Once there was only a great chaos, Hundun. There were two emperors: Hu, the Emperor of the Northern Sea, and Shu, the Emperor of the Southern Sea. When they found Hundun, he was an incomplete being, lacking the seven orifices necessary for sight, hearing, eating and speech, breathing, smell, reproduction, and elimination. So, zapping him with thunderbolts, they bored one of these orifices every day for seven days. Finally, Hundun died in the process. The names Hu and Shu combine to form the word Hushu, or Lightning. Thus, the work of creation began when lightning pierced chaos. Reference - a1
From the Hindu Scripture "Brahamanda Purana", A Hindu Creation Myth
Brahma has created and re-created the world many, many times. NO one knows how many worlds there have been before this one or how many will come after it. There are four ages or yugas that together make one kalpa or eon. At the end of each kalpa, the creation is destroyed and returned to its transition state as a watery chaos.
As Brahma meditated, beings were born from his mind. He assumed a body made of darkness and out of his rectum came a wind- thus were the demons born. Then Brahma discarded this body of darkness and the discarded body became night.
He then assumed a new body that was made mostly of goodness and light. Out of his mouth now came the shining gods or devas. He cast off this body, which became day. Even today, it is during the daytime that people visit the temples and worship the gods.
He took a third body that was all satva (goodness). Brahma happened to be thinking fond thoughts of fathers and sons, mothers and daughters, and thus the "ancestor spirits" were born. These spirits appear in the dusk and the dawn, where day and night meet.
Brahma then cast off his third body and assumed a fourth that was made of the energy that emitted from his mind. With these thoughts, human beings, the thinking creatures, were created. Then he discarded this body and it became the moon. To this day human beings love the moonlight for dancing, singing, and making love.
Brahma now had a rather strange thought as he assumed a fifth body made of both energy and darkness, which caused him to emit horrible creatures that wanted to devour the primordial sea of chaos; those were the ogres.
Brahma was so disturbed by this last creation that all the hairs on his head fell out. These hairs became all the creatures that crawl around on their bellies, the snakes and other reptiles. They recall their origins by hiding in swamps, brush piles, under rocks, and other dark places.
Brahma was still troubled about creating the ogres and, thinking dark thoughts, he created the horrible Gandharvas, or ghouls.
By this time Brahma had again regained his composure and began thinking pleasant thoughts. His mind went back to the peaceful and happy time of his youth. In this state of happiness, the birds were created. Now from the body of Brahma, much more sprang forth: mammals, plants, and other forms of life.
The qualities that all living things have today are the products of what Brahma's thoughts were when they were born, and these features remain constant as long as the present world lasts. Reference - a1 Back to Top
Creation myth of Iran (from Zoroastrianism)
Ormazd is the Wise Lord, the eternal and omniscient source of all that is good. His opposite and the enemy of all creation is Ahriman, the source of all suffering, sin, and death. Ormazd, being omniscient, knew of the existence of Ahriman before the creation of the world. Yet the evil one was then unaware of the Wise Lord; evil ones are basically ignorant.
Ormazd began his work of creation by casting some of his pure light into the vast abyss of the cosmos that separated him from Ahriman. Ahriman was so shocked that he declared war on creation at the first glimpse of this light. Ormazd told Ahriman that there was no need for conflict; if Ahriman would only bless the creation and leave it alone, all would be well. Like most evil ones, Ahriman is suspicious; he thought that the Wise Lord was negotiating out of weakness. Thus, Ahriman continued his war against creation.
At this time, Ormazd began to recite a sacred verse. Just one word of it so stunned Ahriman that he fell backward into hell, where he remained for three thousand years, allowing Ormazd to continue the act of creation unhindered - for a time.
Ormazd began by creating his Eternal Attendants, the Immortals, and the Amesha Spentas. They are the personifications of the principles of good at work in the world. They include Vohu Mana (good mind), Asha (truth), Sraosha (obedience), Armaiti (devotion), and the twins Haurvetat (integrity) and Ameritat (immortality). They are collectively called "the children of god".
Next, the Wise Lord created the beautiful worshipful ones, the Yazatas or angels. They serve Ormazd as messengers and warriors who defend all that is good. In times of danger and difficulty, the Yazatas are willing to help humankind when called upon. (After Ahriman was released from hell, he created a corresponding group of evil angels, inferior to the Yazatas. These demons exist for the sole purpose of making humans miserable.)
Ormazd is a spirit without a body. However, he has a male and female aspect. In creating our physical bodies, he is our father. In creating our spiritual being, he is our mother.
Ormazd created all living things and, since he is light, all creatures need light to survive. Ormazd's last creations were Gayomart, the first man, and his ox. As they came directly out of the hand of the Wise Lord, Gayomart shone like the sun, and the ox, like the moon. Gayomart and his ox lived in peace for thirty years, at the end of which time the evil one was released from hell. Ahriman immediately went to work creating demons, flies, germs, disease, vermin, and every other vile thing. Ahriman is sometimes called the "lord of flies" because they buzz around filth, manure, and decaying things.
One of Ahriman's wicked attendants, a demoness named Johi, volunteered to make Gayomart and his ox suffer and die. Johi is the personification of all feminine evil. She is the source of prostitution, vanity, gossip, nagging, and other forms of evil seen in women. Not that women per se are evil, as they are the creation of Ormazd and are even possibly morally better than men are.
Johi succeeded in making the ox sick and then turned her efforts to Gayomart. Since Gayomart had no sexual desire for her to prey on, he ignored her at first, which made her even more virulent. She then unleashed horrible diseases on the ox, which began to die. The Wise Lord gave the ox marijuana to chew, in order to ease its pain. Then the ox died.
Gayomart himself became mortally ill. When he died, his shining body decomposed, depositing gold and silver in the earth. From his sperm, a tiny plant with a male and a female shoot sprang form the ground and grew into a great tree that bore as its fruit the ten races of mankind. The tree separated, and the male part became a man named Mashya, and the female became his wife, Mashyane.
The Wise Lord loved Mashya and Mashyane, supplying them with every need without any work or effort. Ormazd spoke to them directly and told them the story of Gayomart, their father. They learned of Gayomart's faithfulness to the Wise Lord through many difficulties. Ahriman hated the two humans and sought to deceive them.
One day, the couple, hitherto unaware of evil, began saying to each other that it was Ahriman and not the Wise Lord who had created them. This was the first sin, a lie. And as it always is with lies, more were sure to follow. This first lie was the first of the many sins of mankind. At that instant Ormazd came to earth and told Mashya and Mashyane that they would have to henceforth work for a living. They would have to offer their praises and sacrifices only to the Wise Lord, or they would have no protection and be destroyed by Ahriman. He also instructed them how to have sexual intercourse in order to perpetuate their kind.
But Ahriman and Johi were determined to confound creation, and they took away the human couple's sexual desire for fifty years. When Mashya and Mashyne were able to produce children, the demons ate them. So the Wise Lord saved human kind by taking away a little of the sweetness of the children, and they became like the children of today.
Ormazd loves the human race and wants it to survive. He needs our help to defeat Ahriman. Likewise, without the help of the Wise Lord, Ahriman would destroy us. But the triumph of good is inevitable. Reference - a1 Back to Top
In the beginning was Chaos and darkness. Chaos was a great vast sea in which all elements were mixed together without form. Out of this sea rose Eurynome ("of a good name"), the Great Goddess of all things. She emerged from the waves naked and began to dance on the sea, as there was nothing firm for her to stand on. Suddenly, the south wind blew and spun her around.
It is said that the north wind has miraculous fertility powers and, when she spun around, Eurynome grasped at the north wind. The great serpent of the waters, Ophion, saw Eurynome dancing and was filled with desire. He made love to her immediately. She then assumed the form of a lovely bird and gave birth to the great universal egg. Ophion coiled his tail around this egg until it cracked, spilling out creatures all over the newly formed earth. Eurynome loved Ophion for a time and they went to live on Mount Olympus, home of the gods.
However, Ophion became obnoxious and tiresome, bragging how he had fathered all living things. Eurynome grew weary of him and "bruised his head with her heel" [compare this with the same phrase in the Genesis story of Creation]. He was then cast down to the dark regions of the earth. Reference - a1Back to Top
In the beginning the world was a watery, formless Chaos that was neither sea nor land, but a marshy waste. Above it, in the sky, Orisha Nla, called the Great God. Olorun called Orisha Nla into his presence and ordered him to make a world. It was time to make solid land and Orisha Nla was given a snail shell full of magic earth, a pigeon, and a five-toed hen to accomplish this assignment. Orisha Nla came down to the Chaos and set to work organizing it. He there the earth into a small patch. The pigeon and the hen began to scratch in the magic earth, and they scratched until land and sea were entirely separate.
When Orisha Nla returned to the Supreme Being to report on his work, a chameleon was sent with him to inspect the job. The chameleon reported good things and Olorun, satisfied with the good report, dispatched Orisha Nla to finish. The first place on earth was known as Ife, which means "wide" in the Yoruba language. Later, the word Ile meaning "house" was added. Today the city of Ife-Ile is the most sacred to the Yoruba people.
The making of the earth took 4 days. ON the fifth, Orisha Nla rested from his work. The Yoruba traditionally have a four-day workweek and rest on the fifth in memory of the creation.
Orisha Nla was sent back to earth to plant trees, including the first oil palm. Olorun made rain fall from heaven to water the seeds, which grew into a great forest.
In heaven, Olorun began to make the first people. They were fashioned from earth by Orisha Nla, but only Olorun, the Supreme Being, could give them life. Orisha Nla hid in Olorun's workshop to watch. However, Olorun knew that Orisha Nla was hiding there and put him into a deep sleep, and so only Olorun knows the secret of how to bring a body to life. To this day Orisha Nla, through the agency of parents, makes the body, but only the Supreme Being can give it life. Reference - a1 Back to Top
Mother Earth and the Creator (Madagascar )
The creator was watching his daughter, Mother Earth, making little dolls out of clay and he became interested. He spoke to his daughter about them and breathed life into them, creating living human beings.
As time passed, however, the humans multiplied and prospered. They gave thanks to Mother Earth but forgot all about the creator. He told his daughter that it was wrong for her to accept all of the sacrifices of the humans without sharing them. Thenceforth, he would take the souls of half the humans as tribute and leave the other half alive. The reason most of the souls he takes are from old people is that he is patient. As the creator gave humans their souls, that is all that he can take; Mother Earth made their bodies and that is the part of humans that goes to her at their death. Reference - a1 Back to Top
The Watery Abyss (Egypt)
Before the existence of the Great Ra, the sun god, was his father, the Watery Abyss. Ra emerged from the Watery Abyss and then all things came into being out of the words of his mouth. Fist, he blew out the first air (Shu), then he spat out first moisture (Tefnut). These became the gods of the air, Shu, who is life force, and his wife, Tefnut, the organizing world order. Also out of the air and moisture, Ra created the Eye of Ra, the goddess Hathor, in order to see what he was making. When he had his eye, Ra began to weep. Human beings were created from his tears.
Hathor, the Eye of Ra, was angered that she was not attached to his body. So Ra found a spot for her on his forehead. Then Ra created the serpents, and other creatures came from them. Reference - a1 Back to Top
In the beginning there was nothing but a vast oily sea of Chaos that contained a mix of all the elements. There were three spirits or "kami" in heaven who looked out over the sea and decided that a world ought to be created. The spirits produced many gods and goddesses, including Izanagi ("male who invites") and Izanami ("female who invites"). Izanagi was entrusted with a magic jeweled spear for this work.
Izanagi then asked Izanami what her body was like. She replied that it was very beautiful, but that there was a curious spot between her legs where the skin had not grown together. Izanagi found that interesting, as there was a place between his legs where the flesh protruded. They decided to join these parts together and when they did Izanami began to conceive many wonderful things.
The first thing they conceived was a disappointment - the leech. They placed it in a reed basket and cast it adrift. To this day, the leech still likes to live among the reeds. The Izanami gave birth to an island - the Foam Island, which was useless. But, with a little practice, the couple produced the islands of Japan, waterfalls, mountains, and other natural wonders. Then Izanami gave birth to the Fire Spirit, which burned her body very badly, causing her to become seriously ill. While she was ill, her vomit became the Metal Mountain prince and princess, the source of all mines. Her feces became the clay, and her urine, the Fresh Water Spirit.
But Izanami was dying. Izanagi wept bitter tears as she descended into the Land of Night. He begged her not to stay there, but she replied that she could not leave as she had eaten some of the food there. Izanagi then went into the Land of the Night to fetch his wife. But when he arrived, he was horrified - she had begun to decay. When Izanagi finally took a good look at her, he was so horrified that he began to run away. Izanami sent the Ugly Night Spirit to retrieve him.
Izanagi continued to run in terror and disgust, leaving the horrible Land of Night behind him. As he was running away, he cast down the comb from the right side of his hair, and the comb miraculously became grapevines. Then he cast down the comb from the left side of his hair, and it became bamboo shoots. When the Ugly Night Spirit stopped to eat the grapes and bamboo shoots, Izanagi was able to escape toward the upper world.
Izanami was now more determined than ever to get her husband back. She now sent eight hundred thunder-spirits and all the warriors of the Land of Night after him. But Izanagi outran them all. Out of breath, he stopped to rest beneath a peach tree at the border between the Land of Night and the upper world. When the forces sent by Izanami approached, Izanagi threw peaches at them. To his amazement, they ran in terror; to this day it is known that peaches dispel evil spirits.
Izanami was now furious. She called to her husband, "If you continue to flee, I will strangle one thousand of the people of earth every day." Izagani replied that if she did that, he would cause one thousand new people to be born every day. Thus, death entered the world but the human race still survives. Izanagi then took a great rock and sealed off the Land of Night. Izanami's spirit remains there, ruling over the dead.
Izanagi was tired after his flight from the terrible land and refreshed himself by bathing in a stream. He needed to wash away the defilement from the terrible land of the dead and refreshed himself by bathing in a stream and, as he did, gods and goddesses were produced. As he washed his left eye, Amaterasu Omikami, the sun-goddess and ancestress of the emperor, was born. As he washed his right eye, it became Tsukiyomi-no-Mikoto, the moon. When he washed his nose, Susano-O, the storm god was born. Reference - a1 Back to Top
In the beginning there was Apsu, the sky god, and Tiamat, the chaos goddess. From their union came all gods. These younger gods grew restless and chose Marduk as their champion. It is he who finished the work of creation by slaying Tiamat, his mother, and Kingu, her lover.
Then joined issue Tiamat and Marduk, wisest of gods
They strove in single combat, locked in battle.
The lord spread out his net to enfold her
The Evil Wind, which followed behind, he let loose in her face.
When Tiamat opened her mouth to consume him,
He drove in the Evil Wind that she close not her lips.
As the fierce winds charged her belly,
Her body was distended and her mouth was wide open.
He released the arrow, it tore her belly.
It cut through her insides, splitting her heart.
Having thus subdued her, he extinguished her life.
He cast down her carcass to stand upon it.
After he had slain Tiamat the leader,
Her band was shattered, her troupe broken up;
And the gods, her helpers who marched at her side,
Trembling with terror turned their backs about,
In order to save their lives.
Tightly encircled, they could not escape;
He made them captives and he smashed their weapons.
Thrown into the net, they found themselves ensnared;
Placed in cells, they were filled with wailing;
Bearing his wrath, they were held imprisoned.....
The lord trod on the legs of Tiamat,
With his unsparing mace he crushed her skull.
When the arteries of her blood he had severed,
The north wind bore it to places undisclosed.
They brought him gifts of homage, they to him.
Then the lord paused to view her dead body
That he might divide the monster and do artful works.
He split her like a shellfish into two parts:
Half of her he set up and ceiled as sky,
Pulled down the bar and posted guards,
He bade them to allow not her waters to escape.
...He constructed stations for the great gods,
Fixing their astral likenesses as constellations.
He determined the year by designating the zones:
He set up three constellations for each of the twelve months.
...When Murduk hears the words of the gods,
His heart prompts him to do artful works.
Opening his mouth, he addresses Ea, god of waters,
"Blood I will mass and cause bones to be.
I will establish a savage; "man" shall be his name;
Truly savage man I will create.
He shall be charged with the service of the gods
That they might be at ease!"
...It was Kingu, who contrived the uprising,
And made Tiamat rebel, and joined the battle.
They bound him [Kingu], holding him before Ea.
They imposed on him his guilt and severed his blood
Vessels.
Out of his blood they fashioned mankind.
He [Ea] imposed the service and let free the gods.
After Ea, the wise had created mankind,
Had imposed upon it the service of the gods.
The First Account of Creation (Genesis 1:1 - 2:3)
1.
(1) In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. (2) And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. (3) and God said, Let there be light; and there was light. (4) And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. (5) And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.
(6) and God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so. (10) And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and god saw that it was good. (11) And God said, Let the earth bring forth vegetation, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after its kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so. (12) And the earth brought forth vegetation, and herb yielding seed after its kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after its kind: and God saw that it was good. (13) And the evening and the morning were the third day.
(14) And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divided the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years; (15) And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so. (16) And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also. (17) and God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth, (18) And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good. (19) And the evening and the morning were the fourth day.
(20) And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven. (21) And God created great sea monsters, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after it's kind: and God saw that it was good. (22) And God blessed them, saying, be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth. (23) And the evening and the morning were the fifth day.
(24) And God said, Let the earth bring froth the living creature after its kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after its kind; and it was so. (25) And God made the beast of the earth after its kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after its kind: and God saw that it was good.
(26) And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. (27) So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.
(28) And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it; and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth. (29) And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for food. (30) And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for food; and it was so. (31) And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day.
2.
(1) Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the host of them. (2) and on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made. (3) And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it, because that in it he had rested from all his work which God created and made. Reference - a3Back to Top
The Second Account of Creation (Genesis 2:4 - 22)
2.
(4) These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created, in the day that the Lord God made the earth and the heavens, (5) And every plant of the field before it was in the earth, and every herb of the field before it grew; for the Lord God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was not a man to till the ground. (6) But there went a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground.
(7) And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. (8) And the Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed. (9) And out of the ground made the Lord God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food: the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil. (10) And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became four heads. (11) The name of the first is Pishon; that is it which compasseth the whole land of Hav'ilah, where there is gold; (12) And the gold of that land is good; there is bdellium and the onyx stone. (13) And the name of the second river is Gi'hon; the same is it that compasseth the whole land of Cush. (14) And the name of the third river is Hid'dekel; that is it which goeth toward the east of Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphra'tes.
(15) And the Lord god tood the man, and put him into the garden of eden to till it and to keep it. (16) And the Lord God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat; (17) But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it; for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die.
(18) And the Lord God said, It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help fit for him. (19) And out of the ground the Lord God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof. (20) And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help fit for him. (21) And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof. (22) And the rib, which the Lord God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man. Reference - a3 Back to Top
The Talmudic Creation Story
When god decided to create the world, the twenty-two letters of the [Hebrew] alphabet came into His divine presence; each one of them wanted to be the first letter of the first word spoken by God in the creation of the world. But it was the letter Beth that was chosen, as the first word out of the mouth of God was baruch, meaning, "blessed". It was with a blessing that God began his work.
On the first day, God made the heavens and earth, light and darkness, day and night. He took a stone and threw it into the great void, where it became the core of the earth. On the second day, God created the angels; on the third day he made the plants, including the giant cedars of Lebanon. That day he also created iron in the earth for axes to cut the cedars down, lest they grow too tall and arrogant. The Lord created Gan Eden, the Paradise where Adam and Eve would dwell, and which the righteous enjoy when they die. The fourth day, the sun, moon, and stars were created. On the fifth day, the sea creatures were made including Leviathan, as well as the birds, including the legendary Zinn.
It was on the sixth day that God created the beasts, including the giant Behemoth. It was also on the sixth day that God made human beings. God had discussed the creation of humans with the angels, who weren't too sure that it was a good idea. Some of the angels resented the idea that God would create another sentient being and they complained. God, tired of their impudence, pointed his finger at these angels and they were consumed by fire. God then ordered the angel Gabriel to go and bring soil from the four corners of the world, with which to make man.
When Gabriel began his task, he learned that the earth was reluctant to give up any soil for the creation of humans. The earth knew that mankind would someday ruin the earth and spoil it's beauty. Upon hearing this, God himself scooped up the earth and fashioned Adam, the first man.
When God created the body of man, He prepared to join it with the soul, which had been created on the first day. The angels were again concerned that another creature with a soul would exist. Among the most contentious of these angels was Samael [meaning "venom of god"], who was also called Satan. He told God: "You created us, the angels, from your Shekhinah ["Divine Presence"] and now you would place us over a lowly thing made of dirt? You would waste a soul on a piece of mud? You would create a thinking being out of dust?
God was tired of Samael's incessant complaining and his arrogance in questioning him. He then cast Samael and his followers out of heaven into hell.
Out of the dust of the ground gathered from the four corners of the earth, god fashioned Adam [Hebrew: adamah], and into his nostrils breathed the breath of life. Some say that this Adam was like a twenty-year-old man.
Other Rabbis say that Adam looked out over the many animals on earth and noticed that they were all male or female, yet he had no female. So God first created a woman named Lillith out of dust. But Lillith set herself over Adam and balked at the way that he wished to make love, with the man on top. "Why?" She scowled. "Who are you to lord over me? We are both made of dust!" In her arrogance she recited the sacred name of God and disappeared from sight.
After this miserable creature went to live among the demons, God felt sorry for Adam and decided to make him a good woman, Eve. Adam ruled over all the plants and male animals in the east and north of the Garden of Eden, while Eve ruled the female animals in the south and west. Adam and Eve went about naked, except for a band over their shoulders that was inscribed with the sacred name of God.
And Adam and Eve lived in perfect innocence at this time. But Samael and Lillith were busy plotting how to confound these good people. reference - a1Back to Top
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