gas seem to be the preferred choices, because for the consumer, they are the cheapest.
Maybe Detroit can make a car that gets 150 miles on a gallon of gas--I doubt it. How much is this miracle car going to cost and can it get that mileage on ordinary gasoline or some special blend, which will undoubtedly cost more than what you are paying now?
I have seen the TV shows and the movies and there have been instances where companies have tried to take credit for the work of an individual. Remember, two people came up with plans for the telephone. Alexandria Grham Bell happened to get to the patent office first by a few hours.
You want an alternate fuel. That is fine. You can buy an electric car. You can walk or ride your bike. You could probably get someone to build you an engine that runs on alcohol---the mileage will not be too good and if a fire starts you will not know it because alcohol burns clean unless you add something too it--kind of like adding the smell to natural gas so you can detect a leak before it becomes a problem.
I will ask you what I ask every person who wants to do away with oil and gas, what substance are we going to use for the building blocks of our civilization. Oil is used in some form in practically everything you use.
Gasoline will probably be replaced one day, but not anytime soon. The time is just not right.
Yeah, Big Oil prevails like a Big Bully; oh, and just how in the world can life go on within the cosmos without plastic and rubber??? Need a mannequin and whatnot, to get ya through life? Something tells me that the aliens from those awesome spaceships (that don't use crude oil) are laughing from the inside right now... LOL!
I have no idea what you are talking about. Your car runs on oil and gas. The tires are made from oil as are the vinyl seat covers, belts, knows, carpet backing, computer monitors, heels on shows, heart valves,parachutes, basketballs, ink, dyes, medications and the list goes on and on. You can continue your silly tirade if you wish. I will not respond to it. I more respect for the Hub members to subject them to what you are trying to pass off as meaningful content.
You fall for it all, hook, line and sinker... For one, you wouldn't need most of your heart valves if people didn't eat the crap that is offered by the "big bullies?" I like organic and enjoy raising as much as my own food as I can and have even bought meat from local farmers that didn't inject their livestock with chemicals, hormones, etc., blah!
You seem to think that whatever makes the big money and is approved by the "big boys," is an automatic "must-have" to sustain life. Oh, I can think of loads of petroleum products that could easily be replaced by natural alternatives, but lets not start a holy war, shall we?
Insane Mundane
It is a free country and you are entitled to your views. As a former newspaper reporter and will support that right, no matter how silly I think your comments may be. If I was the author of this hub, I would remove all of your comments and my comments, since the hub was about hidden patents and not the use of oil and gas. Reply if you wish, but I am through with you.
The author suppose to be on a 2 week vacation in Colorado, so maybe you can ask him when he gets back.
Yep, it is silly to shy from mother nature; shame on you for your silly self-promotions of crude oil fabrications.
Through with me?
Wow!
We were just starting to get to know each other... Ha!
Try taking the edge off or lightening up, or else ask me questions so I can give you answers that you keep trying to ignore. :D
Larry, you might have been an ex-newspaper reporter, but you will always need an editor, and obviously so... LOL!
Insane Mundane
Thank you--errors noted, corrections made. I take full responsibility. If you have further comments, I wish you would use one of my Hubs as your platform. I do not want us to hijack this Hub through any exchange we might have in the future.
Have a good day.
Anyone who has studied electricity knows 100% clean and free energy is possible. These laws are used to turn huge generators at electric stations all over the world. The difference is the generators use oil to turn them instead of an additional set of opposing magnets.
Wiring up a whole city to distribute electricity? Electricity can be transmitted through thin air and it is done all the time in circuits.
Moray's failure to get a patent may have been based on Telsa's polyphase alternating current electrical system (which included everything from generating to transmitting) and/or apparatus for the utilization of radiant energy patents. Moray was able to carry out some of Telsa's theories for which he could not get funding.
One show I watch from time to time is ABC's shark tank. It speaks volumes about how things are funded or not funded. You can get funding for anything so long as it doesn't hurt current investments, there is a quick return on the dollar and there is a patent to collect royalties. It's money first, ideas and practicality second (or never).
Awesome hub, free energy has been around for a very long time and has been evidenced many times over. Whenever anyone comes forward with methods of generating free energy they always get suppressed. Governments don't think we're stupid, they just don't care that we know.
Free energy may be possible--but if you take Joer4x4 example, a person I truly respect, someone has to pay for building and maintaining the generators and someone has to pay for the oil to run the generators. Today, most power plants use steam, generated by using some fuel to heat water which then runs a generator to create the electricity. Water is cheap. Sending electricity through the air is obviously possible--lightening strikes happen all the time. Getting it to the right place in the right wattage and amperage is something I do not understand.
Also, in many of the cases in the hub, the patents, if held by GM or other groups have expired or will expire and will be up for grabs. The other issue is volume. Why something may work in a small test setting, there is no guarantee it will work in a large mass production setting.
As far as the Green Powder made from Coal being added to Gasoline--Go talk to EPA about that one. They are going to have some issues with that. Who knows what was in it and how it would react to the gasoline we blend today that does not have tetraethyl lead as an additive. Will that make a difference. I do not know. Do you? Will it work with the reformulated fuels the EPA and various states mandate?
Finally, it is easy to talk about the Powers that Be and Big Oil, but where is the proof.
I got into one argument on this hub for daring to disagree with some of these claims and do not intend to get into another. These are my comments and views. I do not plan to respond to any questions. The questions are in the Hub. People just have to look for them.
..Now, now, now... How many problems has the EPA ignored over the last several years? LOL!
Plastic and petroleum doesn't run the cosmos, nor should it.
All of this in-between crap is what sucks, as we'd be better off either going primitive or advancing - as opposed to your plan of being stuck in a crude world full of petroleum and plastic for aeons of time; blah!
You are entitled to your opinion, as I am entitled to my views. Have a good day.
Thanks, Larry. Without your executive statement, I never would have knew that I was "entitled" to my opinion; thanks! Have a fabulous day while dwelling under the man-made, judicial law of the land!
The proof is everywhere! Right in our faces!
And 'free energy' does not mean free of cost, it means free as in not having to waste Earth's precious limited resources.
When some people think of free energy they think that means that it doesn't need to be paid for. This is not the point being made, the point being made is that we do not need to rely on limited resources such as oil, gas, etc.
My dad, who was a "Navy man" said years ago, "They can make tires that will last forever, but they never will". Follow the money, and you know who suppresses all these wonderful inventions. Greed... that's the issue. Not the planet, or the pockets of the public. Just plain old ageless greed.
Great Hub! Well writen with fantastic information.
Larry: Even though you are not addressing me, I can't help but noticed how flustered you are when trying to understand the needs of the people en masse, as opposed to the monetary brainwashing tactics of higher ups. As I said before on one of your Hubs, "Many people think the Earth's blood is black, like Crude Oil, yet our blood is red; go figure... The Native American Indians never needed crude oil to survive," and even more, the advanced, flying saucers that can hover and defy gravity, doesn't run on gasoline, in case you are wondering; ha!
When will you step off of your high stool and accept the fact that we are currently caught in the middle-grounds held by law, that controls what can and will be utilized as our primary source of energy. Do they teach classes now, on "how to properly be manipulated by the government and learn to like it?"
Your questions toward the end are ridiculous... I was reading about all of this crap in the early '90s and, by your implications, they have delayed the progress for honest reasons and good intentions? LOL! What a joke! What's next? The FDA cares about your health? Ha!
Since Mr. Madman got 202 words and you gave no prior warning about a limit on the length of the hub, I will accept this hub as having a view--a view I disagree with but respect your right to have. For the record, I have written many hubs on energy issues.
Since my comments were deleted after Mr. Madman had a chance to read them, I assume there will be no others and therefore I am finished. Since conflicting ideas are not welcome, I will no longer offer them to you. This comment is 97 words.
My earlier submissions exceeded your word limit. I would be pleased if you deleted them as well in the name of consistency and then delete this one.
You know... sometimes I can help but wonder if the ones barking so loudly about how "wrong" certain ideas are, (especially ideas backed by FACTS) aren't some sort of "plant" to divert our knowledge away from truth and toward the "program".
Write on somethingblue!
"science is truly the ultimate con"
Well said!
It must be the gravity of the times (pun intended)!
I think it is because gravity does not exist. It is a different phenomenon and they are unable to figure it out. And every time they use gravitational theory, they need another theory to rescue it because it can't stand on its own merit.
I think whatever it is that keeps the atom's electrons and protons in order is what we have. Whether a magnetic field or electric charge.
The atom is the basic building block and everything in the universe is built with atoms. If an atom or an atom cluster does not exhibit gravity, it doesn't exits.
Just my thoughts.
some say that we live in a sort of diffrent dimention or plane and that since gravity is the weakest radiation in a sense in this one that i guess that in the other one its alot stronger and its being taken up and we sort of get a piece of it and maybe and this other one maybe an anti matter world or some thing that we cant see or a 5 d world or 9 and the other one has much diffrent properties that we cant see maybe were with it in this other dimension if that makes sense lol but dont know anyway gravity i always wondered negative gs thats cool u get what im saying i was just tryn to say it with as little effort as possible but make it understandable i assume its very simple like physics or maybe theoretical physics which i like except the math were u gotta make it kinda work in a way so it can be a valid theory in a way i dont know im just tryn to amuse ur notion alittle with alittle insight of a sort to a comment post short setting somethg lol
I have no idea why he is trying to talk about the String Theory on a hub about inventions that have been suppressed... LOL!
"I think it is because gravity does not exist"
"So gravity must also have an opposite and yet very little is said about this phenomenon . . . what gives?"
theres a easy translator you should look into it a dictionary but yeah the comment was a little rushed i guess lol
and its not the subject its the topics it surfaced
oh and make ur fucking planet nibiru or whatever exist cuz i dont know what ur talking about with that its not even like argumentative
Sitchin's work has been criticized for flawed methodology and mistranslations of ancient texts as well as for incorrect astronomical and scientific claims.
Oh no, Einstein from the magical bong is back! LOL!
Not lately, but it has only happened to me once... Since I've been on the graveyard shift for the last 9 or 10 years, I'm usually up at night and most of the day.
However, a long time ago when I was a little kid, I had the strangest "night of sleep" ever. I literally laid down, closed my eyes for what seemed like 3 seconds and when I opened 'em, it was daylight. What made it even more strange, was the fact that I felt as if I never went to sleep at all! I just tried to tell myself it was a dream but what is funny about that, is why would I still remember it - if it was just a passing dream?
Maybe the aliens picked me up and downloaded some awesome upgrades to my brain, as that would explain a lot; ha!
Anyway, it is an interesting subject and, if you find the time, maybe you might want to research it and do a Hub about it.
No, the power stayed on here...
Maybe that guy who speaks the unintelligible jargon that reincarnated from Einstein and now possesses a magical bong full of boogy-boogy herbal grass, will provide the answers here shortly... Or was he using the Hookah? LOL! Hey, ya got a laugh about it... :D
Just wanted to confirm that gravity does indeed exist lol. There are actually more than one type of gravity, there is the gravity-A wave and the gravity-B wave.
Source: Boyd Bushman (senior research scientist), Lockheed Skunkworks
(time is also speeding up at the moment)
Sparkster, how is "time" speeding up at the moment? Space expansion is speeding up, if that is what you mean as time?
The concept of time is not uniform.
Maybe the so-called dark energy is what combats gravity, which would explain why things in the cosmos are pushing apart at a faster rate, but what does 'time' have to do with it, as for when acceleration comes into play? Time from whose perspective?
No, I think they call that a "hesitation of thought." LOL!
Technically yes I do mean our perception of it, due to anomalies in the rotation of Earth.
Seems to me that if the atom is what they say it is and everything in the universe is composed of atoms then gravity can not exist (unless it is a chemical compound). Gravity is not one of the properties of the atom or any atom.
What keeps the protons and electrons in place is electrostatic force - not gravity. And only electricity (which is fundamental to the atom can upset that balance). When that happens there is no magic .
The universe can only be composed of what is contained in it and when you break it down it's atoms.
Well, if you are going to be technical about Earth time, then it should be rather obvious if there are variations due to a "wobble" by simply analyzing the "times" of our sunset and sunrise. Simple stuff, right? Do you realize how delicate our orbit/rotation is?
If you want to be technical, our moon is slowly drifting away, as well...
Hey, Joer4x4: Gravity can't be everywhere, or else the universe would be one selfish ass. Can you imagine all of the guys fighting over the same type of girl? You skipped a few steps, but needless to say, when you build a speaker box, the box itself is not glue nor are the speakers, but something has to hold it all together for the sound to pound through.
Yea! lol!
Actually the speaker cone goes through far greater pressures than any of the other components.
What holds it together is the chemical compound of the glue itself. But looking deeper there goes those pesky little atoms with their electrostatic force.
Obviously, Joer4x4 has never seen a box explode or break apart due to force. Perhaps you bought the cheap subwoofers, as that would explain a lot...
The electrostatic force is, what, the new religion of today? LOL!
Somethgblue: Good thoughts, as it reminds me of the quantum entanglement of it all...
Damn! You better hurry! The Normandy Fish Hatchery? Nah... Surely not...
Na! I used to build them and there is no reason they should blow out unless they are underpowered. When an amp clips - its all
Yeah, I used to build them all the time... I even wrote a Hub a while back about Isobaric Subwoofer configurations to save space and increase the quality of your bass, here: http://insanemundane.hubpages.com/hub/Use-an-Isoba
I was starting to wonder, as you started sounding more like you used Road Gear speakers... Ha!
Well, lets see... This Hub is about Inventors whose inventions have been suppressed, and we have all managed to talk about gravity, the space-time continuum, atoms, subwoofers, speaker boxes, and crappie fishing along with somethgblue having something going down his pants - during the last several hours. Now that's what I call relevant... Ha!
sandrabusby 4 months ago from Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA Level 6 Commenter
Amazing hub. I'm a great fan of Tesla's. Thanks for SHARING.