Detoxification and HEALING

THE KEY TO OPTIMAL HEALTH

By: SIDNEY MACDONALD BAKER, M.D.

Synopsis:

This breath taking new perspective on health and healing is a
fascinating guide to the functional landscape of each human being,
offering a wholly new way to defend health and avert disease.

Foreword by Jeffrey S.  Bland, Ph.D.

KEATS PUBLISHING, INC.  New Canaan, Connecticut

Detoxification and Healing is not intended as medical advice.  Its
intention is solely informational and educational.  Please consult a
medical or health professional should the need for one be indicated. The
information in this book lends itself to self-help.  For obvious
reasons, the author and publishers cannot take the medical or legal
responsibility of having the contents herein considered as a
prescription for everyone.  Either you, or the physician who examines
and treats you, must take the responsibility for the uses made of this
book.

Detoxification and Healing: The Key to Optimal Health

Copyright 1997 by Sidney MacDonald Baker, M.D.

All Rights Reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without the written
consent of the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Baker, Sidney M.

Detoxification and healing / by Sidney Baker,

p.  cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-87983-709-8

1.  Metabolic detoxication.

2.  Orthomolecular therapy.

RM235.5.836 1997

613--dc20

I.  Title.

98-46373 CIP

Printed in the United States of America

Keats Publishing, Inc.

27 Pine Street (Box 876) New Canaan, Connecticut 06840-0876

989796 654321

Acknowledgments

WHILE WRITING THIS BOOK I have been like an anesthetized patient numbed
by the ongoing urgency to write new pages and oblivious to many of the
realities of my surroundings.  An absent mind, interruptions, the loss
of evenings by the fire and sunny days in the canoe make life difficult
for the family of someone trying to write a book.  Please join me in
thanking my wife, Natalia, for not only putting up with all this but
contributing her ideas and editorial skills.

Now that I am in the recovery room you can tell me if what was extracted
from me in my operation was able to cure my need to communicate ideas
that are not mine but come from various teachers, of whom my patients
have been the best.  The first, however, was Richard Mayo-Smith, my
biology teacher at Phillips Exeter Academy, who rescued me from the
illusion that science was all math and facts.  He introduced me to the
notion of ideas: that what we make of the facts depends on our ability
to conceive of a framework in which to see the facts.

The late Linus Pauling based his perceptions about the molecular basis
for treatment of illness on two very simple ideas: 1.  Everyone is
different and 2.  Each individual's health benefits from having "the
right molecules in the right amounts." His lectures in courses given for
physicians at Stanford inspired me to follow medical paths that obey
these two precepts, which Dr.  Pauling called "orthomolecular medicine"
(meaning the "right molecules medicine").  The medical profession's
rejection of his notions made it professionally risky to identify
oneself as a doctor with orthomolecular leanings.  However, a growing
number of health professionals are joining the many lay people who
believe that before turning to medications we should attempt to adjust
the normal body constituents to match needs for optimal functioning.  I
hope that a recognition of the orthomolecular implications of much of
the current literature in nutritional medicine will lead to a renewed
acceptance of orthomolecular medicine.  My friend, Leo Galland, M.D.,
and I worked together for several years a decade ago.  Then and now Leo
was a source of ideas and information that have been essential to the
foundations of this book.  Another student of Dr.  Pauling, Dr.  Jeffrey
Bland, has been the most influential teacher of physicians in the past
two decades.  Like many of my colleagues who set about to relearn
biochemistry long after passing Part I Board Exams at the end of the
second year of medical school, I owe him my ongoing thanks for his
thoughtful and encyclopedic sifting of the current medical literature. I
also owe special thanks to Dr.  Jon Pangborn of Biognostic Laboratories,
West Chicago, Illinois.

Twenty years ago Jon set about to turn his knowledge of biochemistry
into useful tools for gaining insight into individual biochemistry.

Since then he has invested enormous amounts of time, energy and his
impeccable integrity for the benefit of doctors and their patients who
are looking for the biochemical basis of chronic health problems.  Other
teachers and colleagues whose influence and ideas appear in this book
are Drs.  Karl Ernst Schaefer, Otto Wolff, Theron Randolph, Joe Beasley,
Clyde Hawley, Phyllis Saifer, Larry Dickey, Frank Waickman, William Rea,
Martin Lee, Stephen Barrie, John Rebello, James Braly, Orion Truss, Paul
Chaney, Lloyd Saberski, William Crook, Leonard McEwen, Charles L.

Remington and my friend Colin Furhess whose friendship and advice have
helped illuminate the path that made writing this book possible.  My
most consistent teachers have been my patients.  The lessons of a few of
them are retold in this book.  Hundreds of others have helped shape me
as a physician as I developed the skills of explaining things that I
have used in writing this book.  The even more important skills of
listening, listening again, and going over the story yet another time in
the quest for clues to clinical puzzles are not so clearly evident in
the chapters of this book in which I have chosen relatively simple
cases.  Becoming a good listener has been my principal aim as I have
learned to respect the deep knowledge and intuition that my patients
have about their bodies.  What they lack is a scientific vocabulary, so
that their initial efforts to explain their perceptions about their
illness and its causes offend a scientific ear that has not been tuned
to hear the signal through the noise.  My clinical assistants over the
past 30 years have contributed their own listening skills to my own and
helped create the time and space and atmosphere for listening in my
office.  They are Jayne Barese, RN, Gail Sherry, RN, Lisa Young, RMA,
Veronica Brown, RMA, Dell Lamoureux, LPN, Maureen McDonnell, RN and
Nancy Miller, RN.  My special thanks go to my brother, David E.  Baker,
whose enduring love and support have added to the strength needed to
complete many of the tasks I have undertaken.  To my daughters, Jennifer
and Laura, I will always be grateful for their loyal love and
forbearance during the time I have taken out to write.  I never sit for
long at the keyboard without feeling the inspiration of my main model
for writing, Louise Bates Ames, Ph.D., cofounder of the Gesell Institute
and my friend and mentor since the time I worked with her there.  The
staccato of her typewriter was the music heard up and down the stairs of
the old Victorian mansion on Prospect Street from 1950 until her recent
death at age 88 in October 1966.  No one in my life has provided for me
a better model for candor, wit, persistence and value placed on the
practical application of scientific insight.  Thanks to Drs.  Louis
Magnardli, John Anderson and Bill Kriski for their answers to my
questions concerning toxic ticks.  Phyllis Herman has improved my
manuscript with her keen eye and thoughtful suggestions.  Karen Mahoney
provided valuable research assistance.

Contents

Foreword by Jeffrey S.  Bland, Ph.D.

Preface

1.  The Unity of the Immune System and the Central Nervous System

2.  The Care and Feeding of the Permanent Cells: A Case of Infertility

3.  Toxicity from Without: The Ambassador's Daughter

4.  Toxic Hormones: A Boy with Breasts

5.  Toxins from the Gut

6.  Food as Toxin

7.  You Are Not What You Eat

8.  Fat Is Not Just to Hold Your Pants Up

9.  DNA: The Family Jewels

10.  Peptides from Foods: Molecular Masquerade

11.  Dirty Smoke: Genetic Mistakes and Metabolic Abnormalities

12.  Dietary Fiber and Hormone Regulation

13.  The Many Faces of Gluten Intolerance

14.  The Map: A Guide to Thoroughness in Approaching Health Problems

15.  How Detoxification Works

16.  Rhythmic Harmony and Breathing

17.  Some Final Thoughts

Forward

IN EVERY DISCIPLINE there are a few "master teachers," upon whose
shoulders rests responsibility for the growth and evolution of the
discipline, and for shaping its impact in the world.  In the field of
functional medicine and the practice of "good medicine," Sidney
MacDonald Baker, M.D.  is a master teacher.  His new book,
Detoxification and Healing: The Key to Optimal Health, might be called
"A Great Doctor's Guide to the Practice of Good Medicine." Dr.  Baker
not only practices good medicine, but he knows how to communicate it to
others, especially his patients.  In this book he explains that illness
is a complex phenomenon involving interplay among a person's belief
system, environment and genetic structure, and the ability to defend
him/herself against disorganizing forces.  The body's defense is
maintained by barriers including the skin, gastrointestinal mucosa,
cellular membranes and the compartmentalization of organ systems that
reserve certain functions in certain places in the body.  When
psychosocial or environmental factors, communicable organisms or the
body's own expression of vitality bring about the breakdown of this
organization of structure and function, the result is disease.  As a
metaphor for facing the disorganizing factors that can cause disease, I
recall Dr.  Baker's discussion of his fear of roller coasters.

Photographing a number of individuals as they rode over the top of a
roller coaster, he found their responses to this disorganizing stimulus
ranged from euphoria and bliss to the terror of impending doom.  The
same stimulus was met by widely differing responses.  Dr.  Baker
believes this metaphor illustrates what happens in the disease process.
We are all exposed to stimuli to which the body must respond--fast-paced
lifestyle, environmental toxins, the foods we eat, communicable
organisms, to name a few.  Much like cresting the peak of the roller
coaster ride, our bodies may respond with bliss and organized control,
or with trauma and illness.  The way one's body responds to these
stimuli is in part related to the way he or she prepared for the ride up
that first hill.  Good nutrition, stress management, regular activity,
and defending the body's protective barriers can make the ride more
enjoyable and less risky.  Having told his listaphor illustrates what
happens in the disease process. We are all exposed to stimuli to which
the body must respond--fast-paced lifestyle, environmental toxins, the
foods we eat, communicable organisms, to name a few.  Much like cresting
the peak of the roller coaster ride, our bodies may respond with bliss
and organized control, or with trauma and illness.  The way one's body
responds to these stimuli is in part related to the way he or she
prepared for the ride up that first hill.  Good nutrition, stress
management, regular activity, and defending the body's protective
barriers can make the ride more enjoyable and less risky.  Having told
his listeners of his fear of roller coasters, Dr.  Baker concluded his
talk by showing a picture of himself coming over the top of the ride.

His arms were raised to the sky and he wore a blissful smile on his
face.  He had prepared himself well and found a way not only to survive
but to enjoy the ride.

This metaphor is applicable to your reading of Dr.  Baker's book.  You
will prepare yourself for the roller coaster ride of life by learning to
mobilize organizational factors to improve and support your health
rather than focusing on the gloom and doom of impending disease stimulus
to which your body has no resilience.

You will be impressed by the way this master teacher weaves complex
science into a program that is understandable, interesting, and
applicable to your life.  Dr.  Baker explains, for example, the complex
interaction between the external world and the internal world of
gastrointestinal flora (bacteria).  He points out that life and health
are measured in part by the interplay of friendly, symbiotic bacteria
that can help us and potentially health-damaging parasitic, toxic
bacteria.

He explains that the relationships among gastrointestinal function,
diet, environment and the living bacteria in our intestinal tract can
support or alarm our immune system, with a resulting myriad of effects
on the body.  Over a period of time, if toxic exposure continues and the
body responds with alarm reactions, the result is tissue destruction and
the breakdown of barriers of defense of the body, and the
disorganization we call illness.

It takes someone with Dr.  Baker's skill to take sophisticated the needs
of people who are ill, creating an accurate perception of the relative
risks and benefits of these concepts.  Dr.  Baker has the ability to
sift and screen information and reconnect it in a way that results in
positive application by chronically ill patients who are looking for a
path to restored health.  Dr.  Baker describes what he calls the "tack
rules." If you are sitting on three tacks, he explains, you have to
remove all three before you have significant reduction of discomfort.
Pulling one or two tacks out and taking medication to relieve the pain
caused by the third does not lead to the success one achieves by
identifying all three precipitating factors and removing all three
tacks.

By reading Detoxification and Healing: The Key to Optimal Health, you
will find better ways of identifying the tacks that may be contributing
to your particular discomfort and, better yet, learn ways to remove them
all so that your body's positive, recuperative powers can be realized.

Most of us possess recuperative powers and resilience in our health far
greater than we ever expect, but because we have so many overlapping,
precipitating factors that have not been identified, we never allow our
bodies to achieve optimal function.  Dr.  Baker helps us identify the
factors that contribute to reduced vitality and prepare ourselves to
enjoy the vitality and bliss that can come from riding confidently on
the roller coaster of life.

Enjoy the voyage of discovery with Detoxification and Healing, and
recognize the art that comes from the master teacher's ability to make
complex scientific information understandable and accessible for the
maintenance and enhancement of health.

Jeffrey S.  Bland, Ph.D.

CEO, HealthCorem International, Inc.

Preface

IT TAKES ABOUT 25 YEARS for a new idea to catch on in medicine.  That is
the time required for it to be tested in the crucible of science and
become accepted as official policy.  For example, there was sufficient
information available in 1975for a young woman to reasonably assume that
taking a supplement of the B vitamin folic acid in pregnancy would
prevent certain severe birth defects in her child.  During the two
decades it has taken for the folic acid connection to birth defects to
be proven, thousands of babies have been born who might have been spared
serious defects if their mothers had been able to make a personal choice
based on their reading of the research instead of waiting for folic acid
supplementation to become public policy.  I am talking about ideas, not
drugs, devices or procedures, although they have a similar time line
from emergence to acceptance.  This book will help you grasp current
ideas and watch them catch on.  You may want to accept these ideas as
they apply to your personal health well before they have achieved the
cachet of official acceptance.  You may also want to consider many of
the ideas in this book that will never be subjected to the rigorous and
expensive processes needed to prove their validity.

Cyberhealth: I define cyberhealth as the application of the kind of
thinking embodied in general systems theory to medicine.  Cyberhealth
has mostly to do with the approach one takes to understanding what has
caused an event, such as a symptom or the collection of symptoms, signs
and lab tests we call an illness.  At present, medical thinking remains
quite linear and simple.  Doctors and patients alike are tempted by the
idea that an illness has a single cause that can be treated with a
single pill.  General systems theory presents ideas about causality in
which a web of interactions produce a result that is not as easy to
blame on a single factor.  Health is sustained by a state of balance
among countless strands of a web of genetic, physiologic, psychological,
developmental and environmental factors.

When something goes wrong, it makes sense to pay attention to all
aspects of this web that can be addressed with reasonable cost and risk.

The occasional reference to cyberhealth in this book is a shorthand for
the application of the principles of general systems theory to medicine.

There are two meanings of the word systems.  When I became a doctor I
learned about systems as a way of dividing the body and categorizing
diseases that affect it.  There are the cardiovascular, nervous, immune,
reproductive, gastrointestinal, urinary, integumentary (skin),
musculoskeletal, endocrine, reticuloendothelial and hematologic systems.
In my medical training all my textbooks and all my courses were
organized according to these divisions of the body.  The same systems
are the basis for classifying disease.  When I graduated from medical
school I was expected to pick a system and become a specialist.

I could not decide on my favorite system.  I did some training in
obstetrics and completed my training in pediatrics to help me understand
human development.  I have remained a generalist and still stumble when
the person in the next seat on an airplane asks me what kind of doctor I
am.  I never say that I am a specialist in cyberhealth.  I finished my
specialty training in pediatrics in 1969 and, rather than taking a
fellowship in heart, kidney or liver, I spent two years as the junior
member in the new section of Medical Computer Science at Yale Medical
School.  Dean Fritz Redlich had conceived the idea of a computer section
devoted not to number crunching but to finding ways to make computers
useful in the day-to-day practice of medicine.  My mentor was Dr.
Shannon Brunjes, who began his academic career by specializing in the
adrenal gland.  His research entailed the use of computers.  From
Shannon I learned about systems theory in which the notion of system is
quite different from the accepted medical way of dividing the body.
Systems theory provides a unifying, as opposed to divisive, concept of
how things work in nature as well as in computers.  It allowed me to
view biological systems as unified by the interaction of their many
components and to make functional, as opposed to anatomical divisions,
as I assessed balance within the whole system.  The medical concept of
systems and disease leads a doctor toward a narrow path.  The student
doctor learns to take pride in a parsimonious approach to finding the
one explanation for the patient's problem.  The doctor gives the
diagnosis, the name of the disease, as the explanation of the patient's
problem and is comfortable saying that the disease is the cause of the
symptoms.  "Your sadness is being caused by depression,"

"Your high blood pressure is the result of hypertension,"

"Your cramps and diarrhea are being caused by coliris,"

"Your child can't pay attention because he has attention deficit
disorder." Having made the diagnosis, the doctor may then apply the
treatment that works best for that symptom: an antidepressant for
depression, an antihypertensive for hypertension, a pill to suppress
cramps and diarrhea, or Ritalin for the hyperactive child, a drug that
should lead to the imprisonment of anyone found selling it near the
playground.  Doctors who adhere to the emerging concepts of systems
theory follow a broad path.  Students of this approach take pride in a
lavish approach that considers all the components of the patient's
system that might be out of balance.  The doctor makes a functional
assessment with the understanding that the diagnosis is the name, not
the cause, of the patient's symptoms.  Having made the diagnosis, the
doctor makes a functional assessment of the individual patient's balance
and prescribes the supplementation of needed elements and the removal of
toxic elements that interfere with balance.  The broad path is less
costly in the long run because it is faithful to the realities of the
interrelationships in biological systems.  In 1959 I was a premed
student just finished with nine months of traveling and studying Asian
art history with my teacher Nelson Wu, when I went to work with Dr.
Edgar Miller in Kathmandu, Nepal for three months before returning to my
senior year at Yale.  I had the privilege of being Dr.  Miller's
sidekick and assistant when he saw patients as part of his affiliation
with Shanta Bhawan, a missionary hospital that, in the 1950s,
represented the first presence of outsiders in the Kingdom of Nepal. Dr.
Miller had retired at age 65 from his cardiology practice in Wilmington,
Delaware and, with his wife, Elizabeth, a pediatrician, had joined the
staff of what was then the only well-staffed, well-equipped medical
facility in the valley of Kathmandu.  In weekly clinics in outlying
villages we saw patients who would line up at dawn to wait for Dr.
Miller and his small team of Nepalese helpers and me.  In spite of the
dust, the crowded quarters provided on the second story of a village
dwelling, the heat and the pressure to see every patient and rete and
prescribes the supplementation of needed elements and the removal of
toxic elements that interfere with balance.  The broad path is less
costly in the long run because it is faithful to the realities of the
interrelationships in biological systems.  In 1959 I was a premed
student just finished with nine months of traveling and studying Asian
art history with my teacher Nelson Wu, when I went to work with Dr.
Edgar Miller in Kathmandu, Nepal for three months before returning to my
senior year at Yale.  I had the privilege of being Dr.  Miller's
sidekick and assistant when he saw patients as part of his affiliation
with Shanta Bhawan, a missionary hospital that, in the 1950s,
represented the first presence of outsiders in the Kingdom of Nepal. Dr.
Miller had retired at age 65 from his cardiology practice in Wilmington,
Delaware and, with his wife, Elizabeth, a pediatrician, had joined the
staff of what was then the only well-staffed, well-equipped medical
facility in the valley of Kathmandu.  In weekly clinics in outlying
villages we saw patients who would line up at dawn to wait for Dr.
Miller and his small team of Nepalese helpers and me.  In spite of the
dust, the crowded quarters provided on the second story of a village
dwelling, the heat and the pressure to see every patient and return to
Kath-mandu the same day, Dr. Miller would turn to me after assessing
each patient and ask, "Sidney, have we done everything we can for this
patient?" I can hear the sound of his voice as I write these words and
as I could all through my medical training when none of my other
teachers ever posed such a question in such a way.  Dr.  Miller's
question takes on a different significance for a generalist and a
systems analyst than it does for a specialist, a person focusing on one
particular system.  It is not just a question of the generalist
concentrating on a large territory and the specialist on a restricted
one.  It is the kind of question that goes with systems theory as
applied to medicine versus the present model in medicine that views the
disease, not the individual as the target of treatment.  If I look at a
patient and ask myself Dr.  Miller's question it makes all the
difference in my approach to that patient's problem.  If I view the
patient as a complex system interacting with the environment, the
difference is that I must do everything reasonable to help establish
balance in the system.  Balance means providing all the necessary
elements to optimize the system and removing any interfering elements.

Nutrients are necessary elements.  Toxins are interfering elements.  The
difficulty is that each of us is unique, and the necessary and
interfering elements differ, sometimes widely, from person to person. In
systems analysis, in treating each person as a unique problem what
counts are the differences between that person and others.  In
traditional medicine, in treating each person as a disease it is the
similarities that count.

As I am defining it, cyberhealth means understanding health as an
ever-shifting state in the complex web of interactions which, when
working in harmony, yield a dynamic balance that we experience as
feeling well.  As is true for computers, cybernetics in biology can be
grasped, even by the beginner, in terms of such certain recurring
generalized functions as input, storage and output for a computer and
perception, memory and language for a person.  When I finished my
training and thought I could stamp out illness with my ballpoint pen and
prescription pad, I was comfortable with the landmarks I had been given
to find my way as a doctor.  I had a detailed view of the real world
inside the human body as well as an imaginary world populated by
diseases whose attack I believed to be responsible for illness.  A
belief in that imaginary world works quite well in the management of the
acute illness that one encounters in hospital wards where most medical
training takes place, and the narrow path works quite well for treating
trauma, acute infections or the intense phase of a psychosis.  Belief in
the same imaginary world did not work well for me as I entered family
practice in a health maintenance organization, and patients began asking
me questions that began with the word could: "Could my cramps and
diarrhea be caused, not by colitis, but by something I am eating?  Could
taking vitamins help my depression?  Could my child's hyperactivity be
caused by allergies?" As I began to struggle with the answers to those
questions in the spirit of Dr.  Miller's question, "Have I done
everything I can for this patient?" I began to leave the security of the
narrow path, putting a tentative foot on the broad path of the systems
approach to health.  The first 10 chapters of this book tell the stories
of patients who have helped me find security on the broad path.

As I have tried to sort out my patients' chronic illnesses over 30 years
of practice, I have found a much more navigable and realistic terrain
than the imaginary one I learned in medical school in which illness is
seen as the attack of a disease.  The landscape of cyberhealth is
revealed in a functional, as opposed to an anatomical, view of things.
Of all the various functions in human biology there is one overriding
function that connects to all the others.  Understanding its chemistry
and immunology can unify the physician's approach to problems of any
level of complexity.  It is detoxification.

When I speak of detoxification, I do not mean a treatment for alcohol
and drug abuse, although such treatments are tangentially related to the
subject of this book.  I mean the processes by which the body rids
itself of unwanted materials.  I do not mean what happens in the
bathroom, whether that is bathing or emptying the bowels or bladder.  I
refer to the biochemistry of handling potentially harmful chemicals that
appear within the system and which must be neutralized before they pass
from the body.  I am not referring exclusively to the harmful
environmental chemicals we have all learned to fear: lead, mercury,
other heavy metals, additives, dyes, hormones, pesticides, herbicides,
fungicides and petrochemicals of all sorts or pollutants of the air,
water and food supply that we ingest.

Detoxification is central to understanding functional assessment in
medicine not so much because we live in a toxic environment but because
detoxification is the biggest item in each individual's biochemical
budget.  It handles waste not only from the environment, but from every
process in all the organs and systems of the body.  Nearly every
molecule the body handles has to be gotten rid of when it has served its
purpose.

Doing so involves a deliberate process of rendering the molecule
inactive.  It is a synthetic activity, a creative enterprise in which
small molecules--such as the ammonia left over from protein metabolism,
hormones no longer needed by the endocrine system, used
neurotransmitters from the nervous system, or the byproducts of a
well-functioning immune system--must be changed before they can be
safely excreted from the body.

Illness and disease will affect the body's detoxification chemistry, and
if there is something wrong with the detoxification chemistry, any other
problems will be aggravated.  It is central to all systems.

Detoxification chemistry provides the map and the vehicle for
understanding the functional landscape of each human being.  It offers a
new way to defend the body's health by establishing and maintaining a
state of balance instead of waiting in fear for an expensive disease to
strike.  In fact, the conventional medical disease-oriented approach to
health care is sinking the medical economy.  We will not be able to save
medical dollars until we change the way we think about illness.

You need not wait for public policy to recover from the collapse of the
current health-care system to adopt practices based on a modern
understanding of biologic systems.  If you understand some basic
principles, you can make choices that will reduce your risk of illness
and enhance your health.  In the chapters which follow, I will retrace
some of the paths I have taken as a practicing physician.  Then I will
explore how the chemistry and immunology of detoxification unifies our
grasp on health problems more effectively than just giving problems a
name and prescribing pills to suppress symptoms.  I will explain
detoxification chemistry and the tests that can be used to investigate
how yours works.  The concept of toxin embraces a wide variety of
familiar substances that may pose problems for some people and not
others.  Individuality is the key to this book.  Taking charge of your
own health depends on knowing how to assess your individual biochemical
and immunologic quirks.  This book is designed to help you by using the
same method I use in my office, taking plenty of time to explain
detoxification concepts and considering all the angles.

This book is a personal account.  The practice of medicine is a personal
activity in which I take responsibility for sifting and filtering
scientific information for my patients just as I have done in writing
this book.  This is not a dispassionate and objective overview of
biochemistry, nutrition, detoxification or any other branch of objective
science.  The older I get, the more convinced I am that much of science
depends on personal viewpoints, if not on personalities.  In these pages
you will find facts and ideas that are not all mine, but their assembly
is a reflection of my personal viewpoint as a practicing physician.

Detoxification and HEALING

CHAPTER 1

The Unity of the Immune System and the Central Nervous System

IN EXPLAININg to my patients how I go about the detective work involved
in unraveling their problems, I sometimes recite the "Tacks Rules" to
make my point.

If you are sitting on a tack, it takes a lot of aspirin to make it feel
good.  2.

If you are sitting on two tacks, removing just one does not result in a
50 percent improvement.

Let's look at the first rule.  You could substitute the word aspirin
with psychotherapy, meditation, organic foods or vitamins and the rule
still applies: the proper treatment for tack-sitting is tack-removal.

Get at the root of the matter and fix it.  In particular, don't take
medicine to cover up a symptom instead of looking for the cause. Chronic
illness has t,vo common roots, one of which is illustrated by the first
rule: The body may be irritated by an unwanted substance.  If not a
tack, it could be a disagreeable substance such as a food that causes an
allergy, it could be lead or a germ or a naturally occurring or
manufactured toxin.  The presence of some unwanted substance is a common
root of illness.  The second rule helps explain what I mean by root.
Becoming chronically ill usually results from a combination of factors.
It is unrealistic to think in terms of a single cause when several
factors inevitably contribute to a problem.  It is especially
unrealistic to recommend a single treatment to remedy a complex chronic
illness when several factors deserve attention.  The factors may have to
do with the presence of an unwanted substance or the lack of a needed
substance.  The main focus of this book is ridding one's body of
unwanted substances, that is, detoxification.  As you will see,
effective detoxification cannot work well without critical dietary
substances.  Complete avoidance of offending allergens or toxins is not
usually possible.  Good nutrition to supply individual needs for certain
basic nutrients becomes a top priority in improving efficient
detoxification mechanisms.  The basic biochemical facts of
detoxification are well-established.  My job is to enable you to make
sense of the facts, many of whiTacks Rules" to make my point.

If you are sitting on a tack, it takes a lot of aspirin to make it feel
good.  2.

If you are sitting on two tacks, removing just one does not result in a
50 percent improvement.

Let's look at the first rule.  You could substitute the word aspirin
with psychotherapy, meditation, organic foods or vitamins and the rule
still applies: the proper treatment for tack-sitting is tack-removal.

Get at the root of the matter and fix it.  In particular, don't take
medicine to cover up a symptom instead of looking for the cause. Chronic
illness has t,vo common roots, one of which is illustrated by the first
rule: The body may be irritated by an unwanted substance.  If not a
tack, it could be a disagreeable substance such as a food that causes an
allergy, it could be lead or a germ or a naturally occurring or
manufactured toxin.  The presence of some unwanted substance is a common
root of illness.  The second rule helps explain what I mean by root.
Becoming chronically ill usually results from a combination of factors.
It is unrealistic to think in terms of a single cause when several
factors inevitably contribute to a problem.  It is especially
unrealistic to recommend a single treatment to remedy a complex chronic
illness when several factors deserve attention.  The factors may have to
do with the presence of an unwanted substance or the lack of a needed
substance.  The main focus of this book is ridding one's body of
unwanted substances, that is, detoxification.  As you will see,
effective detoxification cannot work well without critical dietary
substances.  Complete avoidance of offending allergens or toxins is not
usually possible.  Good nutrition to supply individual needs for certain
basic nutrients becomes a top priority in improving efficient
detoxification mechanisms.  The basic biochemical facts of
detoxification are well-established.  My job is to enable you to make
sense of the facts, many of which you already know.  Look at yourself.
Do you see any part of yourself that is the same as it was when you were
a baby?  No.  You are different.  Is there anywhere in your body where
you can find a cell that is the identical, undivided cell present when
you were first old enough to blow out some candles on your birthday
cake?

Before trying to answer that question, let me pose a related question:
if you think back to your first remembered birthday, where did you put
that memory so that it still evokes the candles, the cake, your
playmates or some extraneous detail of the day?  You did not put the
memory in your fingernails, or your hair, or skin, or liver or heart.

All the cells of such parts have long since been replaced.  Granted each
cell transmits a certain kind of memory to its progeny when it divides,
but that memory does not have to do with birthday parties, it has to do
with your ancestors.  Each cell carries DNA encoding your ancestral
memory.  But each cell does not have encoded pictures of your little
friend Jeffrey spilling fruit punch all over himself and your new
sneakers when you turned seven.  There are only two places in your body
where there are cells which have remained undivided and unchanged except
for aging.  One place is your brain, where there are many cells that do
not replace themselves, but remain intact from infancy until death.  The
other place is the immune system, comprised mainly of certain kinds of
cells, called lymphocytes, which are spread widely throughout the body
with certain strategic concentrations.  Lymphocytes of the immune system
arise from parent cells and then go on to live a life of days to months.
There is a subset of lymphocytes that arise in the early stages of
development from the same source as brain cells and, like certain brain
cells, remain the undividing guardians of the persistence and the memory
of our self.  Look at yourself again.  It is not obvious that your body
contains two sets of permanent cells in your brain and immune system,
nor is it obvious that your body is made up of cells.  It is.

100,000,000,000,000 (100 trillion) of them.  Life goes on in the cells.

Each cell is a unit of life.  All of the processes that you will
contemplate in reading this book take place inside of cells or on the
surfaces of cells within your body.  You may remember hearing that cells
multiply.  It seems quite reasonable that a number as big as 100
trillion must be the product of multiplication.  Not so.  All cells come
into being as the result of division: division of the first cell from
which each of us originally derived.  That cell, the fertilized egg, was
lost as it divided into two cells which each in turn divided into two,
which each in turn divided into two, and so on.  But the continuing
process of division does not go on indefinitely.  As you developed,
certain cells took on specialized functions: the capacity to remain as
nerve cells or lymphocytes, the guardians of your essential self.  From
the time the permanent cells established themselves during the early
months of your existence all of the other cells of your body became, by
comparison, relatively transient.  Blood cells live three to four
months.  That is an intermediate lifespan between the short-lived cells
of the surface of your tongue, subject to daily wear and tear and
replacement, and the cells of your bones and other deep structures, that
are replaced at a more leisurely pace- Whether it is

sooner or later, however, the dying of each transient cell is the end of
a life of service to the small minority of enduring and immutable cells.

Most of us have an instinct to protect our permanent brain cells, which,
after all, have the conspicuous protection of our skull.  We know that
harm to these cells presents a completely different problem than, say, a
broken bone or a tongue burned on a hot cup of tea.

We do not have the same instinct to protect our permanent lymphocytes.

We are not directly conscious of their doings, and they are not as
subject to the sort of collective slaughter that occurs with serious
trauma or loss of blood supply as, say, in a stroke.  If you become
aware of the need to protect the health of your permanent cells, then
you will need to learn ways to keep the cells as fresh and flexible as
possible.

Caring for the transient cells of the body is also important.  Cancer or
the failure of a vital organ can arise in these cells and the injured
cells often cannot simply be replaced.  However, certain cells of the
central nervous system and the immune system share at least one key
attribute: an enduring presence in each of us from infancy to old age.

There are other features shared by the central nervous system and the
immune system.  The first such shared feature is memory.  Memory depends
on the persistence of permanent nerve and immune cells.  It does not
seem that brain memories are inside individual brain cells, so you might
lose the recollection of your seventh birthday party or the candles or
the cake with the loss of a particular cell.  However, the capacity for
memory resides exclusively in the two tissues of the body where the
permanent cells reside, linking these two features (permanence of cells
and the capacity for memory) in the brain and immune system.  Another
feature of both systems is perception.  Without perceiving the world,
there would be nothing to remember.  The brain perceives the world with
the senses: vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch.

Look at yourself yet a third time.  You are perforated.  You have a pair
of eyes, ears, nostrils and a mouth by which you take in the world.

Eating involves a very literal taking in of the edible parts of the
world, but otherwise I speak of "taking in" the world of our senses when
I perceive a friend's face in a photo on the wall of my office, the
chirping of the chipmunks waiting for me to feed the birds, the scent of
the garden or the feel of the keyboard as I write these words.  The
face, the phrase, the peonies and roses and the keys that I perceive
this morning have been taken in without actually entering me.  Their
images have come to share residence in my enduring nerve cells, my
central nervous system.

For example, while I was taking in the morning air I was also taking in
something of which I was unaware until a sudden chain of sneezes left me
incapable of attending to anything beyond the tip of my busy nose.  What
was that all about?  It was a response to having taken in something that
I did not take in with my conscious mind.  Grass pollen grains on the
morning breeze found their way to the mucous membranes of my nose where
they were perceived not by my brain's senses but by my immune system. My
immune system has remembered something disagreeable about grass pollen
and was able to pick up the offensive taste or smell of it while my
brain was happily focusing on the peonies and roses and completely
unaware of the grass pollen.  Then my chain of sneezes let me know that
my old antagonist was getting to me.  Without my conscious
participation, my immune system has noticed and responded to particles
that would otherwise be visible only to the eye aided by a microscope.

My immune system has done something fully equivalent to the activity of
my senses and my brain working together: recognition.

The main difference between the activity of my immune system with
respect to the grass pollen and my brain with respect to the everyday
world of my senses is a matter of scale.  My senses and brain take in
and remember, hence recognize, the big world of faces, peonies, roses,
chipmunks and keyboards.  My immune recognition deals with the invisibly
small world of pollens, molds, germs and molecules.  The chemistry of
immune recognition is actually a lot like the chemistry of perceiving
odors, and the chemistry of the immune system in general shares many of
the molecules that carry out central nervous system function.  We draw
the line between the two depending on our level of conscious perception,
and to a certain extent, on being able to identify the source of the
odor with our other senses.

So far, I have made the point that memory resides in the central nervous
and immune system, which are the home of the body's permanent cells. Now
I am saying that the brain and immune system share another function:
perceiving the world.  When we perceive things in the world of our
senses, we are used to combining input from more than one sense to get
the full picture of what is going on around us.  We have a direct
experience of the combined use of our senses.  We do not need scientists
to tell us that my experience of this morning's walk has required an
overlapping, redundant collaboration of my vision, hearing, olfactory
sense and touch to get me to my cottage.  We do need scientists to tell
us how the immune system carries out a similar overlapping, redundant
collaboration of its perceptual faculties to form a picture of what is
going on, not so much around, but in me.  At its current state of
development, immunology tends to view immune perception and memory in
its particulars rather than in its combined effects.  Major debates go
on among scientists who have invested generous measures of ego in the
importance of a particular immune mechanism in the detection of my
offending grass pollen.  My guess is that when it is all better
understood, we will find that the immune system works very much like our
senses and brain with respect to the combined, redundant and overlapping
efforts of various "senses" required to identify and respond to our
microscopic and molecular world.  Immune function and central nervous
function are identical.  Each perceives and each remembers.  We use the
word recognition with equal comfort in describing activities (perception
and memory) shared by the brain and immune system.  The only difference,
except for anatomy, is the size of the objects we perceive and remember.

The only event I now remember from the first week of September 1960,
when I first entered medical school, was my introduction to the corpse
of a woman who had generously donated her body for my instruction.  I
cannot remember the location of my mailbox, my lecture room in public
health, statistics or physiology or where I parked my car, but I
remember every muscle, nerve and artery of the cadaver I shared with my
classmate, Richard V.  Lee.  I remember the smell and the layout of the
room, the location of our dissectred by the brain and immune system. The
only difference, except for anatomy, is the size of the objects we
perceive and remember.

The only event I now remember from the first week of September 1960,
when I first entered medical school, was my introduction to the corpse
of a woman who had generously donated her body for my instruction.  I
cannot remember the location of my mailbox, my lecture room in public
health, statistics or physiology or where I parked my car, but I
remember every muscle, nerve and artery of the cadaver I shared with my
classmate, Richard V.  Lee.  I remember the smell and the layout of the
room, the location of our dissecting table by the door and the gradual
revealing of the tissues' mysteries as I dissected day by day for nine
months.  As I learned anatomy I also learned that my activities were
part of a tradition that began during the Renaissance when medical
scientists began the methodical dissection of cadavers.  The arrangement
and appearance of the internal organs, and later, their appearance under
a microscope, formed the basis for understanding the workings of the
body.  Physicians who based their practice on such an understanding
could claim a justifiable expertise gained from being able to visualize
things that are ordinarily invisible.  Like pioneer anatomists and
surgeons and like every other initiate medical student I tried to learn
how the body works by exploring its details.  My microscope took me
beyond the sight and feel of the embalmed tissues.  I saw how strikingly
different the cells that form the tissue of the various organs appeared
under the microscope.

Muscle cells are long and slender, skin cells are flat like flagstones,
cells that line the bowel wall are gobletlike cylinders and nerve cells
have extensions so long that it takes only two cells to connect the
brain and toes.  It took a special insight for early histologists to
realize that, however different, all tissues were divisible into the
same basic subunit: the cell.  The fantastic differences between the
shapes of cells correspond to their varying functions.  From that
perspective the cells of the brain, with their long roots and branches,
all consolidated in the head, seem quite alien to the cells of the
immune system with their individually compact appearance and
collectively scattered distribution in the body.  It is understandable
that the unity of the immune systeM and the central nervous system might
be overlooked by anyone penetrating the body's mysteries with a
dissecting scalpel, probe and microscope.  The medical sciences of
non-European cultures did not rely on dissection as a way of penetrating
the inner workings of the body.  An accumulation of empirical evidence
based on the testimony of living, not dead, bodies gave rise to an
"anatomy" that seems quaint because its diagrams do not fulfill the
eye's expectations based on surgery and dissection of cadavers.  The
diagrams may, however, present a picture of the dynamic balance among
forces inside and outside the body that cannot be perceived in a
cadaver.  Neither

European traditions of anatomical dissection nor non-European empirical
and contemplative traditions recognized the key notion that the immune
system and central nervous system are in fact unified.  The immune
system was the only part of my cadaver that I could not localize.  I
found the spleen, the remnants of a thymus gland beneath the breastbone,
lots of insignificant appearing lymph nodes, and the place deep in the
left side of the neck where the entire lacy network of the body's
lymphatic vessels drains through a single passage into the subclavian
("under the collarbone") vein.  Only in the last three generations have
scientists understood how this system works at a cellular and molecular
level, and only ten years ago did I first hear a professor of immunology
(John Dwyer at Yale) state that the immune system and central nervous
system share the distinction of being homes for cells that remain intact
from infancy to old age.  He and I and others of our generation in
medicine, and you, perhaps, are startled to think that the immune system
and the brain are really the same system.  We have been schooled to
think anatomically that these domains are quite separate.  A "new
discipline" of psychoneuroimmunology has grown up around observations
linking the function of the brain and psyche with that of the immune
system, which had been considered on anatomical grounds to be quite
separate.  For example, many individuals who have suffered the loss of a
loved one undergo a period of immune suppression during the time of
their most intense grief.  As startling as the connections between the
brain and immune system may be for those of us who have based our
thinking on anatomy, we should not be surprised to recognize the immune
system and brain as a unit if we base our thinking on function.  Taking
a fresh look at human beings, an alien being might reasonably ask: "How
does the human perceive the environment?" and "Where is the memory?" If
such a being had the capacity to see that there are nests of cells in
our bodies that are permanent while other cells come and go, it would
see that these same cells are the basis for the functions of perception
and memory; that they are the "essential" cells, the center of the
abiding individual and the basis for the persistence of the self in a
human being.  The alien would reasonably assume that we human beings
take special precautions to protect the vitality of our essential cells.
Like queen bees, the irreplaceable and endangered essential cells of the
immune and central nervous systems must be afforded a special degree of
security, nutrition and respect.  If you, yourself, now realize that you
have irreplaceable nests of cells that help you perceive and remember
your experience of the world and that are the basis for the persistence
of yourself, you may ask what needs to be done to ensure their vitality.
At the very least you would conclude that your essential cells should
have the best food and should avoid toxic substances.

CHAPTER 2

The Care and Feeding of the Permanent Cells:

A Case of Infertility

How Can the Essential permanent cells be protected?  The following case
history of infertility in an apparently healthy woman provides a model
for looking at the health of cells.  Most of us have a direct experience
with cells in the form of hen's eggs.  I eat them for breakfast
occasionally and recently I have become the beneficiary of a friend's
hobby of raising chickens.  Far from being a commercial operation, the
hen house is a kind of poultry health resort which stops just short of
providing manicures and massage for the hens.  The children of the
family provide love and attention to the hens, which are free to roam
within the boundaries of their protection from coyotes and hawks.  When
I crack the white, brown or blue-green eggs into the pan the yolk sits
up high and is a brightly glistening orange compared to the flat yellow
yolks of the eggs from the supermarket.  The eggs from my friend's hen
house look so much better that no one could deny that they are
healthier.  I suppose that they are healthier to eat.  It is reasonable
to assume that the more fresh, lustrous and handsome our food is, the
healthier it is to eat, so long as the food's appearance is not achieved
by adding or applying toxic substances.  I was thinking, however, about
the better looking eggs from the hens' perspective and how egg
appearance may apply to people's eggs.  Assuming that the better looking
eggs are healthier, from the functional (i.e.  reproductive) point of
view, it would follow that human eggs would look (and work) better if
their bearers were well nourished and well cared for women.  When Sylvia
Franco* first consulted me about her infertility problem, she had spent
two years and more than $100,000 on infertility evaluation and treatment
with all of the modern approaches, including a few attempts at in vitro
fertilization.  However, nobody ever asked her whether she ate well.
She, a physician with a law degree and a master's degree in Business
Administration, is a high-powered professional, a person for whom
achievement had always come easily.  Sylvia worked hard and had achieved
a remarkable success in her early 30s.  Her inability to conceive was
the most bitter failure she had ever faced.  She felt that not only her
own previously trustworthy body had let her down, but also her own
medical profession.  She knew how to navigate the system and had seen
the best consultants, but without success.  From my perspective,
consulting about infertility is analogous to going to the doctor and
saying, "I have these sets of permanent cells in my body, and I want to
know if I am doing all I can to protect them and help them thrive.  The
person asking such a question may be in "perfect" health, as was Sylvia
Franco.  A natural beauty, she had always been healthy.  Her 20-page
medical history questionnaire was quite bare of details that might give
me leads.  She slept well, exercised and worked hard, had a good
appetite, had no problems with her skin, hair, nails or respiratory,
digestive or urinary systems.  Her mood and energy were stable and she
never had headaches or other aches and pains.  She had had mononucleosis
in college.  After taking birth control pills for five years in her 20s
her periods became light and then stopped just when she was trying to

* All of my case descriptions are based on factual experience with
patients, with names and other identifying information altered to
safeguard privacy.

get pregnant.  Otherwise the only detail that attracted my attention was
that she had a history of "bad teeth" with many cavities.  She had taken
antibiotics a few times in her life, but much fewer than most
individuals whose parent happens to be a doctor.  She had no history of
yeast infections.

Sylvia and I agreed that her history provided only: 1) A small question
about her nutritional status and the effects of birth control pills,
which place a special demand on a woman's system with respect to several
nutrients,2 including folic acid, vitamin B6 and magnesium; and 2) Some
room to speculate about her mineral status because of her poor teeth.

Usually bad teeth have more to do with the flora and acidity of the
mouth, but mineral nutrition is something to consider.  Finally, anyone
who has taken birth control pills and/or antibiotics should consider
whether this has altered the flora of the intestine in a way that favors
the overgrowth of yeast.  Also of interest in solving this problem was
the fact that Dr.  Franco had always consumed a diet that was high in
sugar.  Thus she was likely to be deficient in minerals and other
nutrients and at risk for yeast overgrowth.

My experience with infertility had taught me the value of looking beyond
the reproductive system after the basic gynecological work-up proved to
be normal.  In Dr.  Franco's case, the history was so devoid of clues
that I thought a survey of her biochemistry might be helpful in turning
up things in need of fixing.  The approindividuals whose parent happens
to be a doctor.  She had no history of yeast infections.

Sylvia and I agreed that her history provided only: 1) A small question
about her nutritional status and the effects of birth control pills,
which place a special demand on a woman's system with respect to several
nutrients,2 including folic acid, vitamin B6 and magnesium; and 2) Some
room to speculate about her mineral status because of her poor teeth.

Usually bad teeth have more to do with the flora and acidity of the
mouth, but mineral nutrition is something to consider.  Finally, anyone
who has taken birth control pills and/or antibiotics should consider
whether this has altered the flora of the intestine in a way that favors
the overgrowth of yeast.  Also of interest in solving this problem was
the fact that Dr.  Franco had always consumed a diet that was high in
sugar.  Thus she was likely to be deficient in minerals and other
nutrients and at risk for yeast overgrowth.

My experience with infertility had taught me the value of looking beyond
the reproductive system after the basic gynecological work-up proved to
be normal.  In Dr.  Franco's case, the history was so devoid of clues
that I thought a survey of her biochemistry might be helpful in turning
up things in need of fixing.  The approach in that domain would, I
explained, be quite simple: find things that are out of balance, fix
them and hope for the best.  She and I had a common understanding of
what "biochemistry" consists of.  We only differed in our concept of how
far one can take the study of blood, urine and so on to see how an
individual may be out of whack.  Physicians understand "chemistry
screen" to mean a panel of tests that are routinely run to assure that a
patient's liver and kidneys are working and that there is no major
anomaly in the blood levels of the major mineral elements, such as
calcium and salt.  These are the kinds of tests that Dr.  Franco and I
learned in the last two years of medical school.  In the first two years
we learned about the fundamentals of chemistry as expressed in the
balanced interaction of sugars, ammo acids, fatty acids and about 20
mineral elements, some of which, like chromium, are present in the body
in only very small amounts.  Most physicians do not consider it
worthwhile to look at the balance of such substances in patients or to
consider individual needs for vitamins that function as workers on all
of the assembly (and disassembly) lines where the sugars, ammo acids and
fatty acids undergo various kinds of transformation in the process
called metabolism.  Some physicians, like me, do.

Then there is stool analysis, which is not the preferred specimen in
most conventional medical settings.  A short premedical stint in Nepal
and two years of doctoring in Africa provided me with opportunities to
learn parasitology, which is the usual motive, other than a search for
hidden blood, for asking patients to submit a fecal specimen.  I have
learned to revere the digestive, metabolic and microbio-logic
information contained in comprehensive stool examinations, so I asked
Dr.  Franco to submit the appropriate specimen to a lab that specializes
in the analysis of an otherwise unpopular material.

The results of the various tests indicated that beneath Dr.  Franco's
healthy-looking surface there was a biochemical disaster area.  Of
course, if you do enough tests you can find something wrong with just
about everybody.  However, these test results showed far more than a
random departure from statistical norms; they revealed a picture of
inner biochemical and immunological imbalance that called for multiple
remedies to bring Dr.  Franco's system into better balance: getting more
of the substances she lacked and ridding her body of substances that
were impeding her fertility.

As described in more detail in chapter 15, tests showed abnormalities in
the germs inhabiting Dr.  Franco's intestines and irregularities in ammo
acids that play a key role in detoxification.  Simple and non-toxic
treatment of these conditions were associated with her becoming pregnant
within a few months.  Her eight-and-a-half-pound baby Danielle does not
prove that the approach taken to her mother's chemistry and immunology
resulted in Danielle's successful conception.

Coincidence and destiny are both involved in reproductive events.  Dr.
Franco's attempts to repeat her first successful pregnancy using the
same treatments have so far been unsuccessful.

Dr.  Franco's experience is typical for men and women who have consulted
me about infertility problems.  Besides, this anecdotal

case illustrates a kind of common sense imbedded in the question about
how to know if the permanent essential cells (Dr.  Franco's eggs in this
case) are in an optimum environment to help fulfill their destiny.

Common sense tells us that the essential cells, like Swedish ivy on a
window sill, will do best if they are given the right amounts of the
substances they need and are protected from noxious substances.  There
are tests to find out about these two facets of clinical strategy.  The
rest of this book will present an overview of how the body works so that
you can understand tests that may be helpful in sorting out problems as
well as the "do's" and "don'ts" found in many books about health.  This
book is more about "whys" and "wherefores."

CHAPTER 3

Toxicity from Without: The Ambassador's Daughter

When I lived in Chad as a Peace Corps volunteer in 1968 the capital (now
Njemena) was called Fort Lamy.  Fort Lamy was more of a capital village
than a capital city.  Seen from the air, it was a sprawling version of
the mud brick houses found in villages scattered thinly across the part
of Chad that enters and then occupies the eastern Sahara Desert.  Except
for periodic forays by truck to "the bush," as the countryside was
known, to visit and supervise my covolunteer nurses and technologists in
various population centers, I made my way around Fort Lamy on my
bicycle, an unheard of means of transportation for any of the small
contingent of foreigners living in Chad as part of the diplomatic,
foreign aid and French military communities.  None of the contingent of
less than two dozen physicians in all of Chad, most of whom were French
military, would be seen driving anything less than a Peugot or a Land
Rover.  My job was to look after Chadians and to lead our Peace Corps
team of nurses and technicians.  I was surprised, therefore, to have a
messenger arrive at my gate late one evening with an earnest request
from a large Asian nation's ambassador to Chad.  His seven-year-old
daughter, Sue, was acutely ill and I was asked to attend to her.  As she
had better transportation at her disposal than I did, it was arranged
that I see her

immediately in my cubicle at the Peace Corps office, which was a short
walk from my gate.  Acute is an ambiguous medical term that can mean
sudden, recent, and/or serious.  The distinction between acute and
chronic illness is not completely clear, but it is entirely central to
many of the issues I would like to clarify in this book.  Many medical
practices that apply to acute illness are not appropriate when applied
to chronic illness, particularly the belief that naming the problem is
equivalent to understanding it.  Some medical lessons learned from acute
illness are, however, instructive in understanding the mechanisms that
may lie beneath chronic illness.  The lesson I learned from the
ambassador's daughter still keeps me on my toes for any kind of illness
I confront in my life as a physician.  The child was prostrate.  Her
condition was one of deep stupor combined with a high fever.  Responsive
to painful stimuli, but not apparently hurting in any particular place,
she had become suddenly ill on the preceding day.  Another physician had
advised her family that it must be un coup de paludisme (malaria attack)
which is the Chadian equivalent of the American pediatric refuge "it
must be a virus," except that the advice comes with specific
recommendations that various anti-malarial measures be augmented. Facing
another long night with an increasingly sick child, the ambassador had
called my ambassador seeking someone to give a second opinion.

Ambassador Morris reassured him that my worst past indiscretion was
having gone to Yale, where I was to return at the end of my Peace Corps
stint from Chad to serve as chief resident in pediatrics.  After Sue and
her parents and I had settled down in a space that bore no resemblance
to an examining room, I took a careful history, which turned out to be
all too simple.  Sue had been in robust health and protected by
immunizations and regular malarial prevention medication until the day
before.  Since its onset, her fever and lethargy had been
unremitting--unlike malaria, which usually gives a pattern of fever
broken by sweats.  She had not complained of pain and her bowel
movements and urination, while infrequent, were otherwise unremarkable.

She had had no respiratory symptoms and no family member or playmate had
been sick.  The most important question on my mind was, "What terrible
disease doesn't she have?" Even if a patient is not worried about having
an awful disease when consulting a doctor with a headache, abdominal
pain or occasional numbness in the fingers, a doctor's first job is to
rule out the worst possibilities: a brain tumor, an appendix about to
rupture, multiple sclerosis.  Once the worst possible considerations are
off the list, then the more optimistic side of the detective work can
begin.  I studied my patient as she was carried in.  She was just aware
enough of her surroundings to know she did not want to be there and gave
me a meeching* look.  Her skin was flushed and hot to the touch.  Her
temperature, taken under her arm, was over 104.70 (40or encephalitis
rank high on the list of worst possibilities, so I started by looking
carefully for evidence of these as I examined her optic nerves with my
ophthalmoscope, checked for a lack of suppleness of her neck and spine,
checked her reflexes and her muscle tone.  She was weak but nowhere
paralyzed.  Encephalitis would have been the trickiest diagnosis to rule
out on the basis of physical exam.  I was prepared to do a spinal tap.
Otherwise my technical and laboratory resources were limited to what I
could do with my own senses, aided by my microscope.  It took only a few
minutes to complete my physical examination, which revealed absolutely
no localized sign of an infection that could explain the girl's
condition.  I began to discuss the next possible steps with her parents,
and none of the choices were ones they wanted to consider.  I explained
that I had fervently hoped to find a treatable cause of her problem,
such as an ear infection.  Since the 1950s, when antibiotics brought
quick cures for many infections, finding "something to treat" became
almost more satisfying than being able to report to worried parents that
it is "nothing serious." When I was an intern and resident in pediatrics
at Yale, the expression "midnight ear" summoned the ambiguities of
finding "something to treat."

It is midnight in the emergency room.  You have been on duty since 7
A.M.  and have 14 hours still ahead, some

* Meeching means a look that pleads "I am helpless, please do me no
harm." Dr.  kouise Bates Ames taught me this word, explaining that it is
a good old New England expression.

of them, you hope, asleep in the emergency room on-call bunk.  A cranky
child with a history of congestion and a fever awaits your decision
while his worried and weary parents pray that the young doctor before
them knows what he's doing.  "I can't find any specific trouble, and I
think he will be just fine if you take him home and keep , was over
104.70 (40or encephalitis rank high on the list of worst possibilities,
so I started by looking carefully for evidence of these as I examined
her optic nerves with my ophthalmoscope, checked for a lack of
suppleness of her neck and spine, checked her reflexes and her muscle
tone.  She was weak but nowhere paralyzed.  Encephalitis would have been
the trickiest diagnosis to rule out on the basis of physical exam.  I
was prepared to do a spinal tap. Otherwise my technical and laboratory
resources were limited to what I could do with my own senses, aided by
my microscope.  It took only a few minutes to complete my physical
examination, which revealed absolutely no localized sign of an infection
that could explain the girl's condition.  I began to discuss the next
possible steps with her parents, and none of the choices were ones they
wanted to consider.  I explained that I had fervently hoped to find a
treatable cause of her problem, such as an ear infection.  Since the
1950s, when antibiotics brought quick cures for many infections, finding
"something to treat" became almost more satisfying than being able to
report to worried parents that it is "nothing serious." When I was an
intern and resident in pediatrics at Yale, the expression "midnight ear"
summoned the ambiguities of finding "something to treat."

It is midnight in the emergency room.  You have been on duty since 7
A.M.  and have 14 hours still ahead, some

* Meeching means a look that pleads "I am helpless, please do me no
harm." Dr.  kouise Bates Ames taught me this word, explaining that it is
a good old New England expression.

of them, you hope, asleep in the emergency room on-call bunk.  A cranky
child with a history of congestion and a fever awaits your decision
while his worried and weary parents pray that the young doctor before
them knows what he's doing.  "I can't find any specific trouble, and I
think he will be just fine if you take him home and keep an eye on him
overnight" is not nearly as good an answer to their prayers as "He has
an ear infection, and an antibiotic should take care of the problem."

Even if there is no specific treatment, a specific name is needed.  If
the doctor can name it, he can tame it, or at least that is a common
fantasy.  As a worried and weary resident !  prayed that careful
examination of such a child's eardrums would reveal enough redness to
justify the hoped for denouement.  An ear drum that was just red enough
for weariness and hope to take it over the threshold to treatability was
a "midnight ear." If a small heap of ear wax prevented the young doctor
from easy visualization of ear drums the potential for frustration
demanded a mature conscience.  Should the wiggling child be tormented
with attempts to clean the ear, with the attendant risk of scratching
the surface of the ear canal?  The resulting spot of blood coming from
the ear canal, however medically trivial, could be horrifying to a
fear-struck parent inferring that the young doctor, who seemed okay
until a moment ago, had just perforated the child's brain.  Such
situations gave rise to a pediatric rule of doubtful accuracy, that a
red ear drum is never found behind a wall of wax.  I had honed my skills
at non-traumatic wax removal and I summoned my confidence in those
skills as I began to discuss the situation with Sue's parents.  They had
watched me take extra time examining her right ear with my otoscope.

Could the problem be there, they asked, hopefully.  "I think not," I
said, because I had seen enough of her eardrum to be pretty sure that an
ear infection could not explain her serious illness.  Most ear
infections in a child her age would not produce an illness like hers,
anyway.  As I spoke, I was still bothered by the dark brown smooth
appearance of her ear wax.  Oriental people tend to have flaky or dry
ear wax, and when I was trying to see Sue's eardrum around the
obstruction I theorized to myself that her fever had melted the wax into
the brown bead that obstructed my view.  I am not sure why I stopped
theorizing out loud to the ambassador and his wife to re-examine S ue's
ear.  I guess I realized that I had never seen such smooth wax in any
child's ear, no matter what degree of fever had been present, and the
melted wax theory just wouldn't fly.  I could imagine no relevance of
the abnormal wax, but was reluctant to dismiss any unexplained detail. I
explained that there was still a chance that some redness of S ue's
right eardrum lurked behind a dome of wax that had kept me from being
able to see the whole drum, but in the urgency of the situation I really
just wanted to buy a little time to collect my meager thoughts.  I
carefully inserted my otoscope and inspected the wax until it
transformed itself into the body of an engorged tick.  Sue had a tick in
her ear!  Now I had to deal with further uncertainty.  I was already in
doubt as to which of several options would be the safest course for Sue.
Now I had to contend with the risk of getting sidetracked by the delay
and potential trauma involved in attempting to dislodge a critter known
for its tenacity and whose presence was likely to be completely
irrelevant to Sue's condition.  I imagined the consequences of spending
precious time trying to get the tick out when I should have been doing a
spinal tap or sending Sue to the hospital to be cared for.  The
ambassador and his wife were especially resistant to the latter option,
because they knew that the needles used there were sometimes not
properly sterilized.  I put some mineral oil in Sue's ear canal in an
attempt to start the process of suffocating the tick while I pondered
what to do.  A spinal tap would have been much easier than trying to
manage the tick with my head mirror and a pair of tweezers.  I decided
to go for the tick as I realized that there was at least a possibility
that the tick was making Sue sick.  Madame Ambassador held the lamp from
which the light reflected from my head mirror into Sue's ear canal; the
ambassador held Sue tightly and I prayed for a steady hand.  I had just
completed six months of a residency in obstetrics and gynecology before
coming to Chad.  Perhaps the skills I had learned there would see me
through this delivery.  I lined up the beam of light with Sue's ear
canal, drew a bead on the tick and then obscured my view as I inserted
the forceps that I hoped would embrace the tick.  No big game hunter in
the wilds of Chad could have felt the thrill I

experienced as I withdrew my instrument with the quarry intact.

While Sue's parents and I shared the first moments of this small
triumph, we all realized that now we must get back to the main business
at hand.  Scarcely had we retrieved our pre-tick seating arrangement
when Sue stretched and sighed deeply.  Within three minutes she roused
from her stupor, left her father's lap and embraced her mother.  Within
15 minutes her body temperature dropped.  Within a half an hour we three
astonished and relieved grownups ushered the smiling and chattering Sue
to the ambassador's Mercedes Benz.  She was back to her normal self.  I
was not.  I was forever changed.  I walked back through my gate in the
warm midnight air with the shrill sound of Fort Lamy's insects
squeaking, chirping and singing in my ear, feeling the elation of a
do-gooder who has done some good and pondering a serious scientific
question: "What was that?" An extraordinary reaction to an ordinary tick
bite?  An ordinary reaction to a tick bite in an extraordinary location?

Would you call the substance injected by the tick an allergen or a
toxin?  It was a variation on the theme of tick paralysis caused by
several kinds of ticks around the world, particularly in Australia where
they take a significant toll on sheep, who succumb to their paralytic
bite.  Sue had tick toxicosis, and the form her illness took probably
had to do with the location of the bite.  The substance in the tick
saliva may be viewed as venom or as an allergen, since it evidently
affects different individuals differently.  Sue's illness and the quick
recovery impressed upon me a lesson I cannot ignore when considering the
possibilities in any patient's illness: do not overlook the chance that
a person may be having a peculiar reaction to something.  Frequent
findings of such "somethings" bring me back to the phrase my pathology
professor, Avril Lebow, repeated like a mantra: "Illness results from
the interaction between an etiologic (i.e., causative) agent and a
susceptible host." Some people have peculiar interactions with etiologic
agents that we would not expect to make a person sick.  These
experiences have changed me from a doctor who focuses on finding, naming
and treating diseases to finding and treating the unique interaction
between my patient as an individual and unusual toxins and allergens.

Individual is the key word.  Each of us is different.  There are more
differences among individual humans than there are differences among
other creatures of a given species.  Sue did not have a disease, even
though there is a name for her condition.  She had a quirky response to
something the tick introduced into the skin deep in her ear canal.  A
disease is a concept we form about a group of ailing people who share
common features.  Acute illness usually fits into characteristic
patterns so that we easily form a concept of the group features that
encompass, say, chicken pox, or a cold, or an attack of kidney stones.
In such cases human individuality becomes submerged beneath the more or
less uniform effects that some germ or trauma evokes.  As a physician I
am expected either to name the problem or to eliminate several likely
(and worrisome) prospects.  It is like going to the woodshed with my
flashlight to investigate an unexpected noise.  I should return saying
"It was a raccoon" or "I could smell skunk" and assume that I had
eliminated the possibility of a prowler.  Many acute illnesses fit their
statistical images.  They are as identifiable as a raccoon or a skunk
glimpsed or sniffed in the woodshed.  Most acute illnesses can be
learned the same way a naturalist learns to identify robins and wrens or
maples and oaks by a few identifying features.  Sue's illness was not
like this.  It was very much the unique response of a particular little
girl to a particular kind of tick injecting a particular something into
a particular place in her ear canal.  Another little girl, another kind
of tick or another location of the tick would probably not have produced
the illness that I saw.  Sue did not have a germ.  For example, Lyme
disease is transmitted by ticks who deliver a particular germ with their
bite.  The tick must be attached for several hours before it can inject
the Borelia bergdorfi germ.  After that the germ must multiply so that
it may be hours before a noticeable redness appears on the skin and days
or weeks before other manifestations of illness occur.  I get tick bites
from time to time working outdoors in our part of Connecticut, which is
heavily populated with ticks.  The bite may itch for days after removing
a deer tick or dog tick from my skin, so I know that even when no
Borelia bergdorfi germs have gotten into me, there was something in the
tick's saliva that caused a little reaction.  Some times, in me, as in
many people, the skin returns to normal as soon as the tick has been
removed.  So if the "something" that the tick injected into Sue was not
a germ, which would have remained after the tick was removed, and if it
was like the substance that often gives me an itchy spot, how could she
have reacted in such an extreme way?  Whether you call Sue's reaction
toxic or allergic, it planted a question in my mind that I now ask about
each patient I see, even when I know the name of his or her illness:
"Could some part of this person's illness be due to a toxin or an
allergen?" The question that naturally follows would have been
unanswerable in Sue's case, but is worth pursuing in individuals with
chronic illness: "If there is a toxic or allergic component, why is this
person unable to rid herself of the toxin or why is she sensitive to the
allergen?" Before moving ahead, let us review some of the main points
that I have raised, which will be discussed further as we proceed. First
of all, we need an approach to illness that goes beyond naming the
illness and suppressing the symptoms with drugs or other approaches that
fail to id her illness: "Could some part of this person's illness be due
to a toxin or an allergen?" The question that naturally follows would
have been unanswerable in Sue's case, but is worth pursuing in
individuals with chronic illness: "If there is a toxic or allergic
component, why is this person unable to rid herself of the toxin or why
is she sensitive to the allergen?" Before moving ahead, let us review
some of the main points that I have raised, which will be discussed
further as we proceed. First of all, we need an approach to illness that
goes beyond naming the illness and suppressing the symptoms with drugs
or other approaches that fail to identify the cause.  Secondly, the
cause is not always simple, but can result from a complex interaction of
different kinds of imbalances within an individual.  The notion of
balance includes getting the right amount of substances to satisfy our
individual needs and avoiding exposure to substances that are toxic or
allergenic.  Achieving such a balance is relevant to the protection of a
group of cells within one's body that are permanent and undividing and
thus make up the essential cellular self.  The cells in question reside
in the immune and central nervous systems and, as such, participate in
an individual's capacity to perceive and remember.  Protection of these
cells involves optimizing the function of the other transient cells of
the body which, among other functions, rid us of potentially harmful
substances.  Dr. Franco's case reminds us that a simple approach to
biochemical balance can have dramatic results, and the case of the
ambassador's daughter reminds us that individuals can sometimes have
very unusual sensitivities that need to be taken into account in solving
their problems.

CHAPTER 4

Toxic Hormones:

A Boy with Breasts

NEWBORN BOYS AND GIRLS have breast buds resulting from estrogen hormones
that have crossed the placenta from their mother.  In boys the tissue
disappears completely in the first few months of life.  Occasionally a
girl keeps a little through infancy and childhood until normal
adolescent changes lead to normal breast development.  Teenage boys may
also develop breast buds when they are in the midst of the rest of their
adolescent sexual development.  They can be a source of embarrassment as
well as fear and confusion even if the situation is carefully explained.

Boys and girls each have a share of each other's typical hormones, and a
slight excess of estrogen or an increased sensitivity of breast tissue
to normal amounts of estrogen in a boy may lead to temporary breast
enlargement.  I wondered about that connection 30 years ago when as a
resident in pediatrics seeing patients in the outpatient clinic, I was
consulted by the father of a six-year-old boy with breast buds.  I
figured that if a newborn boy or an adolescent boy could normally have
breast buds, then, maybe it could be a normal variant in a six-year-old
boy.  That boy, Sean O'Malley, had breast buds that made him look as if
he were beginning to develop breasts and had caused understandable alarm
in his family.  My own lack of experience with

anything like this symptom in a boy his age led me to jump to the
conclusion that he had an estrogen-secreting adrenal tumor.

I admitted him to the pediatric service, ordered the necessary scans,
and got a loud scolding the next morning during rounds when the
endocrine specialists came around to see him and he was already down in
the X-ray department getting his scan.  "Don't you know that there have
been only 11 estrogen-secreting adrenal tumors in boys reported in all
of the world's medical literature?" I had not known that.  I took some
comfort that my mistake had not caused anyone real harm, but the
ridicule I endured before the other residents, nurses, interns and
medical students was painful.  The endocrinologists wanted him back on
the pediatric floor immediately and recommended blood and urine levels
of various hormones before any further steps were taken.  A call to the
X-ray department brought the radiologist to the phone.  "This boy has an
adrenal tumor, so we need to take a couple of more films before sending
him up to the pediatric floor." The scans were completed, the surgeons
were called, the situation was reviewed with Sean and his family and the
next morning Sean went to the operating room, where estrogen-secreting
adrenal cancer was removed.  His breast buds disappeared within a few
weeks and he remained well.  The endocrinologists wrote him up and
published the case report.  I have learned more from my mistakes than
from my achievements.  Sean provided an opportunity for a little of both
kinds of learning.

LUKE'S STORY

Recently I was confronted with the same problem in an eight-year-old boy
named Luke.  When confronted by Luke's problem, I did not have the
feeling that the story would turn out the same way as Sean's; his breast
tissue was much less advanced.  I was obliged, however, to eliminate the
worst possibilities from his list and ordered the necessary hormone
levels and scans.  They were normal.  The puzzle remained.  Luke had
already been under my care for other problems when the breast buds
appeared.  As it happened, just before his mother reported his worrisome
symptom I had done a test of his liver's capacity to detoxify various
unwanted substances in his body.  Had I not done so, I would not have
guessed that his endocrine problem might be caused by a problem in
detoxifying estrogen.  Plenty of boys have problems with detoxification,
but I had not seen another case in which it results in breast bud
development.  On the other hand, such a connection is not unheard of.
Men with liver disease, such as alcoholics, often develop breast tissue
because they cannot rid themselves of the small amounts of estrogen that
their bodies produce.

Breast development in men with liver damage is, in fact, so common that
I figured Luke's symptom could fit that model, given that I knew that
his chemistry was somewhat quirky to begin with.  I will return to wrap
up Luke's story after the following point about detoxification.

Detoxification is what your body's chemistry does to rid itself of
unwanted chemicals, whether the chemicals are left over from your own
metabolism or enter your system from the air you breathe, the food and
water you consume, substances you rub onto your skin or use to treat
your hair or the toxins and allergens produced by the germs that inhabit
your intestine.  The word detoxification is also used to describe a
treatment intended to improve or assist this process.  Toxins are
substances that are more or less harmful in small amounts to everyone.

Allergens are substances which, in small amounts, cause harm to one
person and not another.  Sue's reaction to the tick bite illustrates
that the distinction between toxin and allergen is not always entirely
clear.

The biologic process of detoxification mostly involves synthesis as
opposed to degradation.  That is, if you want to get rid of a molecule,
such as estrogen, your chemistry usually sticks another molecule onto
it, making it bigger, but less toxic.  "Packaged" in this way, the
unwanted molecule is discharged from the body directly from the liver
into the bile where it travels to the intestine and out, or the liver
puts the package into the bloodstream where it travels out of the body
in the urine via the kidneys.  Some toxins, such as heavy metals, find
their way out through hair and nails.  A minor exit for toxins is
through perspiration.  For the most part, however, toxins are bundled
for excretion from the body by a process that results in a bigger, not
smaller package.  I surmised that Luke might be

having trouble with the phase of detoxification that deals with the
packaging or conjugation of his estrogen.  I had done two kinds of tests
on Luke's detoxification chemistry.  Several months before, Luke's
mother had sent his urine specimen to Dr.  Rosemary Warring at the
University of Birmingham in England.  Dr.  Warring is a pioneer in
sorting out the connection between childhood autism and a weakness of
one of the body's main detoxification systems.  This system helps us get
rid of leftover hormones, neurotransmitters and a wide variety of other
toxic molecules.

Some such molecules come from our own metabolism, like leftover hormones
and neurotransmitters, and some come into us with our food or are made
by the germs that live in our intestines.  This detoxification
system--phenosulfotransferases, or PST--seemed normal in Luke, but
subsequently I measured other parts of his detoxification chemistry and
found that they were seriously under par.  I detected the detoxification
problems at about the same time that the tests for adrenal tumors and
serious hormone disorders were complete, including a careful physical
exam in which I assessed his body hair (less than normal for an
eight-year-old boy) and the size of his penis and testicles, which were
notably small.  When I recommended a treatment with various supplements
intended to help the conjugation phase of his detoxification chemistry I
thought that a possible connection between his breast buds and
underdeveloped genitals and his detoxification problem was quite
speculative and after the scans and hormone tests proved normal, I was
prepared to treat the problem with the reassurance that nothing really
serious, such as a tumor, appeared to be the cause.  I suggested
supplements as a detoxification treatment simply because I wanted to do
everything I could to improve this crucial part of his overall
biochemistry.  It was a matter of finding as many things wrong as could
be found and fixing as many as could be fixed, as in Dr.  Franco's case.

Within six weeks of beginning the treatment for his detoxification
problem, he grew hair on his legs, his breast buds disappeared and his
genital size became completely normal for an eight-year-old boy.  Of all
the various explanations--coincidence, placebo effect, improved
detoxification of estrogens--for what brought about this sudden change,
I believe it was detoxification that solved the problem.

Luke's story, however unique in my experience, provides a vehicle for
understanding connections between toxins, detoxification and hormones
that we hear more and more about but may otherwise have trouble
understanding.  There are, for example, some pesticides that mimic
estrogen.  In addition, meat contains estrogens that have been used to
fatten animals.  Exactly how each individual responds to exposure to
pesticides and estrogens in our food supply must vary as each of us
varies.  For some of us, our detoxification chemistry is very likely to
make all the difference between benign and deadly effects of hormones. I
will return to this theme in chapter 12.

CHAPTER 5

Toxins from the Gut

I HAVE A SPECIAL INTEREST in airplane crashes because my father died in
an airplane crash when I was 13 and my mother's only brother died in
another plane crash when I was 12.  My dad's crash was the first major
plane accident in which there was a successful legal effort to prove
that human his legs, his breast buds disappeared and his genital size
became completely normal for an eight-year-old boy.  Of all the various
explanations--coincidence, placebo effect, improved detoxification of
estrogens--for what brought about this sudden change, I believe it was
detoxification that solved the problem.

Luke's story, however unique in my experience, provides a vehicle for
understanding connections between toxins, detoxification and hormones
that we hear more and more about but may otherwise have trouble
understanding.  There are, for example, some pesticides that mimic
estrogen.  In addition, meat contains estrogens that have been used to
fatten animals.  Exactly how each individual responds to exposure to
pesticides and estrogens in our food supply must vary as each of us
varies.  For some of us, our detoxification chemistry is very likely to
make all the difference between benign and deadly effects of hormones. I
will return to this theme in chapter 12.

CHAPTER 5

Toxins from the Gut

I HAVE A SPECIAL INTEREST in airplane crashes because my father died in
an airplane crash when I was 13 and my mother's only brother died in
another plane crash when I was 12.  My dad's crash was the first major
plane accident in which there was a successful legal effort to prove
that human error had been the cause.  Years later a small settlement was
shared by families and lawyers that pressed the case.  When I recently
heard in the news of an American Airlines jet that crashed on its
approach to Call, Colombia, I was intrigued that within days of the
crash pilot error was cited as the cause.  Then came the news that
alcohol had turned up in the intestinal contents of the pilot.  The
final story was that the pilot had indeed made navigational errors, but
the alcohol was present as a result of "natural processes" that occur
after death.  He had not been drinking.  The alcohol, which was not a
byproduct of the pilot's metabolism, did not leave his body in the
process of decay.  Nor is alcohol a part of any molecule that could
release it after death.  Thus, it could be mistaken for the residue of a
gin and tonic consumed during life.  But where did the alcohol come
from?

Fermentation.  Sugar is the common source of energy for all living
things.  When it burns clean and releases all of its energy, the carbon,
oxygen and hydrogen atoms in the sugar become water and carbon dioxide.

When we burn the sugar (glucose) that appears in our blood after we eat,
the "smoke" that comes from that burning is made of water and carbon
dioxide as is the smoke from a candle flame, a cigarette lighter or a
municipal incinerator.  The municipal incinerator may burn dirty,
yielding a lot of soot and ash; however, when the body burns glucose, it
is clean and simply produces pure water, pure carbon dioxide and energy.
Even though glucose does not burn dirty, it can burn incompletely so
that the sugar molecule is not broken down to its most fundamental
components but rather, into pieces that carry two or three of the six
units (carbon atoms) of which the sugar was made.  The two-unit product
is alcohol and the three-unit product is lactic acid, which is familiar
as the sour taste in yogurt or sauerkraut.  Both alcohol and lactic acid
form in the living chemistry of germs but only humans can form lactic
acid as a metabolic by-product.  The intestinal contents of the body of
the airline pilot contained alcohol because the germs normally present
in the intestine went on to continue producing alcohol as they had done
in life.  The alcohol accumulated because the pilot's liver was not
available to detoxify the alcohol as it was produced.  He, like
everyone, was making about half an ounce of alcohol in his intestines
every day.  He, like everyone, was taking this alcohol into his system
until death extinguished his metabolic fire, but not that of the germs
that lived in his gut.  In life, the burning of the alcohol results in
its detoxification.  It does not need a sticky carrier to get it out of
the body.  It goes up in smoke.  One of the reasons it is toxic,
however, is that it must be burnt.  Unlike other foods, including the
lactic acid found in foods, the body cannot treat alcohol as something
to be saved for later and stored as fat.  Another reason that alcohol is
toxic is that it interferes with the chemistry of living things. Alcohol
exercises its toxic effects in a variety of ways.

The pickling effect of high concentrations of alcohol used as
antiseptics or preservatives gives an erroneous image of the way alcohol
may affect a living cell in the concentrations found where germs have
released it.  In such concentrations as well as in concentrations found
in the blood and tissues of someone drinking alcoholic beverages,
alcohol interferes with many different enzymes.  Enzymes are large
molecules that embrace smaller ones so that the latter can be assembled
or

disassembled.  Alcohol has a particularly bad effect on a group of
enzymes called cytochrome P450 that are the main workers in the body's
detoxification system.  In this way alcohol can function as a sort of
master toxin, enhancing the toxicity of all other toxic substances and
even turning a relatively harmless substance such as the common pain
reliever acetaminophen (such as Tylenol) into a poison by seriously
interfering with a person's ability to detoxify the acet-aminophen.

Alcohol also interferes with the activity of key enzymes in the
transformation of fatty acids into hormones as discussed in chapter 8.

Next time you go past the liquor store, replace in your mind's eye the
sign that says "Peter's Spirit Shop" with one that says "Fun-gal Toxins
Sold By the Bottle." Everything in the store was made by fungi.  Wine,
beer, whisky, vodka, sake, tequila and rum are all made by fermenting
the sugars found naturally in grapes, grains, cactus or sugar cane.  The
kind of fungus used by vintners and brewers and distillers occurs
naturally on the surface of the fruits of every plant found on dry land.

Various species of the fungus are found in soil, in the air we breathe,
and living on the moist surfaces of our body.  The fungus stops short of
completely burning its supply of sugar and forms alcohol, which it
tolerates more than some of the other germs that might compete with it
for space in nature.  The fungus' self-protective knack for producing
alcohol was domesticated by our ancestors about 10- or 12,000 years ago
when someone discovered that grape juice would develop special
properties when left in a jar with the lid on.  Later on, someone
discovered that wheat flour could be leavened with some of the residue
from the wine-making process, and that subsequently the residue from the
leavening could be passed on in the dough, some of which could be saved
as a "starter" to make more dough.  The particular fungus in question
constitutes a large fungal family called yeasts.  The ones we use for
brewing and baking started out as the same one found in nature on the
surface of grapes.  Eighteenth century Dutch experimenters found strains
of yeast that were more suitable for brewing and others that were more
suitable for baking, and Louis Pasteur completed separation of yeasts
that we now distinguish as baker's and brewer's yeasts.  In baking, the
alcohol produced in the leavening goes up the chimney

during the baking process.  With wine-making, it is the carbon dioxide
that leaves the brew and escapes into the air, so that, with the
exception of beer, champagne and other sparkling wines, the alcohol is
retained within the beverage while the bubbles of carbon dioxide escape.

WHEN THE BODY BECOMES A BREWERY

It was champagne that brought down Angela Carino.  Wedding champagne.

After two glasses she began calling the mother of the groom a slut and
threatened to kill the young man serving shrimp on a silver tray.  After
another half glass of bubbly fungal toxin extract she fell on her face
into a yew shrub.  Her son and three other men carried her 200-pound
limp body from the scene and it took 16 hours for her to recover her
senses and two weeks to heal the lacerations she suffered from the fall.

Her reputation is still scarred.  At one time, Angela had had a normal
tolerance for alcoholic beverages.  Then she had a stomach bypass
operation after failing to lose much of her 300 pounds by less invasive
methods including dieting.  After the bypass procedure, she became an
alcoholic.  Her special relationship with alcohol is simple from one
perspective: she shouldn't drink.  However, she does drink, and the
consequences are devastating.  From another perspective, it is complex:
she can manage moderate amounts of expensive champagne or a fresh wine
made by her European brother-in-law.  Her response to drinking a couple
of glasses of Dom Perignon is pretty normal.  However, if she drinks
champagne priced at less than $10 a bottle, she turns violent at first
and then sinks into a kind of stuporous, toxic impairment of brain
functioning.  Many of us experience a milder reaction that varies with
the quality of the champagne, reminding us that it is not the alcohol
but other components of the wine that can cause its immediately
disagreeable effects.  I like champagne, but if it is inexpensive it
gives me a terrible headache, so I just say no.

After five years that have nearly destroyed her life, Mrs.  Carino is in
the process of learning that her operation turned her into an alcoholic.

The operation did not change the amount she drank.  It

did not change her usually sweet and generous personality.  It allowed
her to keep her weight closer to 200 pounds and it did something to her
intestines that drastically altered her response to alcohol.  How so?
She became more sensitive.  She became sensitive to something more
likely to be found in inexpensive champagne than in expensive champagne
or some other wines.  It has something to do with alcohol, but it is not
only the alcohol.  It is the "congeners" or substances other than
alcohol that are produced in the process of aging and fermentation.  The
ambassador's daughter was unusually sensitive to a tick bite in a way
that had to do with the type of tick and the location of the bite.  Luke
was sensitive to a slight excess of estrogen caused by his body's
failure to detoxify his own modest supply.  This led to changes in his
body that might not have affected another boy of the same age.  Angela
Carino's sensitivity is different.  She went from having a tolerance for
wine that was more or less like other people's to becoming peculiarly
sensitive to it after her intestines were rerouted to send food past the
point where it could be easily absorbed and turned into fat.  Instead
her food now gets used by a host of germs that inhabit a part of her
intestine that would have previously been only thinly populated with
germs.  What do her germs do with the food?  They eat it, or, more
properly stated, they ferment it.  After her operation, Angela developed
a sort of brewery in her own intestines.  The yield of her internal
brewery is not only triggered by cheap champagne.  It is produced by a
mlange of unpredictable, more or less toxic products of fermentation
that includes alcohol.  Her detoxification chemistry now has to cope
with a daily load of toxins that it never had to deal with before, and
it can no longer handle the extra load of alcohol and its congeners.  I
will return to Angela Carino's story later.  Charles Swartz went to
doctors complaining of neurological symptoms: inability to concentrate
and episodes of inappropriate behavior.  The diagnosis was elusive until
a blood alcohol level was checked and found to be elevated.  Normal
levels are nearly zero, but some people have trace amounts of alcohol in
their blood  in inexpensive champagne than in expensive champagne or
some other wines.  It has something to do with alcohol, but it is not
only the alcohol.  It is the "congeners" or substances other than
alcohol that are produced in the process of aging and fermentation.  The
ambassador's daughter was unusually sensitive to a tick bite in a way
that had to do with the type of tick and the location of the bite.  Luke
was sensitive to a slight excess of estrogen caused by his body's
failure to detoxify his own modest supply.  This led to changes in his
body that might not have affected another boy of the same age.  Angela
Carino's sensitivity is different.  She went from having a tolerance for
wine that was more or less like other people's to becoming peculiarly
sensitive to it after her intestines were rerouted to send food past the
point where it could be easily absorbed and turned into fat.  Instead
her food now gets used by a host of germs that inhabit a part of her
intestine that would have previously been only thinly populated with
germs.  What do her germs do with the food?  They eat it, or, more
properly stated, they ferment it.  After her operation, Angela developed
a sort of brewery in her own intestines.  The yield of her internal
brewery is not only triggered by cheap champagne.  It is produced by a
mlange of unpredictable, more or less toxic products of fermentation
that includes alcohol.  Her detoxification chemistry now has to cope
with a daily load of toxins that it never had to deal with before, and
it can no longer handle the extra load of alcohol and its congeners.  I
will return to Angela Carino's story later.  Charles Swartz went to
doctors complaining of neurological symptoms: inability to concentrate
and episodes of inappropriate behavior.  The diagnosis was elusive until
a blood alcohol level was checked and found to be elevated.  Normal
levels are nearly zero, but some people have trace amounts of alcohol in
their blood produced by intestinal yeasts.  His levels were similar to
those produced by drinking alcoholic beverages, but he emphatically
denied consuming any alcoholic beverage and he, like many alcoholics,
was thought to be a liar.  Further investigation showed that he was
absorbing alcohol produced by yeasts in his own intestinal tract.  These
yeasts were rewarding their host for his hospitality by consuming sugars
from his diet and converting them to alcohol.  His case was widely
reported, and became a source of inspiration to lawyers defending
drunken drivers.  Mr. Swartz's circumstances were unusual, however.  He,
like Mrs.  Carino, had had intestinal surgery and he had lived in Japan,
which was the presumed origin of the mutant yeast with a special
capacity for intestinal alcohol production.

Charles Swartz and Angela Carino each had had intestinal surgery,
providing an altered habitat for the germs which, in Mr.  Swartz,
consisted of some Japanese brewing routants and in Mrs.  Carino
consisted of other factors that produced alcohol and other toxins that
altered her response to drinking.  A more common way to alter the germs
of the intestinal tract is to kill large numbers with antibiotics.  Earl
Knight consulted me with peripheral neuropathy after he had read Dr.
William Crook's book, The Yeast Connection?  Earl was in perfect health
when he consulted a physician at age 18 for his college physical.  The
examining doctor noted the pimples on Earl's back and face and suggested
that he take tetracycline, the antibiotic most often used for treating
acne.  Earl took the antibiotic for three years pretty regularly, and
the pimples diminished some, but not enough to persist with the
treatment.  When Earl stopped the treatment his acne flared and became a
mass of cystic lesions on his face, back and chest that were still a
major problem when he came to see me 19 years later.  In the intervening
years, and beginning at the time of the tetracycline treatment, Earl
first developed a diffuse eczema with red, itchy, sometimes cracking and
crusting skin eruptions on his entire body with intense localization on
the backs of his knees and the crooks of his elbows.  When the cracks
became infected, the dermatologist gave him antibiotics.  Earl also
struggled with depression and fatigue.  After reading books by Adelle
Davis, he tried vitamin and mineral supplements, which actually made
most of his symptoms worse.

Vitamin and mineral supplements may not make you feel better, but they
really should not make things worse.  The dangers of nutritional
supplements are limited to rare instances of unwise excess or imbalance
in the way they are taken.  For the most part the body knows how to
handle these substances, which, unlike drugs, are a familiar part of
one's biochemistry and are not toxic in a wide range of dosages.  Why is
it that some people report a variety of unpleasant symptoms when they
take supplements?  Earl, for example, experimented with all sorts of
exceptionally pure supplements and repeatedly found that some of the B
vitamins intensified the disabling burning of his hands and feet for
which he consulted me in 1988.  His reactions to vitamins, even those
that might normally be prescribed for treating peripheral nerve
problems, were so severe that I was reluctant to experiment with
injecting vitamins to see if a different route of administration would
make a difference.  I put Earl on a yeast-free mold-free diet and
prescribed medication to kill the yeasts in his intestines.  After
Earl's problem was under control, and his vitamin intolerance was still
present, my assistant, Jayne Barese, suggested that we try injections of
B vitamins.  No adverse reactions occurred and the shots gave Earl a
boost of energy.  Earl's prior difficulty with vitamins illustrates a
common problem signified by intolerance to vitamins.  In nearly every
case it turns out to be related to the mediation of germs inhabiting the
upper intestinal tract.  The germs get hold of one or another vitamin or
mineral for which they have a particular affinity and celebrate by
producing extra amounts of whatever toxins it pleases them to produce.

The toxins, liberated in the intestines, either provoke digestive
complaints or they are absorbed systemically where they provoke all
sorts of symptoms, depending on the person.  In Earl they provoked the
precise symptoms of which he complained during several years of misery
before Dr.  Crook's book led him to me.  His hands and feet were on fire
most of the time.  He had a sensation of numbness that was more like
wearing heavy gloves than an absolute extinction of his sense of light
touch, pressure, pain or finger position.  He is a professional
violinist, so wearing his neuropathic gloves was a special burden.  When
Earl first consulted me he had already experimented with his diet along
the lines outlined in Dr.  Crook's book.  He avoided fermented and
leavened foods and other fare that is or becomes yeasty.

Orange juice, like other juices one buys at the store, for example,
picks up some of the yeasts that naturally inhabit the fruit's surface.

During the preparation of the fresh juice or concentrates used in making
commercial juices, the few yeasts that get into the juice to begin with
multiply so that they become quite abundant in the finished product
without causing noticeable fermentation.  There is nothing wrong with
having a few yeasts in our juice any more than there is a problem with
inhaling the many yeasts and parts of yeasts and other molds that are
present in the fresh air we normally breathe.  Earl found, however, that
his symptoms improved significantly when he avoided bread, vinegar,
commercial juices, un-peeled fruits and leftover food.  His fatigue,
depression, rash, cystic acne and peripheral nerve symptoms got worse
when he broke the diet.  It is rare for a person to actually harbor a
strain of baker's or brewer's yeast in his or her digestive tract.

Usually any yeast that is consumed live on fruit or dead in bread
disappears during the process of digestion.  Earl Knight's sensitivity
to yeast in food was caused by the overgrowth of other kinds of yeasts
that flourished in his intestines when other normal germs were killed by
the tetracycline he took for acne.  These yeasts probably existed in his
digestive tract in normal quantities before he took tetracycline.  With
the antibiotic, they became so numerous they may have crossed the line
from being normal intestinal germs to causing infection.  The other
species of yeasts that had become bothersome when consumed in food were
not infectious, but they produced a toxic allergic reaction in Earl.

When I encouraged him to continue his yeast- and mold-free diet and gave
him medication to kill the yeasts in his intestine, nearly all of his
problems cleared up except for a remaining intermittent sensation of
tingling in his fingers and toes that may have been an acceptable
disability in a non-violinist.

Before I met Dr.  Orian Truss in 1977, I knew that yeast was a
relatively innocent germ with a capacity for causing stubborn vaginal
infection, often provoked by taking antibiotics.  The prevailing medical
opinion then, as now, was that yeast infections were associated only
with superficial problems, most of which could be seen through a vaginal
speculum.  Yeast germs were thought to become truly infectious only in
people whose immune systems had been injured by cancer chemotherapy or
radiation or in babies who might get a thrush infection in the mouth
even if they had not been given antibiotics.  It is common knowledge
that people can have strange reactions to germs, such as the allergic
reaction to strep germs that results in rheumatic fever.  I had not
considered that the yeast germs that normally inhabit the intestines
could constitute an allergen, however.  I knew that people could have
allergic reactions to foods, but I did not think of yeast and mold in
food as high on the list of possible offenders as are egg, wheat, milk,
soy, chocolate and seafood.  On the other hand, I had already begun to
reassess my diverse experiences with yeasts.  Before going to Africa in
1966 I had done part of a residency program in obstetrics and
gynecology.  In Africa I trained midwives and treated many gynecologic
problems.  Most of the women I saw had never taken any antibiotics.

Yeast infections were rare in those women.  In the United States,
however, from the introduction of sulfa drugs in the 1930s and
antibiotics in the 1940s, the incidence of vaginal yeast infections had
risen to epidemic proportions, until today there are TV advertisements
for antifungal treatments to be undertaken based on self-diagnosis.  I
also appreciated that one woman might harbor what seemed to be a very
small number of yeasts when seen through a microscope in a drop of
vaginal secretion and yet she would have tissues that appeared to be
scalded by the infection.  Another woman might have mucus that was
loaded with the kind of actively branching yeast that are supposed to be
the hallmark of active infection and yet she would be completely free of
symptoms at the time of a routine examination for a Pap smear.  Dr.
Truss's findings helped me reexamine what I had been taught.  I began to
think about what I saw in my patients in a new way.

Dr.  Truss had seen a number of patients in his allergy practice who
experienced a dramatic remission of illness when he treated what had
seemed to be unrelated symptoms of respiratory allergy with
desensitization and avoidance of yeasts and molds.  Following a trail
that was indicated by his early patients, he accumulated a body of
evidence over a 10-year period leading to the publication of his first
papers and, in 1982, his book, The Missing Diagnosis?  One has only to
try out his simple concept on a few patients, such as Earl Knight, to
see how easy it is to spot and treat individuals who have been sick for
years.  By the time I saw Earl I had been including Dr.  Truss's
concepts in my thinking about chronic illness for more than 10 years,
during which time Dr.  Truss and I had organized two international
conferences on the subject.  We had hoped to establish a dialogue
between practitioners who, using the most benign kinds of intervention
(a yeast-free diet and a trial of antifungal medication), could easily
see results in their patients, and academicians, whose reverence for the
established truth creates a skepticism that is invaluab a few patients,
such as Earl Knight, to see how easy it is to spot and treat individuals
who have been sick for years.  By the time I saw Earl I had been
including Dr.  Truss's concepts in my thinking about chronic illness for
more than 10 years, during which time Dr.  Truss and I had organized two
international conferences on the subject.  We had hoped to establish a
dialogue between practitioners who, using the most benign kinds of
intervention (a yeast-free diet and a trial of antifungal medication),
could easily see results in their patients, and academicians, whose
reverence for the established truth creates a skepticism that is
invaluable to one's professional thinking.  There has always been a
dialogue in my profession between empiricists and rationalists.7
Empiricists are those of us who believe what we see and rationalists are
those who see what we believe.

It seems to me that the belief system of modern medicine has become
something of a handicap in permitting us to see well.  If this were not
the case, Dr.  Truss's theories would have gained widespread acceptance
long ago.  Instead many members of the medical profession stubbornly
refer to the truth as that which is revealed in medical texts and
editorials produced by committees and they fail to simply verify it with
a few patients.  The two conferences we organized were intended to bring
together a faculty of clinicians and academicians and an audience of
clinicians anxious for guidance on how to help patients, many of whom
had diagnosed their own problems as yeast-related with the

help of Dr.  Truss's book.  The first conference, held in 1982 in
Birmingham, was a success, particularly because it brought about a
respectful dialogue between clinicians who had direct experience with
patients who had convincing histories and responses to yeast-free diets
and antifungal therapy and academicians whose experience tended to be
more focused on hospitalized patients with yeast problems.  The second
conference, held in San Francisco in 1985, was well-attended, but was
disappointing because two of our main speakers canceled at the last
minute.  They were pressured to stay away by the organized opposition of
a major medical society which denounced the yeast idea as heresy, partly
because of rivalry with an organization that cosponsored our conference
and provided continuing education credits for attending physicians.

Leaders in infectious disease and immunology have since retreated from
their strong denunciation of the ideas put forward by Dr.  Truss, but
some of the public statements and editorials of the 1980s are still
quoted by various authorities to threaten the livelihood of physicians
who treat patients with yeast problems and to deny insurance
reimbursement for such treatment on the grounds that it is not medically
sound.  In fact, there are groups of doctors in various states who fancy
themselves "quackbusters" and go after the licenses of colleagues who
treat patients with yeast-free diets and antifungal medications.

Much of the credit for bucking the tide of orthodox medical opinion
regarding yeast goes to Dr.  William Crook, whose wit and sincerity have
disarmed many skeptics to the point of at least acknowledging that there
might be such a thing as yeast problems.  He organized the very first
yeast conference in Dallas in 1980, attended by a couple of dozen of Dr.
Truss's first converts.  Soon Dr.  Crook was turning out books which
have sold widely and spread the word among many people who would
otherwise never have gotten help.  His free and easy enthusiasm has
infected a few academics, but for the most part the medical schools and
drug companies have turned a deaf ear.  One of the major manufacturers
of antifungal drugs has recently started funding some research, but the
others have stonewalled efforts to conduct research while enjoying the
profits from antifungal drugs.

CHAPTER 6

Food as Toxin

LYDIA DVORAK WAS a fellow member of the Yale Medical School faculty, but
I probably would never have met her if she did not live across the
street.  In the 25 years that have elapsed since the time of the story I
am about to tell she has become a full professor and a leading expert in
her field of psychology and molecular biology.  When we were both junior
faculty members and she and her husband came over for dinner she told me
her headache story.  She was pregnant with her first child and had
developed, for the first time in her life, absolutely crushing
headaches.  They were the kind of headaches that left her basically
unable to leave a darkened room and were literally blinding, with
partial loss of vision.  The nausea and vomiting that accompanied the
headaches did not seem to have to do with morning sickness, but felt to
her as if she were trying to eject some kind of poison from her body.

Her obstetrician delivered the children of many Yale doctors and other
professors, including my own first child, and was a particularly
thoughtful and skilled doctor.  After carefully listening to Lydia's
story he identified her problem as migraine and implied very strongly
that having a Ph.D.  and a baby might be producing some inner conflict
that expressed itself as headache.  Lydia responded with a strong
expletive, fled the doctor's office and headed two blocks down the
street straight to the medical library.  Even in those days, before
computer searches, she turned up the literature on food migraine within
a couple of hours and came

up with her own diagnosis.  She immediately abandoned the New York State
cheddar cheese habit that she had acquired for the sake of getting good
protein for her fetus, and her headaches stopped.  There is nothing
wrong with New York State cheddar cheese.  That is, unless you happen to
share Professor Dvorak's sensitivity to tyramine, a natural substance
produced in the aging of various cheeses and other foods such as red
wine and chocolate.  Sensitivity to tyramine is just that, a
"sensitivity," not an allergy.  This is, in my opinion, a silly
distinction that still carries a lot of weight in my profession.  In
general, doctors take sensitivities quite seriously.  They are
especially careful about drug sensitivities or allergies.  However, many
doctors, like lay people, are very skeptical about food sensitivity.

I BECOME A BELIEVER

Milton Senn was chairman of the Department of Pediatrics and director of
the Yale Child Study Center when I first met him.  I was an
undergraduate at Yale and lived in Davenport College, one of the
residential colleges where faculty members might meet with
undergraduates over lunch.  Dr.  Senn was a large, gracious man of
Scandinavian origin with bushy eyebrows and a gentle warmth that babies
could recognize at a glance and which seemed unsuited to the highly
competitive medical school faculty where Dr.  Senn thrived.  Dr.  Senn
retired just before I became an intern in pediatrics, which did not
inhibit me from seeking his advice and friendship, especially years
later when I was asked to become director of the Gesell Institute.  Dr.
Senn had replaced Dr.  Gesell at the time of Dr.  Gesell's retirement
from the directorship of the Yale Child Study Center, and Dr.  Senn had
taken that institution on a new, psychoanalytically oriented path.  When
I was asked to direct the Gesell Institute, I asked Dr.  Senn's advice
and he gave his blessing to my effort, even though it was clear that I
would continue the Institute's orientation toward biological aspects of
development, even expanding the notion to include a medical practice
that included adults as well as children.  A few years later Dr.  Senn
became my patient and, in the course of taking his history, he told me
the following story.  Not long after coming to Yale Dr.  Senn and his
wife consulted their pediatrician concerning problems their baby was
having with her skin, sleep and mood.  Dr.  and Mrs.  Senn were quite
convinced that the baby was allergic to eggs.  Her problems were severe,
though she didn't eat large amounts of eggs.  The pediatrician was
skeptical and expressed some impatience that a professor of pediatrics
and chairman of the department, for that matter, should entertain such a
diagnosis as a hidden egg allergy.  "Actually," said Dr.  Senn at the
time of their consultation, "we think she is so sensitive that she
cannot even be tested." The pediatrician said "Nonsense," or words to
that effect, and proposed an oral challenge of a small amount of egg.
The amount was negotiated so that the resulting quantity was one-eighth
of a teaspoon of egg white diluted in a quart of water, of which a
teaspoon was offered to the baby.  Shortly thereafter, she came within
an inch of dying from anaphylactic shock.  After she was resuscitated
the pediatrician conceded that she was, indeed, a very allergic child.
Here was a stimulus quite different than a tick bite in the ear canal, a
reaction to poorly detoxified estrogen, the negative effect of alcohol
or other yeast toxins in a person with altered gut function or flora or
the quirky toxicity of tyramine in cheddar cheese.

This was just the tiniest bit of a perfectly healthy food, and it was
nearly as lethal as the most toxic of substances.  How can one person be
nearly poisoned by a food that nourishes another?  The whole process is
so mysterious and physiologically perverse that it gets pushed aside in
the training of doctors, who prefer to deal with situations that they
can control.  In my own training, my chairman (Dr.  Senn's successor),
Dr.  Charles Davenport Cook, took a dim view of allergy and discouraged
me from taking any interest in it whenever the subject came up of my own
severe allergy to cats.  Dr.  Cook did encourage me to be interested in
nutrition, but allergy was not considered a respectable pursuit.  The
pediatric allergy clinic at Yale was the only specialty clinic that was
still under the leadership of practicing pediatricians from the New
Haven community as opposed to full-time

academics who, by the early 1960s, had come to dominate medical
education in all of the major medical schools.

Except for the little I had learned from my own suffering with hay fever
and cat-induced asthma, I knew little about allergies.  I completed my
training in pediatrics and, after a year as chief resident at Yale, I
spent two years on the full-time faculty as an assistant professor of
Medical Computer Sciences working in the Department of Obstetrics and
teaching in pediatrics.  When I went into practice in 1971 as a family
practitioner and pediatrician, I believed that allergy, especially food
allergy, was inconsequential and that lack of knowledge of it would not
affect my ability to do everything I could for my patients.

I started out as one of four primary care physicians in the first Health
Maintenance Organization in the Northeast, before the term HMO was in
use.  At the time we had to be fairly well-staffed even though patient
enrollment was just beginning, so I had plenty of time to spend with
patients, a habit that remains the backbone of my practice.  Frequently,
during relatively unfocused conversatiergy clinic at Yale was the only
specialty clinic that was still under the leadership of practicing
pediatricians from the New Haven community as opposed to full-time

academics who, by the early 1960s, had come to dominate medical
education in all of the major medical schools.

Except for the little I had learned from my own suffering with hay fever
and cat-induced asthma, I knew little about allergies.  I completed my
training in pediatrics and, after a year as chief resident at Yale, I
spent two years on the full-time faculty as an assistant professor of
Medical Computer Sciences working in the Department of Obstetrics and
teaching in pediatrics.  When I went into practice in 1971 as a family
practitioner and pediatrician, I believed that allergy, especially food
allergy, was inconsequential and that lack of knowledge of it would not
affect my ability to do everything I could for my patients.

I started out as one of four primary care physicians in the first Health
Maintenance Organization in the Northeast, before the term HMO was in
use.  At the time we had to be fairly well-staffed even though patient
enrollment was just beginning, so I had plenty of time to spend with
patients, a habit that remains the backbone of my practice.  Frequently,
during relatively unfocused conversations with patients I learn helpful
clues that open new avenues for solving their problems.  I listen a lot.

I take complete medical histories of the kind I was taught to do as a
medical student and intern.  Medical students (who work on the medical
wards of the hospital as "clinical clerks") are required to write up a
complete history and the findings of a complete physical exam of
patients assigned to them when they are admitted to the hospital.

However it is organized, the traditional content of the history is
supposed to begin with a statement concerning the presenting problem,
usually quoting the patient's own words to describe what is wrong after
a terse demographic statement: "Mrs.  Smith is a 37-year-old, divorced,
white paralegal and mother of two children who presents with "severe
headache." After a description of the onset, duration, periodicity,
aggravating and alleviating factors and associated symptoms the medical
student is expected to record past illnesses, past injuries,
allergies--especially to medications, drug usage, social and family
history, and what is known as a review of systems, an inventory of
complaints referable to the respiratory system, digestive system,
reproductive system, etc.  As the student progresses up the ladder, and
eventually becomes a physician in his or her own office he or she
generally adopts the hasty, illegible and incomplete methods of the top
of the hierarchy.

Dr.  Lawrence L.  Weed, now an emeritus professor at the University of
Vermont Medical School, came along in the 1960s to take some initial
giant steps in teaching changes in record-keeping as well as the
thinking that goes with it.  The method in place at the time was to cap
the history and physical exam described above with a discussion of the
differential diagnosis in which the student explicitly describes his or
her choices among the various diseases that could be present considering
the history, physical findings and initial laboratory results.  The
value of the exercise is in helping the student learn to discard the
irrelevant and focus on the relevant facts in arriving at a parsimonious
conclusion concerning the patient's condition.  Dr.  Weed wrote and
spoke eloquently and, at times, scathingly about the tendency of the
diagnosis-oriented approach to overlook problems that were either
important to the patient's overall health, e.g.  getting divorced, or
could have crucial ancillary importance to the treatment of the present
diagnosis, e.g.  underlying diabetes.  His problem-oriented approach
encourages physicians to list all the patient's difficulties,
abnormalities and situations that can be described as problems without
having to dignify them as diagnoses.  The approach leads to thoroughness
and it particularly discourages the medical tendency to lose track of
details in a patient's story that are deemed irrelevant because they do
not constitute criteria for arriving at a diagnosis.

As I learned a tolerance for tracking "irrelevant" details, I also
learned patience with "irrelevant" questions posed by patients as they
struggled to sort out the meaning of problems seen from their
perspective.  Such questions usually begin with the word "could."

When I started out low in the hierarchy as a Primary Care Physician--or
"provider" as we are now called--I was particularly troubled by my
patients' questions that began with the word "could." The more time I
spent listening to my patients' stories, the more trouble I had
answering with the time-saving word "no" that would be easier to utter
if I were focused on making a diagnosis rather than on understanding all
the problems.

The questions often came up when I was trying to take a complete medical
history including, "Tell me about past illnesses, injuries, allergies,
occupational exposures and medications you have taken." More often than
I expected, my patients indicated in their reply to the allergy query
that there were foods they avoided in order to prevent symptoms.  Often
patients had suffered for an extended period before making the
connection between the foods they ate and their symptoms.  If I had just
heard that a patient avoided foods from the nightshade family (tomato,
potato, peppers, eggplant, tobacco) in order to remain free of joint
pain, I wondered what to tell the next patient who asked, "Could my
joint pain have anything to do with my diet?" The stories I heard came
from completely reasonable and sane people, and when they differed from
pronouncements in heavy medical texts that said, for example, that food
allergies are rare, I tended to believe the collective voice of my
patients.  The more I believed my patients, the more difficulty I had
giving a flat no to questions for which the answer might better be, "It
is not likely, but it is possible, so we should check it out."

Sometimes, the way to check out the likelihood of allergy was pretty
obvious.  For example, Hillary Tuck-erman became wildly hyperactive when
given ampicillin for her earache.  Giving an antibiotic to a
nine-month-old infant usually relieves pain very promptly.  I had never
heard of ampicillin causing an infant to climb the walls, yet Mrs.
Tuckerman said that Hillary had turned into a "wild raving animal,"
screeching and clawing the air, her bedding, her hair and her mother
about an hour after getting her first dose of the drug.  Roused from
sleep in my on-call room I was faced with Mrs.  Tuck-erman's question,
"Could Hillary be having a sort of psychotic reaction to the
penicillin?" One thing I knew was that the family of penicillin drugs
did not cause psychotic reactions.  There is a temptation to stop
listening when you think that the patient's question seems irrelevant. I
had, however, long since learned to weigh the short-term rewards of the
pillow against the greater rewards of careful listening.  This I did as
Mrs.  Tuckerman speculated, "Could it be the pink stuff they use to
color the capsules?" I didn't think so.  "They"--the pharmaceutical
company--surely knew how to make children's medicine and would not put
anything in it that would turn Hillary into a "beast."

"Still," Mrs.  Tuckerman suggested, "There is Dr.  Feingold who says
that food coloring can bother some kids, even make them hyper." I had
heard of Feingold, but all I knew was that he had written a popular book
saying things that were not medically true.  At the time I did not
understand the distinction between True and true.  It was probably two
years after my nighttime conversation with Mrs.  Tuckerman, while having
tea served by Dr.  Feingold in his 11th floor studio on North Point
overlooking San Francisco Bay, that the difference between True and true
really sank in.  Something is true when reasonable people examine the
evidence with an open mind and, well informed of all the facts, admit
that, for example, some children react to some foods or food additives
with changes in mood, behavior, affect or attention.  It took only a few
minutes of conversation with Dr.  Feingold for me to discover that he
was a man of vast clinical experience: nearly 50 years of observing the
effects of allergy.  He had a critical mind and the forthright approach
to saying what he had to say that is often found in people over 70 years
old.  A small, salty, agile man with generous eyebrows and a direct
gaze, his conclusions, based on decades of experience, seemed so
obviously reliable that the benefit of acting upon his truth (that is,
suspecting reactions to foods and food additives when the possibility
arises) seemed to me to clearly outweigh the risk of ignoring it.  His
truth has, however, taken a beating on its way to becoming the Truth. He
did not publish his research results in a peer-reviewed scientific
journal before writing a book that mothers brought to their
pediatricians' offices as if it were a missionary's bible wielded before
the heathen.  Committees, editorials and grand rounds presentations
denounced Dr.  Feingold's description of reality, and eventually studies
were conducted to "prove" that he was wrong.  While the studies
consistently turned up evidence to support his contention, they were
published under titles and reviewed under headlines that touted
"negative results,"s meaning that any doctor who chose to ignore Dr.
Feingold's notions would have the protection of his colleagues and
anyone who asserted even the partial truth of his observations would be
considered a heretic.

My experience with Hillary was one of several at that time that helped
me reconsider some of the dogmas of my mainstream training.  I had Mrs.
Tuckerman come to the clinic where I took capsules of ampicillin and
showed her how to open them and shake out the white powder so Hillary
could take it with a little honey or applesauce as a substitute for the
pink suspension.  Hillary soon recovered from her earache without any
side effects from the drug.  Several months later I got a call from
Ohio, where Hillary and her mother were visiting Hillary's grandparents.

Mrs.  Tuckerman wanted my help because Hillary had again been stricken
with an earache.  She had been seen by a Dr.  Stone, an Ohio
pediatrician, who insisted on prescribing a pink suspension.  Mrs.
Tuckerman had told the doctor about Hillary's previous experience and
expressed her concerns about dyes and other food additives, but,
according to Mrs.  Tucker-man, the doctor ignored her and, with a roll
of his eyes, pronounced, "Oh, that's Feingold." Reluctantly, Mrs.
Tuckerman agreed to have Hillary take the prescription, and the results
were just as she feared.  Now the distraught parent wanted me to
intervene and persuade Dr.  Stone to prescribe an alternative for her
daughter.  Calling Dr.  Stone would not be easy for me.  I learned
Hillary's grandmother and Dr.  Stone's mother played bridge together,
and that Dr.  Stone had been especially kind--getting up at night to
actually observe Hillary in orbit.  He had been as adamant about his
views as he had been sweet to Hillary, and I did not relish speaking
with him.  I don't like calling strange doctors.  I have had some
exceptionally bad experiences even though the typical call often works
out quite well, more so in the last few years as some doctors have
become more tolerant of nondrug approaches to illness.  However, at the
time of Mrs.  Tuckerman's call years ago, I was less experienced and
more likely to be scorched by my colleagues' disaffection.  The call to
Dr.  Stone went something like this: "ider some of the dogmas of my
mainstream training.  I had Mrs. Tuckerman come to the clinic where I
took capsules of ampicillin and showed her how to open them and shake
out the white powder so Hillary could take it with a little honey or
applesauce as a substitute for the pink suspension.  Hillary soon
recovered from her earache without any side effects from the drug.
Several months later I got a call from Ohio, where Hillary and her
mother were visiting Hillary's grandparents.

Mrs.  Tuckerman wanted my help because Hillary had again been stricken
with an earache.  She had been seen by a Dr.  Stone, an Ohio
pediatrician, who insisted on prescribing a pink suspension.  Mrs.
Tuckerman had told the doctor about Hillary's previous experience and
expressed her concerns about dyes and other food additives, but,
according to Mrs.  Tucker-man, the doctor ignored her and, with a roll
of his eyes, pronounced, "Oh, that's Feingold." Reluctantly, Mrs.
Tuckerman agreed to have Hillary take the prescription, and the results
were just as she feared.  Now the distraught parent wanted me to
intervene and persuade Dr.  Stone to prescribe an alternative for her
daughter.  Calling Dr.  Stone would not be easy for me.  I learned
Hillary's grandmother and Dr.  Stone's mother played bridge together,
and that Dr.  Stone had been especially kind--getting up at night to
actually observe Hillary in orbit.  He had been as adamant about his
views as he had been sweet to Hillary, and I did not relish speaking
with him.  I don't like calling strange doctors.  I have had some
exceptionally bad experiences even though the typical call often works
out quite well, more so in the last few years as some doctors have
become more tolerant of nondrug approaches to illness.  However, at the
time of Mrs.  Tuckerman's call years ago, I was less experienced and
more likely to be scorched by my colleagues' disaffection.  The call to
Dr.  Stone went something like this: "Hello, Dr.  Stone.  My name is Sid
Baker.  My patient, Hillary Tuckerman's mom, asked me to give you a
ring.  She is very grateful for your care of Hillary, but she is
concerned about the possibility that the red dye in the ampicillin is
causing a problem.  I .  .  ."

"Well, Dr.  Baker, I appreciate your concern, but I think we agree that
Mrs.  Tuckerman is a little overboard with this Feingold thing.  I am a
pediatrician, so I feel qualified to call the shots at this end," said
Dr.  Stone, who had taken the term "family doctor" as applied to me by
Mrs.  Tuckerman to imply that I was not a specialist in his domain.  The
soft gravel in Dr.  Stone's voice let me know that I was speaking to a
much older doc than me and one with whom I would have cordially agreed
on the importance of breastfeeding or exercise, but we were not to reach
agreement on the possibility of individual reactions to food colorings
in children's medicines.  He protested by adding, "I'm a small town doc
but I practice scientific medicine.  I can't get carried away with every
new fad, especially one that is not only unsupported in the peer review
journals, but actually has been disproved, according to what I read.  I
have people here telling me that food colorings, salicylates and all
sorts of other stuff cause this hyperactivity thing, and I just don't
see it." Dr.  Stone held to the same dogma that I was beginning to shed:
Diseases are entities (e.g., "this hyperactivity thing"), and the
clinician's job is to identify the disease and then aim therapy at it.
If hyperactivity is the "thing" and "they" (peers) say that it is not
caused by food additives, then a good doctor waits until "they" figure
out what "the treatment" should be, meanwhile resisting any secular
challenge to the whole idea of how people get sick; they are the victims
of the attack by diseases.  I could tell that Dr.  Stone was going to
yield on the case in point without ever yielding the high ground he had
claimed.  That was fine with me.  I just wanted to get off the phone
without having to call Mrs. Tuckerman with news of my defeat.  "Please
understand, Dr.  Stone, that Mrs.  Tuckerman just thought it might be
helpful for you to hear from me that Hillary had an identical reaction
to the ampicillin that I prescribed for her and she cooled off as soon
as we switched to powder from the capsules." Tension mounted as Dr.
Stone pointed out that I had probably not seen this "cooling off" with
my own eyes, but, with the last word, he agreed that Hillary could have
the capsules.

A RESISTANT MEDICAL COMMUNITY

In those days I would actually seek out my colleagues at Yale and in the
New Haven community and tell them about cases like Hillary's, figuring
that my stock was high enough with them to put me on a different footing
than I was in conversations like the one I had with Dr.  Stone.  Within
a few minutes of starting such a conversation, however, my colleagues
would talk about whatever "disease" my patient had and how there is not
any "scientifically credible published" support for the notion that such
and such disease is caused by whatever it was that affected my
particular patient.  I tried to return to the dialogue by saying "Look,
this happens.  For the sake of argument, accept the fact that on an
individual basis patients have peculiar reactions to all sorts of
things.  Let's talk about how we might apply that to the diagnosis of
patients with complex problems that may or not fit into some particular
diagnostic category, but who may have some symptoms provoked by allergic
or toxic exposures." I didn't succeed.

My colleagues, especially some of those with the best qualifications,
were trained to win arguments.  Their most successful tactic is to keep
the discussion focused on "the treatment for the disease" and not to
accept, for the sake of argument, a shift to observations that could be
dismissed as anecdotal.  I avoid such conversations

now.

The case histories I've recounted are intended to prepare you for a
discussion of the "whys and wherefores" of illness.  If you understand
some basic immunology and biochemistry, you will be better prepared to
evaluate the kinds of tests and treatments that your medical doctor,
nutritionist, psychiatrist, acupuncturist, personal trainer, coach,
homeopath, naturopath, chiropractor, dentist, psychologist or
sister-in-law may recommend in the name of good health.  It is not
likely that you will be bitten in the ear canal by a tick, but it is
certainly possible that some critter, allergen, toxin, bacterium, fungus
or virus will cross your path and lead you to ponder your options for
preventing or alleviating the consequences.

You may need special lessons to make wise choices among your options
when you are told to avoid fat, take antioxidants or minerals, avoid
pesticides, hair dye, sugar, coffee, air pollution, medications,
sunlight, indoor air, outdoor air, meat, wheat or long walks in the
rain.  If you develop chronic or recurring symptoms and wish to be an
intelligent participant in your own detective work to sort it out, you
definitely need special lessons.  The lessons I have to offer will
provide a point of view as well as some general principles of immunology
and biochemistry that every adult should understand.

A particular point of view and a few basic facts are necessary to
understand the threats whose combined effects on your body are usually
described as a "disease." Understanding how your body handles the
substances that enter it is a good place to begin our lessons about the
true causes of disease.

CHAPTER 7

You Are Not What You Eat

YOU SHOULD NOT GET "eggy" from eating eggs.  If you eat an egg your

digestive processes should remove the egginess from the egg's materials
so that they enter your bloodstream stripped of any fowl identity and
become available for you to impart your own identity on to the stuff
that constitutes an egg.  Ego is the name of the identity that
distinguishes you as a unique creature.  When your digestive process
works properly it achieves a triumph of your ego over the substances you
consume.  Otherwise you would accumulate foreign materials whose
presence in your structure would undermine your claim to exclusive
dominion over your flesh.  Not that you would become some sort of omelet
of the remnants of your cumulative meals, but your body would be ever
less purely "you." You might imagine that Mother Nature would save all
of her creatures a lot of work by providing for a certain number of
interchangeable parts so that molecules that are costly to synthesize
could be moved from prey to predator and save the whole system the
expense of their repeated disassembly and reassembly.  Instead the
system honors individuality so that even cannibal critters must convert
their prey into small change and reconstitute the molecules from
scratch.  The small

change is what we call "essential nutrients" and consists of very small
molecules called fatty acids, ammo acids, vitamins, minerals and
accessory nutritional factors.  If you were to apply the structural
analogy to your dwelling, then the construction materials delivered to
the building site would be sand or equivalent-sized particles of clay to
make cement blocks and bricks, sawdust to make wood and iron filings to
make nails and other metallic parts.

The arrangement--the complete digestion of all the food we swallow--does
not always work as it should, so that, in fact, you might get a little
eggy each time you eat an egg.  It is not just a question of
accommodating some vague essence of egg or even the less subtle taint of
garlic that enters with your meat and leaves an odor on your breath.

Some major molecules--composed of anywhere from two to thousands of
subunits--escape digestion, enter your blood and have to be eliminated.

A medium or large molecule that retains its egginess presents a job that
is parceled out among functions that include sniffing, identifying,
tracking, killing and disposing of it.  So it is with all intruders, be
they chemicals, foods, germs or the toxins produced by germs.

Smell or taste is a first test of a food's edibility.  We may develop
tastes for certain things, like Stilton cheese and whole fresh fried
clams from the fish place down by the wharf, in spite of their
unpleasant smell or off taste.  For the most part, however, taste is
your body's first and conscious effort to identify molecules that may
cause mischief and to avoid them.  Sometimes the taste is on the edge of
acceptability, as was a mouthful of fried clam I purchased in hurried
hunger at the end of a long and busy Saturday and brought home to be
savored with homemade fixings and a bottle of red wine.  "That last
mouthful of river bottom belly of a big juicy clam was a little below
standard," said my palate.  But it was too late now that I had swallowed
it.  Or was it?  Would the taste buds of my stomach give a second
opinion?  I spent the evening as a spectator to negotiations that were
signaled by successive waves of satiety, discomfort, queasiness and
nausea, and I went to bed to sleep it off.  Our livers work on the night
shift.  I knew that as I prepared for bed my intestines were asking my
liver to taste the clams to see if some accommodation could be worked
out.  An hour later I was awakened with a strong

impression that my liver had come to a decision.  The clam was going to
be ejected, and my whole meal and beverage selection was going with it.

The reverse peristalsis that followed was one of the most efficient
operations I have ever witnessed in my body.  All my efforts to learn to
pole vault or throw the javelin for my track team were miserably awkward
compared with the muscular expertise with which my stomach rejected my
evening feast of clams and wine with a green salad and French fries.  My
palate, stomach and liver had all tasted the bad clam.  My mouth said
"ugh" but the clam was not bad enough to spit out.  My stomach said,
"Let's put this and everything that came with it on hold and see if the
liver can handle it," for nearly everything except fat passes through
the liver--the next stop after the stomach and small intestines.  The
liver said, "I hate to sacrifice all those good calories, but the
molecules in the bad clam are going to cause mischief somewhere in the
body unless I can detoxify them and I can't." Note that the liver's job
was not to decide whether the toxins in question would cause cancer.

Nowah fries.  My palate, stomach and liver had all tasted the bad clam.
My mouth said "ugh" but the clam was not bad enough to spit out.  My
stomach said, "Let's put this and everything that came with it on hold
and see if the liver can handle it," for nearly everything except fat
passes through the liver--the next stop after the stomach and small
intestines.  The liver said, "I hate to sacrifice all those good
calories, but the molecules in the bad clam are going to cause mischief
somewhere in the body unless I can detoxify them and I can't." Note that
the liver's job was not to decide whether the toxins in question would
cause cancer.

Nowadays when we hear about the safety or toxicity of potentially
noxious substances, they are often judged good or bad depending on
whether they can be said to cause cancer.  That is not the liver's
immediate concern when evaluating spoiled food.  The liver has to decide
whether the toxins would interact badly with any tissue or organ in the
body, assuming the liver cannot find a way to deactivate the harmful
molecules.  This is a particularly delicate assignment when the bad
molecules closely resemble good ones.  As in all of nature, mimicry is a
good way to escape detection; in the case of the bad clam its taste was
just a little less acceptable than the ocean bottom taste of acceptable
clams.

How FOODS BECOME Toxic

Before tackling the question of how spoiled foods harm the body, which
will lead to a discussion of how we can and cannot protect ourselves
from them, we need to consider how the bad clam and other "bad"
substances become toxic.  In the case of the clam, it became toxic after
it died and it was dead too long when it joined the rest of the clams in
my meal.  Germs normally found in the clam proliferated after the clam's
death and the clam "went bad," as we say, at a point after its demise.
As the germs multiplied, they released toxins so that when I swallowed
them they were crossing the line between unpalatability and
poisonousness.  The process is quite different from the transmission of
clam-related hepatitis.  In this case the clam can be quite alive and
healthy and remain so until it is part of our meal.

The hepatitis clam, however, is harvested from waters contaminated with
sewage carrying a virus that is a harmless part of the clam's diet
(harmless to the clam, that is).  Hepatitis is not food poisoning, but
the transmission of a virus.  When we speak of food poisoning, the
toxicity is always caused by germs, either ones that infect us or ones
that leave their toxins in the food we have consumed.  Such is the case
of ptomaine poisoning, as when staph germs shed from a food handler and
find their way into the mayonnaise at the church picnic.  The warmth of
a summer afternoon is all the staph need to thrive in the mayonnaise,
covertly spoiling it and, a few hours after the picnic, putting the
parishioners on their knees praying for sufficient intervals between
alternating obligations to sit or kneel.  Human experience with the bad
things that germs can do is as long as human experience itself, so the
liver does not need lessons in ferreting out ptomaine and other toxins
that may escape detection before food is swallowed.  Most of the time
when food spoils it is because of germs--bacteria and molds--that are
present on or in the food when it is fresh and proliferate slowly even
in the refrigerator unless the food has been treated to prevent or
retard spoilage.  The common ways to keep the germs down are heat
sterilization and canning, complete drying, or the addition of enough
sugar, salt or acid to poison any germs present and discourage their
overgrowth.  There is however, another way for food to go bad.  It has
to do with bad fat.  The taste buds protect us from rancid fats.  Rancid
fat is not likely to get past the taste buds.  The palate is otherwise
not helpful in protecting us from eating fats that are bad or in
selecting fats that are good in ways that have nothing to do with
rancidity.  Once fat is metabolized and becomes part of the body, we
need to be able to keep it from going rancid in the body.

CHAPTER 8

Fat is Not Just to Hold Your Pants Up

THE IMPORTANCE OF ESSENTIAL OILS

ANDREA WAS A NINE-YEAR-OLD GIRL who was referred to me by a psychologist
after she and her family had engaged in two years of therapy for her
unpredictable outbursts of rage.  She also had difficulty concentrating,
was spacy, had mild fine motor clumsiness and adequate school
performance.  She had always been healthy although she had a history of
cradle cap as an infant and, as her mother reported in her
questionnaire, in the past Andrea had had a history of "chicken skin" on
the backs of her upper arms.  As I went through the questionnaire with
Andrea and her mother I could not find any other diagnostic clues to
Andrea's problems.  When I then came to her physical exam I discovered
that her mother forgot to mention that Andrea had been consulting a
dermatologist for two years for a completely different problem.  Her
feet were constantly painful, dry and cracked.  The skin was shiny in
certain places and in others it was thick and callused with deep painful
fissures that sometimes would bleed.  She wore white cotton socks to bed
and found some relief from steroid creams.  The rest of Andrea's skin
was smooth and lustrous, as was her hair.  There was nothing wrong with
her nails.

Although severe and very localized, Andrea's foot condition was in the
spectrum of problems I see in children and adults who need more
essential oils in their diets.  In such cases there is an imbalance of
oils, with too many "stiff" oils and too few "flexible" oils.  These
individuals need an oil change.  If I saw Andrea today I might not feel
the need to do a test of her oils.  I would be more confident that her
physical signs clearly indicated the need for essential oils.  Fifteen
years ago when I was treating Andrea, I was just beginning to
understanding the full scope of the oil problem and a lab test was
helpful in making my case for treatment.  It showed that Andrea was
deficient in the omega-3 fats, a major component of flaxseed oil.  I
suggested to her mother that she take a tablespoon of flaxseed oil
daily.  Within a couple of weeks, her feet became completely normal. Her
outbursts of rage stopped within a month.  Here are a few more stories
to give you an idea of the scope of the problem of insufficient fatty
acids before I explain how it all works.  Sandra Tiepolo was the sister
of a long-standing patient who called me in distress to report that
Sandra had a cancerous lesion discovered at the opening of her vagina.
Her doctor was considering very extensive surgery that would have left
Sandra crippled as far as sex and reproduction were concerned. The
lesion was indeed a very scary-looking, cancerous one.  In addition,
Sandra had severe dandruff, dry skin, brittle fingernails, chicken skin
on the backs of her arms and alligator skin on her legs.  She was a
catalogue of the physical signs of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency.  I
suggested that Sandra begin to replenish her oils while watching her
lesion very closely and deferring surgery as long as some immediate
improvement was noted.  She took a tablespoon or two of flaxseed oil
daily.  Within days her dandruff began to clear, as did the other signs
of fatty acid deficiency.  Within a couple of weeks her cancerous lesion
began to regress, and we watched it disappear over the ensuing 13
months.  The happy ending is that Sandra subsequently married and had a
daughter who is a teenager now.  Sarah was the sister of a medical
student who did a clerkship with me.  After seeing patients with me, my
student asked her sister

to come and visit so that I could look at the rash on her chest and hear
her story of depression and failure to menstruate for the previous two
years.  She had an unusual rash on her chest that was a slightly raised,
linear, pink to yellow color with faintly waxy texture and it had waxed
and waned for two years.  I hadn't seen anything exactly like it on
someone's chest before nor have I since then.  If it had been on Sarah's
face at the edge of her hair line I would have called it seborrhea.

Seborrhea, dandruff, scalp "itch-bumps" and mild psoriasis are all skin
problems in which there is a local production of too much skin material
which results in dandruff flakes and the crusting of other lesions.  I
saw her rash within this spectrum.  I consider that spectrum a reliable
sign that a person needs more omega-3 acids.  I suggested that Sarah
take a tablespoon of flaxseed oil daily and said that I was quite sure
that it would take care of her rash as well as the rest of her problems.

During the next month her skin cleared beautifully, her periods resumed
and her mood became normal.  Signs of fatty acid problems--basically
omega-3 oil deficiency--are among the most reliable among the subtle
findings in the nutritional assessment of patients.  For reasons I will
explain in a moment these signs can be found in a large proportion of
"normal" people as well as in those with a wide variety of health
problems.  Fatty acid chemistry is deep, and the way its abnormalities
are reflected on the surface and in the symptoms of individuals can be
quite varied.  The clues that can be observed on the skin, however, fall
into a spectrum in which a theme of dryness is manifested in different
ways.  They are:

1.  Cracking finger tips--worse in winter.

2.  Patchy dullness of the skin, especially on the face, with a subtle
patchy variation in the color of the skin.

3.  Mixed oily and dry skin which, in cosmetic advertisements, is
sometimes called combination skin.

4.  Chicken skin (phrynoderma, hyperkeratosis follicularis), which
constitutes small, rough bumps on the back of the arms.

5.  Alligator skin, usually on the lower legs, which develop an
irregular quilted appearance with dry patches.

6.  Stiff, dry, unmanageable, brittle hair.

7.  Seborrhea, cradle cap, dandruff, hair loss.

8.  Soft fingernails or brittle fingernails which fray with horizontal
splitting.

These findings usually respond dramatically when a person takes a
supplement of omega-3 oils.  Associated symptoms, sometimes including
severe problems such as the ones I have described above, often melt away
as the skin signs do.  The variety of problems that respond to omega-3
fatty acid supplementation crosses all the boundaries between systems,
specialties and diseases.  Most people who have skin signs of fatty acid
problems use various kinds of lotions, oils, shampoos, conditioners and
cosmetics to cover their problems, often to no avail.

WHY OILS CAN HEAL OR HARM

How can it be that not eating, or eating certain oils could make such a
difference in people's health?  The subject is very thoroughly covered
in several good books, so I will only give you a summary and my
particular viewpoint here.  The toxicity of bad oils and the benefits of
good oils represent a very different kind of problem in detoxification
from all the others I describe in this book.  The toxicity is far
fromarms.

5.  Alligator skin, usually on the lower legs, which develop an
irregular quilted appearance with dry patches.

6.  Stiff, dry, unmanageable, brittle hair.

7.  Seborrhea, cradle cap, dandruff, hair loss.

8.  Soft fingernails or brittle fingernails which fray with horizontal
splitting.

These findings usually respond dramatically when a person takes a
supplement of omega-3 oils.  Associated symptoms, sometimes including
severe problems such as the ones I have described above, often melt away
as the skin signs do.  The variety of problems that respond to omega-3
fatty acid supplementation crosses all the boundaries between systems,
specialties and diseases.  Most people who have skin signs of fatty acid
problems use various kinds of lotions, oils, shampoos, conditioners and
cosmetics to cover their problems, often to no avail.

WHY OILS CAN HEAL OR HARM

How can it be that not eating, or eating certain oils could make such a
difference in people's health?  The subject is very thoroughly covered
in several good books, so I will only give you a summary and my
particular viewpoint here.  The toxicity of bad oils and the benefits of
good oils represent a very different kind of problem in detoxification
from all the others I describe in this book.  The toxicity is far from
poisoning in the sense of what happened to the ambassador's daughter and
yet I believe it is the most common kind of poisoning that a practicing
physician can find in his or her patients today.  Most of us have been
taught to think of fat as basically dangerous, something to be avoided
for the sake of one's health.  In my medical training the chemistry of
lipids, a more technical term for fats, received little attention.  No
other factor in nutrition has gone from such a lowly to such an exalted
position as my understanding of the importance of oils to health.  Fats
and oils have three quite different roles in the body, two of which
account for the major shift in my appreciation of the subject.  The same
two roles of fatty acids,

as certain lipids are known, explain their enormous significance to
health as exemplified in the cases I just described.  After a brief
description of each role of fatty acids, I will highlight a few key
details.

1.  The first role of fat is to hold up your pants, or otherwise provide
the bulges and curves that belong to a well-rounded person.  The fats
and oils in your diet that become your body fat are an efficient form of
stored energy.  It is basically the only way the body has to store fuel
that can carry you several hours beyond your last meal.  Unlike plants,
human beings do not have any way to store large amounts of carbohydrates
to serve as stable reservoirs of energy.  However, the liver does store
some carbohydrate as glycogen that provides some energy during the
initial day of a fast or during prolonged exercise.  We can store fats,
which some plants do as well.  Nuts and seeds are the best example of
plant stores of fat.

2.  The second role of fat in your body is to make waterproof membranes.

In this case I am not referring to membranes such as the surface of an
organ or the mucous membranes, lining the inner passageways of your
body.  I am referring to cell membranes.  Your body is made of cells,
which are units of life.  Life goes on only in the watery environment
inside cells, whose water has a special composition quite different from
the water outside of cells, whether that be seawater in the case of
single cell organisms, fresh water or the water of your blood or in the
spaces between the cells of complex organisms.  Every cell is enclosed
in a membrane that provides the waterproofing that enables it to
separate its inside water from the water of its surroundings.  The cell
membrane is made of an uninterrupted fabric made of oil molecules.

3.  The third role of oil molecules in your body is to become hormones.

Usually, when you hear the word "hormone," you think of substances such
as thyroid hormone or estrogen, testosterone, cor-tisol and other
"steroid" hormones.  Another category of hormones is less familiar to
most people, partly because these, the prostanoid hormones, were
discovered more recently (in the 1960s) and because they do not have an
affiliation with a particular organ.  Moreover, shortages of these
hormones produce symptoms that do not fit as neatly into the picture of
a disease as do shortages of the other well-known hormones.  Prostanoid
hormones are made exclusively from fatty acids.  Keep these three roles
of fatty acids--energy storage, waterproofing cell membranes and hormone
synthesis--in mind as we explore the ways fatty acids can be toxic or
beneficial.

You Are What You Eat

Our palate for oils is blunt.  I am sure that there are chefs and
gourmets who can taste test olive oil and determine its provenance as
can an experienced oenologist tell the year and vineyard of a particular
wine.  When it comes to oils, however, most of us can barely distinguish
between samples of mineral oil, olive oil, safflower oil, flax-seed oil
and motor oil when they are presented to be sniffed, touched and (except
for the motor oil) tasted.  I have experimented with audiences to
demonstrate that we tend toward taste blindness when attempting to
distinguish among the various oils.  This is the reason the concept of
"vegetable oil" or "salad oil" was readily accepted among Americans in
the 1950s when corn and other oils came onto a market which previously
offered only olive oil, lard, butter and margarine.  Even families with
a solid tradition of using culinary olive oil could be persuaded to
switch to various mongrel oils sold in the supermarket.  Such oils,
extracted from various plant seeds by means of hot steel rollers and a
process that involves dissolving and recovering the oils from a solvent
similar to dry cleaning fluid, were sold with the assumption that this
clear, pure-appearing stuff was what we consumers wished to (or could be
made to wish to) eat.  The oils were also marketed with an eye to shelf
life, so that a bottle of vegetable oil that languished on the shelf of
the general store would not go bad over a period of months.  Some of the
oils that could be squeezed and dissolved out of, say, a corn kernel,
are quite susceptible to spoilage while others are very stable, so that
removing the vulnerable fraction of the oil resulted in a product of
remarkable stability.  The problem is that the oils that were removed
are nutritionally valuable, while the ones that remain are nutritionally
undesirable or even toxic.  Still, these altered oils may taste just
fine.

They are toxic not because they are rancid but because they have been
altered to lengthen their shelf life.  The result is a man-made oil that
provides us with molecules we do not need and which deprives us of those
we do need.  Our taste buds are hopeless at giving us the slightest clue
that this has happened.  Toxic oils are probably the most important
issue in human health in our time, but the effects of their toxicity are
quite different from those presented by my clam experience, Hillary's
red dye experience, the ambassador's daughter's tick, or Luke's estrogen
overload.  All you need to understand oils and fats derives from three
simple sets of facts.

1.  Whatever fats you eat become your fat.

I have just explained that our sense of taste can't discriminate between
different kinds of oils and fats.  They are so interchangeable as to be
listed on labels of prepared foods as "one or the other of the
following." The manufacturer is then free to use whatever source of
shortening is currently most available or cheapest on the market.

Whatever fats you eat become your fat.  Contrary to the points I made in
the previous chapter, dietary fats enter the fat stores and cell
membranes without being altered.  If you eat chicken fat, your fat
reflects the fatty acid composition of the chicken.  If you were to eat
only fat from olive oil, then your body's fat composition would reveal
the distinctive proportions of the main fatty acids in olives.  Unlike
proteins and carbohydrates, dietary fatty acids come into the body by a
very direct path and are neither identified nor, for the most part,
disassembled and reassembled.  On the other hand, the protein of your
body is distinctively yours: if you eat cow's muscle or drink cow's milk
your muscle and your secretions still retain your own distinctive human
composition.  The same is true for carbohydrates.  Not so with fat.  The
body is capable of making all kinds of fatty molecules that are similar
to the ones in your diet (except for two), but usually, it does not
bother to do so; it uses the fat molecules (fatty acids) that you have
eaten.  After you swallow your food, the fats and oils are separated
from the carbohydrate and protein as they pass through the upper part of
the intestine.  The carbohydrate, which is broken down into sugars, and
the protein, which is broken down into ammo acids, pass into the liver
where they can be monitored for any properties that are foreign to your
nature and altered accordingly.  The fatty acids in the fat you eat go
by an entirely different route directly from the digestive tract into
the bloodstream.  This path consists of a vessel which delivers all the
fats and oils of your meal directly to a large blood vessel at the base
of the neck just below the collar bone.  The whole concept of digestion
is therefore different as far as fats are concerned as compared with
carbohydrate and protein.  In the case of fats, their digestion is
nondestructive and intended only to convert the fats and oils into tiny
droplets that can float into the blood as milk fats are suspended in
whole fresh milk before homogenization.

2.  The only two fats you cannot make, but have to get from food, are
the raw materials for making a whole family of important hormones.

This is one of the most important scientific facts I have learned since
before college when Mr.  Mayo-Smith began to teach me biology beginning
with the notion that there are a few pivotal facts that give leverage to
thinking.  To recap: when it comes to fat, you are what you eat.

Although the body has the capacity to make fat molecules on its own (for
example, from sugar), it generally does not do so.  However, there are
two essential fatty acids that the body cannot make.  The pivotal fact
here is that these two fatty acid molecules are the exclusive raw
materials for making all of the prostanoid hormones.  Let me put it
another way: the body has a constant need to synthesize, manufacture,
create, build an assortment of substances called prostanoid hormones,
the main vehicles for communication from cell to cell in the body.

Unlike steroid hormones that are synthesized in special glands
(adrenals, ovaries, testicles) or thyroid hormones which come
exclusively from the thyroid gland, the prostanoid hormones are made by
just about every cell in the body.  Steroid and thyroid hormones are
examples of long-distance message carriers originating in organs that
are remote from the tissues throughout the body where their message is
targeted.  Prostanoid hormones are

more involved with short-distance message carrying, and there is no
special organ in the body that has the exclusive job of producing them.

A whole orchestra of prostanoid hormones are in constant production.

Their combined effect is like music that cells play to their neighbors
to keep their mutual efforts harmonized.  All of the instruments of this
music are made out of the two kinds of fat molecule that have to be
eaten regularly to supply the necessary raw materials.  It seems
extraordinary to me that Mother Nature made us entirely dependent on our
diet to supply these two molecules od, are the raw materials for making
a whole family of important hormones.

This is one of the most important scientific facts I have learned since
before college when Mr.  Mayo-Smith began to teach me biology beginning
with the notion that there are a few pivotal facts that give leverage to
thinking.  To recap: when it comes to fat, you are what you eat.

Although the body has the capacity to make fat molecules on its own (for
example, from sugar), it generally does not do so.  However, there are
two essential fatty acids that the body cannot make.  The pivotal fact
here is that these two fatty acid molecules are the exclusive raw
materials for making all of the prostanoid hormones.  Let me put it
another way: the body has a constant need to synthesize, manufacture,
create, build an assortment of substances called prostanoid hormones,
the main vehicles for communication from cell to cell in the body.

Unlike steroid hormones that are synthesized in special glands
(adrenals, ovaries, testicles) or thyroid hormones which come
exclusively from the thyroid gland, the prostanoid hormones are made by
just about every cell in the body.  Steroid and thyroid hormones are
examples of long-distance message carriers originating in organs that
are remote from the tissues throughout the body where their message is
targeted.  Prostanoid hormones are

more involved with short-distance message carrying, and there is no
special organ in the body that has the exclusive job of producing them.

A whole orchestra of prostanoid hormones are in constant production.

Their combined effect is like music that cells play to their neighbors
to keep their mutual efforts harmonized.  All of the instruments of this
music are made out of the two kinds of fat molecule that have to be
eaten regularly to supply the necessary raw materials.  It seems
extraordinary to me that Mother Nature made us entirely dependent on our
diet to supply these two molecules when we have a full capacity to
produce at least a couple of dozen other molecules that differ from them
in what appear to be only minor details.  The names of the two essential
fatty acids are linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.  Omega-3 fatty
acids are the family of fatty acids we make from alpha-linolenic acid.

When the manufacturers of vegetable oil developed methods for squeezing
various seeds to extract their oils, and various kinds of "salad" or
"cooking" oils hit the market in the 1950s, the oils were able to
survive on grocery shelves for months without becoming rancid because
the manufacturers removed the alpha-linolenic acid, the oil that has the
greatest tendency to rancidity.  At the time, no one knew that linoleic
acid and alpha-linolenic acid had crucial roles as the exclusive
precursors of all of the prostanoid hormones.  Prostanoid hormones would
not be discovered, nor their chemistry unraveled, until more than a
decade later.  3.  All of the cell membranes of the body are made of
fatty acids.  Cell membranes need to be flexible to function.  The two
fatty acids we cannot make are the flexible ones.  Their unique role in
prostanoid hormone chemistry would be enough to place the role of fatty
acids in hormone production among the top few items in my biochemical
knowledge.  However, the use of fatty acids for making cell membranes is
a corollary fact that puts it at the very top.  Life goes on in cells,
not in the spaces in between.  In order for all the cells
(100,000,000,000,000 or 10 of them) to function optimally, they must be
able to communicate with each other.  Prostanoid hormones are one of the
most important means for such communication.  Each individual cell must
be open to such communication while at the same time it must be closed
off from the water that surrounds it.  The fabric of their waterproof
membranes is a velvet made of fatty acids forming the nap.  Each tiny
strand that forms the surface of the velvet is a fatty acid, a long
skinny molecule standing on its end amidst millions of others in all
directions, each nested against the other like stacked spoons.  One
layer of fatty acid velvet faces inward to the inside of the cell and
another faces outward, and the whole arrangement owes its most important
property (being waterproof) to the fact that oil and water do not mix.
There is water inside the membrane and water outside the membrane but
the membrane itself does not get wet.  Unlike the cells of plants and
fungi, the cell membrane is not a wall.  It is a delicate diaphanous
fabric with a flexibility more like silk than velvet.  It must be so in
order to accommodate one of the main functions of the membrane:
communication.

That is, it must be able to form various kinds of pockets in which
protein and carbohydrate molecules float in the fat to be receptor sites
for messenger molecules coming from other cells.  For the cell membrane
to be flexible it must be made of flexible oils.  Which are the most
flexible oils?  You guessed it: linoleic acid and, especially,
alpha-linolenic acid.  Alpha-linolenic acid owes its flexibility to the
same property that makes it vulnerable to giving up electrons and thus
becoming oxidized or rancid; it is very unsaturated.  Alpha-linolenic
acid is the queen of the polyunsaturated fatty acids and the mother of
the omega-3 family of fatty acids.  Essentially, all of the business of
the body is conducted within membranes.  Those that surround the cell,
however important, are part of a much larger system of membranes inside
each cell that support the activities of cellular life.  If you were to
take the measure of the surface membrane of each cell and multiply it by
the number of cells in the body, the total surface area would be as
large as a tennis court or two.  As for the total surface area of all
the membranes inside the cells, this would be about the size of 10
football fields.  It takes a lot of flexible fatty acids to keep these
membranes flexible; this is crucial because the stiffer they are, the
less well they work.

How does this flexibility--or lack thereof--manifest itself in your
health?  The stiff and weakening changes in hair, skin and nails are
easy to see in terms of the effects of a lack of fatty acids that have
to do with flexibility.  The changes that result in hormonal imbalances
and cellular damage leading to cancer, heart disease and other major
problems are more difficult to visualize.  Moreover, the chain of cause
and effect is more complex than, say, the way a tick toxin or an egg
allergy can make you sick.  The complexity of understanding cause and
effect increases as you are asked to make a distinction between bad fats
and good fats.  Simply put, the "good" fats are the thin ones that make
flexible cell membranes and prostanoid hormones.  The "bad" ones are the
stiff ones, the altered oils from which the good fatty acids have been
removed.  Fat can harm the body in three ways, two of which you cannot
taste.  The third, rancidity, tastes so unpleasant that your taste buds
know how to protect you.  Let's begin with the first two.  When
vegetable oils are extracted and processed from seeds and nuts, two
kinds of damage occur to their fatty acid molecules.  The damage is
related to two of the ways fat can "go bad." In the first way, the
pressure and heat of the extracting process causes some of the molecules
to undergo rotation at one of their "joints," where two carbon atoms
have a double connection with each other.  As a result, the molecules
change shape.

The curve that normally occurs at each double connection becomes
reversed so that the molecule is straightened.  Recall that in the cell
membrane the molecules are nested together like stacked spoons.

Straightened ones lose their capacity to fit together in the velvet of
the cell membranes.  The transformation into an unnatural, straightened
fatty acid is one which technical terminology designates as a "trans"
configuration.  Except for those that are cold-pressed, processed oils
tend to have more or less trans fatty acids which stiffen the cell
membranes.  They are also unsuited for use as raw materials for making
prostanoid hormones.  Margarine tends to have an especially high
percentage of trans fatty acids.  Margarine, however, is especially
toxic for other reasons.  Its oils have been intentionally altered and
straightened by another process called hydrogenation.  Hydrogenation
consists of bubbling hydrogen through an oil under conditions in which
hydrogen joins fatty acid molecules at the double connections between
carbon atoms.  The addition of the hydrogen atoms can occur only if half
of the double connection is converted for hydrogen holding.  Once the
new hydrogen is added at these points, the double connections are lost
as the fatty acid becomes more saturated with respect to hydrogen.  The
end result is an oil that has changed from thin and flexible to thick
and stiff.  The resulting thick and stiff oil resembles fats and oils
that are naturally thick and stiff, such as one finds in fattened
animals and in naturally saturated oils.  Thick and stiff oils are toxic
in that they cause an unwelcome rigidity in cell membranes and do not
provide suitable raw materials for making hormones.  The symptoms,
physical signs of dry skin or hair and the medical problems of the
patients I described earlier can all be understood in terms of the
effects of too many altered (trans or stiffened) fatty acids and an
insufficiency of good, flexible oils.  The reason that flaxseed oil is
especially medicinal for individuals who require an oil change is that
it has an exceptional concentration (about 40 percent) of the thinnest,
most flexible alpha-linolenic oil of all seeds and nuts.  The next
closest in concentration are walnuts and rapeseed, the source of canola
oil.  Each of these oils has about one-fourth the concentration of
flaxseed oil.

Flaxseed oil is a traditional food oil in parts of Eastern Europe such
as the Ukraine.  Its plant source is used for making linen cloth, and
its small pointed brown seeds yield their oils when pressed by
old-fashioned methods available before the modern hot steel rollers used
so widely today.  Antioxidants are abundant in oils that are freshly
pressed by old-fashioned methods that yield a turbid product that would
seem dirty looking to the eye of consumers accustomed to transparent
"pure" oils.

The apparent "impurities" in these oils are actually parts of the
crushed seed that contain the antioxidants that permit seeds to stay
fresh during prolonged storage.  Similarly these antioxidants, such as
vitamin E, protect the unrefined oil when stored or heated in ways that
are not recommended for purified oils.  Family members who grew up on
old-fashioned flaxseed oil tell me that it would stay fresh all year
without refrigeration and that its taste was much more agreeable than
the flaxseed oils that are currently available in the United States.

Flaxseed, or linseed, oil was used in Eastern European

homes as the principal edible oil for cooking.  It was also used
medicinally for treating burns where its effectiveness may be due to its
generous content of antioxidants.  Its effectiveness in treating a wide
variety of skin, hair and nail problems and much deeper underlying
medical disorders is owed to its capacity to restore flexibility to cell
membranes and replenish the supply of raw materials for prostaglandin
hormone synthesis.  The most concise way of describing the superficial
effects of restoring the body's supply of alpha-linolenic acid is to say
that it gives luster.  When we are in good health, we show a glow of
health about us.  Such a glow is easily recognized but difficult to
describe except that it has to do with the emission or reflection of
light.  It is no coincidence that flaxseed oil is the unique vehicle for
oil paint pigments where it imparts a luster to paintings that cannot be
duplicated by another oil.  When a painter runs out of linseed oil, he
or she does not accept substitution with olive, corn or coconut oil.

Neither should you.  And, when your skin gets dull and dry, you should
consider whether your oil needs changing before you reach for a cream,
lotion, oil or cosmetic to cover up the problem.  Are there tests to
measure what you are missing?  Serious alterations in the kinds of fatty
acids in your blood and cell membranes can be detected by ordinary
quantitative tests for fatty acids.  Even so, sued oil is the unique
vehicle for oil paint pigments where it imparts a luster to paintings
that cannot be duplicated by another oil.  When a painter runs out of
linseed oil, he or she does not accept substitution with olive, corn or
coconut oil.

Neither should you.  And, when your skin gets dull and dry, you should
consider whether your oil needs changing before you reach for a cream,
lotion, oil or cosmetic to cover up the problem.  Are there tests to
measure what you are missing?  Serious alterations in the kinds of fatty
acids in your blood and cell membranes can be detected by ordinary
quantitative tests for fatty acids.  Even so, such tests are available
only at special laboratories.Early stages of fatty acid deficiency are
common in North Americans who consume mostly altered or saturated fats.

The analysis of blood to detect these abnormalities is the special
interest of Dr.  Eduardo Siguel, who has developed the technology to
measure early changes in the proportions of good and bad fatty acids
including Mead acid, which the body starts to make for use in cell
membranes when it runs out of alpha-linolenic acid.  Mead acid lacks the
proper shape and flexibility of the real thing.  However, it is all the
body can do in a pinch and it is one of the keys to Dr.  Siguel's method
for fatty acid deficiency determination.TM Dr.  Siguel's bookz provides
a comprehensive review of the subject, and several of his recent papers
describe essential fatty acid deficiency as the key to coronary artery
disease, a common complication of digestive disorders,TM and one of the
most misunderstood aspects of various prevailing recommendations
concerning a healthy diet.5-1 I have described three basic facts about
oils: 1.  You are what you eat, 2.  Good oils provide for the
flexibility of cell membranes and 3.  They are the raw materials for
making the prostanoid hormones.  I have discussed two of the three ways
that dietary fats can be toxic: when they are misshapen or when they are
stiff.  Rancidity, the remaining way that fats can be toxic, can happen
before or after they enter your body.  Our taste buds (actually our
sense of smell) are so sensitive to rancid changes in oils and fats that
we are quite well protected from consuming oils that have gone bad in
this way.  The same damage that constitutes rancidity can happen after
fatty acid molecules have reached their destination in our bodies.  It
is worth understanding the details of what happens to fatty acids when
they become rancid, because once you have grasped that process you will
be able to understand the most globally toxic force affecting all of the
molecules of the body, the enemy of youth, the ally of all diseases, and
the fundamental mechanism of all injury, deterioration, aging and death:
oxidation.  If oils are extracted in the old-fashioned way, without heat
or chemicals, they retain many of the protective substances that keep
them from going bad.  Only when oils are filtered and refined to remove
these protective substances and make them clear do they become subject
to oxidation or what we know as rancidity.  So far I have referred to
the toxic properties of fats in terms of their texture-stiff or
flexible.  Because the texture of the fats in your body is completely
dependent on the flexibility of the fats in your diet, it makes sense to
favor flexible oils over stiff oils.  Your palate may be quite blind to
the different viscosity, saturation, stiffness or omega factor of
various oils but it is relatively acute when it comes to rancidity.  So
you may say, "What is the problem?  I don't eat any rancid oils."

Indeed, you have a built-in capacity to taste rancidity when it is
present at a very dilute concentration in any oil that you eat.  You may
be quite blind to the big difference between mineral oil and vegetable
oil but you have an acute sense of the difference between a fresh oil
and one that has just begun to turn.  However, as far as the body is
concerned, rancidity's ill effect really occurs after

you eat damaged oils (which may taste perfectly fine) and they become
part of cell membranes.  Thus it is essential to good health not to
allow the body's oils to become rancid.

The following illustrative skit will provide a metaphor for
understanding not only what happens when fats become oxidized or rancid,
but also the series of events that protect fats and all of our other
living molecules from undergoing the same damage.  These events are
important to understanding oxidation and antioxidants, which are as
important as they are complex.  The complexity of antioxidants may be
easier for you to keep in mind if you use your visual memory; hence the
following short play is offered for you to envision.

The first character is the Juggler, who represents a fatty acid molecule
with its electrons in the air.  The Juggler could, however, be any
molecule in the body including DNA.  The second character is the Rogue,
who represents any kind of oxidative stress.  The third is Ascorbia, the
lady in white, playing the role of vitamin C.  Other players will appear
as the scene unfolds.

Imagine the Juggler in a crowd of tourists.  He is magnificent, able to
keep seven objects in the air, a swarm of sparkling items that shine
like the sequins of his costume.  It almost seems as if he is casting
parts of his very self into the air as the rhythmic simplicity of his
juggling captivates us and compels us to give him room in the crowd. Now
there is a disruption at the edge of the onlookers as a busybody emerges
and violates the space around the Juggler.  It is the greedy young Rogue
charging the Juggler and shouting, "I want one, I want one." Enter
Ascorbia, dressed in white, stepping from the crowd to intervene just as
the Juggler begins to feel the pull of the Rogue's approach. "Don't take
his," she cries, "take mine," and she holds out a sparkling article
which disappears in the grasp of the Rogue.  The entertainment continues
as the crowd offers grateful glances to Ascorbia who, however, is bereft
of her sparkling article and looking sad until Bio Flavinoid, her
companion dressed in yellow, offers her one just like it.  She is
soothed, but now Bio Flavinoid slips from the crowd with an air of
dejection that is immediately broken by the bounding presence of a large
golden retriever named Carrots, who lays a shimmering sphere at the feet
of Bio Flavinoid

and then runs off.  If we were to follow Carrots, we would see her head
straight for an old man named V.  E.  Shute with baggy pants and pockets
glowing with replacements for the sparkling objects.  Mr.  Shute is
visited regularly and replenished by a princely figure, Regie or reduced
glutathione(RG), whom we will describe more fully in chapter 9.

If the sparkling objects are electrons, then the Juggler, the members of
the crowd, the lady, her companion, the dog and the old man are all
molecules.  Let's replace the Juggler with a fatty acid molecule.  The
unruly rogue could be any of several kinds of oxidative stress that have
a common greed for electrons.  Atmospheric oxygen is the most abundant
of such electron-hungry substances.  We use it to enable us to take
electrons from the sugar and fat molecules we use for fuel.  The
disassembly of our fuel molecules is accomplished by the removal of
their electrons.  The need for oxygen to do this, however, threatens us
with the prospect that the molecules we wish to keep intact are subject
to oxygen's burning influence.  Suffice it to say that it is oxygen and
all related oxidative stresses that put our molecules at risk of losing
an electron.  Such a loss is a necessary part of all chemistry in which
molecules participate voluntarily.  All chemistry has to do with the
sharing, gaining or losing of electrons from one atom or molecule (a
collection of atoms whose electrons swarm together).

The involuntary or inadvertent loss of electrons from molecules whose
integrity is important to the structure of our cell membranes, DNA, the
skin or the clear substances in the eye results in damage or disease.

The oxidative stress may be physical trauma, chemical exposure, the wear
and tear of aging, or a burn which is oxidation in its most extreme
form.

The fire from a candle flame aptly illustrates oxidation in which the
electrons of the candle wax are ripped off by oxygen in the atmosphere
with the resulting, self-perpetuating release of light and heat.  If a
fatty acid molecule gets its electron ripped off by oxygen in the air,
it is damaged.  If the fatty acid molecule is a pat of butter or olive
oil, we call the damage "rancidity." If the fatty acid molecule is
nested among millions of others in the velvety pile of our cell
membranes, we call the damage "oxidative damage" or "peroxidation."

If one cell membrane fatty acid molecule loses its electron, its
neighbors feel the suction of the loss and a collective destabilization
occurs so that whole area of the membrane becomes more easily oxidized
and thus damaged, altered, misshapen and stiffened.  Enter vitamin C, an
antioxidant whose companion, the bioflavi-noids, aid in the transfer of
a replacement electron.  Beta-carotene is a necessary bridge in the
transfer of a new electron from vitamin E, which is replenished in turn
by glutathione.  In the end the replacements are supplied by a
nutrient-rich diet.  However, the path from dietary intake to
antioxidant protection through the generosity of vitamin C is dependent
on an inflexible sequence that is very much like a bucket brigade and it
quenches a problem that is very much like a fire.  Another firefighter's
instrument, a ladder, is an even better image than a bucket brigade for
understanding antioxidants.  It is an especially good metaphor to
underline the flaws in various research efforts that cast doubt on the
value or safety of particular antioxidants.  A recent study of vitamin E
and beta-carotene in heavy smokers in Finland suggested that
beta-carotene might be dangerous because of its statistical association
with a higher incidence of lung cancer in men who took supplements of
beta-carotene as part of a long-term experiment studying the effects of
vitamin E and/or beta-carotene supplementation.  The antioxidant brigade
is like a ladder: it depends on the presence of all of the rungs for its
safe operation.  Modern scientific thinking favors experiments in which
a very limited number of variables are studied while all the other
circumstances are controlled.  That approach translates into selecting a
single drug, nutrient or other intervention to be studied, avoiding the
confusion that would result from the introduction of several variables
at once.  The same question comes up every day in my practice.  After
taking a history and doing tests that indicate a lack of certain
nutrients and/or the presence of certain allergens or toxins, I suggest
that my patient undertake several remedial steps at once.  These may
also include advice to exercise, learn diaphragmatic breathing, meditate
or verbalize strong feelings such as anger or grief.  "But how will we
know what is working?" asks an occasiona or safety of particular
antioxidants.  A recent study of vitamin E and beta-carotene in heavy
smokers in Finland suggested that beta-carotene might be dangerous
because of its statistical association with a higher incidence of lung
cancer in men who took supplements of beta-carotene as part of a
long-term experiment studying the effects of vitamin E and/or
beta-carotene supplementation.  The antioxidant brigade is like a
ladder: it depends on the presence of all of the rungs for its safe
operation.  Modern scientific thinking favors experiments in which a
very limited number of variables are studied while all the other
circumstances are controlled.  That approach translates into selecting a
single drug, nutrient or other intervention to be studied, avoiding the
confusion that would result from the introduction of several variables
at once.  The same question comes up every day in my practice.  After
taking a history and doing tests that indicate a lack of certain
nutrients and/or the presence of certain allergens or toxins, I suggest
that my patient undertake several remedial steps at once.  These may
also include advice to exercise, learn diaphragmatic breathing, meditate
or verbalize strong feelings such as anger or grief.  "But how will we
know what is working?" asks an occasional patient.  "If you get better,
you may be quite confused.  It is preferable to be confused and better
than to be so selective that progress may be impossible.  Remember that
if you are sitting on two tacks and you remove just one, you will not
feel 50 percent better.  Chronic illness is multifactorial.  It is
downright negligent to focus so exclusively on a single treatment that
you fail to address the whole picture.  What about the Finnish smokers?

The researchers who carried out the experiment followed an
understandable, but in this case, inappropriate, instinct to be
selective.  They chose to study only one or two antioxidants that
function as members of a team of many.  One, beta-carotene, becomes
toxic itself if it cannot become replenished by vitamin E, which in
turn, runs short if sufficient supplies of riboflavin (vitamin B2) are
not available.  It is as if a study were designed to validate that
ladders are useful tools for firefighters to climb to put out a fire by
breaking the ladder down to its components and testing each one
individually.

Such a study would prove that individual ladder rungs are not only
useless, but potentially dangerous.  The Finnish smokers experiment was
conducted with scientific precision.  Its flaw was a fundamental
ignorance of antioxidant chemistry.  Antioxidants do not work alone. Fat
is arguably the most important material in the body.  It is responsible
for the packaging of every cell, the membranous support for most
cellular activity and the raw material for making the hormones that
communicate between cells.  As this picture has emerged over the past 30
years, it was a revelation to me.  When I went to medical school the
chemistry of fat was glossed over as dull and unimportant.  It is even
more surprising to me that the cholesterol frenzy of recent years has
taken precedence over the significance of good fatty acids.  By good
fatty acids I mean not only alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids, but the
avoidance of factors that introduce stiffness and flaws into the fabric
of our fatty membrane acreage.  Eating stiff (saturated) or altered
(trans, hydrogenated) fats is a problem because the palate is absolutely
no help in protecting us from the toxicity of these molecules.  I
reemphasize that rancid fats are a problem not because we tend to eat so
much of them, but because oxidation threatens our fatty acid molecules
after they are eaten and have already taken up their proper place in our
membranes.  -As we will

explore presently, oxidative damage is a threat to nearly all molecules
in our body, but the threat to fatty acids has a special twist. Remember
that when they are membrane molecules, fatty acid "jugglers" are not
alone in a crowd but are members of a continuous formation of jugglers
packed together like a marching band in tight formation. Oxidative
damage affects them more than other molecules in the body because of the
domino effect that occurs when one of their fatty acids becomes
oxidized.  There is a big molecule, superoxide dismutase, that can
actually grab and subdue oxidative stress before vitamin C comes to the
rescue.  For the most part, however, the protection of our fatty acid
membranes and other important molecules is a quintessentially
cooperative enterprise in which hundreds of molecules that are not
ordinarily considered antioxidants can lend a hand (or an electron) when
the need arises.  The failure of antioxidant protection yields a toxic
effect on molecules of all kinds.  The molecules that are the most
precious jewels of our chemistry are the DNA which carry the
instructions that maintain our identity in each of the cells as well as
our ancestral identity.

CHAPTER 9

DNA: The Family- Jewels

I am not sure when I first heard gonads referred to as "the family
jewels;" it was probably during recess in the fourth grade when contact
sports increased the risk of gonadal injury at a time when my
schoolmates and I experienced the dawning of interest in reproductive
physiology.  I understood the value of those jewels in terms of avoiding
the pain that might come from a misdirected kick or elbow, or a fall
onto a fence or the bar that distinguished my bike as a boy's bike with
its special peril for boys' gonads.  I misunderstood a number of details
concerning the reproductive value of the jewelry and, even when I got
the basic facts straight, I still did not understand that I was the
protector of the genetic material of a family that extended immeasurably
above me to my ancestors and might extend continuously below me to those
whose ancestor I would someday be.  I certainly did not understand that
oxidative stress was a greater threat than the crossbar on my bicycle to
my DNA (genes, chromosomes, genetic endowment).  DNA or deoxyribonucleic
acid is inherently less susceptible to oxidation than the very
unsaturated fatty acids of my cell membranes.  The latter have electrons
that are particularly susceptible to

being grabbed by any other molecule, such as oxygen, that has a hunger
for them.  Fatty acids are crucial to the structure of cells and serve
as raw material for making hormones, but DNA is the bearer of
information from the past to the future.  If the cell membrane becomes
damaged, the cell's function may suffer.  If DNA becomes damaged, the
misinformation that results may engender more serious and lasting
consequences: for you, if it is in any cell of your body; or for your
offspring, if it is in one of the few eggs or sperms that you will use
to make a family.  The integrity of your DNA is so important that you
have a repair mechanism to fix DNA molecules in any cell of your body.

If the messages of the previous chapter were, "Keep your membranes
flexible" or "Hang on to your electrons," then the moral of this one is,
"Maintain your DNA."

Meet SA.M.  SAM is a molecule with a long name, s-adenosyl-methionine,
so we call it SAM for short.  It is a relatively small molecule, a few
times bigger than a fatty acid, and you wouldn't even notice it next to
a DNA molecule which is made up of thousands of units, each of which is
about SAM's size.  SAM has an exclusive franchise, a distributorship.

SAM has cornered the market for delivering the most fundamental material
needed for making and repairing molecules all over your biochemistry:
single carbon atoms in the form of methyl groups, which we can call
methyl.  There is no molecule in your body that is not based on carbon
atoms.  Carbohydrate, fat, protein, hormones, neurotransmitters and all
of the other hundred thousand different kinds of molecules that make up
your body are all based on the stringing together of carbon atoms, which
in turn may connect with oxygens, hydrogens, nitrogens, sulfur,
phosphorus and so on.  The fundamental structural unit, a carbon atom,
is so ubiquitous and so apparently available that it seems odd that
there is a need for special arrangements to have it delivered to
wherever it is needed for new construction or repair and it seems even
more odd that there should be just one guy with the whole franchise.  I
would have thought that such special arrangements would be needed for
nitrogen.  It is needed for the synthesis of all sorts of important
molecules--ammo acids, proteins and nucleic acids--and yet single
nitrogens are moved easily from one molecule to another in a process of
transamination.  Indeed, the nitrogen we do obtain in DNA: The Family
Jewels our diet has to come more or less prepackaged in about a dozen
essential ammo acids that serve as raw materials for important molecules
(neurotransmitters, proteins).  SAM, in fact, is made from one of these
essential ammo acids: methionine.

SAM will re-enter my story after discovering a jewel thief at the shoe
store.

I, the fourth grader, leave my boy's bike in the driveway and join my
mother for a trip to two of my favorite stores: May's department store
with escalators to ride, and Roentgen's shoe store, where you can look
right at the bones of your feet in the X-ray machine.

I was delighted by the device that let me stand on a platform and watch
a screen above it display my wiggling toe bones in action surrounded by
the staccato images of the shoe nails and topped by the circles of
eyelets for my laces.  X-rays streamed through my feet and crashed into
the phosphor on the fluoroscope screen where the particles of light
(photons) were exchanged for some that I could see and that varied with
the density encountered by the rays as they traversed my foot.  This was
really neat.  My toes in action.  Seeing the invisible.  My mother would
not let me linger long on the machine.  No one else was waiting to use
it, but one needed to set boundaries on how much fun to extract from the
situation which did not have the natural limit of an ice cream cone.

Propriety, not jeopardy, was the guideline.  My mother did not conceive
that there might be a danger to the family's DNA hanging in direct line
of the X-rays.

The danger was that a high-energy photon would go crashing through my
molecules and on the way it would knock off an electron which would need
to be replaced, perhaps from a fatty acid in a cell membrane.  Then
either the cell membrane would suffer damage or vitamin C and all the
other antioxidants would rescue the situation.  As the X-ray photons
streamed through my various parts, every molecule in my body was
juggling its electrons.  The potential for damage depended not only on
the local supply of antioxidants but on the kind of cell and kind of
molecule that might take the hit.  As I changed my socks to try on a
pair of sneakers, a few superficial skin cells would have been loosened
to provide lunch for the dust mites that inhabited the carpet of the
shoe store.  If the fatty acid membranes of these cells had just been
damaged by the passing X-rays, I would go free of harm.  If some injury
occurred to most of the parts

of most of the cells of my body, the consequences would dissipate with
the death of that cell in due course as the cell finished its allotted
time.

If, however, the photon from the machine collided with a DNA molecule
and knocked off an electron, this oxidative damage to the information
stores of my body would threaten me in one of three ways unless the
damage were to be repaired.  One way could distort the information
package presented by a dividing cell in any part of me so that its
daughter cell, the daughter's daughters, and so on, could perpetuate the
distortion, aeat.  My toes in action.  Seeing the invisible.  My mother
would not let me linger long on the machine.  No one else was waiting to
use it, but one needed to set boundaries on how much fun to extract from
the situation which did not have the natural limit of an ice cream cone.

Propriety, not jeopardy, was the guideline.  My mother did not conceive
that there might be a danger to the family's DNA hanging in direct line
of the X-rays.

The danger was that a high-energy photon would go crashing through my
molecules and on the way it would knock off an electron which would need
to be replaced, perhaps from a fatty acid in a cell membrane.  Then
either the cell membrane would suffer damage or vitamin C and all the
other antioxidants would rescue the situation.  As the X-ray photons
streamed through my various parts, every molecule in my body was
juggling its electrons.  The potential for damage depended not only on
the local supply of antioxidants but on the kind of cell and kind of
molecule that might take the hit.  As I changed my socks to try on a
pair of sneakers, a few superficial skin cells would have been loosened
to provide lunch for the dust mites that inhabited the carpet of the
shoe store.  If the fatty acid membranes of these cells had just been
damaged by the passing X-rays, I would go free of harm.  If some injury
occurred to most of the parts

of most of the cells of my body, the consequences would dissipate with
the death of that cell in due course as the cell finished its allotted
time.

If, however, the photon from the machine collided with a DNA molecule
and knocked off an electron, this oxidative damage to the information
stores of my body would threaten me in one of three ways unless the
damage were to be repaired.  One way could distort the information
package presented by a dividing cell in any part of me so that its
daughter cell, the daughter's daughters, and so on, could perpetuate the
distortion, altering the function of a whole line of cells.  Certain
kinds of distorted information could lead to a line of cells that gave
up their allegiance to me and set up an independent, cancerous existence
as the ultimate effect of the hit from the machine in the shoe store.  A
second way could distort the information package of one of the permanent
undividing cells of my brain or immune system and so pollute or diminish
the irreplaceable small reservoir of the cells that form the basis of
the self I was and would become.  A third way could distort the
information package of the family jewels.  An alteration in the DNA of a
sperm-producing cell, if not repaired, could harm the information
entrusted to me by my ancestors and steal that legacy from my offspring.

I seem to have survived my trip to the shoe store.  I continue to sense
the presence of that same little boy in me still, and no maverick cells
have caused any more of a threat than a few precancerous clusters on my
bald head, where some tropical sun did the kind of damage that the shoe
store X-rays appear to have failed to do.  My daughters seem to carry a
full set of ancestral genes.  My DNA has remained functional despite
countless oxidative attacks on the electrons of its doublestranded
molecules.  In some instances the lady in the white dress, her
companion, the golden retriever and the rest of the oxidative protection
team stepped in to prevent any harm.  In other instances, the Rogue,
more scientifically called "reactive oxygen species" or "free radicals,"
ran off with electrons, and sections of DNA lost their shape with a
resulting loss of information as if pages were torn from a book.  Enter
SAM, the repair man with his supply of methyls to help replace broken
parts in my DNA.  Note that the broken part here is one that concerns
information, not structure.  The fatty acid velvet that make up the
basic fabric of the cellular membranes of my body are important as
components of these key structures.  If membranes get damaged, the harm
is limited to the cell in question and may be more or less important
depending on whether the cell is transient or a part of my permanent
cells.  In either case the damage is not multiplied.  If the damaged
cell were to be one that does multiply (that is, divide), the defect
would, if anything, be diluted in the process.

DNA, however, is a molecule that contains information.  If it is damaged
the harm will spread to future generations of the cell, which may be
future generations of one's family if the cell is a sperm or an egg from
which a child emerges.  At the very least the damage will spread to the
cells that arise from the afflicted cell unless the damage is repaired.

An elaborate mechanism exists in the nucleus of each of your cells for
the repair of DNA molecules that have been altered by oxidative damage.

The crucial intermediary in that mechanism is folic acid, a B vitamin
which has a major role in preventing cancer by supporting the synthesis
of healthy DNA and the repair of damaged DNA.2The reason that we are so
preoccupied by the toxic effects of radiation--from X-ray machines to
sunlight--is that the damage it causes to DNA may be passed from cell to
cell.  Otherwise, it would not be worth the body's effort to nullify the
effects of damage to DNA.  As it stands the body's effort uses resources
that come from the food we eat and the food we eat is often not
sufficient even if we eat very well.  The dose of folic acid required to
assist in the repair of damaged DNA is well beyond the current RDA.

THE IMPORTANCE OF FOLIC ACID

Some people with a special need for folic acid end up having babies with
birth defects, others end up with heart disease, and still others with
lung, esophageal, bowel or uterine cancers.  Many people with any one of
those problems got their problem from causes that have nothing to do
with folic acid.  Knowing the name and knowing the cause may be very
different exercises.

If you came to me as a smoker, as a woman thinking about

starting a pregnancy, as a person with a history of colitis, as a woman
with a repeatedly abnormal Pap smear, or as a person with a blood test
indicating a high level of homocysteine, I would include the same steps
as part of my recommendation: large doses of folic acid regardless of
your diagnosis.  In each case the folic acid has the same job working as
SAM's agent in distributing methyls to DNA chemistry.  Methylation is
such an important part of chemistry that it deserves a status along with
helping your molecules hang on to their electrons.  We have already
encountered the antioxidant team that prevents the theft of electrons.

DNA is protected by the same antioxidant mechanisms, but its repair
depends on an interconnected group of substances that have other
additional important tasks worthy of your understanding.  To illustrate
this concept, I offer another complex metaphor, with my apologies for
its old-fashioned cast of characters.  The names and interrelationships
of the substances I want to tell you about will probably enter your
vocabulary in the next few years just as the names of several vitamins,
minerals and ammo acids may have done in the last few years.  If I can
give you some imagery to keep them straight you will have a head start.

The biochemical task we are about to consider is the distribution of
methyls, with particular attention to the repair of DNA.  Methionine is
the queen of ammo acids.  There are 22 different ammo acids in the royal
family of nitrogen-bearing molecules, all but one of which* join
together to form small aggregates of two to a dozen, known as peptides,
or huge aggregates of thousands known as proteins.  An elite group of
ammo acids have assignments as individuals':'* apart from contributing
to the formation of peptides and proteins.  The queen of these few
independent royal agents, Methionine, owes her monarchy to the special
versatility of her triple endowment: 1) Methyls, single carbon units; 2)
Sulfur, an element with

* Taurine.  It functions as a free agent and does not make up a part of
larger molecules.  It can be used if consumed as such, but under
ordinary circumstances it is made from methionine.  .....  For example,
tyrosine is used for forming thyroid hormone as well as norepinephrine.

Tryptophan is the raw material needed for making another
neurotransmitter, serotonin.

important qualities of stickiness; and 3) Nitrogen, the defining
ingredient of ammo acids.  Let us watch Methionine as she carries out
her royal duties.  She enters the courtroom carrying the methyl
treasure.  She receives a message that single carbon atoms are needed to
repair the royal treasure house, where the genealogy and all the
memories of the kingdom are preserved from generation to generation. She
anticipates the (temporary) loss of her treasure and, unable to part
with it and still maintain her identity, she dons a costume and becomes
SA.M.  As SAM she can give up her methyl to folic acid, the
subcontractor responsible for carrying the precious commodity for the
repair of DNA.  In so doing she is transformed to a mean, dangerous
molecule that poses a great threat to the kingdom unless it is satisfied
by being assigned to the kingdom's most valuable project (sanitation) or
by being re-endowed with a methyl to recover its status.  The dangerous
molecule in question is Methionine's dark alter ego, Horrible
Homocysteine.  This molecule is a prime example of how toxic one's own
chemistry can become without any influence from tick bites, germs,
rancid oils or radiation.  No matter what sort of toxic food you may
eat, poisonous air you may breathe or contaminated water you may drink,
you will have a hard time finding in your environment as mean a molecule
as homocysteine.  You have approximately w independent royal agents,
Methionine, owes her monarchy to the special versatility of her triple
endowment: 1) Methyls, single carbon units; 2) Sulfur, an element with

* Taurine.  It functions as a free agent and does not make up a part of
larger molecules.  It can be used if consumed as such, but under
ordinary circumstances it is made from methionine.  .....  For example,
tyrosine is used for forming thyroid hormone as well as norepinephrine.

Tryptophan is the raw material needed for making another
neurotransmitter, serotonin.

important qualities of stickiness; and 3) Nitrogen, the defining
ingredient of ammo acids.  Let us watch Methionine as she carries out
her royal duties.  She enters the courtroom carrying the methyl
treasure.  She receives a message that single carbon atoms are needed to
repair the royal treasure house, where the genealogy and all the
memories of the kingdom are preserved from generation to generation. She
anticipates the (temporary) loss of her treasure and, unable to part
with it and still maintain her identity, she dons a costume and becomes
SA.M.  As SAM she can give up her methyl to folic acid, the
subcontractor responsible for carrying the precious commodity for the
repair of DNA.  In so doing she is transformed to a mean, dangerous
molecule that poses a great threat to the kingdom unless it is satisfied
by being assigned to the kingdom's most valuable project (sanitation) or
by being re-endowed with a methyl to recover its status.  The dangerous
molecule in question is Methionine's dark alter ego, Horrible
Homocysteine.  This molecule is a prime example of how toxic one's own
chemistry can become without any influence from tick bites, germs,
rancid oils or radiation.  No matter what sort of toxic food you may
eat, poisonous air you may breathe or contaminated water you may drink,
you will have a hard time finding in your environment as mean a molecule
as homocysteine.  You have approximately one chance in 50 of being
poisoned by your own homocysteine for the simple reason that you are not
meeting your quirky needs for folic acid, vitamin B6 or vitamin B12. The
first warnings of homocysteine's harmful habits came from a Harvard
Medical School faculty member, Kilmer S.  McCully, whose 1960
propositions have finally been confirmed 30 years after his initial
reports were rejected by his colleagues.  In the first year of medical
school we students heard stories about medical giants of the past who
were hounded or even hung for their dissent from current views.  I
thought that our professors meant that such practices had been
discontinued and that science had become open to the rapid acce for the
simple reason that you are not meeting your quirky needs for folic acid,
vitamin B6 or vitamin B12. The first warnings of homocysteine's harmful
habits came from a Harvard Medical School faculty member, Kilmer S.
McCully, whose 1960 propositions have finally been confirmed 30 years
after his initial reports were rejected by his colleagues.  In the first
year of medical school we students heard stories about medical giants of
the past who were hounded or even hung for their dissent from current
views.  I thought that our professors meant that such practices had been
discontinued and that science had become open to the rapid acceptance of
sound ideas and the fair treatment of their proponents.  McCully is one
of many people of the present generation whose treatment by his peers
illustrates that science is not the objective realm of dispassionate
weighers and measurers that it is cracked up to be.  Even if it were, it
might take years

for any new idea to catch on while enduring the heat of scientific
skepticism and suffering the necessary delays of publication, discussion
and replication.  The time it takes to get new ideas across is at least
doubled by the workings of egos and personal conflicts that worm their
way into any competitive activity.  When McCully fingered homocysteine
he had a pretty good handle on how it might interact with oxidative
stress to be the main cause of cardiovascular disease in many people. An
up-to-date expansion and elaboration of his ideas by Stamler and Slivka
was brought to my attention by Jeffrey Bland who pointed out that this
is one of the key articles in the current literature.  It covers the
interconnections of sulfur ammo acid chemistry with many other
activities in biochemistry.  Here are the main points translated into
the terms I have been using.  If you understand them you will be able to
grasp a number of related advances in chemistry that will influence your
health over the next few years.

1.  Methionine and its alter ego, homocysteine, have a relationship
which exemplifies other situations in biochemistry in which a
particularly helpful and healthful molecule is just one step away from
being a particularly toxic one.  The very properties that give value to
a molecule (such as the combined close presence of sulfur-, nitrogen-,
oxygen- and carbon-containing groups in methionine) can give rise to
compounds that may be versatile and useful on the one hand or quite
troublesome on the other.

2.  As I will explain later, one of the chief ways our bodies quench the
potential toxicity of hormones such as Luke's excess estrogen, as well
as various neurotransmitters and all kinds of unwanted foreign
molecules, is to stick on a sulfur-oxygen group called sulfate.  In the
case of the damage done by homocysteine, it appears that the main harm
done to blood vessels and other tissues in the body is a misuse of
sulfation so that healthy tissues are, in a distorted sense of the word,
detoxified.  As I mentioned previously and will describe more fully in
chapter 15, detoxification involves adding sticky stuff to stinky
molecules to render them more manageable.  If you start sticking
sulfates where they co-opt the desired adhesion between molecules in
healthy tissue, then the tissue becomes weakened, not only losing its
structural integrity but opening the way for oxidative stress to do its
mischief.  People with a risk of cardiovascular disease will benefit
from understanding the relationship between the damage done by
homocysteine and the protection afforded by antioxidants.

3.  The behavior of homocysteine actually liberates free radicals to do
their mischief, reminding us that the external environment is not the
exclusive source of oxidative damage.  Consider what would happen if
you, captivated by Queen Methionine, decided to eat lots of protein or
take supplements of methionine so that you would have plenty of methyls
to maintain your DNA.  If you happen to be a person with weak mechanisms
for transforming homocysteine to its job in the sanitation department or
back into methionine you will unleash homocysteine on your chemistry and
do yourself harm.  About one third of individuals with cardiovascular
disease have a tendency to the damage produced by high levels of
homocysteine.  If you have a personal or family history of vascular
disease, it would be a factor (among others)':' to weigh in assessing
your situation.  Use the following test to measure your homocysteine
level: Eat meat, poultry, eggs, fish or beans at every meal for 24 hours
or take a methionine supplementing four times in 24 hours, while you
collect a 24-hour urine specimen for measurement of homocysteine.

Alternatively, you could have a blood specimen taken at the end of the
24-hour period for homocysteine measurement.  An abnormally high level
calls for a trial of folic acid and, perhaps, vitamin B6 and B12
supplementation followed by repeated testing to confirm your success in
removing homocysteine from your body.  Once the test is done, you will
need to understand that a high intake of protein, with its load of
homocysteine, may be beneficial or harmful depending on how well you
have taken care of your homocysteine problem with the vitamin
supplements that suit your particular quirk.  S tamler and Slivka
speculate that pacifying homocysteine in individuals with high levels
may be also accomplished with various

* Such as a need for extra magnesium, a need for more unsaturated fatty
acids, and, of course, a tendency to high cholesterol levels.

substances, including feverfew extract, that permit covering the sticky
sulfur with a nitrogen-bearing group.

4.  Next, if you are wondering why such a toxic transformation of
methionine should exist at all, the answer is that homocysteine is
needed to make methionine's most useful metabolite, reduced gluta-thione
(RG).  RG is the most important worker in the detoxification department,
the resupplier of vitamin E.  In fact,-detoxification is the most
important activity in the body's biochemistry.  Getting rid of toxins
that come in from the outside, whether it be lead, mercury, arsenic or a
variety of toxic chemicals; dumping used chemicals that are generated in
our own chemistry; and detoxifying nasty substances that come from the
germs that inhabit our intestines is the body's biggest consumer of
energy for making new molecules.  Reduced glutathione is a peptide made
of three ammo acids of which one, cysteine, is produced from
homocysteine.  The other two are glycine and glutamic acid.  Peptides
are abundant in your cells.  Many message-carrying molecules such as
ACTH and endorphins are pep-tides.  RG is the most abundant and widely
distributed peptide of them all and it has many jobs, most of them
having to do with protecting you from oxidative damage and
detoxification.  It also works on several construction crews,
synthesizing or forming larger molecules out of smaller ones.  The most
important thing to remember about RG's activities is that when RG
detoxifies substances that are produced by your own metabolism (domestic
waste, so to speak), it is able to transport the unwanted molecules to
the outside and then return for another load.  If, however, the toxic
load is from the external environment dead, cadmium or mercury for
example), then RG has to take the load to the dump and stay there, never
to return.  RG is expensive; its presence depends on a metabolically
costly and potentially dangerous means of production.  The result is
that for every atom of toxic substances that you consume and later need
to get rid of, you are asking reduced glutathione to take a one-way trip
to the dump.

5.  Finally RG has another job: tending a fire that is needed to create
important messenger molecules called leukotrienes.  Its job at the dump
and protecting molecules from free radicals gives it an insider's
understanding of the dangers of oxidation.  RG directs one of the few
operations in which oxidative forces are needed to create a new
molecule.

Meanwhile, back at the Royal Court, we were in the process of seeing how
Queen Methionine could regain her sovereignty by getting the methyl she
gave up through her activities in the guise of SA.M.  Remember that SAM
is busy distributing methyls around the body and, in particular, with
the help of folic acid, to DNA where the methyls are needed for
synthesis and repair.  The restoration of methionine from homocysteine
now depends on folic acid, working in conjunction with vitamin B12 and
vitamin B.  A lack of sufficient amounts of folic acid to accomplish
this task implies a dual threat to your organism.  The first is the
potential for the build-up of homo-cysteine and the second is the
potential for insufficient folic acid to repair DNA with the consequence
of chromosome damage.  Cancer arises in tissues that are busy being
constantly renewed, such as the mucous membrane of the lungs and the
digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts when the supply of reparative
methyls fails for lack of the B vitamin, folic acid It is probably not
helpful, however, to keep focusing on cancer as the risk to be avoided.

There are plenty of other things that can go wrong long before something
turns into cancer.  The implications for functional impairment in
cognition, reproduction and vitality in general are likely to be more
widespread than the risk of cancer per se.  Current medical technology
does not have very good ways of measuring the impairment.  The reason
for covering this fairly complex branch of the chemistry of
detoxification and repair is that it will become the hot new issue over
the next few years.  It has a bearing on the two major chronic illnesses
of our culture: cardiovascular disease and malignancies.  It is more
important than cholesterol; however detoxification is at the same stage
as was cholesterol research 20 years ago.  Eventually, the cholesterol
research led to the development of drugs to lower cholesterol, and the
medical profession was educated by the pharmaceutical industry to take a
sharper look at cholesterol as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Problems of homocysteine and related chemistry will turn out to be more

important to illness prevention than cholesterol ever was, but at the
moment and for the foreseeable future the main remedies for individuals
with the problem are nutritional supplements.  This bodes poorly for
patients in a medical environment that still categorizes nutrients as
wimpy compared to pharmaceuticals.

CHAPTER 10

Peptides from Foods:

Molecular Masquerade

WHEN MOST FOLKS HEAR the term detoxification they think of individuals
who are addicted to alcohol, cocaine, opium and its derivatives,
barbiturates, benzodiazepines (such as Valium) or other hard drugs.

Detoxification for such people involves the same kind of chemistry we
have been discussing with regard to getting rid of unwanted substances
from the body.  There is, however, an added feature that makes the
process more difficult.  The addict's chemistry has gotten used to the
addictive substance, the presence of which allowion is at the same stage
as was cholesterol research 20 years ago.  Eventually, the cholesterol
research led to the development of drugs to lower cholesterol, and the
medical profession was educated by the pharmaceutical industry to take a
sharper look at cholesterol as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Problems of homocysteine and related chemistry will turn out to be more

important to illness prevention than cholesterol ever was, but at the
moment and for the foreseeable future the main remedies for individuals
with the problem are nutritional supplements.  This bodes poorly for
patients in a medical environment that still categorizes nutrients as
wimpy compared to pharmaceuticals.

CHAPTER 10

Peptides from Foods:

Molecular Masquerade

WHEN MOST FOLKS HEAR the term detoxification they think of individuals
who are addicted to alcohol, cocaine, opium and its derivatives,
barbiturates, benzodiazepines (such as Valium) or other hard drugs.

Detoxification for such people involves the same kind of chemistry we
have been discussing with regard to getting rid of unwanted substances
from the body.  There is, however, an added feature that makes the
process more difficult.  The addict's chemistry has gotten used to the
addictive substance, the presence of which allows him or her to feel
relatively normal even though it may be doing significant mischief over
all.  The absence of the substance creates a toxic state that is quite
different from what we have been discussing.  It has to do with receptor
sites.  The lock on your front door is a receptor site.  More
appropriately, the key to turn off an alarm system is one, too.  The
alarm is set to go off under certain circumstances unless you put in the
key and turn it.  An impending state of excitement has been quenched by
the necessary presence of the key.  The receptor site is "happy," so to
speak.  In living systems there is a mechanism of adaptation in which
cells change in response to how much of a particular stimulus they
receive.  The more opium is presented over a period of time, the more
receptor sites are created

to accept the opium.  In the case of opium, the adaptation is
particularly poignant because the narcotic molecules in the opium work
because they closely resemble peptides we use in our own nervous and
immune systems.  In fact, opium was known long before anyone was aware
of the endorphins we produce in our own chemistry for the modulation of
a myriad of nervous and immune functions.  When endorphins were
discovered, they were named for the morphine-like molecules from opium
that resemble them.  The whole set of them are called opioids, and they
are all peptides.  If it were a question of just saying no to drugs, the
matter would be simple.  Mark Martini's story illustrates how
complicated things can get.  His birth was normal at 37 weeks gestation.

He was put under lights to bleach out the yellow color of his jaundice
(another form of detoxification).  Could this be an early warning that
he was not as well-equipped in the detoxification department as other
babies?  Mark was breast-fed briefly, then switched to formula.  His
first DPT shot gave rise to local inflammation with a swollen leg, and
he screamed for hours.  At four months of age, after his second
immunization, which was changed to leave out the pertussis, he developed
a cough and congestion and was given an antibiotic.  After that he was
on antibiotics three times in his first year; from his second to fourth
year he was on antibiotics 17 times.  He had surgery at age two for
hernia and was hospitalized for a rotovirus infection shortly
thereafter.  On each of these two occasions he had intravenous
antibiotics.  He stopped speech development after the hernia.  When his
delayed development was evaluated he underwent a number of studies to
rule out a seizure disorder and was then diagnosed as autistic.  When
Mark was given a treatment to reverse the changes in his bowel germs
that were wrought by the antibiotics he developed a better attention
span, but he remained in a state of altered perception of the world
around him; he had an increased sensitivity to all kinds of stimulation
and was preoccupied by the self-stimulation of various repetitive
gestures, movements and noises.  He became especially sensitive to
tastes and smells.  He was extremely fussy about foods and would have
gladly subsisted on French fries and ginger ale if they were provided.

He seemed intrigued by some odors and unusually aversive to others, such
as certain perfumes.  He covered his ears when confronted by the whine
of a vacuum cleaner or the hum of the air conditioner.  Mark's blood
test for food allergies showed reactions to 26 foods out of the more
than 90 tested.  I decided that it would be better to discover the basis
for his immune system's attitude toward food and try to repair that than
to embark on the unfeasible and unhealthy further restriction of his
diet.  After trying various approaches to his problem he was faring
better but was still a boy with global developmental handicaps.  I had
glimpses that there was a smart boy inside of Mark who could emerge if
the perceptual chaos of his senses and immune system could get
straightened out.  His family carried out a strenuous program of
reaching out to him and insisting that he take the very difficult steps
involved in pulling together his own resources.  In the meantime I met
Karl Reichelt, M.D., Ph.D., the director of Clinical Chemistry in the
Department of Pediatric Research at The National Hospital in Oslo,
Norway.  Our meeting occurred at a brainstorming conference aimed at
accelerating the course of research in autism and related problems.  The
meeting was held under the auspices of The Autism Research Institute
under the leadership of Bernard Rimland, Ph.D.  who, in 1965, wrote the
books that immediately altered the landscape in which autism had
previously been viewed as an emotional disorder resulting from poor
parenting on the part of "refrigerator mothers." Dr.  Rimland, himself
the parent of an autistic child, denounced the prevailing dogma,
challenging it with sufficient data to convince reasonable people to
abandon the old dogma.  It would be found, Dr.  Rimland wrote, that
autism is a biologic disorder with aspects that resemble a state of
intoxication, confusion of the senses and abnormal processing of
stimuli.  Dr.  Rimland soon became the center of a huge network of
parents and began collecting information from them as to what worked or
did not work to help their children.  The collective impatience with the
pace of research gave rise to the conference where I met Dr.  Reichelt
as well as another prominent peptide researcher, Paul Shattock, Ph.D.,
Senior Lecturer in Pharmacy at the School of Health Sciences at
University of Sunderland, in England.  Dr.  Reichelt and Dr. Shat tock
have each made observations following work begun by Dr.  F.  C.

Dohan in the 1960s based on the observed patterns of certain kinds of
severe disturbances of perception and thinking that correlated with the
consumption of cereal grains.  I had taken many patients off of
gluten-containing grains (wheat, rye, barley and probably oats), but not
until meeting Dr.  Reichelt did I move such a consideration up on my
list of things to try for autistic children.  Then I took it from the
back burner and made it a prime therapeutic priority.  I sent Mark's
urine to Norway for Dr.  Reichdr to analyze.  The result showed that the
urine contained abnormal peptides that came from certain foods and had
passed undigested into Mark's blood.  This damaging substance was not a
venom, a poorly detoxified hormone, a product of fermentative activities
of the bowel flora, an allergen or a substance that has been damaged by
oxidative changes.  These mischievous molecules were digested from the
normal protein of normal food up to a point, but unfortunately for Mark,
they escaped the last few steps in a digestive process that ordinarily
reduces the thousands of ammo acids joined in a protein into separate
individual ammo acids.  Recall that an ammo acid is a small molecule
that may function independently as the raw material for making thyroid
hormone, various neurotransmitters and other important message carriers
in biochemistry.  All but one (taurine) of the 22 ammo acids found in
nature can be combined in small numbers to form peptides or in large
numbers to form proteins.  The digestive process breaks down protein
molecules into shorter and shorter segments, the ultimate goal being the
liberation of single ammo acids that are absorbed as such into the
bloodstream where they are used as raw materials.  If the digestive
process is incomplete and/or there is a leakiness of the intestinal wall
separating the intestinal contents from the bloodstream, short segments
of several ammo acids (peptides) may enter the blood.  These peptides
join other peptides in the blood and tissues that the body has made to
carry messages from place to place in the body.  Considering that many
different peptides may enter the bloodstream as a result of incomplete
digestion of various foods, there exists the possibility that the
outside (exogenous) peptides may be mistaken in the body's communication
systems for inside (endogenous) peptides.  Exogenous peptides that may
cause mischief by being mistaken for endorphins and other endogenous
peptides are called exorphins.

Observations made years ago by Dr.  F.  C.  Dohan have led to more
recent evidenceat peptides from gluten (one of the principal proteins in
wheat and other grains) and casein (one of the main proteins in the milk
of all mammals) may be particularly mischievous in producing unwanted
endorphin-like effects in certainative changes.  These mischievous
molecules were digested from the normal protein of normal food up to a
point, but unfortunately for Mark, they escaped the last few steps in a
digestive process that ordinarily reduces the thousands of ammo acids
joined in a protein into separate individual ammo acids.  Recall that an
ammo acid is a small molecule that may function independently as the raw
material for making thyroid hormone, various neurotransmitters and other
important message carriers in biochemistry.  All but one (taurine) of
the 22 ammo acids found in nature can be combined in small numbers to
form peptides or in large numbers to form proteins.  The digestive
process breaks down protein molecules into shorter and shorter segments,
the ultimate goal being the liberation of single ammo acids that are
absorbed as such into the bloodstream where they are used as raw
materials.  If the digestive process is incomplete and/or there is a
leakiness of the intestinal wall separating the intestinal contents from
the bloodstream, short segments of several ammo acids (peptides) may
enter the blood.  These peptides join other peptides in the blood and
tissues that the body has made to carry messages from place to place in
the body.  Considering that many different peptides may enter the
bloodstream as a result of incomplete digestion of various foods, there
exists the possibility that the outside (exogenous) peptides may be
mistaken in the body's communication systems for inside (endogenous)
peptides.  Exogenous peptides that may cause mischief by being mistaken
for endorphins and other endogenous peptides are called exorphins.

Observations made years ago by Dr.  F.  C.  Dohan have led to more
recent evidenceat peptides from gluten (one of the principal proteins in
wheat and other grains) and casein (one of the main proteins in the milk
of all mammals) may be particularly mischievous in producing unwanted
endorphin-like effects in certain susceptible individuals.  Dr.
Reichelt's thorough bibnormal protein of normal food up to a point, but
unfortunately for Mark, they escaped the last few steps in a digestive
process that ordinarily reduces the thousands of ammo acids joined in a
protein into separate individual ammo acids.  Recall that an ammo acid
is a small molecule that may function independently as the raw material
for making thyroid hormone, various neurotransmitters and other
important message carriers in biochemistry.  All but one (taurine) of
the 22 ammo acids found in nature can be combined in small numbers to
form peptides or in large numbers to form proteins.  The digestive
process breaks down protein molecules into shorter and shorter segments,
the ultimate goal being the liberation of single ammo acids that are
absorbed as such into the bloodstream where they are used as raw
materials.  If the digestive process is incomplete and/or there is a
leakiness of the intestinal wall separating the intestinal contents from
the bloodstream, short segments of several ammo acids (peptides) may
enter the blood.  These peptides join other peptides in the blood and
tissues that the body has made to carry messages from place to place in
the body.  Considering that many different peptides may enter the
bloodstream as a result of incomplete digestion of various foods, there
exists the possibility that the outside (exogenous) peptides may be
mistaken in the body's communication systems for inside (endogenous)
peptides.  Exogenous peptides that may cause mischief by being mistaken
for endorphins and other endogenous peptides are called exorphins.

Observations made years ago by Dr.  F.  C.  Dohan have led to more
recent evidenceat peptides from gluten (one of the principal proteins in
wheat and other grains) and casein (one of the main proteins in the milk
of all mammals) may be particularly mischievous in producing unwanted
endorphin-like effects in certain susceptible individuals.  Dr.
Reichelt's thorough bibliography on the relationship between peptides,
digestive function and permeability, food antigens, neurochemistry and
the dietary and neuroleptic treatment of autistic persons and others is
included in the references.  After obtaining results showing abnormal
peptides from gluten in grains and casein from any cow's milk product, I
proposed that Mark be taken off all sources of gluten and dairy, and his
family did so.  He refused to eat any food at all, he barely slept and
he was in a constant state of nervous hyperactivity, bounding from place
to place only to interrupt his turmoil with episodes of biting and
hitting.  He refused to drink and would have become dehydrated if
liquids had not been forced on him.  The good news was that for the
first time in his life he consistently formed bowel movements and became
more interested in exercising bovel control.  After the first few days
of this, I had two questions.  1) What was going on?  and 2) How could I
prevent Mark from becoming undernourished?  As an answer to the second
question, I recommended a supplement of a rice-protein-based,
nutrient-dense food supplement plus flaxseed oil as sources of calories
and good fats that could be added to his juice and which he could be
coaxed to swallow.  What seemed to be going on was withdrawal, a common
feature of abstinence from addictive foods or substances.  We expect
withdrawal symptoms when coffee is given up because we know it contains
the drug caffeine.  We generally assume that ordinary foods do not
contain "drugs," but a basic point of this chapter is to question that
assumption.  Mark's suffering continued for several weeks, during which
time I was able to see him while attending a conference in the Midwest
near his home.  At this point I had predicted the

imminent end of his ordeal many times.  I knew that when I saw him I
should consider any measures that might finally lessen his problems.

When I met with Mark and his family, we agreed that there were only two
explanations for what was going on.  One was that he was angry with us
for taking him off two foods that had been an important part of his diet
and that his plight represented a kind of hunger strike.  The other was
that the receptor sites in his nervous system were still crying out to
be soothed with the endorphin-like peptides from milk and gluten.  The
same peptides presumably had caused confusion in his chemistry, inducing
the altering of his perceptions, mood, thinking and behavior, but such
negative effects would not necessarily preclude a tranquilizing effect
that was missed when the peptides were withdrawn.  Had any other kind of
treatment produced the reaction we saw in Mark, his family and I would
have stopped it long before the five weeks that had passed before I saw
him in my hotel room.  But withdrawing something is different from
adding something.  I could not conceive of reintroducing gluten and
casein into his diet because of the knowledge gained from Dr. Reichelt's
tests (in addition to knowing from previous tests that Mark had high
levels of antibodies to milk and wheat, as well as the specific
proteins, casein and gluten).  Mark had lost about 15 pounds.  He was in
constant motion and lost in his autism.  I made a few suggestions that I
thought might help hasten the end of an ordeal that I had given up
predicting: more activated charcoal and more alkaline salts, the only
two cure-alls that I have discovered in 30 years of doctoring. Activated
charcoal is a medicinal form of charcoal that has the capacity to absorb
whatever molecules it encounters.  The simple measure of supplying
charcoal to the digestive tract not only accomplishes its advertised
digestive intent of absorbing gas and toxins there, but it appears to
aid detoxification anywhere in the body.  Presumably the reduction of
toxins accomplished by the short-term use of activated charcoal takes
some pressure off the whole detoxification system by diminishing the
burden from the gut.  Activated charcoal is indiscriminate in what it
absorbs.  Therefore it should not be taken with food or medicines as it
would absorb them, too, and it should not be taken for long periods of
time.  It is, however, good for whatever ails you, as are alkaline
salts, sold as Alka-Seltzer without aspirin. This form of Alka-Seltzer,
which comes in a gold package and is nicknamed Alka Gold by doctors who
know the value of alkaline salts, contains only sodium and potassium
bicarbonate; it is one step up from the baking soda found in any
kitchen, which is just sodium bicarbonate and will do in a pinch.
Basically healthy people can take an Alka Gold or a half-tea-spoon of
baking soda in a glass of water when they are feeling very hungry and
irritable to the point of becoming quite bad company, or have
premenstrual syndrome, or a hangover or are coming down with a cold and
they will almost certainly feel better.  It is best not to do so on a
very full stomach or if the kidneys or lungs don't work well.  In nearly
every instance in which people feel sick, they tend to get slightly
acidic.  Every day the body needs to get rid of smoke and ashes from the
metabolic fire and nearly always there is extra acid that constitutes
the most fundamental problem in detoxification.  When just about
anything goes wrong with the body there is a transient tendency to
become acidic, and by sending some alkali through the system, the body
has a chance to recover balance.  Mark got substantial temporary relief
by taking repeated doses of the Alka Gold and finally, after six weeks
of misery, he turned the corner.  I don't know if it was because of the
charcoal and the Alka Gold, because I gave him an old-fashioned
antihistamine that tends to stimulate appetite (cyprohepatadine) or
because his withdrawal finally ran its course.  Mark emerged from the
ordeal a changed boy.  Like many autistic children he made major leaps
in his behavior and cognitive abilities.  The withdrawal symptoms that
Mark experienced are unusual but illustrate the opioid addiction and
withdrawal connection to the problem.  Most autistic children, as well
as others who may benefit from avoiding these foods, experience
improvement within days, although the improvement may continue for
months after embarking on such a treatment because the peptides are
washed out of the body slowly and the nervous system takes time to heal.

Mark's withdrawal was more difficult and he got less benefit than other
children I know who have gone from being wild and disoriented to almost
completely normal within weeks of eliminating

gluten and casein from their diets.  Observing diverse and impressive
changes in patients avoiding gluten and casein leads me to the following
thought.  All food contains at least some protein and all proteins yield
at least some peptides even when they are properly digested.  Every
person absorbs not only the small molecules liberated at the end of
perfect digestion but a substantial quantity of larger ones including
not only peptides but proteins as well.  Many people have intestines
that are leaky, permitting excess absorption of unwanted molecules.  It
seems to me that what we observe in peptide-sensitive autistic children
has implications that will turn up in other ways in the future.  Over
the next decade more and more troublesome peptides will be found to
cause problems in all of the many areas of human chemistry where normal
peptides carry out the body's business, particularly in the brain and
immune system.

CHAPTER 11

Dirty Smoke:

Genetic Mistakes and metabolic Abnormalities

IN JUNe.  OF 1996 William Shaw, Ph.D., head of the toxicology lab of a
major midwestern children's medical center was fired from his job
because he presented his research findings at an international meeting
attended by more than 100 physicians interested in the immunology and
toxicology of autism and related disorders.  The research he presented
had already been presented previously at various scientific and medical
meetings, and his findings had been published in a peer review
scientific journal.  I believe that his discoveries will lead to major
breakthroughs in our understanding of many illnesses that go far beyond
the field of children's developmental problems where Dr.  Shaw made his
first observations.  It is hard to beat the injustice done to Dr.
McCully when he pursued research in homocysteine to say nothing of
several other recent medical "heretics" such as Dr.  Barry Marshall, the
discoverer of the germ, Helicobacter pylori, which causes stomach ulcers
and other digestive problems, but Dr.  Shaw's treatment was even worse.

At our conference in Chicago he could not even present all of his data
because his research files and some of

his teaching slides were confiscated.  Today Dr.  Shaw is pursuing his
research at Great Plains Laboratory in Overland Park, Kansas.

Here is the background on Dr.  Shaw's research.  A metabolic fire burns
in each of us and the smoke from that fire is acid.  A match burns a
little dirtier than a candle, and our metabolic fire burns even dirtier
because it takes place at a lower temperature.  This is the main reason
that we have to spend a lot of energy getting rid of the waste materials
from our metabolism: they cannot be rendered into clean smoke and ashes.

The breath we exhale constitutes the elimination of a certain burden of
acid.  What occurs in that process is the undoing of the reverse process
that occurs in plants as they are exposed to the sun.  Capturing
sunlight, they make molecules of sugar (then starch) or fat by using the
sun's energy to join carbon atoms from carbon dioxide in the air.

Putting the carbon atoms together takes energy, and when we disassemble
the sugars and fats of plants in our metabolism, we get the sun's energy
back again for our metabolic use.  Carbon dioxide is returned to the air
as we make helpfully destructive use of free radicals supplied as oxygen
in the air we breathe to rip the electrons off of our food molecules.

The carbon dioxide we exhale is part of the smoke produced from our
metabolic fire, and the ashes consist of various nonvolatile elements in
our food, such as minerals.  Because the fire burns at a very low
temperature as compared with a candle flame, some of the smoke cannot be
rendered (oxidized) to the point of being volatile and still exists in a
form that can only be dissolved in the blood and thus transferred to the
bile or urine to be discharged from then dioxide is returned to the air
as we make helpfully destructive use of free radicals supplied as oxygen
in the air we breathe to rip the electrons off of our food molecules.

The carbon dioxide we exhale is part of the smoke produced from our
metabolic fire, and the ashes consist of various nonvolatile elements in
our food, such as minerals.  Because the fire burns at a very low
temperature as compared with a candle flame, some of the smoke cannot be
rendered (oxidized) to the point of being volatile and still exists in a
form that can only be dissolved in the blood and thus transferred to the
bile or urine to be discharged from the body.  The substances that make
up this nonvolatile "smoke" are still acid in nature.  They derive from
living or organic processes and they are called organic acids.  To the
extent that they represent the products of a fire that is not burning
clean, they are "dirty smoke."

You can experience the effects of dirty smoke in your body by trying to
run farther than you are really able to.  At a certain point, your
inadequately trained muscles will cramp up as they accumulate organic
acids resulting from a poor balance between the supply of fuel and
oxygen.  In effect, it is the result of a fire that is burning at poor
efficiency.  Some of us are born with errors in the chemistry that
constitutes the "disassembly line" of the metabolic fire in which sugar
(glucose) and other molecules are taken apart to retrieve the sun's
energy that is stored there.

THE GENETIC ERROR IN SAMANTHA'S METABOLISM

When I was Chief Resident in Pediatrics at Yale, a child named Samantha
was admitted on a few occasions with vomiting and lethargy and acidosis.

In the first stages of such an illness there would be no reason to think
of it as anything more than a "virus" that could be managed by watchful
waiting and careful attention to the child's need to avoid dehydration
during a temporary period of low intake.  This child, however, became
very sick, and her sister had died of a similar illness. Understandably,
she was treated with caution and, as it happened, evaluated with the
brilliance of Dr.  Leon Rosenberg, who would later go on to become an
international figure in the field of genetically-transmitted metabolic
diseases and then Dean of Yale Medical School.  Unlike many of us who
kept biochemistry carefully balanced in our brains only until we passed
the exams, Dr.  Rosenberg had a clear picture of all the assembly and
disassembly lines that comprise our chemistry.  Ten years later I
realized that I could not practice medicine without recapturing my own
clear picture, but at the time I was up to my neck in the day-to-day
operations of the pediatric service and was not directly involved in the
care of Samantha or the untangling of her mysterious problems.  Little
did I understand at the time that the biochemistry of rare and "exotic"
conditions is often the tip of the iceberg in common conditions that I
would encounter for the rest of my life as a physician.  As you will
see, Samantha's problem touches on a branch of biochemistry that in her
represented a singular case, but which also pointed to a crossroad in
biochemistry that is basic to understanding the care and feeding of our
bodies.

A particular organic acid turned up to account for her acidic condition.

Its presence was due to a wrong step in the disassembly line in which a
particular ammo acid (valine) is prepared for being discarded and burned
up in her body's furnace, the so-called citric acid or Krebs cycle.  As
the ammo acid is dismantled its name

changes with the loss of various parts so that at a certain point it
becomes known as methylmalonic acid.  Its next transformation, in which
it is diminished further, was faulty in Samantha, and as a consequence
the methylmalonic acid became stuck, so to speak, and constituted a
build-up of dirty smoke that poisoned her and produced an illness with
excessive vomiting and lethargy such as children get from many different
causes.  There are only so many ways of being sick, but there are many
ways of getting sick.  The misstep in Samantha's chemistry is one in
which several molecules participate as helpers in the disassembly step.

Among these helpers is one big molecule, an enzyme, that Samantha simply
could not make properly because the gene in her chromosomes did not
carry the right instructions for her to produce it correctly.  She was
born that way.  Another of the helpers in the step is vitamin B2.  It
has two jobs in all of human biochemistry and one of them is to help the
enzyme drag a methyl group off of the methylmalonic acid so that it
becomes ready to take its place in the furnace with its new name,
succinic acid, which is a part of a disassembled glucose molecule as it
is getting burned for its energy.  Dr.  Rosenberg found that Samantha's
problem could be substantially repaired by having her take very large
amounts of vitamin B2.  Even though her enzyme did not work at all well,
supplying very large amounts of B2 took care of the problem to the
extent of saving Samantha's life without having actually produced a
cure.  Rosenberg coauthored a major text describing Samantha's metabolic
errors and scores of others, some of which may be corrected in a similar
fashion with the addition of large amounts of vitamins.  At the end of
his book he speculated thoughtfully about the pace at which metabolic
disorders were discovered and the potential for misunderstanding and
misusing vitamins based on their importance in treating a few
individuals with rare conditions.  "We have proof," cautioned Rosenberg
and coauthor, Dr.  C.  R.  Scriver, "that for some persons in particular
circumstances, pharmacologic doses of vitamins are essential.  But
should we generalize from the specific data in a few special
circumstances?  We believe that such generalizations are being made but
without the benefit of evidence equivalent to that obtained in the
vitamin-responsive inborn errors of metabolism" (their emphasis).  This
opinion springs from a viewpoint that sees people as normal unless they
have a disease.  The prevailing attitude of modern medicine is the same
now as when I was trained in the 1960s: People become sick because they
get a disease.  The attitude cultivates a sense that we are all
potential victims of some kind of attack that just sort of happens. More
and more, we are finding that our genetic makeup is quite decisive as to
what kind of disease we get so that blame gets put onto our ancestors.
Thus we are made to feel more and more helpless to avoid a fate that is
cast in our genes.  An alternative way of thinking is to accept that
each of us has a distinctive immunologic and biochemical makeup.
Consequently, all of us have inborn errors of metabolism (usually very
mild as compared to Samantha) and thus nearly all of us must learn to
tailor our diet, nutritional supplements, physical and social
environment to match our individual needs and to make the best of our
genetic endowment.  This alternative to current mainstream medicine
focuses on balance within the individual as contrasted to treatment of a
disease.  I will return to the subject in chapter 17.  Back to Samantha.
Samantha was poisoned by smoke from her own fire.  Her problem was
diagnosed by detecting a normal organic acid that appeared in her urine
in excessive amounts because of an inherited problem with the
disassembly line that we all use to burn any extra amount of a
particular ammo acid that is a normal (and substantial) part of
everyone's diet.  Dr.  Rosenberg showed brilliance in identifying
Samantha's problem, although his method (analysis of a patient's urine
for the presence of abnormal organic acids) was already a standard tool
in medicine at the time.  Samantha's treatment involved limiting the
amount of valine in her diet (which is difficult because valine is one
of the most abundant ammo acids in all proteins) and megadoses of
vitamin B12.  In the current medical paradigm Samantha was a victim of a
rare disease, and most of the rest of us can feel lucky that we don't
have such a disease.  In an alternative paradigm, we are all
metabolically different and, while most of us get along just fine, we
have access to the same kinds of tools that were used to diagnose
Samantha's disease to find our own more subtle sorts of imbalances.  If
we are well and wish to look for

ways to remain so, or if we are sick--with or without a diagnosis--these
tools can help us address those imbalances, quite possibly making a
substantial difference in our future well-being.  The attitude we bring
to the use of these tools can make a crucial difference in the outcome
of their results.  If our attitude is disease-oriented, we may come up
empty.  If, on the other hand, our attitude centers on the concept of
balance--finding something that we need more or less of to help our
biochemistry and immune/nervous systems work more efficiently--we are
likely to find an effective treatment for the prevention of future
illness by taking supplements of substances that are a natural part of
the body's makeup or by avoiding or ridding ourselves of toxins and
allergens.

OTHER GENETIC MISTAKES

Now we have the background with which to return to Dr.  Shaw.  Some
years ago he worked as a biochemist in a laboratory where his research
involved identifying the germ causing an infection in a given patient by
examining the person's blood, urine or other body fluid for the "smoke"
from the germ's fire.  Some years later Dr.  Shaw was the head of a
laboratory performing the same kinds of analyses used to detect
Samantha's problem as well as hundreds of other kinds of metabolic
abnormalities whose signature is abnormal organic acids that's treatment
involved limiting the amount of valine in her diet (which is difficult
because valine is one of the most abundant ammo acids in all proteins)
and megadoses of vitamin B12.  In the current medical paradigm Samantha
was a victim of a rare disease, and most of the rest of us can feel
lucky that we don't have such a disease.  In an alternative paradigm, we
are all metabolically different and, while most of us get along just
fine, we have access to the same kinds of tools that were used to
diagnose Samantha's disease to find our own more subtle sorts of
imbalances.  If we are well and wish to look for

ways to remain so, or if we are sick--with or without a diagnosis--these
tools can help us address those imbalances, quite possibly making a
substantial difference in our future well-being.  The attitude we bring
to the use of these tools can make a crucial difference in the outcome
of their results.  If our attitude is disease-oriented, we may come up
empty.  If, on the other hand, our attitude centers on the concept of
balance--finding something that we need more or less of to help our
biochemistry and immune/nervous systems work more efficiently--we are
likely to find an effective treatment for the prevention of future
illness by taking supplements of substances that are a natural part of
the body's makeup or by avoiding or ridding oursels difficult because
valine is one of the most abundant ammo acids in all proteins) and
megadoses of vitamin B12.  In the current medical paradigm Samantha was
a victim of a rare disease, and most of the rest of us can feel lucky
that we don't have such a disease.  In an alternative paradigm, we are
all metabolically different and, while most of us get along just fine,
we have access to the same kinds of tools that were used to diagnose
Samantha's disease to find our own more subtle sorts of imbalances.  If
we are well and wish to look for

ways to remain so, or if we are sick--with or without a diagnosis--these
tools can help us address those imbalances, quite possibly making a
substantial difference in our future well-being.  The attitude we bring
to the use of these tools can make a crucial difference in the outcome
of their results.  If our attitude is disease-oriented, we may come up
empty.  If, on the other hand, our attitude centers on the concept of
balance--finding something that we need more or less of to help our
biochemistry and immune/nervous systems work more efficiently--we are
likely to find an effective treatment for the prevention of future
illness by taking supplements of substances that are a natural part of
the body's makeup or by avoiding or ridding ourselves of toxins and
allergens.

OTHER GENETIC MISTAKES

Now we have the background with which to return to Dr.  Shaw.  Some
years ago he worked as a biochemist in a laboratory where his research
involved identifying the germ causing an infection in a given patient by
examining the person's blood, urine or other body fluid for the "smoke"
from the germ's fire.  Some years later Dr.  Shaw was the head of a
laboratory performing the same kinds of analyses used to detect
Samantha's problem as well as hundreds of other kinds of metabolic
abnormalities whose signature is abnormal organic acids in the blood or
urine.  Dr.  Shaw noted that the urine of some children with
developmental problems had excessive amounts of organic acids that did
not come from the child but were by-products of the metabolism of the
germs inhabiting the intestine of the child.  Such organic acids had
been noticed by others in the past, and the prevailing opinion in
medicine was basically: "Those are microbial metabolites (e.g., germ
chemicals) and they are not what we are looking for (e.g., people
chemicals); thus, they are not important.  The point is that there are
really two fires in each of us.  One is our own fire, or our metabolism,
which may or may not burn dirty.  The other produces a collective
"smoke" of metabolic by-products from all the infinitesimal fires of the
germs inhabiting our digestive tract.  Much of this smoke passes from
our gut with the bowel movements and gas that we pass.  Some of it,
however, is absorbed into our body and must then be detoxified and
excreted just as if we had consumed it in some other way.  Perhaps there
is something in this smoke that disagrees with us; perhaps we might be
especially sensitive to these organic acids and the other toxins that
keep them company.  What kinds of toxins might these be?  Might they be
strange toxins such as those that come from a venomous tick?  Might they
be like alcohol?  Might they be hormone-like?  Might they be allergens,
so that one person but not another could get hives from one or more of
them?  Because they are organic acids, might they look so much like our
own organic acid that they would wend their way into our metabolism and
screw things up along the same lines as the peptides can?  Yes.  Yes.
Yes.  Yes.  Yes.  Dr. Shaw's work is very recent, and as I write this he
has just opened a new lab to continue the work for which he was censured
by his hospital's hierachy.  The reason for telling you about his work
is to ask you to think about the implications and watch as his ideas
develop over the next few years.  As you will see in the next chapter,
there is other evidence to support these ideas and, if you understand
their implications, there are things you can do now that will reduce
your risk of ill health while continuing to watch from the sidelines.
Here is how the microbial organic acid picture looks now and how it will
develop.

THE IMPACT OF ANTIBIOTICS ON METABOLISM

Jeffrey Smith was admitted repeatedly to the hospital where Dr.  Shaw
worked, with seizures caused by very low blood sugar levels.  The
seizures started after Jeffrey was given antibiotics for a strep throat
at nine months of age.  He had been completely well until that time. His
problem remained a mystery over several months, and several admissions
to the hospital where all kinds of tests were done did not reveal a clue
within the usual framework of understanding the regulation of blood
sugar.  His insulin levels were never more

than 20 percent above normal, not enough to explain his dangerously low
levels of blood glucose.  In the course of time Jeffrey's doctors
ordered several tests of his organic acid profile for the normal
reasons, i.e., to see Jeffrey's metabolic by-products.  The lab results
revealed very large amounts of a compound that clearly did not come from
Jeffrey, but from the germs in his bowel.  The compound was not,
technically speaking, an organic acid but a kind of sugar that is made
by germs in the fungus (mold, mildew, yeast) realm that were somewhere
in Jeffrey's body.  Dr.  Shaw knew that this compound could be made to
disappear from Jeffrey's urine by giving him nystatin, a medicine that
kills yeasts in the intestine but does not enter the bloodstream and so
is without risk.  He mentioned this to Jeffrey's doctors each time
Jeffrey was readmitted to the hospital and was retested in his lab, but
to no avail.  The communication from Jeffrey's doctors went something
like this: "We want you to look for all possible metabolic diseases, but
don't keep telling us about that yeast nonsense." As Dr.  Shaw tells the
story, he finally became more aggressive with his observations.  After
all, he pointed out, the levels of the compound in Jeffrey's urine were
extremely high and since it was a kind of sugar, it certainly might
disturb Jeffrey's sugar metabolism.  This persistence led to Shaw's
being put on probation at the hospital.  He was instructed not to report
information about microbial organic acids unless specifically requested
to do so.  Eventually, Jeffrey was given a treatment with nystatin, the
medicine to kill the yeasts.  The abnormal sugar in his urine dropped
from measurements in the thousands to close to zero, his blood sugar
rose to normal and his seizures stopped.  Jeffrey's health problems had
all begun after a course of antibiotics.

Jeffrey's case is unusual in its severity, but I think it exemplifies a
phenomenon that is widespread and that has to do with the effects of
altering bowel flora with antibiotics.  Dr.  Shaw's research focuses on
abnormal organic acids found in children with developmental problems. My
take on it is that such children are, to the medical profession, like
the canaries miners used to take into the mine as an early warning for
toxic air.  Some children with developmental problems are very
sensitive.  I have tried to understand their biochemistry and immunology
for the sake of sorting out their problems.  While

doing so I have learned things that apply to all of us in ways that
affect how we think about underlying mechanisms for all sorts of
illnesses, especially those in which the immune and central nervous
systems are involved.  In particular it makes me realize how essential
it is to protect the core of essential cells in our immune and central
nervous systems by protecting the communication systems of our
chemistry.  The most subtle danger to our chemistry comes from molecules
that, like the peptides discussed previously, so resemble our own
molecules that they blend in with the crowd and go unnoticed until it
turns out that they not only cannot function as do the molecules they
mimic, but they occupy strategic spaces in our chemistry and interfere
with our own molecules.  This is a key point for all of us who have a
natural inclination to fear things that appear strange or outlandish. If
we conjure up a picture of toxins as mostly weird and alien chemicals we
may fail to understand that mimicry is one of nature's most pervasive
tricks.  The viceroy butterfly who mimics the toxic monarch in order to
borrow from the latter's poisonous reputation among predator birds is a
good example of the creative uses of mimicry.  A random molecule that
interferes with the way your molecule works because it looks just like
it reminds us that in this sense we have more to fear from friendly
looking chemicals than from monstrous ones.

DANGEROUS MASQUERADERS

Most of the children Dr.  Shaw has studied do not have serious blood
sugar problems.  They have problems with perception, language and
attention that place their diagnosis in the autism spectrum of
disorders.  In most instances their urine organic acid analysis shows
the same sugar that bothered Jeffrey--in lower but still abnormal
concentrations--and a few compounds that closely resemble one of two
categories of human molecules: neurotransmitters and citric-acid-cycle
intermediaries.  Recall that the citric acid cycle is the biochemical
machinery in which glucose molecules are disassembled to release energy.

The disassembly proceeds stepwise, and at each stage a new and smaller
molecule is formed.  It is a cycle because the fragment that is left at
the end of the process is stuck back onto the one that begins the
process and then goes around again.  As the cycle proceeds certain
molecules are formed in the fire that have multiple uses elsewhere in
the body, so they are retrieved, snatched from the fire, so to speak,
for other uses.  Interference with the metabolic fire can, then, not
only result in an inefficient energy production, but the raw materials
needed for other body processes may run short.  What other body process
is heavily dependent on raw materials for making new molecules?
Detoxification!  The sanitation department is the energy department's
biggest consumer.

One of the compounds that Dr.  Shaw kept turning up is called
3-oxoglutaric acid.  It is a very close look-alike to 2-oxoglutaric acid
(also called alpha-ketoglutarate or AKG).  The two molecules resemble
each other so closely that one could be easily mistaken for the other,
especially since the 3-oxoglutaric is a fungus chemical and the body
really has no experience with it.  Dr.  Shaw says it is analogous to
coming home without the key to unlock the front door.  You find a key
that looks like your key and it fits into the lock.  You give it a good
try and it breaks off in the lock.  Now you have a worse problem than
when you started.  The analogy adequately describes the effect of having
interference from look-alike molecules.  It cannot adequately explain
the possible consequences of having a molecule masquerade as AKG.

Interfering with its role in the citric acid cycle is bad enough.  In
addition, of all the multi-use molecules in the body, AKG is the champ.

AKG is everywhere helping to rearrange, build and take molecules apart.

If you were to look down on your biochemical municipality from overhead
you would get the idea that AKG, SAM (S-adenosyl methionine) and reduced
glutathione are like the taxi cabs, buses and subways of New York City.

Now imagine slipping into the city a fleet of yellow cars that look like
taxis and let you get in but never let you get out.  That would be a
problem.

Look-alike molecules are not new to the thinking of doctors.  Most drugs
work on that principle.  Many antibiotics work by fooling the germ into
thinking the drug is useful because it resembles one of the germc fire
can, then, not only result in an inefficient energy production, but the
raw materials needed for other body processes may run short.  What other
body process is heavily dependent on raw materials for making new
molecules? Detoxification!  The sanitation department is the energy
department's biggest consumer.

One of the compounds that Dr.  Shaw kept turning up is called
3-oxoglutaric acid.  It is a very close look-alike to 2-oxoglutaric acid
(also called alpha-ketoglutarate or AKG).  The two molecules resemble
each other so closely that one could be easily mistaken for the other,
especially since the 3-oxoglutaric is a fungus chemical and the body
really has no experience with it.  Dr.  Shaw says it is analogous to
coming home without the key to unlock the front door.  You find a key
that looks like your key and it fits into the lock.  You give it a good
try and it breaks off in the lock.  Now you have a worse problem than
when you started.  The analogy adequately describes the effect of having
interference from look-alike molecules.  It cannot adequately explain
the possible consequences of having a molecule masquerade as AKG.

Interfering with its role in the citric acid cycle is bad enough.  In
addition, of all the multi-use molecules in the body, AKG is the champ.

AKG is everywhere helping to rearrange, build and take molecules apart.

If you were to look down on your biochemical municipality from overhead
you would get the idea that AKG, SAM (S-adenosyl methionine) and reduced
glutathione are like the taxi cabs, buses and subways of New York City.

Now imagine slipping into the city a fleet of yellow cars that look like
taxis and let you get in but never let you get out.  That would be a
problem.

Look-alike molecules are not new to the thinking of doctors.  Most drugs
work on that principle.  Many antibiotics work by fooling the germ into
thinking the drug is useful because it resembles one of the germ's own.

Many cancer drugs work by getting cancer cells (as well, unfortunately,
as normal ones) to build a close look-alike

into their DNA molecules, which then cannot function normally and result
in the cells' death.

The idea that intestinal germs produce toxins that result in illness is
also an old one.  A century ago the discovery of the multitude of germs
in the human gut led to the notion (proposed by Metchni-koff, Pasteur's
successor as director of the Pasteur Institute) that these germs must be
the root of most illness.  The idea got out of hand so that enemas
became, in the popular mind and practice, an overused method to cleanse
the bowel of potential trouble engendered by all the "bad germs." By the
time I went to medical school this notion had been vigorously
discredited by a medical profession alarmed at the potential for enemas
and other forms of preoccupation with "regularity" to cause trouble, not
the least of which was psychological, in children who became victims of
their parents' fixation.  It is harder for a discredited idea to be
revived than for a new idea to gain acceptance.  The accumulating
evidence that intestinal germs have a complex interaction with our
chemistry will regain medical recognition soon.  Moreover, the effects
of intestinal germs provoke reactions in individuals that may vary
considerably from person to person, sometimes masquerading as known
autoimmune, allergic and chronic inflammatory diseases affecting a
particular body system or organ.

Dr.  Shaw's work has shown us that some individuals, particularly
children with autism, have very large amounts of
di-hydroxy-phenylpropionic acid in their urine and that this molecule is
made by certain bacteria, not fungi, in the intestine.  Most of the
children I have treated to remove the di-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid by
killing the germs have not improved the same way they would by killing
the fungi that produce other organic acids, even when the levels of the
di-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid fall by a hundred-fold.  Thus far then,
this look-alike to a neurotransmitter is just an example of the way that
intestinal germs can produce molecules that resemble our own.  Going by
present knowledge, we have good reason to try to keep a healthy normal
population of germs thriving in our intestine.  They say that a pregnant
woman is eating for two, herself and her fetus.  You may not be
pregnant, but you are eating for 10,000,000,000,000: you and all the
germs that inhabit your gut.

CHAPTER 12

Dietary Fiber and Hormone Regulation

What DO THE GERMS of your intestine like to eat?  They will eat just
about anything, but dietary fiber feeds good intestinal germs which
discourage unfavorable ones.  I can think of few other topics in
medicine that have flip-flopped as has fiber.  In my training I was
taught that fiber was a useless, inert ingredient in our foods and we
should all look forward to the day when, like the astronauts, we could
subsist on some sort of highly refined goop that provided us with just
the right ingredients for physiologic prosperity.  Out of Africa came
Dr.  Dennis Burkitt, who, while practicing medicine in Uganda, noticed
that Africans eating a traditional diet had a completely different
pattern of illness than those people, including those of African
descent, eating a Western diet.  The dietary content of roughage, fiber
or indigestible cellulose that makes up the main structural component of
plants is what accounted for the fact that Africans were spared most of
the diseases that affect us, from diabetes and heart disease to
appendicitis and hemorrhoids.  My own African experience gave me first
hand exposure to Dr.  Burkitt's ideas.  Of the many ways that fiber
promotes good health, such as providing bulk and holding water plus the
many positive influences on dozens of problems from acne to ulcers,
there is one you probably have not heard about.  This one should open
your mind to the cybernetic factors linking diet, the germs that live in
your intestine, antibiotics, hormone balance and cancers of the
reproductive organs such as breast and prostate.  From time to time we
hear that a particular substance has been declared safe or unsafe based
on whether or not it causes cancer or at least leads to mutations in the
DNA of living things, a marker for a cancer-causing potential.  As you
can appreciate from the examples I have given, there are many ways that
an unwanted substance can bother a person that have nothing to do with
cancer, and in some ways the preoccupation with cancer tends to put
people off track.  Even when preoccupied with cancer causation, I think
we hear too much about environmental toxins as compared to ways we can
enhance our repair mechanisms, such as those involving folic acid, that
enable us to keep our DNA fresh and undamaged.  As you read on, I hope
you will keep in mind that cancer may be a more easily grasped and
feared consequence of the chain of events being described than, say,
"hormone imbalance."

When visiting a doctor a patient is much more likely to hear that the
hormones are a little out of balance than that he or she has cancer, yet
this is usually by way of saying that there is not any real problem and
that the imbalance "just happens" and is not really subject to remedy.

After all, it is not a "disease." Imbalance, however, is the precursor
of disease.  Imbalance may be associated with symptoms that a person or
his or her physician may deem "insignificant" because they do not
constitute a disease.  However, imbalance worsens all illness as it
progresses, even when--in the case of trauma or infection--the illness
may begin in a person who is in a state of balance.  A person with
"insignificant" symptoms of hormonal imbalance may take a special
interest in the evidence linking long term subtle effects of certain
kinds of dietary fiber with the ultimate effect of prostate and breast
cancers.  For many years epidemiologists have recognized that the
incidence of reproductive cancers (breast in women and prostate in men)
is much higher in populations consuming a Western diet as compared to
the vegetable-based diet consumed in most of Asia,

Africa and South America.  The incidence of bowel cancer, cardiovascular
disease and other problems varies in the same way.  Dr.  Herman
Adlercreutz (presently Professor of Clinical Chemistry at the University
of Helsinki) developed a theory that something in fiber mediates the
healthy effects of a vegetable-based diet.  He was particularly
intrigued by statistics that showed a low cancer incidence in Finns and
others consuming a traditional rye bread that is made from the whole
grain and leavened not with yeast but with a culture of lactobacillus
(acidophilus)--the same kind of germ that ferments yogurt and
sauerkraut.  It appeared that consumption of rye bread was associated
with an exceptionally low reproductive cancer incidence for Finns as
compared with other Europeans who consume wheat bread.  Dr.
Adlercreutz's theories were not accepted by the scientific community
when he first proposed them, as fiber was thought to be unnecessary or
at least inert.  It is understood that reproductive cancers are
stimulated, after their inception, by higher levels of hormones
(estrogen in women and testosterone in men) so that if, apart from any
hormonal influence, such cancers appear, then factors that contribute to
high hormone levels would favor the persistence and growth of such
cancers.  For his theories to be true there would have to be a substance
present in, say rye fiber, that would do one of the following:

1.  Inhibit high levels of sex hormones during the life of the
individual so that in the event of a cancer arising, it would not be
stimulated.

2.  Limit the actual growth of cancer cells themselves.

3.  Hinder the development of blood vessels that a cancer requires
around itself for nourishment.

CANCER-INHIBITING Foods AND How THEY WORK

Dr.  Adlercreutz and others have amassed convincing data showing that
compounds called isoflavonoids and lignans isolated from rye fiber and
soy protein and various other vegetable sources will modulate sex
hormones, inhibit cancer growth and the nourishment of cancers by
surrounding blood vessels.  The use of isolated compounds in research
does not imply that the use of these compounds as isolated substances
will be forthcoming.  There is a strong argument for the use of certain
nutritional supplements as isolated compounds, e.g., folic acid.  In the
case of the fiber-derived compounds, Dr.  Adlercreutz points out that
"it should be kept in mind that it is to be preferred to consume
original food, or food modified only slightly, instead of consuming
isolated or synthetic compounds." When someone eats a piece of whole rye
bread, most of the protein, carbohydrate and fat is digested in the
stomach and small intestine so that the available molecules of ammo
acids, sugars and fats pass into the bloodstream, leaving behind a
residue of material that is carbohydrate in nature but resists digestive
efforts to separate the sugar molecules of which it is composed.  It
originally comes from plant cells where it forms their walls.  These
walls are stiff and sturdy as opposed to the flexible and delicate
membranes of animal cells.  Cellulose is mashed but kept intact for the
making of paper.  Cellulose molecules can be dissolved and manipulated
to produce celluloid and rayon, but they can only be digested into their
component sugar molecules by bacteria.  Such bacteria in the intestine
of my two goats are the only means they have of digesting their hay and
leaves, but we humans lack any such bacteria in our gut.  We do not have
bacteria that liberate the component sugars from cellulose sols
themselves.

3.  Hinder the development of blood vessels that a cancer requires
around itself for nourishment.

CANCER-INHIBITING Foods AND How THEY WORK

Dr.  Adlercreutz and others have amassed convincing data showing that
compounds called isoflavonoids and lignans isolated from rye fiber and
soy protein and various other vegetable sources will modulate sex
hormones, inhibit cancer growth and the nourishment of cancers by
surrounding blood vessels.  The use of isolated compounds in research
does not imply that the use of these compounds as isolated substances
will be forthcoming.  There is a strong argument for the use of certain
nutritional supplements as isolated compounds, e.g., folic acid.  In the
cas around itself for nourishment.

CANCER-INHIBITING Foods AND How THEY WORK

Dr.  Adlercreutz and others have amassed convincing data showing that
compounds called isoflavonoids and lignans isolated from rye fiber and
soy protein and various other vegetable sources will modulate sex
hormones, inhibit cancer growth and the nourishment of cancers by
surrounding blood vessels.  The use of isolated compounds in research
does not imply that the use of these compounds as isolated substances
will be forthcoming.  There is a strong argument for the use of certain
nutritional supplements as isolated compounds, e.g., folic acid.  In the
case of the fiber-derived compounds, Dr.  Adlercreutz points out that
"it should be kept in mind that it is to be preferred to consume
original food, or food modified only slightly, instead of consuming
isolated or synthetic compounds." When someone eats a piece of whole rye
bread, most of the protein, carbohydrate and fat is digested in the
stomach and small intestine so that the available molecules of ammo
acids, sugars and fats pass into the bloodstream, leaving behind a
residue of material that is carbohydrate in nature but resists digestive
efforts to separate the sugar molecules of which it is composed.  It
originally comes from plant cells where it forms their walls.  These
walls are stiff and sturdy as opposed to the flexible and delicate
membranes of animal cells.  Cellulose is mashed but kept intact for the
making of paper.  Cellulose molecules can be dissolved and manipulated
to produce celluloid and rayon, but they can only be digested into their
component sugar molecules by bacteria.  Such bacteria in the intestine
of my two goats are the only means they have of digesting their hay and
leaves, but we humans lack any such bacteria in our gut.  We do not have
bacteria that liberate the component sugars from cellulose so that we
can burn the sugar for energy.  The bacteria that we do have, however,
liberate substances from dietary fiber.  We can then absorb these
compounds into our bodies.  Certain bacteria of our intestinal flora are
the only way we have of extracting from fiber the compounds that perform
the three cancer-inhibiting functions noted above.  Dr.  Adlerkreutz's
research has shown the absence of such compounds from the bowel and
blood of individuals who have taken antibiotics.  The compounds stay
absent for a prolonged time, more than three months, so that if they
were to take an antibiotic, twice a year, they might inhibit the
production of the cancer-preventing compounds half of the time.  The
protective compounds from soy do not need the mediating effects of
bacteria, but can be absorbed during digestion of the soy protein.

Numerous experiments demonstrate correlations between levels of the
substances

from rye fiber and soy protein (as well as from flaxseed, sesame seed,
various grains and tea) and the growth and incidence of prostate and
breast cancers in animals and in humans.  The collective research in
this area has been published in dozens of articles since the 1970s.

Another decade may pass before specific recommendations emerge from the
scientists who are most intimately involved in this research.  Yet
another decade may lapse before we hear official recommendations for
dietary change or supplementation.  In the meantime those of us who are
familiar with the research may find it prudent to consume whole rye
bread leavened with lactobacillus and to increase our intake of soy
protein, tofu or miso soup.  Obviously, those allergic to rye or soy
must avoid these foods.

CHAPTER 13

The Many Faces of Gluten Intolerance

SUPPOSING A PERSON found a bakery providing whole grain organic rye
bread, started consuming several slices a day and got diarrhea,
constipation, bloating, fatigue, a rash consisting of tiny fluid-filled
blisters, pallor, sleep disturbance, or just about any other symptom you
could name?  That individual might be one out of every hundred or so
people who is sensitive to gluten: a protein in rye, wheat, barley and
some other plant seeds that does not agree with people in a typically
allergic way.  It is not quite a peptide problem as described in chapter
10, and it is not limited to celiac disease, which is the diagnosis most
often associated with gluten intolerance.  Professor Luigi Greco of the
Department of Pediatrics, University of Naples points OUt that celiac
disease, as it was known on the pediatric wards of European and American
hospitals a generation or two ago, has tended to disappear while more
subtle expressions of gluten intolerance are on the rise.  He estimates
that as many as one percent of the general population of Europe and
America may have--or carry a potential to develop--gluten intolerance.

The understandable medical need for standard definitions of disease may
cause some confusion when it comes to any given person's attempts to
define his or her own potential for a problem with gluten.
Gastroenterologists define gluten intolerance by microscopic changes
observed in the cells lining the small intestine.  An endoscope tube
passed through the mouth, esophagus, stomach and upper part of the small
intestine can be used to view the affected area.  A biopsy can be taken
to be examined microscopically for changes in the appearance of the
finger-like projections that constitute the velvety surface of the
intestine.  The diagnosis of celiac disease may be made if the nap of
this tissue is lost so that it becomes smooth and radically reduced in
total surface area with the disappearance of all the finger-like
projections.  There are some individuals who have such changes in their
small intestine and who are relatively symptom-free, and there are
others who have a form of intolerance to gluten to which another name
should apply because it causes symptoms without changes in the
intestinal lining.  Dr.  Greco, however, is referring to the strict
definition of gluten intolerance when he cites a prevalence of gluten
intolerance that should attract the attention of any person trying to
sort out the possible causes of chronic health problems, especially, but
not exclusively, if there are accompanying intestinal complaints. During
my own efforts to understand the broad scope of the gluten problem I
have been afflicted at times by the commonest cause of error among
doctors: being blinded by the obvious.  The most dangerous circumstance
that can arise when a patient presents with a complaint occurs when a
ready explanation is immediately found.  If a doctor reads an X-ray and
finds an obvious abnormality, the chance of missing another finding that
is more subtle and perhaps much more important to the patient's health
becomes much higher than if the first distracting abnormality had not
been there.  Take Mr.  Atlas, for example.  He came to see me for a
chronic problem with his bowels, and right away I found an intestinal
parasite that seemed to be reason enough for bowel troubles.  Treatment
of the parasite, however, yielded only partial results.  It took a long
time and several repeated stool examinations before I realized that
perhaps he had, so to speak, been sitting on two tacks, of which only
one had been removed.  Before his illness he had been a heavyweight
boxer, and then a successful corporate attorney for whom a weight loss
of 30 pounds was unwelcome, especially because he worked in an
environment in which people tend to throw their weight around.  Like all
of us he wanted to stay in control and was understandably distressed as
his authority over his own bowel waned.  He found it humiliating to be
summoned by it to the men's room in the middle of a high-level
conference.  He shared my initial relief at finding the parasite.  He
continued to complain of a symptom he had reported from the beginning,
which I had failed to understand.  He called it dry stools.  I took this
to mean the natural consequence of constipation in which the content of
the lower intestine languishes as the body is bent on conserving water
and the stool becomes hard.  When we finally explored the details of
this complaint, there turned out to be a difference between what he
called dry and what I thought of as dry. I would have called it sticky.

He had a difficult time cleaning himself after having a bowel movement.

Wheat is sticky.  If you will forgive the sudden transition, I would
like to point out that the paste most of us used (and ate) in
kindergarten was made of wheat.  The cultivation of wheat from its
beginnings more than 9,000 years ago eventually gave rise to varieties
of wheat that became numerous with early efforts to improve certain
characteristics (such as more seeds per head of grain) and then
diminished as a particular feature of wheat made it useful for making
bread and pasta: stickiness.  The adhesive qualities of gluten enable us
to make a dough in which tiny bubbles can be formed by the "exhaled"
carbon dioxide of the germs we use to leaven bread (usually yeast, but
lactobacillus in the case of the Finnish rye bread mentioned earlier).

Leavening bread not only increases the stickiness of the dough, but
liberates mineral nutrients to make it more nutritious.  Needless to
say, the refinement of flour that removes most of the minerals, vitamins
and other important nutrients, including fiber, takes away the benefits
derived from leavening.  When I realized that Mr.  Atlas's stool was
excessively sticky, I

* Baking soda is sodium bicarbonate and baking powder contains baking
soda as well as another effervescent substance, potassium bitartrate.

Both baking soda and baking powder form bubbles in batter or dough by
the direct release of carbon dioxide when heated in the oven.

hazarded the guess that the stickiness could be from undigested gluten
or products of the "leavening" of his dietary gluten by his intestinal
germs.  I performed a reasonably reliable blood test for detecting
antibodies that are markers for gluten sensitivity and only one was
abnormal.  I took that as reason enough to ask him to forge ahead with a
gluten-free diet, which he was extremely reluctant to do.  His job
entails numerous meetings where food, especially sandwiches, is
consumed.  Moreover, his work milieu fosters individuals who value
toughness and skepticism.  Few subjects arouse public skepticism more
than the claim "I can't eat it." People take being sensitive to
shellfish or strawberries without much objection, but having to avoid
the "staff of life" seems quite preposterous to some people.  Besides,
if a person is sensitive to gluten, the quantities that may cause
symptoms may be so small that many prepared foods may contain
troublesome ingredients.  Nothing is quite as disagreeable as asking
someone to avoid common foods, yet few medical practices yield a more
miraculous result when you hit the bull's eye.  Mr.  Atlas hit it.
Within days of going off wheat his bowel symptoms and his annoyance with
the diet evaporated.

FOOD SENSITIVITIES AND THE DOMINO EFFECT

Gluten intolerance raises a special, but not entirely unique,
relationship between intestinal function and sedietary gluten by his
intestinal germs.  I performed a reasonably reliable blood test for
detecting antibodies that are markers for gluten sensitivity and only
one was abnormal.  I took that as reason enough to ask him to forge
ahead with a gluten-free diet, which he was extremely reluctant to do.
His job entails numerous meetings where food, especially sandwiches, is
consumed.  Moreover, his work milieu fosters individuals who value
toughness and skepticism.  Few subjects arouse public skepticism more
than the claim "I can't eat it." People take being sensitive to
shellfish or strawberries without much objection, but having to avoid
the "staff of life" seems quite preposterous to some people.  Besides,
if a person is sensitive to gluten, the quantities that may cause
symptoms may be so small that many prepared foods may contain
troublesome ingredients.  Nothing is quite as disagreeable as asking
someone to avoid common foods, yet few medical practices yield a more
miraculous result when you hit the bull's eye.  Mr.  Atlas hit it.
Within days of going off wheat his bowel symptoms and his annoyance with
the diet evaporated.

FOOD SENSITIVITIES AND THE DOMINO EFFECT

Gluten intolerance raises a special, but not entirely unique,
relationship between intestinal function and sensitivities that appear
to exist with respect to food intolerance in general.  A cycle of events
can occur in which the food sensitivity alters the function of the
intestine in ways that magnify the risk for acquiring more
sensitivities.  Another case will illustrate my point.  I have known
Seth Hammer for 20 years as a friend and building contractor as well as
a person who sought my medical advice on certain occasions.  Some years
ago he asked me to investigate the possible factors that could have
predisposed him to a stroke-like episode he suffered when he was in his
late 20s.  That spell was somewhere in the gray zone between a severe
migraine, which can be accompanied by neurologic deficits, and a
cerebrovascular accident in which some part of the brain is deprived of
blood because of a clot or broken blood vessel.  He recovered from the
previous attack and was not subject to migraine but lived in fear of
another episode.  Tests of his blood vessels at the time of his initial
episode revealed no abnormalities, and the remainder of a complete
neurologic evaluation was equally reassuring.  When he asked me about it
a few years later he was quite free of symptoms and I could not come up
with a better approach than that recommended by the specialists he had
seen before: it will probably not recur, so just relax and hope for the
best.  Last year it did recur.  He found himself reading and not
comprehending the words.  He went to work and was able to do some
intricate manual tasks but when attending a conference he could neither
understand much of what was going on nor articulate beyond a few stray
words.  He developed a severe headache and does not remember anything
that happened during his brief hospitalization.  A complete neurologic
evaluation was carried out and did not reveal a stroke, and he was
signed out as a transient ischemic attack or TIA.  Tests were completed
to rule out some systemic illness such as lupus and they were all
normal.  Seth came to see me a month or so later with the same question
he had asked before, now intensified for obvious reasons.  He is very
healthy and able to run in marathons.  He complained only of frequent
dull headaches without any migrainous components (such as one-sidedness,
visual symptoms, nausea and vomiting, or localized muscle weakness} and
daytime somnolence to the point of falling asleep while reading stories
to his daughter.  He usually awakened several times during the night,
woke up before his 5 a.m.  alarm and did not feel refreshed by sleep.

Among the tests I carried out on him was an evaluation for food
allergies as done by a blood test looking for antibodies.  I was in the
midst of designing the third phase of a research project involving
testing for antibodies to foods of the IgG class.  Antibodies are
classified according to their size and shape, which correspond to
different aspects of the immune response.  Although the different roles
of the type G, A, M, E and D antibodies are not completely understood,
IgG testing is considered valid for gluten, milk and certain other
substances.  Many physicians believe that only IgE is a marker for food
allergy.  I do not think that any particular antibody

can account for the immune system's attitude toward a particular
substance at any particular time.  As I explained earlier it seems
likely that the immune recognition system, like conscious perceptions,
is orchestrated in flexible and subtle ways depending on the situation
at hand.  It is unreasonable to insist that any one mechanism, such as
IgE, for example, is the sole reliable mediator of a whole class of
immunological experiences.  I do not think IgG is the only mediator of
delayed food reactions.  However there is abundant evidence that it is a
clinically reliable marker for such reactions, provided there was
analytical competence in the laboratory.

MORE ON IGG-REaCTIVE FOODS

The two pilot studies I have carried out so far have shown a high degree
of statistical significance in the differences in symptom relief found
when comparing matched groups of patients who avoided either
IgG-reactive foods or were put on a placebo diet in an experiment in
which the subjects did not know whether or not the foods they avoided
were the ones that showed positive on their blood tests.  I asked Seth
to have a blood test as well as a functional test of his intestine that
could be repeated after he avoided the foods that showed up as reactive
on his blood test.  If the intestinal test changed when he avoided
certain foods, it would lend credence to the connection between his
change in diet and any possible change in his symptoms.  If his
intestinal test and his symptoms both changed it would lend credence to
the possibility that food sensitivity was a factor in his migraine-like
attacks.  Migraine is often caused by food sensitivity.  I thought food
sensitivity should be considered in Seth's case even though the timing
of his attacks was not at all suggestive of a food allergy pattern. Food
allergy symptoms are often cyclic as the immune system engages in its
feedback mechanisms that modulate its responses to stimuli.  The
response may build up to periodic crises that come at intervals that
appear to have nothing to do with the calendar, menstrual or seasonal
cycles or personal habits.

On the next page are Seth's results from his food allergy test.  The
foods followed by a number in parenthesis were reactive, and the others
were nonreactive.  The strength of the reaction is indicated by the
number in parenthesis with +1 being the weakest and +4 being the
strongest reaction.

Alfalfa Clam Mustard Safflower

Almond Clove Nutmeg Salmon

Apple CocoaOat Scallops

Apricot Chocolate Olive Sesame (+3)

Asparagus Cod Onion Shrimp

Banana Coffee Orange Snapper

Barley Corn Oregano Sole

Bean, green Crab Oyster Soybean

(+1) Cucumber Parsley Spinach

Bean, kidney Egg (+1) Pea Strawberry

(+1) Eggplant Peach Sugar, cane

Bean, pinto Endive Peanut Sunflower

Bean, wax Flounder Pear Tangerine

(+1) Garlic Pepper, Teablack,

Beef Ginger Tomato

Blueberry Grape Pepper, green Trout

Broccoli Grapefruit Tuna

Brussels sprouts (+2) Haddock Pepper Turkey

white Vanilla

Cabbage Halibut Pineapple Watermelon

Cantaloupe Lamb Plum Wheat

Carrot Lemon Pork Whitefish

Cauliflower Lettuce Potato, Yam

Celery Lime sweet Yeast,

Cheese Lobster Potato baker's

Cherry Milk, cow's white (+1)

Chicken (+1) Radish (+2) Yeast,brewer's

Chili pepper Mung bean Rice

Mushroom Rye (+1) (+1)

Cinnamon (+1) Sage Zucchini

The total number of IgG sensitivity reactions was 13 out of the 102
foods tested.  That is about average for allergic people.  I felt that
it was consistent with Seth having allergy problems, but the degree of
reactivity was not high.  I did not take this too seriously because the
plan was simple enough: Seth was to avoid all the reactive foods for a
month and see how he felt while checking if anything changed in his
intestinal permeability test.

TESTING FOR INTESTINAL LEAKS

Of all the functions of the intestine, the most basic one is keeping the
food and fecal stream separate from the bloodstream.  Considering that
the intestinal membrane is about the thickness of an eyelid, it is
remarkable that this cavity with its toxic contents can be so close to
the bloodstream without causing more trouble.  Whenever there is trouble
in the intestine, a leak of substances into the bloodstream is one of
the first consequences.  In the laboratory this leak is measured by a
simple test in which, in Seth's case, for example, he was asked to drink
a glass of a beverage containing two kinds of sugar.  Neither one is
used by our body, but one, mannitol, is absorbed to some degree into the
bloodstream whence it passes unchanged into the urine via the kidneys.

In the six hours following ingestion of the mannitol, the 5 to 25
percent that is absorbed under normal conditions appears in the urine.

Another sugar, lactulose, passes unchanged into the stools and only a
very small fraction (less than 8 parts in a thousand) is normally
absorbed and then excreted in the urine.  The amount of each sugar gives
an idea of whether there is a problem with poor absorption of what
should be absorbed or abnormal leakiness of substances that ought not to
be absorbed.  I have used this test for years in my practice and find it
to be one of the most sensitive and useful tests of intestinal function.

It is not a test that makes a diagnosis of a particular disease, but one
that measures a function that can go wrong and should be corrected no
matter what disease is in the patient's picture.  Let us look at Seth's
results.  He repeated the permeability test twice, once each on two
consecutive days because of a misunderstanding that turned out to be
very fortunate.  His first test was so abnormal that I would have
thought it to be a rare laboratory error.  It was not.  Here are both
test results:

Mannitol Percent Recover,/

FIGURE 1 Seth's First Permeability Test

FIGURF 2 Seth's Second Permeability Test

The second test showed comparable abnormalities.  If you look at the two
figures you will see that Seth's absorption of lactulose, as shown by
its recovery from his urine, was very high in both tests.  It should
have fallen in the light gray reference range of 0.3-0.8 percent and
instead it was greater than 2 percent on the first test and 1.4 percent
on the second test.  His mannitol, on the other hand, was extremely low:
1 percent and 0 on the two tests.  It is intriguing that such a profound
abnormality of intestinal function existed in a person who had no
digestive symptoms.

Seth embarked on his diet, avoiding the reactive foods.  Here are my
notes from an office visit after Seth returned for a follow-up visit
about two months later:

Going off the foods was associated with a spectacular change in gut
permeability.  During the diet headache and drowsiness disappeared and
since going back on the avoided foods the afternoon and evening fatigue
(which was intensified after the TIA) reappeared.  The quality of sleep
was markedly changed: for many months before going on the diet, sleep
was interrupted just to awaken or to urinate.  Normally alarm is set for
5 a.m.  and he was always awake before the alarm.  After three to four
days on the diet he did not awaken during the night, did not awaken
beests of intestinal function.

It is not a test that makes a diagnosis isease, but one that measures a
function that can go wrong and should be corrected no matter what
disease is in the patient's picture.  Let us look at Seth's results.  He
repeated the permeability test twice, once each on two consecutive days
because of a misunderstanding that turned out to be very fortunate.  His
first test was so abnormal that I would have thought it to be a rare
laboratory error.  It was not.  Here are both test results:

Mannitol Percent Recover,/

FIGURE 1 Seth's First Permeability Test

FIGURF 2 Seth's Second Permeability Test

The second test showed comparable abnormalities.  If you look at the two
figures you will see that Seth's absorption of lactulose, as shown by
its recovery from his urine, was very high in both tests.  It should
have fallen in the light gray reference range of 0.3-0.8 percent and
instead it was greater than 2 percent on the first test and 1.4 percent
on the second test.  His mannitol, on the other hand, was extremely low:
1 percent and 0 on the two tests.  It is intriguing that such a profound
abnormality of intestinal function existed in a person who had no
digestive symptoms.

Seth embarked on his diet, avoiding the reactive foods.  Here are my
notes from an office visit after Seth returned for a follow-up visit
about two months later:

Going off the foods was associated with a spectacular change in gut
permeability.  During the diet headache and drowsiness disappeared and
since going back on the avoided foods the afternoon and evening fatigue
(which was intensified after the TIA) reappeared.  The quality of sleep
was markedly changed: for many months before going on the diet, sleep
was interrupted just to awaken or to urinate.  Normally alarm is set for
5 a.m.  and he was always awake before the alarm.  After three to four
days on the diet he did not awaken during the night, did not awaken
beests of intestinal function.

It is not a test that makes a diagnosis of a particular disease, but one
that measures a function that can go wrong and should be corrected no
matter what disease is in the patient's picture.  Let us look at Seth's
results.  He repeated the permeability test twice, once each on two
consecutive days because of a misunderstanding that turned out to be
very fortunate.  His first test was so abnormal that I would have
thought it to be a rare laboratory error.  It was not.  Here are both
test results:

Mannitol Percent Recover,/

FIGURE 1 Seth's First Permeability Test

FIGURF 2 Seth's Second Permeability Test

The second test showed comparable abnormalities.  If you look at the two
figures you will see that Seth's absorption of lactulose, as shown by
its recovery from his urine, was very high in both tests.  It should
have fallen in the light gray reference range of 0.3-0.8 percent and
instead it was greater than 2 percent on the first test and 1.4 percent
on the second test.  His mannitol, on the other hand, was extremely low:
1 percent and 0 on the two tests.  It is intriguing that such a profound
abnormality of intestinal function existed in a person who had no
digestive symptoms.

Seth embarked on his diet, avoiding the reactive foods.  Here are my
notes from an office visit after Seth returned for a follow-up visit
about two months later:

Going off the foods was associated with a spectacular change in gut
permeability.  During the diet headache and drowsiness disappeared and
since going back on the avoided foods the afternoon and evening fatigue
(which was intensified after the TIA) reappeared.  The quality of sleep
was markedly changed: for many months before going on the diet, sleep
was interrupted just to awaken or to urinate.  Normally alarm is set for
5 a.m.  and he was always awake before the alarm.  After three to four
days on the diet he did not awaken during the night, did not awaken
before the alarm and actually slept through the alarm.  After restarting
eggs he had extreme fatigue and poor sleep quality; after second egg
exposure he had the same.  On May 18, he had a cruller, then a bagel and
both times fatigue and early wakening occurred.  That (yeast) reaction
was extreme.  On May 24 he had 2 pieces of pizza.  By 7:30 that evening
he was passed out on the couch.  Had to go to bed at 9:30.  Quality of
sleep was average.  Awakened before the alarm on May 27, he had had eggs
in the morning.  Reaction was not as great as before.  Subsequently had
pasta, cheese, mushroom, egg, milk and since then has not felt right.

On the next page are the results of his permeability test after four
weeks on the diet.  Notice that his lactulose and mannitol absorption
became completely normal so that the graphic representation of their
relationship shows up on the right side of the diagram as the circled x
within the normal triangular zone.

SOME CONCLUSIONS

Seth's case illustrates the following key points:

1.  The intestine and its function are common sources of problems even
when digestive symptoms are absent.

FIGURE 3 Seth's Permeability Test After Avoiding IgG Reactive Foods

2.  Symptoms are sometimes related to a complex interconnectedness of
factors and do not follow simple cause-and-effect relationships.  The
egg and a few of the other problem foods did not cause his symptoms in
the same sense as stubbing the toe causes its pain or catching a virus
causes chicken pox.  The foods caused alterations in intestinal
permeability, which allowed more unwanted substances to enter his
bloodstream, which caused an overload of his detoxification systems
(which I was able to document by other lab tests), which caused
alterations in his chemistry which resulted in his symptoms and perhaps
lowered his threshold for having a stroke-like migraine in ways that we
cannot completely understand.  3.

Relatively minor symptoms can be important clues to success.

Even if we did not have the laboratory evidence to suggest that Seth's
health changed dramatically when he avoided certain foods, his symptoms
gave both him and me a strong impression that the benefits he achieved
apply to his risk of TIA.  4.

There is an effort to find as many things wrong as can be reasonably and
reliably identified.  I take steps to correct each one without always
being able to estimate its contribution to the overall problem.  Of all
the aspects of the systems approach to medicine, this is the one that at
first seems most

uncomfortable to those of us with a traditional training that has imbued
us with a respect for parsimony.  "The physician who treats least treats
best" is an admonition with a strong pull.  Its attraction is especially
forceful in a medical tradition in which treatment usually carries a
significant inherent danger.  The systems approach usually employs
remedies that are not very dangerous, are aimed at restoring balance and
often demand several remedies given together.  To not find and fix as
many sources of imbalance as can be found seems negligent.  The patient
and the doctor share a comfort with speculation and uncertainty.  If I
had diagnosed Seth's daily headaches as tension headaches and given him
a prescription, he and I could have been certain, in a way, that it was
the "right treatment." But that is not why he came to see me.  He wanted
to embark on a course that he and I knew might not fetch any answers but
which followed a certain logic that he understood from our previous
consultations.  I will present the logic in the next chapter.

CHAPTER 14

The Map: A Guide to Thoroughness in Approaching Health Problems

USING THE MAP on page 125 as a tool for understanding health problems is
not much different from the kind of thinking you would do if the Swedish
ivy plant on your window sill failed to thrive.  The following two
questions would precede any attempt on your part to make a diagnosis, in
the sense of giving a name to the ivy's condition beyond "not doing
well,"

"wilting," or "withering." You would first consider whether you failed
to give the plant something it requires to flourish and then wonder if
the plant might be exposed to something that did not agree with it.  If
you know anything at all about horticulture, you would understand that
these two questions are interconnected.  If a plant is stressed by
pests, germs or toxins, it may require more nutrients; if it is
undernourished it may be more susceptible to the effects of pests, germs
or toxins.

Human beings are more complex than Swedish ivies in that we need a
greater variety of nutrients and are subject to a greater variety of
germs and toxins, but the most important difference between us and ivies
is that there is a greater variety among us than there is among Swedish
ivies.  The pioneer nutritional biochemist, Roger Williams pointed

to a 200-fold difference in calcium requirements among different healthy
human subjects.  Recent research in the toxicity of mercury has revealed
sensitivities to mercury that vary as much as a million-fold from one
individual to another.  Why is it that we are all so unique?  I am
privileged to have as a friend Charles Remington, Ph.D., Emeritus
Professor of Biology at Yale, one of the world's foremost scholars in
the field of insects and evolutionary biology.  During butterfly
watching and pleasant evenings in front of the fire sharing his vast
knowledge of biology, he has explained to me that individuals in a
species tend to vary more if their habitat has been disturbed.  For
example, if you study all the creatures in a certain area and observe
variations in color, size and other characteristics of individual
members of a given species of bird, insect or mammal they will resemble
one another closely if they have all been living in the same undisturbed
habitat for many generations.  Then, if there is a major disruption
caused by fire, flood, deforestation or other calamity, the species who
remain to repopulate the territory will go through an extended period in
which they will show marked diversity among individuals until the
environment achieves a new stability.

TREATING THE INDIVIDUAL--NoT A DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORY

We human beings are quite consciously aware that each of us is different
from everyone else.  I don't think that the notion of our individual
uniqueness is a conceit.  It is firmly based on biology and probably is
enhanced by the fact that our habitat has changed as much as that of any
creature during the last few thousand years of migration, the
establishment of agriculture and the addition of thousands of new
chemicals to the human environment.  However, it is easier to group
people to avoid the complexity of thinking about and treating each
person as an individual.  Supposing I were to fill out an insurance form
for Seth Hammer and report that he has Seth Hammer's disease and that I
am giving him the Seth Hammer treatment.  The map that I will show you
in this chapter makes the purpose of thinking about individuals much
clearer, but it does not help with insurance forms.  It has been 40
years since Roger Williams' research and writing introduced a new
paradigm for medicine backed by solid scientific research.  It is not a
lack of science that has retarded the blossoming of a medical practice
focused more on individuality.  It has more to do with the inertia of a
medical hierarchy that yields slowly to change and the strong investment
of various levels of the hierarchy in treating diseases, not
individuals.  It is not just that doctors think in terms of diseases but
that a whole structure of fund raising, allocation of resources for
research, reimbursement for medical care, medical education and
specialization is based on the idea that diseases exist in nature as
fixed entities.  We do not need to give up the idea of diseases nor
yield to the understanding that our picture of disease is a transient
artifact of our limited ways of seeing groups of individuals.  We can
begin to improve on our system for taking care of individuals, with or
without having a name for their disorder, by applying a simple strategy
for problem solving.  I invite you to consider such a way of thinking
about any chronic complaint that you may develop, whether your chronic
symptoms fall neatly into a diagnostic category or whether your symptoms
cannot quite be summed up under a given disease name.  I will return to
the origins of disease names and classifications in chapter 17.

THE INDIVIDUAL APPROACH

If we take the strategy for treating Swansient artifact of our limited
ways of seeing groups of individuals.  We can begin to improve on our
system for taking care of individuals, with or without having a name for
their disorder, by applying a simple strategy for problem solving.  I
invite you to consider such a way of thinking about any chronic
complaint that you may develop, whether your chronic symptoms fall
neatly into a diagnostic category or whether your symptoms cannot quite
be summed up under a given disease name.  I will return to the origins
of disease names and classifications in chapter 17.

THE INDIVIDUAL APPROACH

If we take the strategy for treating Swedish ivy and apply it to Seth or
to Sylvia Franco or to any person, a logical question flows from each of
the first two questions.

1.  What kinds of things does this person need to get in order to
thrive?

2.  What kinds of things does this person need to avoid in order to
thrive?

By current knowledge the kinds of things a person needs in order to
thrive are vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, ammo acids, accessory
nutritional factors, light, healthy rhythms (see chapter 16) and to love
and be loved.  When I first began thinking along the lines of the map, I
was intimidated by my lack of knowledge of nutritional biochemistry and
the environmental factors associated with allergy and toxicity.  It
seemed to me that the disease-oriented approach, which I had mastered to
a certain extent, was a more comfortable domain in which to think about
problems.  Soon, however, I realized that there is an elegant simplicity
to the map that is governed by the realities of biochemistry and of our
environment: there are only so many nutrients and accessory nutritional
factors and there are only so many foods, inhalants and toxins to which
a person can be exposed.  By current knowledge the kinds of things a
person needs to avoid in order to thrive are allergens, which are things
that, in small amounts, bother some people more than others; and toxins,
which also vary in their capacity to bother a given person, but are more
uniformly harmful.  Just about any substance can act as an allergen.
Therefore it is helpful to break the possibilities into categories in
order to make the prospects less overwhelming.  Those categories are
food, pollen, dust, animal dander, chemicals, mold and other
microorganisms.  To be considered as a possible cause of problems a
substance has to be in either one of the two ways each of us divides the
universe: our insides or our outsides.  That may seem like an
unnecessarily naYve point, but it goes to the question of whether the
strategy is thorough.  It is reassuring to think that one's view of
possibilities is all-encompassing and that nothing is overlooked before
one begins to whittle them down through a process of elimination.

When it comes to toxins, the possibilities are: elementary substances
such as lead, mercury and aluminum; compounds produced by living
creatures including ourselves and our germs; and synthetic compounds,
most of which are products of petrochemicals which in turn come from
seriously decayed oil that was once produced by living creatures.

Radiation of various kinds is potentially toxic as well.

THE MAP AND How IT Is USED

Map for a Thorough Approach to Health Problems

History, physical exam and tests to make a diagnosis, then with or
without a name for the problem, ask ...

Is there a need to get something?  Is there a need to avoid something?!

Nutrients vitamins minerals fatty acids ammo acids accessory nutritional
factors light rhythm love

AI!ergens food pollen dust dander chemicals mold germs

Toxins elementary dead, mercury, etc) biologic (from plants, germs,
etc.)  synthetic (mostly petrochemical)

Here is the map with an emphasis on the point that this strategy is not
a substitute for the standard medical approach that includes taking a
history, doing a complete physical exam and conducting laboratory tests
to make a diagnosis with special attention to thinking of all the worst
things that could be wrong.  The map serves as a guide whether my
patient has a definitive diagnosis such as diabetes, Crohn's disease or
psoriasis; a descriptive diagnosis such as hyperactivity, depression or
tinnitus; or a collection of symptoms that match no diagnostic category.

It may be relatively easy to accept that if symptoms match no diagnostic
category, then the map may serve as a guide to finding out what is
wrong.  It may be difficult to understand how the map can be helpful for
people who already have a diagnosis.  Having a diagnosis implies that
the condition is more or less understood.  That is just the problem.

Having a label for a problem may lead to the conclusion that all
symptoms are "caused by"

the diagnosis.  Further thinking tends to stop more easily than if the
basic question of what is wrong is left open without a label.  Remember
that the most common mistakes that we doctors make are the result of
finding one thing wrong and being lulled into a relaxed frame of mind
about further detective work.  I have already referred to this as being
"blinded by the obvious."

In explaining this map to patients I recruit their participation in the
diagnostic process.  Even after patients have filled out a 20-page
questionnaire and written a chronology of their major life events,
illnesses, operations, schooling, jobs, losses and successes, additional
clues emerge when reviewing this strategy.  For example, a woman
recovering from surgery and chemotherapy for her metastatic breast
cancer once consulted me wondering what she might do to maximize her
chances of staying well.  Her history seemed quite lacking in risk
factors, and her initial biochemical and immunologic evaluation was
surprisingly free of the kinds of abnormalities I would have expected.

In reviewing the situation with her I repeated my recitation of the map,
covering each item in the above diagram as I described its logic.  When
I mentioned toxins she asked if there could be any significance to the
fact that her home had a strange odor.  The house was built of natural
cedar, and a preservative, pentachloro-phenol, was then applied to all
the interior and exterior surfaces.  The odor was quite like cedar and
was at its strongest in certain interior spaces, particularly a nook
where their dog, now dead of cancer, had slept.  I referred her to my
associate, Dr.  Bob McLellan, a specialist in occupational health.  Her
tests revealed a level of pentachlorophenol in her urine that was
substantially above the maximum permitted in workers in a
pentachlorophenol factory.  During the ensuing months her home was
treated to seal in the toxin so that it could neither be touched nor
inhaled, and she and her husband were given supplements to support their
detoxification chemistry.  She remains well today and is content to be
uncertain whether her long-term exposure to a chemical toxin had a role
in her susceptibility to cancer.  Doubts about the connection never made
it seem reasonable to leave the situation alone.

The map is not a menu for doing lab tests.  Most of the factors listed
can be evaluated with lab tests, but the map is simply a guide

The Map

to a complete list of questions beginning with the word "could."

"Could this person have a magnesium deficiency or a special need for
magnesium that contributes to his or her problem?  Could this person
have accumulated an unhealthy amount of aluminum that is contributing to
his or her problem?" The literature on the incidence of deficiencies or
special nutritional needs and the prevalence of toxins in our
environment provides ample scientific backing to the legitimacy of at
least posing the question.  It is beyond the scope of this book to
explore all of the laboratory tests that cover each consideration in the
map.  The next chapter will describe tests that constitute the highest
priorities with respect to evaluating the chemistry of detoxification.

How PEOPLE BECOME SENSITIVE

The part of the map that refers to allergies carries another implied
question that arises when sensitivity is a factor to be considered.  The
question is, "If this person is sensitive to one or more substances that
contribute to his or her illness, then how did he or she become
sensitive?" Why are people sensitive anyway?  We know what sensitivity
is: it is a reaction to something that does not bother most people at
all or at least not to the same extent.  It can be called allergy,
hypersensitivity or intolerance without much precision in distinguishing
among those terms.  We know how to recognize it and I will share with
you some ideas I have about how people become sensitive, but we really
do not know precisely what changes when a person goes from having a
normal tolerance for a food, pollen, animal dander, chemical, mold or
germ to having an intolerance.  I have mentioned certain lab tests that
are helpful, but even if I were able to peer anywhere into a person's
cellular makeup, down to the level of molecules and up to the level of
organization of a person's electromagnetic fields, I would not know
where to look for the thing that has changed from the time before he or
she became sensitive to milk, eggs, strawberries, mold or perfume.  We
know that the capacity to become sensitized is a capacity shared by the
nervous system and the immune system, which provides further evidence
for their unity.  We

know the kinds of cells that are involved in sensitivity in each case,
but we do not understand the changes in those cells that account for
their change in "attitude." Without knowing exactly where sensitivity
is, it is still possible to find reasons why people become sensitive.

I began accumulating the following list from listening to the stories of
patients who came to see me with problems of sensitivity to many things,
sometimes so many things that controlling their diet and environment
seemed a fairly unworkable treatment compared to finding the
sensitivity's basis and repairing that.  The list provides a helpful
orientation to considering ways to evaluate a person's detoxification
chemistry, which I will cover in the next chapter.

1.  Something is out of balance.  If am standing on one foot and you
push me over with your thumb, I could conclude that I am thumb-sensitive
and need to stay away from thumbs.  Now if I put both feet on the ground
I regain my balance and I am no longer so sensitive to the effect of
your thumb.  In the same way a toddler with eczema may itch all over and
keep himself up half the night scratching because of sensitivities to
foods, fabrics, dust or other factors that cannot easily be determined.

He just seems sensitive to everything.  Then, for example, if a zinc
deficiency is found and his balance is restored with respect to zinc,
his sensitivity will diminish.

2.  Something is wrong with digestion.  If the destructive forces of
digestion are lacking and more than normal quantities of food substances
escape being stripped of the antigenicity by which they are able to
provoke allergic reactions, then it is the fault of digestion,ensitivity
to many things, sometimes so many things that controlling their diet and
environment seemed a fairly unworkable treatment compared to finding the
sensitivity's basis and repairing that.  The list provides a helpful
orientation to considering ways to evaluate a person's detoxification
chemistry, which I will cover in the next chapter.

1.  Something is out of balance.  If am standing on one foot and you
push me over with your thumb, I could conclude that I am thumb-sensitive
and need to stay away from thumbs.  Now if I put both feet on the ground
I regain my balance and I am no longer so sensitive to the effect of
your thumb.  In the same way a toddler with eczema may itch all over and
keep himself up half the night scratching because of sensitivities to
foods, fabrics, dust or other factors that cannot easily be determined.

He just seems sensitive to everything.  Then, for example, if a zinc
deficiency is found and his balance is restored with respect to zinc,
his sensitivity will diminish.

2.  Something is wrong with digestion.  If the destructive forces of
digestion are lacking and more than normal quantities of food substances
escape being stripped of the antigenicity by which they are able to
provoke allergic reactions, then it is the fault of digestion, not the
immune system.  I realize that I am being unfaithful to the whole
cyberhealth concept by starting to cast blame on this or that system.

However, once allergy is provoked by poor digestion, digestion may be
the victim of allergy as was true in Seth's case.  So it goes round and
round in a circle.  Circular effects are the rule.

Magnesium deficiency provides another example.  A person under stress
tends to lose excess magnesium as part of the response to stress.  A
magnesium deficit then creates the setting for less resistance to
stress.  The question is not so mucollowing list from listening to the
stories of patients who came to see me with problems of sensitivity to
many things, sometimes so many things that controlling their diet and
environment seemed a fairly unworkable treatment compared to finding the
sensitivity's basis and repairing that.  The list provides a helpful
orientation to considering ways to evaluate a person's detoxification
chemistry, which I will cover in the next chapter.

1.  Something is out of balance.  If am standing on one foot and you
push me over with your thumb, I could conclude that I am thumb-sensitive
and need to stay away from thumbs.  Now if I put both feet on the ground
I regain my balance and I am no longer so sensitive to the effect of
your thumb.  In the same way a toddler with eczema may itch all over and
keep himself up half the night scratching because of sensitivities to
foods, fabrics, dust or other factors that cannot easily be determined.

He just seems sensitive to everything.  Then, for example, if a zinc
deficiency is found and his balance is restored with respect to zinc,
his sensitivity will diminish.

2.  Something is wrong with digestion.  If the destructive forces of
digestion are lacking and more than normal quantities of food substances
escape being stripped of the antigenicity by which they are able to
provoke allergic reactions, then it is the fault of digestion, not the
immune system.  I realize that I am being unfaithful to the whole
cyberhealth concept by starting to cast blame on this or that system.

However, once allergy is provoked by poor digestion, digestion may be
the victim of allergy as was true in Seth's case.  So it goes round and
round in a circle.  Circular effects are the rule.

Magnesium deficiency provides another example.  A person under stress
tends to lose excess magnesium as part of the response to stress.  A
magnesium deficit then creates the setting for less resistance to
stress.  The question is not so much which part of the circle is to
blame, but which is the most practical place to intervene to break

the cycle.  If a person is sensitive to most foods and has very poor
stomach acid secretion or a failure to produce good bile or other
digestive juices, then supporting those functions with supplements makes
more sense than severe dietary restriction.  I have already described
permeability problems as being mutually linked with sensitivities.

3.  Infection.  If the immune system has to get up every day and fight
germs it is not surprising that it may become cranky and overly reactive
to environmental stimuli.  I think that "hypervigilant" is a good term
for describing the posture of the immune system that has taken on an
increased reactivity to many kinds of substances.  Such a posture is
part of a state of immune activation that is common in individuals with
many illnesses including autoimmune conditions, chronic fatigue
immunodeficiency syndrome and childhood autism as well as generalized
tendencies toward allergy.  The place in the body where germs are least
accessible to control by our various immune mechanisms is the intestinal
tract, where parasites and the overgrowth of yeasts are the most common
provokers of a hypervigilant immune system.

If I meet someone casually and he or she describes a relative's problem
and says no more than that the person in question was quite well until a
certain point when he or she became suddenly sensitive to all sorts of
foods, chemicals or dust, my very first thought is that the person must
have been on antibiotics in the interval before the onset of the state
of hypersensitivity which was caused by a yeast problem.  Virus
infections are also capable of a tenacious chronicity, and the ones that
have the greatest capacity for ongoing subtle mischief are Herpes
simplex and Epstein-Barr virus.

4.  Chemical exposure.  An exposure to any potential allergen can
sensitize a person if the exposure is intense or if it is accompanied by
a high level of stress, even if the stress is not painful.  When I
joined the Peace Corps I had finished my six-month stint as an assistant
resident in obstetrics and gynecology and suddenly found myself getting
up early in California not to deliver babies but to play soccer with
Peace Corps volunteers who were just out of college and in

much better shape than I.  Leaving my cat, car, house and belongings to
be cared for by someone else for two years and traveling with my then
wife and nine-month-old daughter across the country constituted stress.

When I started having to get up at night to treat myself for asthma
attacks I suspected that I was having some sort of emotional reaction to
the Peace Corps.  A vacationing friend of my wife's then returned to
claim her cat who had been boarding with us, and my asthma disappeared.

My severe cat allergy lingered and some years later I realized that my
sensitization must have had something to do with the cat-stress
combination, especially considering that I had had cats all along.

Returning from Africa after two years I found myself unable to tolerate
my old cat's presence!  If, instead of being exposed to a cat, I had
moved into an environment that was contaminated with formaldehyde,
pesticides or petroleum-derived chemicals from fuel oil to plastics, I
might have not only overloaded my detoxification system's capacity to
rid myself of my daily load of inhaled or ingested material, but
something more insidious could have happened: the engendering of a
global state of sensitivity to "all" chemicals.  Such a state stretches
scientific credulity.  First of all there has been a long-standing
belief in the field of allergy that only fairly large molecules can
provoke an allergic response and most of the substances we informally
group under the heading "chemicals" are small molecules.  Moreover, they
are a diverse group, and allergy is understood to be quite specific.
Finally, the symptoms reported by victims of chemical sensitization are
often cerebral and subjective in nature, inviting the reproach that "it
is all in your head." Individuals who suffer from chemical sensitivity
often find themselves in a surprisingly adversarial medical setting in
which physicians state firmly that they "do not believe in" chemical
sensitivity and cite the finding of emotional disorders in chemically
sensitive patients as evidence that there is no physiologic basis for
the problem, which therefore must be a state of malingering or
psychosis.  A person who has become chemically sensitized enters a much
more polarized medical setting than someone who has been sensitized to
cats, and should be forewarned of encounters with physicians who hold
strong positions that whatever is wrong with such patients is "not
real."

The controversy over chemical sensitization, sometimes referred to as
multiple chemical sensitivity or MCS, has been explored thoroughly in
Canada, where the Ministries of Health are obliged to take definite
positions regarding the eligibility of patients for benefits and
physicians for reimbursement in connection with MCS.  The report of the
Environmental Hypersensitivities Workshop of the Ministry of Health in
Ottawa states in its executive summary:

Given its clinical prominence and the attendant socioeconomic costs,
multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS) is worthy of scientific study.  In
the meantime, however, the patient should not be caught in the medical
debate and denied social benefits.  Benefits should be based on defined
functional disabilities, not on the medical label.  Ministries of Health
should be responsible for ensuring that there is no discrimination
against patients by insurance companies in regard to coverage for
medical-related expenses.

The MCS controversy has been investigated by the State of New Jersey,
which commissioned a study by Nicholas Ashford, Ph.D., J.D.  and Claudia
Miller M.D?s Ashford and Miller provide detailed support for the concept
of chemical sensitivity.  The United States Department of Housing and
Urban Development has adopted a clear, legally supported policy
recognizing chemical sensitivity as a disability requiring reasonable
accommodations by landlords.  The Social Security Administration
recognizes MCS as a disabling condition in the sense that a person may
have the physical capacity to perform work, but if unavoidable
environmental exposures cause debilitating symptoms, a disability
exists.  The concept of sensitizing potential was first championed by
the late Dr.  Theron Randolph, who became the father of an ecologic
approach to medicine and teacher of many of us who found ourselves in
the practice of various specialties, knowing a great deal about our
patient's innards and very little about their "outards," that is, the
physical and chemical environment with which their chemistry interacted.

Although Dr.  Randolph's work coincided in the 1960s with the general
awakening to the realities of chemical

pollution as a general phenomenon, the medical profession's focus on
disease left it poorly prepared to accept the very individual nature of
chemical sensitivity and slow to accept the idea that a patient's toxic
burden might constitute a clinical priority no matter what his or her
disease may be.  Dr.  William Rea is the Randolph disciple who has done
more than anyone to bring a passionate and scholarly energy to the study
and treatment of problems of chemical sensitization and chemical
poisoning.  His multivolume treatise, Chemical Sensitivity?  presents
the most comprehensive review of the subject.  Dr.  Sherry Rogers' books
provide another rich resource of information about chemical sensitivity.

5.  Adrenal insufficiency.  Here is a story that exemplifies a common
finding in sensitive individuals.  Abigail Stockwell was at the Sleigh
House restaurant one evening in 1980 when an obstructed flue filled the
place with gas fumes.  She was among dozensitivity.  The United States
Department of Housing and Urban Development has adopted a clear, legally
supported policy recognizing chemical sensitivity as a disability
requiring reasonable accommodations by landlords.  The Social Security
Administration recognizes MCS as a disabling condition in the sense that
a person may have the physical capacity to perform work, but if
unavoidable environmental exposures cause debilitating symptoms, a
disability exists.  The concept of sensitizing potential was first
championed by the late Dr.  Theron Randolph, who became the father of an
ecologic approach to medicine and teacher of many of us who found
ourselves in the practice of various specialties, knowing a great deal
about our patient's innards and very little about their "outards," that
is, the physical and chemical environment with which their chemistry
interacted.

Although Dr.  Randolph's work coincided in the 1960s with the general
awakening to the realities of chemical

pollution as a general phenomenon, the medical profession's focus on
disease left it poorly prepared to accept the very individual nature of
chemical sensitivity and slow to accept the idea that a patient's toxic
burden might constitute a clinical priority no matter what his or her
disease may be.  Dr.  William Rea is the Randolph disciple who has done
more than anyone to bring a passionate and scholarly energy to the study
and treatment of problems of chemical sensitization and chemical
poisoning.  His multivolume treatise, Chemical Sensitivity?  presents
the most comprehensive review of the subject.  Dr.  Sherry Rogers' books
provide another rich resource of information about chemical sensitivity.

5.  Adrenal insufficiency.  Here is a story that exemplifies a common
finding in sensitive individuals.  Abigail Stockwell was at the Sleigh
House restaurant one evening in 1980 when an obstructed flue filled the
place with gas fumes.  She was among dozens of patrons who were treated
in the emergency room for a variety of symptoms from fainting, nausea
and headache to numbness and tingling.  One of the puzzling things about
chemical exposures is the great variety of symptoms that can be produced
in different individuals from an essentially identical exposure.  Before
that exposure she was well except for a childhood history of eczema.

After it she was troubled by fatigue, nausea, a peculiar scratching pain
in her head, difficulty concentrating and depression.  Such symptoms
would recur particularly following exposure to a variety of
petroleum-based products.  Pumping her own gasoline could make her sick
for a couple of days.  She was bothered by certain foods as well as by
pollen, dust and molds.  When I first interviewed her I thought that she
was sensitized by her initial exposure to gas fumes and that her
recovery would be more difficult to achieve than it would be for someone
with sensitivities limited to foods or mold.  I asked her about symptoms
of fatigue, feeling cold, recurring infection, low blood pressure, poor
modulation of blood sugar, salt craving, ache and other hormonal
symptoms such as excessive facial or body hair or loss of scalp hair.

These are all indicators of a common condition (about one in 100 people)
called congenital adrenal hyperplasia or CAH.  The only symptoms

she reported from the list were hair loss, fatigue and feeling cold in
the evening.  I did not think that she was a very good candidate for
CAH.  After failed attempts to treat her by removing mold from her diet
and killing yeasts in her intestines, I did a simple test to rule out
CAH which involved a trial of treatment while monitoring her symptoms
with a key lab test before and after the trial.  Here is the information
I gave her and the instructions for the brief test treatment.

Low-dose hydrocortisone therapy Hydrocortisone is the normal product of
your adrenal gland.  It is the main hormone among a whole family called
steroid hormones.  Some people fail to produce enough hydrocortisone to
provide for their body's needs.  Like people with low thyroid function,
such people benefit from taking hormone pills to make up for what their
body fails to produce each day.  The average daily production of
hydrocortisone in your body is about 30 to 40 ing.  If you have adrenal
insufficiency (low adrenal function) you may be producing only 15 to 25
ing daily and consequently may feel cold and tired, have many
sensitivities, low blood pressure and salt craving.  By supplementing
your low production with, say, 5 to 20 ing of hydrocortisone your body's
supply becomes normal and symptoms should promptly disappear.  The big
misunderstanding that occurs with regard to this treatment comes from
the use of high-dose cortisone or cortisone-like medicines (prednisone,
Medrol, etc.).  With high-dose treatment, doses way in excess of your
body's needs are given and have a serious drug effect plus many side
effects: high blood pressure, weight gain (usually with a characteristic
central distribution and a moon face}, immune suppression with a
tendency toward fungus infections, diabetes, stomach ulcers and so on.

These potential side effects have nothing to do with what could happen
with low-dose hydrocortisone treatment which cannot give your body
significantly more than your body needs.  Even if your production of
hydrocortisone is already normal, the extra 5 to 20 ing hardly ever
makes a noticeable difference.  High-dose treatment employs amounts of
cortisone or cortisone-like drugs (prednisone) equivalent to at least
several times your body's daily output, that is, 60 to 300 ing of
hydrocortisone per day.

So, if a friend says, "Oh my God, you're not taking cortisone, are you?

That stuff is so dangerous, my mother took it and it gave her ulcers and
she gained weight!" please reassure yourself and your friend that you
are using this medicine in a totally different and safe way.  Can tests
be done before actually taking this treatment to determine if it is
really needed before trying it?  Yes, but .  .  .  The tests are very
good at picking up people with bad adrenal insufficiency, but they can
miss people who need low-dose hydrocortisone treatment.  I have done the
tests in dozens of people and have decided that the best first test is a
clinical trial of hydrocortisone.  It is without risk and takes less
time and trouble than the tests.  If you fail to feel better from taking
the hydrocortisone, then you don't need the test.  If you feel much
better, so that it appears that you needed the hydrocor-tisone, then a
test can be done later to confirm the diagnosis, if that seems
appropriate.  Note that low-dose hydrocortisone is used to treat people
with mild adrenal insufficiency in whom the symptoms of underproduction
of hydrocortisone come out as an overproduction of "male" type hormones
that lead in women to scalp hair loss, excessive hair growth, and other
hormonal abnormalities.

Dosage schedule Take a dose of 2.5 ing daily (any time, preferably not
with food) for 3 to 4 days.  See how it feels.  Then increase to 1 dose
of 2.5 ing twice daily and see how it feels for 3 to 4 days.  Then
increase to 1 dose of 2.5 ing three times daily and see how it feels,
working up to 1 dose of 2.5 ing four times daily after a few more days.

Continue stepwise to a maximum of 20 ing daily (still divided into 4
doses).  Don't worry if the pill doesn't break exactly in two, the
precision of dosage is not critical.  A few people who do not need the
hydrocortisone may feel a little "too good" or have trouble with sleep
or feel a little bloated and should reduce the dose to a level that does
not produce any side effects.  In such a case you should continue with
the lower dose for the few weeks that it takes to see if symptoms are
cleared.  This diagnostic trial is free of risk and should give an
answer to the question of mild adrenal insufficiency within three weeks.

If there is no difference in such symptoms as feeling cold, tired, salt
craving, low blood pressure, dizziness, acne, excessive hair growth,

multiple sensitivities or other symptoms particular to your expression
of adrenal insufficiency within a few weeks, discontinue the medication
....  you do not have mild adrenal insufficiency and we will have to
look for other causes of your problems!  Remember that this is low-dose
treatment and is very different from taking steroids in large amounts.

Hydrocortisone is about five times less potent than prednisone, so the
equivalent doses of prednisone that are used to treat allergic and other
inflammatory diseases, saying daily, would be 200 ing of hydrocortisone.

Mrs.  Stockwell became 50 percent better after the first few weeks of
treatment when she had arrived at a dose of 2.5 ing of hydrocorti-sone 4
times daily.  After that she went on to make a complete recovery and now
can go about her business in New York City with only occasional symptoms
when she encounters the exhaust of a diesel bus or someone wearing too
much perfume in an elevator.  As part of her initial evaluation I had
done a study of her detoxification chemistry.  I will describe it in the
next chapter and show you how it became completely normal after she was
treated.  The normalization of her detoxification chemistry provides a
good example of the interconnections among immune function, adrenal
function and detoxification.  It may turn out that after a few months of
treatment she will no longer need her hydrocortisone.  Adrenal
insufficiency can result from a congenital weakness in the biochemistry
that forms hydrocortisone in the adrenal gland.  In its extreme form it
produces a masculinization of girl babies to the point that their
clitoris and other external genitals are enlarged to a male appearance.

Unless the condition is recognized immediately the associated imbalance
in the regulation of body salts can precipitate a fatal crisis.  At the
very least, a delay in the proper assignment of gender can result in
distress for everyone involved.  Many people with adrenal insufficiency
have a very mild form of the same condition.  They do not have genital
abnormalities but may show, after maturity, salt cravings, excess hair
growth and acne as well as the other symptoms mentioned above.  On the
other hand, an unknown percentage of individuals with adrenal weakness
acquire it from stress.  This was first studied by Hans Selye, the
famous physiologist

whose studies of soldiers killed in battle clarified the relationship
between the adrenal gland and stress.  A certain number of the healthy
17- to 20-year-old young men who are found dead on a battlefield have no
wounds to explain their death.  At post mortem examination, the only
abnormality found is an exceptional shrinkage of the adrenal glands.

These and other studies conducted by Dr.  Selye over many years gave
rise to the whole modern concept of the relationship between stress and
health.  In a sense, my profession received the concept of stress with
open arms but not so with the findings about the adrenal glands.  The
reasons for that turn of events are discussed in the monograph by the
endocrinologist William Jefferies.  Considering Mrs.  Stockwell's lack
of long-term masculinizing symptoms and the sudden onset of her illness
after a chemical exposure I think that her condition may be temporary so
that in several months or a year she can come off the hormone support
and find that her health and tests are normal.

6.  Invasive life events.  In the course of a two-hour initial visit
patients with multiple sensitivities often refer to the unforgettable
pain and anger of experiences suffered in childhood that were abusive,
often in a very literally invasive way.  This abuse need not always have
been sexual; even certain medical procedures (such as a tonsillectomy
performed in the kitchen, believe it or not) could easily be interpreted
by a child as a violation accompanied by severe pain.  For some the
revelation of such stories had gone unspoken for many years.  Especially
in respect to sexual abuse, if feelings of anger and pain do not find
their natural exit in speech they are more likely to burrow into a
person's soul and do mischief that may be expressed more immunologically
than psychologically on the surface.  When such patients have pursued
the appropriate psychological treatment, the immunologic aspects of
their hypervigilance become much more responsive to treas a
tonsillectomy performed in the kitchen, believe it or not) could easily
be interpreted by a child as a violation accompanied by severe pain. For
some the revelation of such stories had gone unspoken for many years.
Especially in respect to sexual abuse, if feelings of anger and pain do
not find their natural exit in speech they are more likely to burrow
into a person's soul and do mischief that may be expressed more
immunologically than psychologically on the surface.  When such patients
have pursued the appropriate psychological treatment, the immunologic
aspects of their hypervigilance become much more responsive to
treatment.  This may be the appropriate place to make the point that I
do not think that health is concerned only with biochemistry and
immunology.  I have chosen those subjects for this book to clarify the
central role of detoxification chemistry, but I do not mean to suggest
that words and deeds and the feelings they engender cannot be toxic.

On the contrary, I believe that words and deeds have the greatest
potential for harm and healing and that only when they are in the right
balance can the biochemical and immunological treatments prevail.  We
live, however, in a culture with a high level of psychological
awareness.  If a person is feeling chronically sad without apparent
reason, appropriate attempts to find a psychological reason or to
alleviate symptoms temporarily with drugs should not fail to include a
look for biochemical balance.

CHAPTER 15

How Detoxification

Works

RETURNING FROM LUNCH to my cottage I spotted a monarch butterfly boldly
flitting and gliding on the July breeze across the meadow.  I say boldly
because the meadow is inhabited by birds who would gladly make a meal of
any number of passing insects including most butterflies.  Not, however,
of a monarch, one of the most poisonous crlly invasive way.  This abuse
need not always have been sexual; even certain medical procedures (such
as a tonsillectomy performed in the kitchen, believe it or not) could
easily be interpreted by a child as a violation accompanied by severe
pain.  For some the revelation of such stories had gone unspoken for
many years.  Especially in respect to sexual abuse, if feelings of anger
and pain do not find their natural exit in speech they are more likely
to burrow into a person's soul and do mischief that may be expressed
more immunologically than psychologically on the surface.  When such
patients have pursued the appropriate psychological treatment, the
immunologic aspects of their hypervigilance become much more responsive
to treatment.  This may be the appropriate place to make the point that
I do not think that health is concerned only with biochemistry and
immunology.  I have chosen those subjects for this book to clarify the
central role of detoxification chemistry, but I do not mean to suggest
that words and deeds and the feelings they engender cannot be toxic.

On the contrary, I believe that words and deeds have the greatest
potential for harm and healing and that only when they are in the right
balance can the biochemical and immunological treatments prevail.  We
live, however, in a culture with a high level of psychological
awareness.  If a person is feeling chronically sad without apparent
reason, appropriate attempts to find a psychological reason or to
alleviate symptoms temporarily with drugs should not fail to include a
look for biochemical balance.

CHAPTER 15

How Detoxification

Works

RETURNING FROM LUNCH to my cottage I spotted a monarch butterfly boldly
flitting and gliding on the July breeze across the meadow.  I say boldly
because the meadow is inhabited by birds who would gladly make a meal of
any number of passing insects including most butterflies.  Not, however,
of a monarch, one of the most poisonous creatures to travel the meadows
of North America where it migrates annually thousands of miles to and
from its winter home in Mexico.  Poisons in the monarch's milkweed meals
during its caterpillar stages accumulate in its body, neither being
detoxified nor cast off during the transformation from larval stages to
the winged adult.  The poisons are safely sequestered in the wings, the
least metabolically active parts of the butterfly, so that they harm
only whatever animal might attempt to eat it.  Thus, the monarch carries
poisons as its license to parade its beauty in public with little danger
of being eaten.  A bird who takes only one less-than-deadly taste of a
monarch will remember its mistake six months later and refuse any such
meal again.  The monarch, like many insects, takes advantage of the
poisonous nature of its host plant.  Except for certain mechanisms for
spreading their seeds, plants, in general, do not want to be

eaten.  Consider the millions of different kinds of plants on earth and
the relatively small number that we humans are able to eat, and then
remember that even those are not completely free of toxins.  To be a
plant is to be toxic in some way as part of a mechanism, however
attenuated in some species, of self-protection.  I have often watched my
goats eat.  They browse in the fields and woods with a careful
preference for certain leaves that they can sniff out with a gourmet's
discrimination.  Their menu is much more varied than mine, in which very
few leaves are represented.  The goats have germs high up in their
digestive processes which not only digest cellulose but detoxify many of
the substances in plants that could never be tolerated in animals that
lack a rumen.  We humans have neither the front-end protection of a
stomach full of cleaver germs or the downstream capability of
sequestering toxins in our body, although we do have a minor talent for
putting some toxic metals into our hair bound to the same sticky sulfur
atoms that fasten the stranded molecules in position in each hair shaft.

How then, do we deal with unwanted substances that get into us via our
food, water and air?  How can we measure not only how many toxins we
have accumulated but, more important, how can we test the efficiency of
our detoxification machinery, the biggest part of our biochemistry?

DETOXIFICATION--A COSTLY PROCESS

Let me elaborate on the last point before returning to follow some
sample toxins through the system.  One of the main points of this book
is that some of the most troublesome toxins are ones that look so much
like friendly molecules that they escape detection until they have
already done mischief by masquerading as invited participants in a key
biochemical step.  You might expect that there is a major distinction
between the way the body handles these substances and the friendly ones
they mimic and the way it handles recognizably unwanted molecules, such
as lead or various plant toxins.  I have already said in chapter 9 that
reduced glutathione, one of the princely members of our family of
detoxification chemicals, is lost

from the body when a foreign chemical is detoxified while it is
recovered from detoxification operations when the toxic substances are
generated from our own chemistry.  Otherwise everything in the body, all
the molecules left over from the daily operations of the brain, bowels,
blood, bones, muscles, skin and all the internal organs require the use
of the same chemistry that is used for dealing with naturally occurring
toxins as well as with the environmental pollutants that enter with our
food, water and air.  That is why cleansing the body of unwanted
substances is the most costly metabolic activity in which our chemistry
engages.  For a child, the cost of growth is also very high, but in
adults, detoxification is the major molecule-making activity.  That's
right, molecule making.  Detoxification in human beings mostly involves
synthesis as opposed to degradation.  Even detoxification jobs that look
as if they are mostly breaking things down turn out, in the end, to
involve costly steps in which new molecules are made just for the sake
of safe disposal.  Remember methylmalonic acid.  It is the stuff that
may pile up in the body's process of getting rid of the ammo acid,
valine.  When the broken step I described in chapter 11 is working well,
the object of the disassembly line I described is to take the ammo group
off of the ammo acid so that what remains can burn clean in the citric
acid cycle.  But ammo groups, removed from their ammo acid or protein
origins, turn into ammonia--the same strong poison that you recognize by
its noxious odor.  Ammonia cannot simply be allowed to go free inside
your cells or in your blood.  It is captured by alpha ketoglutarate
(AKG), also mentioned in chapter 11, which becomes glutamate.  Glutamate
can take on another ammonia to become glutamine, which, in turn,
delivers the unwanted ammonia to the single most expensive chemical
department in the body, the urea cycle, where an elaborate process of
handing off the ammonia is carried out with the final formation of urea
which can safely pass through the kidneys and out of the body.  The
breaking down of each ammo acid molecule eventually requires making a
molecule.  The making of molecules for detoxification requires the
lion's share of all the energy we expend on making any kind of molecule
every day.  We go about our daily chores without conscious attention to

the molecular details of our body's management of toxins, allergens and
other waste, but if our sanitation department did make itself known to
us--say by making a noise--it would drown out all the comparable noises
of walking, thinking and talking.  Imagine the machinery of
detoxification, mostly in the liver, emitting an enormous grinding,
groaning, gurgling sound that would dwarf our loudest intestinal
rumblings and belches.  Considering that most detoxification goes on at
night, the noise of our sanitation department would surely keep us up if
it were able to give forth sounds comparable to the work it does.  As it
is, a faulty detoxification system is a common reason for poor sleep. We
sometimes reach too quickly for a sedative for our nerves when it is our
liver that needs help.  To understand the substantial portion of our
daily expenditure of energy on all the chores of living that require
making new molecules consider how it would go if the body were a
municipality.  The budget would look like this:

Sanitation, 80 percent (the various detoxification activities) Police, 5
percent (the immune system) School system, 10 percent (the central
nervous system) Public works, 6 percent (maintenance of organs)

Do not hold me to the exact figures except that the sanitation figure
is, if anything, a conservative estimate.  With a child who is devoting
energy to making new molecules every day to grow, the budget would
allocate relatively more for public works.  No matter how you slice it,
however, it is sobering to realize that most of the molecules we
synthesize every day are made for the sake of getting rid of waste
molecules.

A Two-STEP OPERATION

Before leaving the municipal analogy, let me make another general point
about detoxification chemistry in preparation for aion department would
surely keep us up if it were able to give forth sounds comparable to the
work it does.  As it is, a faulty detoxification system is a common
reason for poor sleep. We sometimes reach too quickly for a sedative for
our nerves when it is our liver that needs help.  To understand the
substantial portion of our daily expenditure of energy on all the chores
of living that require making new molecules consider how it would go if
the body were a municipality.  The budget would look like this:

Sanitation, 80 percent (the various detoxification activities) Police, 5
percent (the immune system) School system, 10 percent (the central
nervous system) Public works, 6 percent (maintenance of organs)

Do not hold me to the exact figures except that the sanitation figure
is, if anything, a conservative estimate.  With a child who is devoting
energy to making new molecules every day to grow, the budget would
allocate relatively more for public works.  No matter how you slice it,
however, it is sobering to realize that most of the molecules we
synthesize every day are made for the sake of getting rid of waste
molecules.

A Two-STEP OPERATION

Before leaving the municipal analogy, let me make another general point
about detoxification chemistry in preparation for a closer look at the
details.  It is a two-step operation.  In my town the trash collection
is done privately.  For about a dollar a day, Harry Brasslett

comes twice a week and takes away the trash, and on the second Wednesday
of each month he comes for the recycling of bottles, cans, newspaper and
cardboard.  Like detoxification chemistry, the semiweekly trash and the
monthly recycling are each two-phase operations.  Phase one consists of
making the trash easy to pick up.  I place it in barrels or in plastic
sacks and put it in a convenient location, protecting it from the
raccoons until a few hours before Harry makes his rounds.  In phase two
Harry comes in his big white truck and takes it away.  The success of
the operation depends not only on the timely preparation of the trash
but on a certain balance between the capacities of each phase.  When we
need to get rid of unwanted molecules from our bodies the first phase
renders the molecules easy to pick up.  "Sticky" is a better image.  A
system of enzymes called cytochrome P450 prepares leftover or toxic
molecules and affects the molecules in a way that is very roughly like
rubbing a balloon on your sweater.  At this moment the molecules that
have been made more sticky, or "activated," are more dangerous than they
were to begin with.  A sticky toxin is not something you want banging
around in your chemistry.  It is like flypaper in the barn.  It is good
to have the flies stick to the paper, but if the paper gets stuck in
your hair it is worse than the flies were to begin with.  The next step,
then, is the timely appearance of the "Harry" molecules that carry the
toxins away after safely containing them in a big white truck.  Actually
the process is called conjugation, and the more accurate image is
sticking the sticky trash to individually tiny, somewhat sticky trucks.

When each activated toxic or leftover molecule is stuck to a carrier
molecule it becomes deactivated and more soluble in the water of your
blood or bile so that it can leave your body via your kidneys or
intestine.  The carrier molecules (the tiny trucks) owe their stickiness
to properties familiar to anyone who has experience with sugar or
garlic.  In fact, two of the main carrier molecules are sticky because
they are like sugar: one comes directly from sugar (glucuronide) and the
other is an ammo acid (glycine) that is sweet and sticky like sugar.

Two other carrier molecules owe their stickiness to the same feature
that makes garlic peels adhere to your fingers: sulfur.  Sulfur is
stinky and sticky.  Sulfur atoms appear wherever stickiness is needed in

chemistry, so they have an adhesive function in building strong tissues
and sticking to waste molecules in your body's sanitation department.

The brimstone appearing in bright yellow deposits around the fumaroles
of volcanoes is sulfur.  It has unique properties.  It is the only
naturally occurring substance found lying about on the planet that can
burn, but was not once alive.  Other elements oxidize; that is, they
combine with the oxygen in the air as in the tarnishing of silver or the
rusting of iron.  Still other elements, such as sodium and potassium,
burn explosively so that if they are removed from the liquid in which
they are stored in a chemistry lab and plunged directly into a flushing
toilet, the ensuing blast will cause serious damage to the plumbing. But
sodium and potassium are not just lying around on the planet.  In nature
they are tightly combined with other elements to form compounds (such as
table salt: sodium and chlorine) which are quite harmless because of a
mutual neutralization of the chemical ferocity of the two components.

The chemical ferocity of sulfur, however, is special.  It has an avidity
for other elements that is more in keeping with the kinds of avidity
that hold together living flesh.  It is a nonliving substance that has
the character of living or once-living material: it burns.  As such it
has "the imponderable qualities of life, light, warmth"rs and, indeed,
it is indispensable to life and a critical component of the diet.  If
the body does not get enough of it, or if it misuses it, the
detoxification systems and the synthesis and repair of tissue are
impaired.  Remember Queen Methionine.  Her treasure consists of methyl
groups as well as sulfur.  Methionine is one of the principal ways that
sulfur enters the body to become the most important adhesive that holds
it together and helps it safely get rid of your toxins and leftovers.

SOME HARMFUL Toxinss

Aluminum: Now let us follow the first sample toxin as it enters the
body.  Imagine that you have just enjoyed a delicious tomato sauce
prepared in an aluminum pot.  The acid sauce dissolved some of the

pot's metallic aluminum, which entered your bloodstream with your meal.

The body normally contains no aluminum, and aluminum does not resemble
any atom that the body is used to handling.  After all, metallic
aluminum came into wide use only after the invention of a method for
separating it from its ore in the nineteenth century.  Aluminum, the
most plentiful component of the rocks of the earth's crust, is abundant
in our environment.  Metallic aluminum, however, was virtually unknown
to our species before this century.  Aluminum has a particular affinity
for phosphates that form an active part of our DNA.  Instead of knocking
electrons off the DNA like the shoe store X-ray machine might have done
to mine, aluminum's affinity for the electrons of the phosphates of DNA
simply makes it join up with DNA and get in the way.  It does not leave.

Once it is on board, it is essentially stuck there and does not leave
the body.  In fact, no matter what you do, your body will contain more
aluminum at the time of your death than at any other time in your life.

Apart from its DNA-damaging effects, aluminum impairs a step in the
citric acid cycle where AKG is formed.  Recall that AKG is one of the
most useful workers in all of biochemistry, and you will understand the
possible impact of having it weakened.  Recall that other toxins, such
as those described with Dr.  Shaw's research in chapter 11, have the
potential for interfering with AKG, and you will understand that many
different toxins may have the same biochemical effects on people just as
the same toxin may have many different clinical effects on different
people.  Exactly how much damage aluminum does to exactly what kinds of
people remains controversial, but three things are certain: it is
harmful, there is no natural way to unload it and there is no proven
treatment for the damage it causes at present.  Aluminum can be measured
in hair, urine or blood and if an individual has too much on board he or
she should look carefully for ways to avoid it, especially in cookware,
some deodorants, some antacids and food additives.  Unlike the monarch
butterfly's helpful sequestration of its milkweed toxin, the aluminum
toxin hides out just where it can do the most harm.  The ammo acid,
glycine, helps mobilize aluminum in the body.  An oral dose of 80 ing
per kg of body weight of glycine, given in divided doses over a 24-hour
period, is a noninvasive diagnostic test for drawing aluminum into the
urine collected during that time.  This test helps to determine how much
aluminum is stored in the body.  An experimental method for removing
aluminum from the body involves the use of glycine combined with
magnesium EDTA as a chelating agent.

Lead: Lead is one of the oldest, most ubiquitous and most insidious of
toxins.  Unlike aluminum it is greeted by the body as if it were
familiar; it is treated as if it were calcium so its absorption is
favored by calcium deficiency.  Thus, symptoms of chronic lead
poisoning, such as seizures, increase during the northern summer months
when the increase of sunlight raises vitamin D levels to affect the
mobilization of calcium and lead.  A form of lead, lead acetate, was the
first artificial sweetener.  No substance formed by a plant or animal is
sweet unless it contains sugar.  In the natural world you can depend on
the rule that a food that is sweet is nourishing.  The basis for the
appreciation of sweet taste on the tongue is a certain distance between
atoms of sugar molecules that is unique to sugars except for those
molecules that have been formed artificially and have the identical
interatomic spaces to fool the taste buds into a false perception of
sweetness.  Lead acetate happens to have such an atomic configuration,
and it was used to sweeten wine during the Middle Ages until this form
of food adulteration became a capital crime in Europe.  Saccharine,
extracted from coal tar, and other artificial sweeteners in current use
represent less toxic ways of fooling the taste buds.  However, I wonder
if it is a good idea to repeatedly get the tongue to announce to the
pancreas that sugar is on its way only to have the blood
sugar-regulating mechanisms later surprised to find that the tongue's
promise was empty.  When I enter a supermarket and see the volume of
diet soda on sale I realize that there is a lot of pancreatic trick or
treating going on.  The worst trick comes from lead paint, which tastes
sweet for the reasons just explained.  A toddler finding chips of
sweet-tasting material on a window sill or some other source of paint
chips would naturally eat it, and so become poisoned, as the lead is
widely distributed, like calcium, in the body's chemistry.  Like
aluminum it

shows up in hair, which is the most convenient tissue used to screen for
heavy metal toxicity.  Precautions must be taken to collect hair
correctly, using samplings close to the scalp and only hair that has not
been treated.  The body's biochemical efforts to get rid of lead typify
all such efforts to unload unwanted exogenous toxins.  First it is
activated to make it sticky and then it is handed to reduced
gluta-thione, which disappears along with the lead.  Treatment of lead
poisoning begins with insuring adequate supplies of the substances the
body uses naturally to carry out its removal, beginning with calcium to
displace the lead and prevent the "hunger" for lead that is found when
calcium supplies are short.  Supplements of vitamin C, B vitamins and
reduced glutathione may be sufficient to get rid of lead in mild cases
of lead overload.  Various chelating agents are used when the problem is
severe or when there is a need to remove a number of heavy metals from
the body.  Chelation therapy, g the Middle Ages until this form of food
adulteration became a capital crime in Europe.  Saccharine, extracted
from coal tar, and other artificial sweeteners in current use represent
less toxic ways of fooling the taste buds.  However, I wonder if it is a
good idea to repeatedly get the tongue to announce to the pancreas that
sugar is on its way only to have the blood sugar-regulating mechanisms
later surprised to find that the tongue's promise was empty.  When I
enter a supermarket and see the volume of diet soda on sale I realize
that there is a lot of pancreatic trick or treating going on.  The worst
trick comes from lead paint, which tastes sweet for the reasons just
explained.  A toddler finding chips of sweet-tasting material on a
window sill or some other source of paint chips would naturally eat it,
and so become poisoned, as the lead is widely distributed, like calcium,
in the body's chemistry.  Like aluminum it

shows up in hair, which is the most convenient tissue used to screen for
heavy metal toxicity.  Precautions must be taken to collect hair
correctly, using samplings close to the scalp and only hair that has not
been treated.  The body's biochemical efforts to get rid of lead typify
all such efforts to unload unwanted exogenous toxins.  First it is
activated to make it sticky and then it is handed to reduced
gluta-thione, which disappears along with the lead.  Treatment of lead
poisoning begins with insuring adequate supplies of the substances the
body uses naturally to carry out its removal, beginning with calcium to
displace the lead and prevent the "hunger" for lead that is found when
calcium supplies are short.  Supplements of vitamin C, B vitamins and
reduced glutathione may be sufficient to get rid of lead in mild cases
of lead overload.  Various chelating agents are used when the problem is
severe or when there is a need to remove a number of heavy metals from
the body.  Chelation therapy, in which care must be taken to replace
calcium, magnesium and other nutritional elements that are lost during
treatment, is still denounced by medical authorities.  I am not
personally a practitioner of chelation therapy because it was outlawed
by the Connecticut legislature for years and more recently my small
office does not lend itself to such procedures.  I believe that this and
other methods to remove a toxic burden of heavy metals makes common
sense and will eventually join the mainstream of medicine.

Other toxins: Let me turn to four other "toxins" that are used in tests
to represent all unwanted molecules to determine how well the body can
get rid of them:

 Caffeine (as found in coffee or over-the-counter stay-awake pills such
as No-Doze

Acetaminophen (such as found in Tylenol and similar fever and pain
medicines)

Sodium benzoate (a common food preservative)

By doing a test to follow these substances through the body, a good
estimate of the efficiency of detoxification chemistry can be

made.  Making such an estimate provides a basis for judging the overall
efficiency of a patient's body chemistry.

TESTING THE DETOXifiCATION SYSTEM: A CASE STUDY Benzoate Conversion:
{Phase II)

Caffeine/8enzoa*ie Ratio (Phaha U Ratio)

Ur,na Sulfate, Creatinine Ratio

For example, here are the results of Mrs.  Stockwell's detoxification
tests for two of these four substances, taken both before and after her
treatment with hydrocortisone.  (Phase ,) (mUminJkg) I.  ..............
1 !2' >iS/

FIGURE I Mrs.  Stockwell's Detoxification Test: Before

While these lab results, as they appear on the forms sent out by the
laboratory,'"' resemble Seth's results shown in chapter 13, they portray
entirely different information.  In Figure 1, the top of the diagram
shows how Mrs.  Stockwell's detoxification systems handle caffeine.  You
can see that chere is a need to remove a number of heavy metals from the
body.  Chelation therapy, in which care must be taken to replace
calcium, magnesium and other nutritional elements that are lost during
treatment, is still denounced by medical authorities.  I am not
personally a practitioner of chelation therapy because it was outlawed
by the Connecticut legislature for years and more recently my small
office does not lend itself to such procedures.  I believe that this and
other methods to remove a toxic burden of heavy metals makes common
sense and will eventually join the mainstream of medicine.

Other toxins: Let me turn to four other "toxins" that are used in tests
to represent all unwanted molecules to determine how well the body can
get rid of them:

 Caffeine (as found in coffee or over-the-counter stay-awake pills such
as No-Doze

Acetaminophen (such as found in Tylenol and similar fever and pain
medicines)

Sodium benzoate (a common food preservative)

By doing a test to follow these substances through the body, a good
estimate of the efficiency of detoxification chemistry can be

made.  Making such an estimate provides a basis for judging the overall
efficiency of a patient's body chemistry.

TESTING THE DETOXifiCATION SYSTEM: A CASE STUDY Benzoate Conversion:
{Phase II)

Caffeine/8enzoa*ie Ratio (Phaha U Ratio)

Ur,na Sulfate, Creatinine Ratio

For example, here are the results of Mrs.  Stockwell's detoxification
tests for two of these four substances, taken both before and after her
treatment with hydrocortisone.  (Phase ,) (mUminJkg) I.  ..............
1 !2' >iS/

FIGURE I Mrs.  Stockwell's Detoxification Test: Before

While these lab results, as they appear on the forms sent out by the
laboratory,'"' resemble Seth's results shown in chapter 13, they portray
entirely different information.  In Figure 1, the top of the diagram
shows how Mrs.  Stockwell's detoxification systems handle caffeine.  You
can see that caffeine has a value of 2 ml/min/kg, which is above the
normal range of .5 to 1.7.  Figure 2 shows her caffeine clearance rate
after six weeks of treatment for her adrenal insufficiency.  It has
fallen to a normal value of 1.7.  Her benzoate clearance went from a
markedly low value of 31 percent to a squarely normal value of 87
percent.  The net effect of the two changes is shown in the third row of
the graphics as well as in the graph on the right side of each test
result, indicating a normalization of the relationship between the two
results.  Here is what was done to get these results.  For each test
Mrs. * Great Smokies Diagnostic Laboratory, 18 A Regent Park Boulevard,
Asheville, North Carolina 28806

Caffeine Cearance Rate:

(Phase Phase , Ratio)

2o

FIGURE 2 Mrs.  Stockwell's Detoxification Test: After

Stockwell was given a kit to use at home with a dose of caffeine (one
No-Doz pill) and a dose of sodium benzoate, a safe chemical used in many
foods.  After avoiding all foods containing either substance as well as
an overnight fast, she took both test materials with a glass of water
and then collected her urine for the following six hours.  Her urine was
subsequently analyzed at the laboratory to show what had become of the
two substances.  The detoxification of caffeine depends heavily on the
detoxification step in which toxins are made sticky or activated by the
enzyme system, cytochrome P450.  There are many members of the P450
team, each specializing in different kinds of toxins, and caffeine gives
a reasonable test of one of the main members of the team.  Sodium
benzoate tests phase II of the detoxification process in which the
carrier, in this case the ammo acid glycine, is conjugated with the
toxin (sodium benzoate) to remove it safely from the body.  As you will
see presently, the test for evaluating detoxification chemistry has been
improved since Mrs.  Stockwell took the tests diagrammed in Figures 1
and 2.  The laboratory now provides a more comprehensive look at other
parts of phase II of the detoxification process, parts that involve
other sugar-sticky carriers as well as two sulfur-sticky ones.  In Mrs.
Stockwell's case the test as performed was sufficient to show how much
better her detoxification chemistry was working at the same time that
she was feeling better.  The evidence of the usefulness of these tests
and others I will mention is published widely in the scientific
literature.  The appropriate references for each of the many tests are
available from Great Smokies Laboratory, Asheville, NC.  I show Mrs.
Stockwell's results

only as an illustrative example.  Considering that nothing about Mrs.
Stockwell's diet or other treatments changed except in the ways I
described, it is particularly interesting that the second test changed
as it did.  The amount of sulfur in its form of sulfate that came out in
her urine is a fair reflection of the sufficiency of this important
component of her detoxification chemistry.  The result of her "before"
test was toward the lower end of normal.  After treatment she showed a
robust and healthy rise in sulfate excretion to the upper limits of what
is expected.  Somewhat high levels of excretion are okay.  Low levels,
reflecting inadequate amounts of sulfur-containing detoxification
chemicals, are undesirable.  The test has now been improved to include
two other substances (aspirin and acetaminophen or Tylenol whose
detoxification pathways involve all of the carriers, including two
sulfur-sticky ones: reduced glutathione and plain sulfate and another
sugar-sticky carrier called glucuronic acid.  See Figure 3 on the next
page.  The three test substances are shown at the top of the diagram.

Below caffeine is its clearance result and below acetaminophen and
salicylic acid (aspirin) are figures showing how much of each was
recovered unchanged from the patient's urine.

THE VALUE OF STOOL TESTS

The intestine, which is both the passageway and the source of important
toxins, also plays an important role in detoxification.  Therefore,
stool tests are a top priority in assessing health and detecting the
cause of health problems.  A wealth of information can be extracted from
stool if it is submitted to careful biochemical, microscopic and
microbiological examination.  Here are the basics:

1.  Digestion.  It is common sense that good digestion of food is a
prerequisite to good health.  People may have relatively comfortable
digestion even when it is not working well at the functional level.  In
this sense digestion refers quite specifically to the process !

described in chapter 7.  Examination of a stool sample under the
microscope reveals whether meat and/or vegetable fibers have survived
their pas P0 (PHASEI)

ACETAMINOPHEN SALICYLIC

ACID

Fnee Acelamlno

GLUTATHIONE SULFATION GLUCURONIGLYCINE

CONJUGATION

(PHASE II) (PHASE II) DATION CONJUGATION

(PHASE II) (PHASE

Detoxification Markers

sage through the intestine in undue numbers.  Most of us are familiar
with the capacity of corn kernels to make it through in recognizable
form.  They owe this capability to their surrounding coat of
indigestible cellulose fiber which shield the nourishing inner material
from the digestive process unless the kernel is initially well broken up
by chewing.  Most of the other grains we eat would do the same thing but
we don't eat many other grains "on the cob."

A biochemical assessment of the stool also reveals how well fat has been
digested.  Very little fat of any kind (cholesterol, triglycer

How Detoxification Works

ides, free fatty acids) should make it through the gut.  Fat may vary in
the stool from time to time, so the best test to really quantify fat in
the stool requires a 72-hour collection.  Not a popular test, but fat
analysis in a random specimen is an adequate first step.

2.  The nutrition of the gut.  The cells that line the surface of the
intestinal tract require nourishment as do all of the cells of the body.

They are different from all the other cells of the body, however, in
that they live where food is passing by.  Do they need to wait for that
food to pass into the circulation and then to be delivered to them,
through the back door so to speak, just as any normal cell would be
nourished from the blood's distribution?  Or could the cells of the
digestive tract grab a bite from the passing food stream?

The digestive tract's total surface area is about the size of a tennis
court.  It's job is absorbing all of the nutrients and excluding toxins
while being subject to the wear and tear of passing food and the toxic
effects of germs that inhaifferent from all the other cells of the body,
however, in that they live where food is passing by.  Do they need to
wait for that food to pass into the circulation and then to be delivered
to them, through the back door so to speak, just as any normal cell
would be nourished from the blood's distribution?  Or could the cells of
the digestive tract grab a bite from the passing food stream?

The digestive tract's total surface area is about the size of a tennis
court.  It's job is absorbing all of the nutrients and excluding toxins
while being subject to the wear and tear of passing food and the toxic
effects of germs that inhabit or easily invade the warm, moist,
nutrient-dense environment of the gut.  The care and feeding of the
short-lived cells of the intestine's lining is of particular importance
in the overall task of the care and feeding of the permanent, essential
cells described in chapter 1.  Nature has provided for the intestinal
cells to be able to "eat" food that passes by without waiting for some
nutrients to be delivered back to them via the bloodstream after passing
through the liver.  The cells of the large intestine are provided with
small, nourishing molecules that are produced as the germs of the
digestive tract process fiber.  Germs break down the fiber into very
small molecules with only two, three or four carbon atoms called
acetate, propionate and butyrate respectively.  Acetate is familiar to
you in the taste of vinegar, and butyrate in the taste of butter.

Propionate is found in milk and as a preservative in bread and is also
used in making perfumes.  None of these foods, however, is the source of
the acetate, propionate and butyrate used by the cells that line the
intestine.  These cells depend on healthy, normal bacteria to process
the fiber in the diet into these nutrients.  In the upper digestive
tract, where there are very few germs, the cells use the ammo acid
glutamine as part of their nourishment.

3.  pH.  I referred previously to the acidifying effect of carbon
dioxide, whether it be from an actual fire or the sort made by living
metabolism.  I also referred to ammonia as an ammo acid (and protein)
breakdown product that requires costly metabolic measures to insure its
conversion in our body to the safe by-product urea.  When germs, such as
the ones that live in the intestine, metabolize ammo acids they just
make ammonia and are done with it.  The consequence of the combined
activities of germs making acid in the "smoke" from their metabolic fire
and ammonia from the breakdown of ammo acid is a compromise between the
alkalinity of ammonia and the acidity of the metabolism.  As a result,
stool is normally quite close to the neutral pH of 7 or a little below,
say down to 6 on the scale that measures the concentration of acid.  Low
numbers indicate more acid, and high numbers indicate alkalinity.  The
pH of stomach acid is about 1, which is 100,000,000 times more acid than
7 since it is based on a log scale, where each point represents a
10-fold increase or decrease.  The acidity of the stool has nothing to
do with the acidity of the blood and tissues.  It is entirely the
product of bacterial fermentation and the balance between germs with
different appetites and by-products.  An acid stool indicates the
presence of too much food entering the lower intestine for the germs to
digest and strongly suggests that the food passed undigested into the
stool from the upper part of the digestive tract.  An alkaline stool
indicates the presence of unfriendly germs with a strong
ammonia-producing capability.

4.  Microbiology.  Of the few hundred different kinds of germs that
inhabit the digestive tract, only a few can be easily identified on
routine cultures.  About half (the germs that thrive where there is no
oxygen) do not show up on cultures unless special procedures are taken.

Among the other half (the so-called aerobic germs) a few of the
predominant friendly bacteria should be present in stool cultures to
indicate a healthy balance.  These are lactobacillus (also known as
acidophilus), bifidobacter, E.  coli, bacillus species, gamma strep and
a few others.  Among the other germs that appear in a stool culture are
some whose presence automatically indicates an infection, but for the
most part the overgrowth of various unwanted germs is indicated not by
their presence, but by the excessive numbers of certain kinds that
usually represent a small, smelly minority.  As a general rule, the odor
of stools is an indication of its germs' capacity to cause mischief. The
stronger the odor of stools and intestinal gas, the greater the
indication of unwanted fermentation in the gut.  In Africa I was
involved in projects to encourage the earlier feeding of solid foods to
children who were about to be weaned from an exclusive breast milk diet
at around age two.  Since weaning is a time of major stress when
children often lose weight and are susceptible to serious illness, the
gradual introduction of solid food a few months ahead of time was
intended to give the child nutritional support.  In Africa nursing
babies and young children spend a good deal of time on their mothers'
backs supported by a broad cloth.  Thus, the close physical connection
between mother and child affords reliable signals when a baby is about
to have a bowel movement.  This provides the opportunity for the mother
to remove the baby from her back, hold it in the appropriate position to
have a bowel movement, clean the baby off, and then return it to its
accustomed spot.  Diapers, diaper rash and all the other complications
engendered by a baby sitting in its own stool are unknown in the setting
where I worked.  The well-meaning and healthy steps that we recommended
to the women of the village caused a disturbance in the timing and the
odor of their babies' stools.  The result was ill-timed, stinky stools
that came without warning and soiled baby, mother and cloth.  Breast-fed
babies' stools have an inoffensive odor characteristic of the
lactobacillus and other friendliest of germs that inhabit them.  As soon
as some other kind of food is introduced, such as cow's milk, formula or
solids, the stool takes on the odor of an adult's, which is unwelcome in
any setting.  The two lessons drawn from this are: 1) One cannot always
anticipate all the consequences of well-meaning efforts to change
long-standing practices and habits, and 2) the nose is a pretty good
guide to intestinal function.  Thus, if the odor of your stools is
particularly offensive you do not need a stool test to alert you that
something is wrong with the balance of odor-causing germs that inhabit
your intestine.

5.  Mycology and parasitology.  Fungi are larger, more complex and
completely different kinds of germs than bacteria.  The fungi that
normally constitute a very small percentage of the gut flora are yeasts.

Sometimes other kinds of fungi can be found in stools.  The term
parasite is used by doctors to denote a great variety of creatures that
vary in size and complexity from single-celled organisms that are close
to being fungi all the way up to worms that may be several inches or
more in length.  The smaller the germ the more virulent it is likely to
be (i.e., a virus as compared to a worm).  As is true with any germ, the
trouble starts when the immune system starts to fight back.  Symptoms
develop not from the germ, so to speak, but from the fight.  Some
parasites awaken very little response on the part of the immune system,
which may only take on an attitude of chronic irritation in the presence
of an unwanted passenger.  The spectrum of symptoms evoked by parasites
can vary, therefore, from intense diarrhea (dysentery) such as I
frequently encountered in my patients in Africa to a complete lack of
symptoms in the digestive tract but with inflammation elsewhere in the
body.  In the last 20 years I have changed my ideas more about parasites
than just about any other topic that comes up in my medical practice.

When I left the tropics in the late 1960s and returned to North America
I thought that my knowledge of parasitology would get little further
use.  Part of that knowledge was that there are several "minor"
parasites that are of relatively little consequence to the health of
their human hosts, who tolerate the presence of the microbe without much
objection and therefore with few symptoms unless the immune system is
impaired.  I carried an attitude engendered by the tropical environment
where, indeed, the object was to take care of the big-league parasites
that cause serious illness.  About the time I returned from Africa,
giardiasis became much more prevalent in North America.  It could not be
considered a minor parasite as it often causes serious illness.

Sometimes it is quite silent and hard to find so that its detection,
like the detection of other single-celled parasites, requires a very
high degree of laboratory expertise and experience.  The same expertise
is needed to find other parasites that I was taught to ignore until I
started learning to pay more attention to

them from colleagues such as Dr.  Warren Lewn in New York City, who had
been influenced by two New York parasitologists, Dr.  Louis Parrish and
Dr.  Herman Bueno, who later worked with my friend and former partner
Dr.  Leo Galland.  Dr.  Galland has become a leading expert in the
relationship between parasitic problems and chronic disease.  His paper,
Intestinal Dysboisis and the Cause of Disease coauthored by Dr.  Stephen
Barrie, founder of Great Smo-kies Laboratory, includes a completely
referenced survey of the problem.  Looking for giardia, I came up with
reports of what I had previously believed to be innocent parasites on
the lab reports I received along with a microscopic picture of the
patient's stool showing the parasite.  Blastocystis hominis is the most
common of such parasites and now, after more than 10 years of seeing and
treating hundreds of patients with this parasite, !  am convinced that
it should be eradicated when found.  When stool is examined for
parasites, most of the yeasts that are seen there are dead.  Yeast
cultures, therefore, frequently fail to reveal the presence of fungi
even when the gut is heavily colonized.  A negative stool culture is,
therefore, not an indication of the absence of yeast.  The tests being
developed by Dr.  Shaw, mentioned earlier, may help solve the problem of
detecting significant numbers of yeast.  However, the meaning of
"significant" varies from individual to individual, so that the only
decisive way to diagnose a yeast problem is by giving a trial of
treatment with antifungal medication.

6.  Gut immunity.  The intestine is by far the largest and most complex
frontier on which the body encounters its environment.  The internal
surface of the lungs is of similar size but is incomparably cleaner.

Most of the resources of the immune system are concentrated on the gut
where most of the antibodies made every day are used to label and
inactivate foreign substances as they are encountered.  Label and
inactivate: these are the two jobs arasite.  Blastocystis hominis is the
most common of such parasites and now, after more than 10 years of
seeing and treating hundreds of patients with this parasite, !  am
convinced that it should be eradicated when found.  When stool is
examined for parasites, most of the yeasts that are seen there are dead.
Yeast cultures, therefore, frequently fail to reveal the presence of
fungi even when the gut is heavily colonized.  A negative stool culture
is, therefore, not an indication of the absence of yeast.  The tests
being developed by Dr.  Shaw, mentioned earlier, may help solve the
problem of detecting significant numbers of yeast.  However, the meaning
of "significant" varies from individual to individual, so that the only
decisive way to diagnose a yeast problem is by giving a trial of
treatment with antifungal medication.

6.  Gut immunity.  The intestine is by far the largest and most complex
frontier on which the body encounters its environment.  The internal
surface of the lungs is of similar size but is incomparably cleaner.

Most of the resources of the immune system are concentrated on the gut
where most of the antibodies made every day are used to label and
inactivate foreign substances as they are encountered.  Label and
inactivate: these are the two jobs of antibodies which are
globular-shaped protein molecules (hence globulins) that are used as the
immune system perceives its environment.  As I explained in chapter 1,
recognition is something we do with our central nervous system as well
as our immune system.

When we perceive something with the eyes, ears, skin, tongue or nose it
is a one-step operation.  As we behold something, we know it.  The
immune system's perception of things is more of a two-step operation.
First a sticky label is placed on the scrutinized object to
simultaneously inactivate it and mark it.  Then a label-reader cell is
able to identify it and spread the word to the rest of the immune
system.  The most abundant immune globulins that are made every day are
produced in the intestine in a collaborative effort of the cells that
make antibodies (lymphocytes), aided by cells that line the intestinal
wall.  The name of this antibody is secretory IgA, which can be measured
in saliva, milk and other secretions of the body, but now is being
measured by Great Smokies Laboratory as part of its comprehensive stool
examination.

Secretory IgA levels are elevated in the presence of infection or
overgrowth of unwelcome germs and are depressed if the infection or
overgrowth is excessive.  Some individuals are born with an incapacity
to produce secretory IgA and they subsequently have more problems with
infection and allergy.  When I first evaluated Dr.  Franco's
detoxification systems I found enough yeast in her stool culture to
raise the question of an overgrowth of Candida affecting her immune and
endocrine systems.  The endocrine effects of Candida are dramatic, and
infertility, in my experience, is a common consequence.  At the same
time I measured her 24-hour urine ammo acids.  Influenced by Dr.
Rosenberg to be aware of the potential importance of ammo acid
metabolism in severe disorders, I was impressed by two papers that
appeared in the pediatric literature in the early 1970s reporting a
marked difference in the serum ammo acid patterns in breast-fed versus
formula-fed babies.  If ammo acid analysis could be used to measure such
"normal" differences based on diets that were intended to be comparable,
I wondered whether ammo acid analysis could be used to spot other
differences in the metabolism of individuals whose biochemical quirks
did not reach the level of disease but might indicate they would benefit
from nutritional intervention.  In the mid-1970s I had heard stories
from a number of patients who reported benefits trk it.  Then a
label-reader cell is able to identify it and spread the word to the rest
of the immune system.  The most abundant immune globulins that are made
every day are produced in the intestine in a collaborative effort of the
cells that make antibodies (lymphocytes), aided by cells that line the
intestinal wall.  The name of this antibody is secretory IgA, which can
be measured in saliva, milk and other secretions of the body, but now is
being measured by Great Smokies Laboratory as part of its comprehensive
stool examination.

Secretory IgA levels are elevated in the presence of infection or
overgrowth of unwelcome germs and are depressed if the infection or
overgrowth is excessive.  Some individuals are born with an incapacity
to produce secretory IgA and they subsequently have more problems with
infection and allergy.  When I first evaluated Dr.  Franco's
detoxification systems I found enough yeast in her stool culture to
raise the question of an overgrowth of Candida affecting her immune and
endocrine systems.  The endocrine effects of Candida are dramatic, and
infertility, in my experience, is a common consequence.  At the same
time I measured her 24-hour urine ammo acids.  Influenced by Dr.
Rosenberg to be aware of the potential importance of ammo acid
metabolism in severe disorders, I was impressed by two papers that
appeared in the pediatric literature in the early 1970s reporting a
marked difference in the serum ammo acid patterns in breast-fed versus
formula-fed babies.  If ammo acid analysis could be used to measure such
"normal" differences based on diets that were intended to be comparable,
I wondered whether ammo acid analysis could be used to spot other
differences in the metabolism of individuals whose biochemical quirks
did not reach the level of disease but might indicate they would benefit
from nutritional intervention.  In the mid-1970s I had heard stories
from a number of patients who reported benefits to their health from
taking vitamins.  Some of the stories were very striking, such as the
remission of long-standing severe recurring migraine after taking
supplements of vitamin B6

and magnesium.  I knew quite well from my medical training that vitamins
and magnesium were not the treatment for migraine but yet this
combination worked for this individual.  I was terrified to think that I
would have to go back and learn all the biochemistry that I had mostly
forgotten after my board exams and jumped at the chance to take courses
called "Basic Science for Clinicians" under the leadership of Dr. Edward
Rubenstein at Stanford University Medical School.  There were five Nobel
laureates on the faculty, including Linus Pauling.  Meeting Dr.  Pauling
and attending his lectures changed my life, allowing me to realize that
the basic principles of biochemistry were accessible.  He gave me the
courage to move ahead and accumulate the details as I went along.  The
details of ammo acid chemistry remained relatively overwhelming until I
met Jon Pangborn, Ph.D.  Dr.  Pangborn had plunged into the biochemistry
literature motivated to understand the biochemical quirks that had been
revealed when his autistic son had come up with abnormalities that did
not fit any known pattern but were too out of line to be considered
normal variations.  In the 25 years that have elapsed since then, Dr.
Pangborn has become a unique resource for the understanding of published
biochemistry literature as it applies to the search for individual
patterns that may not constitute diseases but which give leverage in
balancing individual chemistry.  His work exemplifies a phenomenon that
is implicit in the tone and content of this book and which I will
digress to describe briefly here.

There is only one immunology and only one biochemistry.  There are,
however, two camps in medicine.  Disease-oriented medicine and
individual-oriented medicine do not differ on the current facts of
biochemistry and immunology.  The difference is entirely one of
orientation.  Disease-oriented medicine is directed to finding the
generalized formulas for treating groups of people who resemble one
another in certain symptomatic respects.  Such an approach is

* Dr.  Galland's "patient-centered diagnosis" or Dr.  Jeffrey Bland's
"functional medicine" are other terms for this approach.

indispensable to thoughtful medical practice.  Individual-oriented
medicine's approach is to find everything possible that can be done to
optimize the health of a given unique individual.  Such an approach is
also indispensable to thoughtful medical practice and it requires a
disquieting degree of judgment to know when individual differences are
significant enough to treat.  As I said earlier, if you do enough tests
you can find something wrong with just about anyone.  This phrase goes
to the core of the medical dichotomy.  In one camp is the attitude that
whatever is found wrong must rise above individuality to join a pattern
linked to a group of people who all have "the same thing." In the other
camp is the attitude that an effort should be made to harmonize a
patient's chemistry when it is clearly abnormal even though the
abnormality does not constitute a disease.  Amino acid chemistry gives
such good insight into a broad range of activities involving minerals,
vitamins and ammo acids that it provides the most sensitive gauge of
biochemical harmony available to physicians interested in individuality.

It will become more commonly used over the next few years as Dr.
Pangborn's approach and skills become more widely used by others.  When
I evaluated Dr.  Franco's ammo acids in chapter 2 there was an overall
pattern of numerous very high or very low values.  It did not look like
a normal variation nor a disease.  Among several findings was an
especially low level of all of the sulfur-containing ammo acids that
participate in detoxification: the children, so to speak, of methionine.

From the cyberhealth perspective it would be reasonable but speculative
to take nontoxic steps to improve this part of her chemistry through,
for example, supplements that would augment her supply of reduced
glutathione.  That is what was done.  From a mainstream perspective an
allegiance to the scientific approach would suggest that the treatment
of her yeast problem and her detoxification should take place separately
so that "we will know what is doing what.  From the cyberhealth
perspective we can see a logical connection between both abnormalities
(and some others as well) and the status of her reproductive chemistry.

An allegiance to the need to do everything possible (and safe) and to
cover all the bases led to the combined treatments that were associated
with her pregnancy.  As is

often the case in this approach, we will never know exactly what, if
anything, worked.  When I first became interested in this approach to
medicine I did not think it would work very often but it was worth a try
for the sake of covering all the bases for my patient.  I was surprised
to find that it usually works and that people actually do get better.

THE ROLE OF OXiDATIVE STRESS

Most of the tests I have referred to so far measure a kind of problem
that can be localized to a particular place in the body or its
digestive, immune and biochemical processes.  What about testing for
damage by oxidative stress, which could show up anywhere from the fatty
acids in sunburned skin on the tip of the nose to the nucleic acids in
the DNA of cells that are destined for conceiving a child?  Oxidative
damage, the loss of electrons from molecules who lose a tug-of-war with
oxygen or other electron-hungry thieves, takes place everywhere, but its
effects might be felt in different ways depending on the life span and
location of, say, the skin cells or the reproductive system.  As I
described previously, the fatty acids of the cell membranes are some of
the most susceptible to the theft of their electrons.  Pack to take
nontoxic steps to improve this part of her chemistry through, for
example, supplements that would augment her supply of reduced
glutathione.  That is what was done.  From a mainstream perspective an
allegiance to the scientific approach would suggest that the treatment
of her yeast problem and her detoxification should take place separately
so that "we will know what is doing what.  From the cyberhealth
perspective we can see a logical connection between both abnormalities
(and some others as well) and the status of her reproductive chemistry.

An allegiance to the need to do everything possible (and safe) and to
cover all the bases led to the combined treatments that were associated
with her pregnancy.  As is

often the case in this approach, we will never know exactly what, if
anything, worked.  When I first became interested in this approach to
medicine I did not think it would work very often but it was worth a try
for the sake of covering all the bases for my patient.  I was surprised
to find that it usually works and that people actually do get better.

THE ROLE OF OXiDATIVE STRESS

Most of the tests I have referred to so far measure a kind of problem
that can be localized to a particular place in the body or its
digestive, immune and biochemical processes.  What about testing for
damage by oxidative stress, which could show up anywhere from the fatty
acids in sunburned skin on the tip of the nose to the nucleic acids in
the DNA of cells that are destined for conceiving a child?  Oxidative
damage, the loss of electrons from molecules who lose a tug-of-war with
oxygen or other electron-hungry thieves, takes place everywhere, but its
effects might be felt in different ways depending on the life span and
location of, say, the skin cells or the reproductive system.  As I
described previously, the fatty acids of the cell membranes are some of
the most susceptible to the theft of their electrons.  Packed together
like millions of caterpillars standing on their tails, the oxidation of
one of them yields a domino effect among its neighbors.  The
magnification of damage caused by the domino effect makes fatty acids
(also known under the collective term lipids) good objects of analysis
to see how much oxidative stress the body has endured without being able
to defend itself with the team of antioxidants, including vitamin C, the
flavonoids, beta-carotene, vitamin E and reduced glutathione.  Just as I
pointed out that this partnership of chemicals works as a team, it is
appropriate to neither give one team member alone as a treatment nor to
measure one member as a way of assessing the efficiency of the whole
team.  Consequently we either need to measure all of these substances,
which can be done in a blood specimen, or we can measure the effect of
the team's failure.  Blood tests for rancid fatty acids (or lipid
peroxides) are the best direct measure of oxidative damage.  Another
good test

involves adding a step to the detoxification test I described earlier in
which caffeine, acetaminophen and aspirin are run through the system to
see how well they are detoxified.  If blood as well as urine is used for
analysis, the by-products of the body's handling of aspirin can be used
to assess the degree of oxidative stress inside cells.  The development
of the aspirin test for oxidative stress as well as future tests to
evaluate other key indicators of cellular health and oxidative stress
(e.g., nitric oxide) is largely the work of Jeffrey Bland, Ph.D. Between
the lines of this book you can find the birth record of a new paradigm
of medicine that is coming into being.  Dr.  Bland has been the
principal midwife of this delivery.  He has been and continues to be the
preeminent educator of physicians whose appetite for biochemistry and
immunology has been whetted by their need to study their patients as
individuals.  Thousands of patients have benefited directly from the
knowledge that Dr.  Bland has brought to their physicians with a
flawless sense for applying a rigorous, detailed understanding of
biochemistry to a systems approach to medicine and a superlative knack
for explaining things.  I went to medical school after graduating from
college with a history degree, and my step-father, Henry Bragdon, and my
uncle, Thomas C.  Mendenhall, both had long careers as historians.  As I
try to imagine how our present medical position will be seen when today
becomes history I cannot quite see how medicine aimed at treating people
as individuals will break out of the bondage of the current system in
which the medical specialties, insurance companies, the pharmaceutical
industry and research funds are so entirely focused on diseases.

Whatever happens, however, I am sure that Jeffrey Bland will stand out
as a key teacher of the evolving theory and practice of the new
paradigm.  Dr.  Bland and I have spent many hours trying to combine our
different approaches to teaching so that the mix of stories and hard
data may be mutually beneficial in getting the message across.  If I
have awakened your interest in the subject at hand, you will want to
read Dr.  Bland's new book, The 20-Day Rejuvenation Diet Program.

There is no one specific way for everyone to detoxify his or her body,
whether by fasting, drinking lots of vegetable juices, sweating or
taking vitamins.  The method for detoxification may depend entirely on
some particular factor that is quite peculiar to the individual and will
depend on an assessment of food sensitivities, whether or not the body
has an excess burden of particular toxins from exogenous poisons or
endogenous microbes, or whether or not the digestive tract is
functioning properly.  There are, however, a few simple steps that apply
to many people.  The first is to avoid allergenic foods.  These foods
may be determined by blood tests as I described earlier or by trying an
experimental two-week trial of what Dr.  William Crook calls the Caveman
Diet in which most allergenic foods are avoided such as eggs, grains,
dairy and citrus to see if it makes a difference in symptoms.  The
second is the use of the hypoallergenic, nutrient-dense food product,
UltraClear, designed by Dr.  Bland.  There are several forms of
UltraClear, and you will need some guidance in choosing the correct one.

The intent of the UltraClear products is to support the chemistry of
both phases of detoxification as well as to help heal the bowel by
providing nutrients, fiber and normal flora to the gut.  Its value in
doing the things it is supposed to do has been documented experimentally
and I have seen dramatic changes in patients' symptoms as well as their
laboratory tests with its use.  It shares with fasting the advantage of
removing the load of allergens from the gut, but it has the advantage of
not depriving the body of essential nutrients when the body is trying to
accomplish a nutritionally demanding task.

CHAPTER 16

Rhythmic Harmony and

Breathing

TAKE A DEEP BREATH and prepare for a change of pace and viewpoint.  So
far, we have looked at biochemistry as if it were frozen in time.  It is
not.  In the time you took to take and release a deep breath you broke
the rhythm of your breathing and in the same moment you changed your
chemistry a little as well.  The acidity of your blood fell as you
exhaled the carbon dioxide smoke from your metabolic fire, and your
chemistry made transient subtle shifts as it awaited the high tide of
your next breath.  Our bodies and our lives revolve around rhythms that
are harmonious and predictable.  When these rhythms are fully
integrated, we achieve a healthy harmony.  We become less fit when the
rhythms are not synchronized.

Let us start with an image.  Picture a swing.  Picture a brilliant sunny
day.  Now put a child on the swing.  You stand behind and provide the
push.  Whether you are gently pushing a small child or a big child
aiming for treetops, there is a kind of perfect push that feels "right."

The swing rises to meet your hands, your hands yield to the swing's
motion as the swing and hands meet and the push of the hands returns the
swing to its next arc.  The pusher's hands and the child's body each
know when the push is just right and when it's a

Rhythmic Harmony and Breathing

little off.  When the push is just right the pusher can rest until the
child has made four, five or six excursions into the sky.  Then the
pusher can renew the momentum with another perfectly timed push.  A
perfect push of the 35-foot swing on my big oak tree will last for four
oscillations for Andrew, five for Michael and Liana and six for Aidan,
who is the smallest.  The number of oscillations may vary with the size
of the child, but, for perfect pushes, it is always exactly five, six,
or seven and not, say five-and-a-half, which would find the child in the
wrong place in time and space for any sort of reasonable push.  When the
timing of the pushes is just right, the integration of the swing and the
pushes is harmonious and efficient.  When the timing is off, both the
pusher and the child lose a sense of efficiency and satisfaction.  The
numerical relationship and the timing of harmony permit no compromise.

There would never be a situation in which efficiency would be gained by
trying to stop the child in midair for a push at say 5.7 or 6.1
oscillations.  The whole number (that is 5 and not 5.7, or 6 and not
6.1) relationships are unforgiving.  When a rhythmically integrated
system loses harmony, the result is disorder and inefficiency.

Take another deep breath.  Depending on your respiratory rate and the
speed of your reading it is the 60th, 78th, 100th or some "in-between"
breath you have taken since I asked you to take a deep breath at the
beginning of this chapter.  Doctors call a respiratory rate of 18
breaths per minute normal because healthy adults' breathing does not
vary much from individual to individual.  There is, however, no ideal
number of breaths to take per minute, and your own breathing will vary
with your activity.  The web of harmony in your body that I would like
you to understand does not have to do with the relationship between your
respiration or other rhythmic bodily activities and the clock.  It has
to do with the interrelationships of different rhythmic activities and
the effect of breathing on those relationships.

Some rhythmic activities of your body are: nerve impulses, ciliary
action, brain waves, heartbeat, respiration and peristalsis.  Every day
your body goes through a cycle (the circadian rhythm) in which waking
and sleeping are the outward expressions of an entire sequence of
biochemical rhythms.  Longer rhythms are expressed on a

monthly (menstrual) and seasonal (annual) basis, and there are even
slower cycles that have to do with the stages of one's development as a
person.  Our biological rhythms are hierarchically structured so that
"every rapid and more specialized rhythm is at the same time part of a
slower and more embracing process.  Later we will look at breathing as
the key to healthy rhythms.  In the meantime, let us look at a specific
example that will lead to an understanding of how rhythm can be more or
less toxic or healthy.  In the article from which the above quote was
taken, the author, Dr.  G.  Hildebrandt reports the following
experiment.

Volunteers did a standardized exercise in which they climbed the same
three steps six times in one minute.  Each subject's heart and
respiratory rates were taken at rest and at 30-second intervals during
the first five minutes of recovery after the exercise.  Subjects were
scored by their rate of recovery--how quickly they return to their
resting pulse and respiratory rates.  Such scores are taken as a measure
of fitness.  Each subject's average respiratory rate and average heart
rate were calculated over the five-minute recovery time.  For example,
one subject might have had an average respiratory rate of 25 and a heart
rate of 100.  Another subject might also have had a respiratory rate of
25 but a heart rate of 87.  If you think of the heart rate as if it were
the pusher of the swing and the breathing rate as the child on the
swing, then the first subject's relationship is analogous to Andrew on
the swing: one push for every four swings or one breath every four heart
beats (25 breaths for every 100 heart beats, 100 divided by 25 equals
4).  The harmony of the timing makes a difference in the same rate were
calculated over the five-minute recovery time.  For example, one subject
might have had an average respiratory rate of 25 and a heart rate of
100.  Another subject might also have had a respiratory rate of 25 but a
heart rate of 87.  If you think of the heart rate as if it were the
pusher of the swing and the breathing rate as the child on the swing,
then the first subject's relationship is analogous to Andrew on the
swing: one push for every four swings or one breath every four heart
beats (25 breaths for every 100 heart beats, 100 divided by 25 equals
4).  The harmony of the timing makes a difference in the same way that
the harmony of pushing a swing makes a difference.  Let us look at the
second subject.  His breathing rate was 25 breaths and his heart rate
was 87 on average.  The relationship between those two rates is 25 to
87:87 divided by 25 equals 3.48.  Of the 140 subjects tested by Dr.
Hildebrandt, 24 had relationships between their pulse and respiration
rates that averaged out to whole numbers and the others had
relationships that fell in between.  Eleven subjects had a
pulse/respiration ratio of 4; five subjects had a ratio of 5 and nine
subjects had a ratio of 6.  Other subjects had ratios such as 3.48, 4.3,
4.8 or 5.7 and so on.  Remember that the test was one that measures
physical fitness.  Therefore we can compare the fitness of the subjects
with different pulse/respiration ratios.  The results of the experiment
show a consistent and marked superiority of fitness for the subjects
with whole-number ratios (especially 4 and 5) over those whose ratios
fell in between.  The conclusion is that a state of harmony between two
different rhythms in the body is associated with a higher degree of
fitness.  The point of this conclusion is that rhythmic disharmony can
act like a toxin in the body.  We can use this information to promote
harmony in our rhythms when we realize that our respiratory rate is
partly under our control.

Or, to put it another way, if we let ourselves relinquish control of our
breathing so that it joins the natural rhythms of the body, we will
enjoy a higher level of health.  Knowing about detoxification is not
beneficial without understanding that good breathing is one of the main
pivots on which health turns.  Details about much of the information in
this book are available from sources that disseminate knowledge about
food, supplements or laboratory tests to doctors and to the public. Good
breathing is more elusive.  Before I present it to you, I would like to
give you a broader context in which to think about rhythms. When it
comes to rhythms we are all the same.  Throughout the book I have
emphasized that individuality governs and complicates all our efforts to
find a healthy balance in our biochemistry.  The right dose of this or
that medication, supplement or food for one person is not the right dose
for another person.  One person's meat is another person's poison.  When
it comes to rhythms, however, we all dance to the beat of the cycles of
night and day which embrace the rhythms of sleeping, waking, eating and
excreting.  Bowel movements are also rhythmic, not only in the
peristaltic sense, but in the circadian sense.  They should be at least
daily just as the cycle of sleeping and waking should adhere to the
cycle of night and day.  When it comes to night and day, we are all the
same.  We may require different lengths of sleep, but we are all bound
by the rhythm of the same cycle, which rocks in the cradle of our
planet's rotation.  Unlike other creatures we can choose to depart from
the environmental schedule, but not without paying a certain price. Just
as we can hold the breath or control its rate for a while, we can decide

to stay up all night.  I did so many times as an intern and resident and
paid  information to promote harmony in our rhythms when we realize that
our respiratory rate is partly under our control.

Or, to put it another way, if we let ourselves relinquish control of our
breathing so that it joins the natural rhythms of the body, we will
enjoy a higher level of health.  Knowing about detoxification is not
beneficial without understanding that good breathing is one of the main
pivots on which health turns.  Details about much of the information in
this book are available from sources that disseminate knowledge about
food, supplements or laboratory tests to doctors and to the public. Good
breathing is more elusive.  Before I present it to you, I would like to
give you a broader context in which to think about rhythms. When it
comes to rhythms we are all the same.  Throughout the book I have
emphasized that individuality governs and complicates all our efforts to
find a healthy balance in our biochemistry.  The right dose of this or
that medication, supplement or food for one person is not the right dose
for another person.  One person's meat is another person's poison.  When
it comes to rhythms, however, we all dance to the beat of the cycles of
night and day which embrace the rhythms of sleeping, waking, eating and
excreting.  Bowel movements are also rhythmic, not only in the
peristaltic sense, but in the circadian sense.  They should be at least
daily just as the cycle of sleeping and waking should adhere to the
cycle of night and day.  When it comes to night and day, we are all the
same.  We may require different lengths of sleep, but we are all bound
by the rhythm of the same cycle, which rocks in the cradle of our
planet's rotation.  Unlike other creatures we can choose to depart from
the environmental schedule, but not without paying a certain price. Just
as we can hold the breath or control its rate for a while, we can decide

to stay up all night.  I did so many times as an intern and resident and
paid the price when I nodded off as the lights were dimmed for slides at
a conference the following day.  My body was obedient to the rule: sleep
in darkness and waken in daylight.  Many people get out of sorts when
doing regular night work even though they sleep in a dark room during
the day.  Body chemistry retains its link to the planet's activities and
does not adjust well to the simulation of light at night or darkness in
the day.  Shifting schedules are particularly difficult especially if
the shift changes occur at frequent intervals so that the individual's
body has insufficient time for even a partial adaptation.  The nuclear
power plant accident at Three Mile Island was at four o'clock in the
morning, the time of day when night workers are least alert.  In the
control room, where confusion turned an error into a disaster, the
workers on duty had just started a new rotation of their shifting work
schedule.  The utility's policy was to rotate shifts in the "wrong
direction," leaving workers particularly susceptible to fatigue and
mental confusion.  The difference between "right" and "wrong" direction
of work shifts is the same as for travelers, who can adjust more quickly
to jet lag when they fly across five time zones from New York to Hawaii
than they can when they travel eastward over five time zones to England.

A worker who is used to, or getting used to, working a 7 a.m.  to 3 p.m.

shift will have more difficulty adjusting to the earlier 11 p.m.  to 7
a.m.  shift than to the later 3 p.m.  to 11 p.m.  shift.  The length of
time that it takes to adjust in either case is greatly influenced by the
timing of meals, the carbohydrate versus protein composition of meals,
light exposure, social activity, and especially the timing intake of
caffeine.  The timing of such factors can be used to greatly reduce the
toxicity of jet lag and rotating shift work.  The effective use of such
timing to help in adjusting to the new beat is, in some instances,
counterintuitive and requires study.  For example, avoiding caffeine and
eating a high protein breakfast (fish, cheese, eggs, meat) and a high
carbohydrate dinner (pasta, bread, potatoes) favors adaptation to a new
time zone.  Nevertheless, most New Yorkers arriving in Paris after a
night on the plane consume a continental breakfast of bread and jam and
coffee and eat their protein in the evening.  The military requirement
to transport troops across great distances and arrive braced for battle
has led to a substantial body of research that can benefit all
travelers.  It is summarized in a very useful volume sold in most
airport book shops.  The problems of travelers and shift workers
illustrate the way that the most insistent of environmental rhythms, the
day/night cycle, is the "push" and we are the children on a swing.

Harmony exists when the timing of our swing is appropriate to the
inflexible push of the physical world in which we live.  Travelers as
well as infants who are adjusting to the cycles of light and dark in
their new environment outside the womb have obvious problems with their
circadian rhythms.  People with sleep disturbances may get help by
taking a cue from the remedies for jet lag: light during the day, dark
at night, protein in the morning, carbohydrate in the evening and
abstinence from caffeine except perhaps at "teatime" in the afternoon,
when it has a neutral influence, pushing the metabolic clock neither
forward nor backward.  These measures will help us stay tuned to the
environment's swing.  Now let us return to the other rhythm: breathing.

If you have trained your breath for singing or playing a wind instrument
or if you have practiced yoga, then you know how to breathe with your
diaphragm.  Babies do so naturally.  As people age they tend to change
their breathing habits.  The muscles of the upper chest lift the rib
cage to expand the lungs and the diaphragm becomes less involved in the
effort.  The muscles of the upper chest normally function to provide the
extra reserve of respiratory effort needed for exercise and they often
become engaged when we are under stress.  If, especially under stress,
we can learn to let our diaphragm do our breathing, then the body works
better.  For example, if I am in an awkward position at the top of a
ladder trying to drive a nail, I may find myself holding my breath as I
line things up and then hit my thumb with the hammer.  If I say to
myself, "Relax, take the tension out of your chest and let your
diaphragm do your breathing," the nail will probably go in with far less
chance of damage to the thumb, the nail or the wood.  Many people go
about their waking activities as if they are up a ladder driving nails.

Only when they sleep do they release their control over the rhythm of
breathing so that it becomes

regular and so that it can regain its natural integration with the
rhythm of the heart.  The diaphragm muscle is a thin sheet draped over
the top of the liver at the upper part of the abdomen.  It makes a
complete seal on all of its edges where it connects to the inside of the
abdominal and chest cavity and provides a closed space for the lungs.

When the diaphragm muscle contracts it flattens, its dome descends and
the lungs expand to take up the space left by the diaphragm's travel.

The downward movement of the center of the diape and they often become
engaged when we are under stress.  If, especially under stress, we can
learn to let our diaphragm do our breathing, then the body works better.
For example, if I am in an awkward position at the top of a ladder
trying to drive a nail, I may find myself holding my breath as I line
things up and then hit my thumb with the hammer.  If I say to myself,
"Relax, take the tension out of your chest and let your diaphragm do
your breathing," the nail will probably go in with far less chance of
damage to the thumb, the nail or the wood.  Many people go about their
waking activities as if they are up a ladder driving nails.

Only when they sleep do they release their control over the rhythm of
breathing so that it becomes

regular and so that it can regain its natural integration with the
rhythm of the heart.  The diaphragm muscle is a thin sheet draped over
the top of the liver at the upper part of the abdomen.  It makes a
complete seal on all of its edges where it connects to the inside of the
abdominal and chest cavity and provides a closed space for the lungs.

When the diaphragm muscle contracts it flattens, its dome descends and
the lungs expand to take up the space left by the diaphragm's travel.

The downward movement of the center of the diaphragm acts as a plunger
on the liver, stomach and intestines so that a deep diaphragmatic breath
pushes the stomach out.  Look in any magazine advertisement that
features pictures of people that everyone supposedly wants to look like.

Does any model have a stomach that sticks out?  No.  Everyone sticks the
chest out and holds in the stomach.  Chronic stress, modern ideals of
bodily attractiveness and ignorance about how to breathe properly all
contribute to people breathing in a way that borders on holding the
breath.  It affects the metabolism in that it prevents the normal escape
of carbon dioxide via the breath.  That effect is subtle compared to the
effect that chest breathing has on the integration of respiratory
rhythms with the heart.  The best way to address the problem is not with
a deliberate effort to time the breath, but with an effort to make a
habit of breathing with the diaphragm.  The diaphragm is connected to
centers in the brain that know about the heart rate.  The chest muscles
are not connected in this way.  With correct breathing, the diaphragm
will tend to establish a natural integration with the heart rate that is
characteristic of the fit subjects in Dr.  Hildebrandt's experiments. If
the diaphragm takes over the breathing process, then the efficiency of
all bodily activities will increase.  Breathing diaphragmatically when
performing any stressful activity, whether it is sitting for hours in
front of a computer or running a mile, will enhance your performance. I
first learned about breathing when I was in India and Nepal and got my
first lessons in Ayurvedic medicine.  The importance of diaphragmatic
breathing finally sunk in, however, when I made a brief effort at
playing the recorder.  My teacher asked me to lie on my back on the
floor and emit a long, slow note with my voice.  As I learned to keep my
chest out of the effort and allow my diaphragm

to descend to take in my breath, my note lasted longer and longer.  Soon
after I discovered that such lessons were not just for rank beginners
like myself.  A well-known clarinetist who has his own orchestra
explained that he continued to take lessons in breathing and had done so
under the guidance of a respiratory physiologist known as "Dr.  Breath."

In his book on the subject, Dr.  Breath reports the extraordinary
improvement in the performance of athletes such as the U.S.  track team
for the 1968 Olympic Games, whom he coached in diaphragmatic breathing
techniques.  The improved performance is, I am sure, due not only to
better oxygenation but to the harmony achieved when the diaphragm tunes
itself to heart rate and the other cadences of the body.

CHAPTER 17

Some Final Thoughts

MY MENTOR, Dr.  Shannon Brunjes, introduced me to one of the most
influential essays I have ever read, written by Dr.  F.  G.  Crookshank.

It appears as an appendix in Ogden and Richards's classic treatise on
language, The Meaning of Meaning.  When I first read it I was still a
regular attendee at such medical school teaching conferences as Grand
Rounds and Clinico-Pathological Conferences (CPC) which are well-known
to all who are familiar with medical education.  The phrase, "disease
entity," is uttered at these conferences with a regularity that becomes
distressing to anyone who has read Dr.  Crookshank's essay "The
Importance of a Theory of Signs and a Critique of Language in the Study
of Medicine." A physician who read the essay at the time of its
publication might be lost in the technology and pharmacology of today's
medicine and be amazed and pleased with the many changes that allow
physicians to save and prolong lives.  The same physician would also
probably be struck by our presently emerging capacity to study and make
use of our knowledge of the individual differences in patients.  I think
that he or she would be surprised, however, that the problems discussed
in Dr.  Crookshank's essay have only gotten worse.  Those problems have
to do with the way we speak about illness (e.g., "disease entity"), the
way we approach health problems and, according to Dr.  Crookshank, a
certain confusion about words, thoughts and things (or names, notions
and happenings).

For example, diabetes is a name.  The disease, diabetes, is a concept or
idea that we form about a group of people who are similar with respect
to difficulties in modulating their blood sugars.  It is not a thing or
a creature such as a rock, a bird, a building or a tree that has a
discrete physical existence that is subject to individual observation
and classification.  In the 19th century natural scientists made huge
strides in understanding the workings of the natural world by observing
and then arranging or classifying living things as well as natural
elements.  The triumph of the natural order of biology and its
classification led to an expectation that doctors could discover and
classify all of the diseases and thereby gain a complete understanding
of the nature of illness.  Moreover, the discovery and identification of
many germs as the cause of most acute illness gave realistic credence to
the notion that actual entities were involved.  In addition, most
illnesses at the time were acute illnesses, so the distinction between
the germ as a thing and the disease as an idea was, in a sense,
academic.  We regularly hear at Grand Rounds and CPCs, as well as in the
newspaper, that certain disease "entities" cause certain symptoms.

Giving a disease a name is not the problem.  Identifying the patient's
problem, even if only by naming it, rescues the patient from the lonely
fear that "no one knows what I have." The informal habit of referring to
depression as the cause of sadness, colitis as the cause of diarrhea or
arthritis as the cause of joint pain is not a bad one unless the speaker
really believes that naming the problem is as helpful as finding the
cause.  The real value of giving a name to a problem is the same as the
real value of the physician's first task: to do everything possible to
rule out the really bad things that can happen to people.  When a child
is told that dyslexia is the cause of his reading problem there is
reason to be relieved that it is not from some less manageable cause. On
the other hand, if the child could read he might understand that
dyslexia is just a Greek word that means difficulty reading.  If you
believe that this is just a question of semantics, then consider the
child who is hyperactive and cannot pay attention.  If he or she is
taken to a consultant who pronounces that the cause is attention deficit
disorder with hyperactivity with the International Classification of
Diseases code 314.01, it is easy to get

the impression that the child is the victim of an attack from a disease
entity.  Then thinking can stop and prescribing can start.  One does not
have to ask questions as to whether this particular child has special
unmet biochemical need or needs to avoid something to which he or she is
sensitive.  One can target the disease with the "treatment of choice"
and give the child the group treatment, in this case a drug.  It is not
so much the drug that I am opposed to as it is the way of thinking.  Nor
do I want to do away with the names we use to describe illnesses.  I
want to do away with the implication carried by the names that distracts
us from the very realistic possibility that a particular patient has
detectable imbalances that constitute a cause or significant
contributing factor to his or her problem.

The disease entity that has me most riled up lately is GERD.  I see
television ads in which a physician comes on to discuss heartburn and
related symptoms.  If you have these symptoms, says the doctor, you may
have GERD, which stands for gastro-esophageal reflux disease.  The name
is quite descriptive of the probable mechanism of heartburn.  It is
certainly better than the word heartburn, which suggests a cardiac
inferno.  If they want to change the name of heartburn to GERD, I'm all
for it.  What exasperates me, however, is that the intent of the ad is
to dignify the symptom as an entity, to cast the sufferer as a victim
and to promote a drug that quenches stomach acid as the rescuer.  The ad
does not say "If you have GERD you may have a food allergy, a
Helicobacter pylori or thrush infection and you should go to have these
factors checked out." The ad shows how naming a problem, however inane
the name might be, encourages the idea that "we know what you've got and
here is what you should take for it."

If you get the idea that I am sour about the way drugs are used in our
culture, you are right.  In medical school I was taught that real
doctors prescribe drugs and that any other approaches to illness except
surgery and maybe psychotherapy, are invalid.  The whole mentality about
what constitutes a "scientific study" is engendered by drug trials in
which two groups of people are treated for the same problem, but one
group gets a drug and the other gets a placebo.  There is no denying the
validity of such an approach.  It is, however, not the
be-all-and-end-all of science.  Biologists, physicists, chemists

and engineers manage to observe nature and make discoveries without
limiting themselves to double-blind placebo-controlled studies.

Crookshank provides the two keys to the medical profession's capacity to
participate in science with the same tools as other scientists.  One is
a general theory about how people get sick and the other is a language
that reflects the reality of the subject.  The theory, if you can call
it that, that has dominated medical science for 70 years is that people
get sick because they are the victims of disease entities.  A better
theory, in my opinion, is that people get sick because of a disruption
of the dynamic balance that exists between themselves and their
environment.  That theory works just as well to describe what happens
when you get chicken pox as it does when you have a more complex problem
in which many genetic, environmental and nutritional factors interact.

The medical language that was in place 70 years ago is the same as it is
now: disease-oriented.  If I am asked to name Seth's disease, I come up
far short of really describing it.  A better language is one in which
all the details of a person's problems are preserved so that their
individuality can be preserved.

The technology of computers can preserve a patient's individuality.  We
can make portraits of our patients' symptoms (what the pam sour about
the way drugs are used in our culture, you are right.  In medical school
I was taught that real doctors prescribe drugs and that any other
approaches to illness except surgery and maybe psychotherapy, are
invalid.  The whole mentality about what constitutes a "scientific
study" is engendered by drug trials in which two groups of people are
treated for the same problem, but one group gets a drug and the other
gets a placebo.  There is no denying the validity of such an approach.
It is, however, not the be-all-and-end-all of science.  Biologists,
physicists, chemists

and engineers manage to observe nature and make discoveries without
limiting themselves to double-blind placebo-controlled studies.

Crookshank provides the two keys to the medical profession's capacity to
participate in science with the same tools as other scientists.  One is
a general theory about how people get sick and the other is a language
that reflects the reality of the subject.  The theory, if you can call
it that, that has dominated medical science for 70 years is that people
get sick because they are the victims of disease entities.  A better
theory, in my opinion, is that people get sick because of a disruption
of the dynamic balance that exists between themselves and their
environment.  That theory works just as well to describe what happens
when you get chicken pox as it does when you have a more complex problem
in which many genetic, environmental and nutritional factors interact.

The medical language that was in place 70 years ago is the same as it is
now: disease-oriented.  If I am asked to name Seth's disease, I come up
far short of really describing it.  A better language is one in which
all the details of a person's problems are preserved so that their
individuality can be preserved.

The technology of computers can preserve a patient's individuality.  We
can make portraits of our patients' symptoms (what the patient reports),
signs (what the doctor observes) and laboratory report results in a way
that preserves individuality while keeping the names we use to describe
the main features of illnesses.  If we do that we have tools for
observing nature in ways not previously available.  Those ways depend on
the capacity of computers to make pictures out of data.  If the data is
detailed, accurate and structured, the pictures will reflect reality and
allow us to see patterns that are not visible to the naked eye.  The
computer can be a kind of macroscope for seeing large patterns just as
the microscope is an instrument for seeing things that are
infinitesimally small.

All that is needed is to put signs, symptoms and laboratory tests into a
format that computers can use.  Without a format that preserves the
meaning of the language we use to describe signs, symptoms and lab
tests, we end up with a chaos caused by synonyms.  For xample if a
patient tells me he or she is sad, has a headache, or a pain in the
abdomen, I may choose among many different words to

express or record these problems.  If the meaning of the words are
transformed by giving them dimension, we enrich the words or language we
use.  We don't need to stop using the words, we just need a better way
of keeping track of them, using a tool that will ultimately help us
preserve the individual portrait of a problem more effectively than
simply giving it a name.

Let me give you an example of what I mean by transforming the meaning of
a word as applied to words describing symptoms.  Symptoms take place in
the human body where we have a common understanding of certain locations
(head, chest, foot) where things can happen, certain body systems (skin,
digestive, respiratory) that are involved and certain kinds of
happenings or functions (pain, itching, increase or decrease in
function) that describe the sensations or changes that we all experience
when our bodies send us the messages we call symptoms.  My job as a
physician is to help my patients understand the meaning of various
symptoms.  Part of this job is the making of a record of the words my
patients use to describe how they feel.  It is easy enough to write down
headache, itchy palms, or depression and then add detail as to when the
symptom started, how long episodes last, how frequently the problem
recurs, how severe it is, and how it is affected by various aggravating
and alleviating factors.  Using a computer it is also easy enough to
record such symptoms so that the meaning of the word used to describe
the symptom is transformed into a format that specifies the symptom's
location, system and function.

Some years ago I began doing this on lined paper as I took histories
from my patients.  It was soon evident that a relatively small number of
specific locations, systems and functions could be combined to give the
meaning of a very large number of symptoms whose meaning would continue
to reside in the words used by patients as well as in a more formal
designation of the symptoms' "dimensions," their locations, systems and
functions.

Here is how I would transform itchy palms, headache and depression into
three dimensions describing location, system and function.  Itchy skin
is easy.  The two words embody two dimensions, reassuring us that this
new way of recording the meaning of what we are saying is not very
different from our natural way of speaking.

Some Final Thoughts

The third dimension, skin, is implied when we say itchy palms, but when
I transform the meaning from itchy palms to palms-skin-itching the
implied part becomes explicit.  Making it explicit is important because
it may be helpful to be able to retrieve from the computer all of the
information relative to skin.

Headache gets a little more complicated, but the two syllables of the
word arscribe the sensations or changes that we all experience when our
bodies send us the messages we call symptoms.  My job as a physician is
to help my patients understand the meaning of various symptoms.  Part of
this job is the making of a record of the words my patients use to
describe how they feel.  It is easy enough to write down headache, itchy
palms, or depression and then add detail as to when the symptom started,
how long episodes last, how frequently the problem recurs, how severe it
is, and how it is affected by various aggravating and alleviating
factors.  Using a computer it is also easy enough to record such
symptoms so that the meaning of the word used to describe the symptom is
transformed into a format that specifies the symptom's location, system
and function.

Some years ago I began doing this on lined paper as I took histories
from my patients.  It was soon evident that a relatively small number of
specific locations, systems and functions could be combined to give the
meaning of a very large number of symptoms whose meaning would continue
to reside in the words used by patients as well as in a more formal
designation of the symptoms' "dimensions," their locations, systems and
functions.

Here is how I would transform itchy palms, headache and depression into
three dimensions describing location, system and function.  Itchy skin
is easy.  The two words embody two dimensions, reassuring us that this
new way of recording the meaning of what we are saying is not very
different from our natural way of speaking.

Some Final Thoughts

The third dimension, skin, is implied when we say itchy palms, but when
I transform the meaning from itchy palms to palms-skin-itching the
implied part becomes explicit.  Making it explicit is important because
it may be helpful to be able to retrieve from the computer all of the
information relative to skin.

Headache gets a little more complicated, but the two syllables of the
word are easily mapped into two dimensions that can be put into rows and
columns: the location--head and the function--pain.  Headache has no
system because the word headache does not convey any information as to
whether it is related to the nervous system, the respiratory system
(sinuses) or the muscular system (tension headache).  Depression has to
do with the system emotion.  It has no location as such and its function
is "decreased" because it is a symptom that represents a lowering of
one's emotional state.  The functional dimension of anxiety is
"increased."

The portrait of a person complaining of itchy skin, headache and
depression would look like this if we included only those features. This
is not the sort of portrait that would be useful, but is only a cartoon
to show you the principles involved in getting the words we use to
describe symptoms into dimensions, which then can be put into rows and
columns in a computer where their position preserves the meaning of the
original symptom.

Itching Pain Decrease

Skin Itchy skin Emotion

No system Headache Depression

If we were to add several other functions, several more systems and all
the places in the body we would be able to have a framework for
preserving the individuality of the symptom pattern.  If we added all
laboratory results, also portrayed in rows and columns, the picture
would become not only a way of making the portrait but of visualizing
the ways it does or does not resemble others.

I have used such a system to record the symptoms of my pa

MUSCLE

BODY SYSTEMS

ITCH DECR

FUNCTIONS

ABN

PAIN

SKIN

FIGURE 1 Using the Computer to See Invisible Patterns in Groups of
Patients

tients and then made a picture using the computer to yield patterns that
I could not see with the naked eye.  I wanted to see the differences
between two groups of patients whom I knew differed with respect to the
results of a test for magnesium deficiency.  One group had a normal test
and the other group had an unusual result that no one knew how to
interpret.  When given magnesium by injection the second group "wasted"
it by excreting all that was given plus a substantial amount more.  This
way of handling magnesium does not make sense.  The test was performed
to see if a patient retains a lot of the magnesium, which indicates that
his body was deficient to begin with; if the magnesium is released, the
body is saying, "Thanks, but I don't need it." I was puzzled by the
magnesium wasters and I would have had no way of understanding this
phenomenon if I had only a diagnosis to go by.  My computer picture of
the two groups could be manipulated to show the number of symptoms in
the normal magnesium test group as compared with the magnesium wasters.

Figure 1

shows how it looked when I subtracted the symptoms in the normal group
from the symptoms in the waster group.  The figure shows a version of
the results that has been simplified by reducing the number of functions
and systems shown.  The bars that project below the plane of the diagram
indicate symptoms that are less frequent in the wasters than in the
patients with normal magnesium excretion.  The bars that project above
the plane show symptoms that are more frequent.  Right away you can see
that the magnesium wasters are individuals with significantly more
emotional symptoms, such as anxiety and depression, and far fewer
symptoms related to the skin and the digestive tract.  Making this
picture allowed me to see that the magnesium wasting group was real-not
a statistical fluke or collection of laboratory errors.  Being able to
see the reality of the situation was the first step in understanding its
meaning and knowing how to look for individuals with an unusual form of
magnesium deficiency.  This technology applies the concepts of
cyberhealth not only to individuals, but also to groups of patients,
while avoiding the use of diagnostic labels.  The more it appears that
two individuals can "have the same thing," such as depression, colitis
or arthritis from very different webs of interacting causes, the more
important it is to be able to describe people in greater detail and
individuality than is conveyed by diagnostic terms.  Until the advent of
computers, we did not have tools that could take us beyond the
diagnostic labels we use to describe patients.  Until the last 70 years,
when complex chronic illness has become more common than simple acute
illness in medical practice, we did not have such a great need for
penetrating the complexity of illness with tools for seeing its
invisibly large patterns.  The map in chapter 14 is a guide for
thoroughness that helps me answer the question Dr.  Millerf interacting
causes, the more important it is to be able to describe people in
greater detail and individuality than is conveyed by diagnostic terms.
Until the advent of computers, we did not have tools that could take us
beyond the diagnostic labels we use to describe patients.  Until the
last 70 years, when complex chronic illness has become more common than
simple acute illness in medical practice, we did not have such a great
need for penetrating the complexity of illness with tools for seeing its
invisibly large patterns.  The map in chapter 14 is a guide for
thoroughness that helps me answer the question Dr.  Miller asked me when
I worked with him in Kathmandu, "Sidney, have we done everything we can
for this patient?" If I can also maintain and use a portrait of my
patients' problems that is more detailed and accurate and structured
than an old-fashioned diagnostic label, I will be living up to the
maxims of Dr.  Crookshank as well as Dr.  Miller.

The outlook expressed in the previous few paragraphs looks farther to
the future than the rest of the book, which describes a way of thinking
about health and disease that is accessible to you now.  It goes beyond
the notion of making a diagnosis to considering the interaction between
your body and its environment as well as the interactions between the
many functions within your body.  It does not pinpoint one body system
to blame for your troubles.  To the extent that this way of thinking is
a guide to analyzing your problems it is a cybernetic approach to
analysis.  Maybe we could call it not psychoanalysis but ecoanalysis
because it is fundamentally an ecological concept.  If you take such an
approach to health and illness you should know that it comes with a
different kind of commitment--a commitment to change as compared with
the old model--taking a pill to suppress a symptom.

Cyberhealth is based on the premise that illness is the result of a
complex interaction of many factors that establish balance in the body.

Even when a particular factor is known to cause a chronic illness,
treatment should not stop at addressing that factor but should extend to
all reasonable ways of establishing balance within the patient.  The
examples I have given in this book may give the paradoxical impression
that there is usually a simple explanation for a person's problem and
that the map is meant as a guide to finding that one cause.

I have used examples of illnesses with single causes to clarify the
various possibilities that enrich the diagnostic process.  Most of the
time chronic illness has more than one contributing factor.  The most
important thing I have learned from being a doctor is that people who
become sick in complicated ways, including people who become sick with
potentially enduring or mortal problems, do best when they are able to
change.  I have participated in many discussions in which the question
of "compliance" is raised by physicians who are skeptical of the role of
diet, nutrition, exercise, meditation and other aspects of what has
become known as lifestyle.  "When people are sick," they say, "they have
a hard enough time taking their medicine.  All those other things just
use up their energies so that they are, if anything, less likely to be
compliant with appropriate medical treatments." It may be true that the
"average person"

just wants to take a pill and not be bothered by making changes.  If so,
this book is not for that person, unless it has not yet occurred to him
or her that change is a possibility to consider.

The changes I have in mind differ from person to person.  For some it
means a new job, for others a new spiritual orientation and for others a
change in their relationships with others.  For many it means a change
in their biochemistry, the subject I have addressed in this book.  Those
who can face choices without ambivalence do better than others.  Those
who do best are the ones who realize that they have been sitting on a
need to change something and who understand the basic message of this
book: illness is a signal to change.

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