8.2 Cartridge-Based Removable Hard Disk Drives

Cartridge-based removable hard disk drives such as the Iomega Jaz Drive, the Iomega Peerless, and the Castlewood ORB Drive are an odd product category. They provide the capacity and performance of an older-generation hard disk, but in removable form. The availability of cheap, huge, fast hard disks and such technologies as CD writers and DVD writers has made cartridge-based removable hard drives a niche product. Cartridge-based drives still find limited use for such tasks as transferring large image files and other pre-press materials to service bureaus, booting a computer to multiple operating systems, and making instantly accessible (and bootable) backups. Although cartridge-based drives remain useful for such specialized purposes, most people are better served by standard hard drives—in either internal or frame/carrier-based removable form—and by such writable technologies as CD-RW and tape.

Numerous companies, such as SyQuest, have entered and then departed this market. That makes the ongoing availability of media a concern, because it is always proprietary. The three remaining mainstream products in this niche are the Iomega Jaz, the Iomega Peerless, and the Castlewood ORB, which are described in the following sections.

8.2.1 Iomega Jaz Drive

The recently discontinued Iomega Jaz Drive is a cartridge-based removable hard disk drive. When it was introduced several years ago, the Jaz Drive was quickly adopted by pre-press graphics houses, service bureaus, and other organizations that needed to transfer large amounts of data conveniently. Iomega originally produced a 1 GB Jaz Drive, which was discontinued, and until recently produced 2 GB Jaz Drives in internal and external models, which remain on the market. The Jaz Drive is available only in SCSI, although Iomega produced USB and FireWire adapters that allow the external SCSI model to be used on desktop and notebook systems that do not have SCSI adapters installed.

Jaz Drive cartridges are usable only in Jaz Drives. Jaz 1 GB Drives accept only 1 GB cartridges. Jaz 2 GB Drives accept either 1 GB or 2 GB cartridges. The very high cost of Jaz cartridges—$90 or so for a 2 GB disk—is the major reason that Jaz Drives are seldom used nowadays except for transferring graphics files to and from pre-press graphics houses, which are the sole remaining Jaz strongholds. Even there, however, alternative technologies like the Castlewood ORB Drive, CD and DVD recorders, and DDS tape are beginning to make inroads. We do not recommend purchasing a Jaz Drive unless you absolutely require Jaz compatibility for such purposes.

8.2.2 Iomega Peerless

The Iomega Peerless is a cartridge-based removable hard disk drive system. Iomega positions the Peerless as the follow-on to the Jaz Drive, although the Jaz Drive and disks will likely remain available for some time to come. The Peerless system comprises three pieces: the base station, which is the docking station; an interface module that connects to the base station; and the removable disk itself, which is available in 10 GB and 20 GB versions. You can purchase these components as a package, or any one component separately.

The base station accepts any Peerless interface module. Interface modules are currently available for USB 1.1, which provides unacceptably slow performance, and FireWire. Iomega plans to introduce USB 2.0 and SCSI interface modules, although those were not available as of June 2002. In theory, this modular approach has a couple of advantages, including "future-proofing" the drive and reducing cartridge cost by locating the drive electronics in the base station rather than duplicating them with each disk.

In reality, we think the design of the Peerless system is ill-considered, poorly implemented, and much too expensive. Having three separate components makes the Peerless awkward to move from system to system, and the need to duplicate both the base station and interface module makes the Peerless system very expensive if you want to equip two PCs such that only the disk need be moved between them. Products like the LaCie 10 GB PocketDrive combine the base station and both USB and FireWire interfaces into one component, and sell for less than the Peerless system. Also, Peerless disks are quite expensive compared to standard hard drives.

We suspect that Iomega designed the Peerless system in the hope that it would replace the aging Jaz Drive as a de facto standard. As with most recent Iomega products, though, we think the Peerless system is a case of too little, too late, and much too expensive. The Peerless is not backward compatible with the Jaz Drive, which eliminates as a factor the Jaz installed base in niche markets such as pre-press graphics. Lacking any compatibility advantages, the Peerless will have to win or lose on its own merits. We think the Peerless will lose, and suggest you avoid it.

8.2.3 Castlewood ORB Drive

Like the Iomega products, the Castlewood ORB Drive, shown in Figure 8-1, is a cartridge-based removable hard disk drive, which is available in 2.2 GB and 5.7 GB variants. Although both versions are currently sold, the ORB 5.7 will eventually replace the ORB 2.2. Unlike the Iomega Peerless, which is incompatible with the Iomega Jaz, the ORB 5.7 can read (although not write) ORB 2.2 cartridges.

Figure 8-1. An external UltraSCSI Castlewood ORB 2.2 drive and cartridge

The ORB 2.2 is superior to the Jaz Drive in most important respects—drive cost, media cost, disk capacity, performance, and choice of interfaces. In particular, the low cost of ORB disks—$25 or so for a 2.2 GB ORB disk versus $90 or so for a 2 GB Jaz disk—has allowed ORB Drive market share to skyrocket at the expense of the Jaz Drive. The ORB disk is about the size of a thick 3.5" floppy disk. It appears similar to the Jaz disk, but can be used only in ORB drives. Similarly, the ORB 5.7 is superior to the Peerless in most respects other than capacity. The ORB 5.7 costs less, uses less expensive media (both per cartridge and per GB), and uses a standard IDE interface rather than the slow USB 1.1 or the uncommon FireWire interface.

In our experience and that of many of our readers, the ORB 2.2 seems more reliable than the Jaz, both in terms of drive reliability and media reliability, and less likely to cause system conflicts. Early production runs of ORB 2.2 drives and cartridges had some problems that gave the ORB Drive a bit of a bad reputation. Castlewood addressed those problems, and current production runs of both drives and cartridges seem to be as reliable as it's possible for a cartridge-based removable hard disk drive to be, which is to say reasonably good but not up to the standard of traditional hard disk drives. We do not yet have sufficient experience with the Peerless or the ORB 5.7 to judge reliability.

Although, like all cartridge-based removable hard disk drives, the Castlewood ORB 2.2 Drive is a niche product, it is well suited to some applications. The primary strength of the ORB is the low cost of both the drive itself and the disks it uses. The ORB Drive costs about the same as a CD writer and little more than a Zip250 Drive. At $22 or so, an ORB disk costs only a few dollars more than a Zip250 disk, and provides nearly ten times the storage space and significantly faster performance.

Measured against a hard drive, the ORB 2.2 Drive comes up short in performance, capacity, and cost per megabyte stored. Measured against the Zip250 Drive, though, the ORB suddenly starts to look a lot better. We consider the ORB 2.2 Drive a good fit for the following applications:

Extending the storage capacity of an older laptop system with an external ORB Drive

The ORB Drive is available in SCSI, parallel port, and USB interfaces, so it can be used with nearly any portable system. If you have the choice, go with SCSI, which offers much higher performance than either parallel port or USB.

Sharing data between desktop and portable computers

Even if both systems are connected to a network, it's faster simply to transfer an ORB disk between systems than to synchronize a lot of data across the network. Many people install internal IDE or SCSI ORB Drives in their desktop systems and carry external SCSI, parallel port, or USB ORB Drives with their laptops. The external drives are small and light enough to make this practical. For that matter, one external drive can be shared between two systems if each has the appropriate interface. Note that the parallel port and USB ORB Drives are very slow, but that's the fault of the interface rather than the drive. If you have a choice, go with SCSI for this application.

Distributing large amounts of data within an organization

We say within an organization because, although ORB Drives are reasonably popular, they are still niche products, and someone outside your organization is unlikely to have an ORB Drive other than by sheer coincidence. If you need to transfer more data than a CD-R disc can hold, the ORB is a reasonable choice. Actually, in that situation we'd seriously consider using DVD writers, but there's no question that the ORB Drive is a cheaper, easier option to implement.

Backing up, if your needs are modest

If you can do a full backup on a 2.2 GB disk, the ORB Drive may be the most economical method. CD writers are about the same price as ORB Drives, and CD-RW discs are a tenth the price of ORB disks, but sometimes a writable CD simply isn't big enough. If CDs are just a bit too small and tape is beyond your budget, consider using an ORB drive.

Although the ORB 5.7 Drive has higher capacity and performance than the ORB 2.2, it is less flexible, both because it cannot write disks that can be read by older ORB 2.2 Drives and because it is available only in an internal IDE version. Also, as of June 2002, ORB 5.7 Drives cost about twice what ORB 2.2 Drives do. The only real application we can see for the ORB 5.7 Drive is a situation where an IDE internal drive is acceptable and 2.2 GB disks are too small.

The only real downside of ORB Drives is that many pre-press graphics houses do not yet support them, instead preferring the Iomega Jaz. If you're in that situation, you'll need at least one Jaz Drive, but otherwise we recommend the ORB Drive.

8.2.4 Comparing Iomega and Castlewood Drives

Table 8-1 compares the important characteristics of the Jaz and ORB Drives. The prices listed are in US$ as of June 2002.

Table 8-1. Key characteristics of cartridge-based removable drives

	Jaz	ORB 5.7	ORB 2.2
Interface	UltraSCSI	UDMA	E-IDE	UW-SCSI	UltraSCSI	USB
Connector type	HD-50	IDE	IDE	HD-68	HD-50	USB
Nominal capacity (MB)	2,002	5,700	2,200	2,200	2,200	2,200
Internal/External	/	/	/	/	/	/
Rotation rate (RPM)	5,394	5,400	5,400	5,400	5,400	5,400
Average read access time (ms)	15.5	16.5	16.5	16.5	16.5	16.5
Average write access time (ms)	17.5	17.5	17.5	17.5	17.5	17.5
Min sustained transfer (MB/s)	4.9	6.8	6.8	6.8	6.8	[1]
Max sustained transfer (MB/s)	8.7	17.35	12.2	12.2	12.2	1.0
Burst transfer rate (MB/s)	20	66	16.6	40	20	[1]
Average spin-up time (sec)	10	25	20	20	20	6
Average spin-down time (sec)	10	8	10	10	10	6
Full format time (min)	20	25	9	9	9	11
Quick format time (sec)	10	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	5
MTBF (hours)	250,000	300,000	300,000	300,000	300,000	300,000
Service life (years)	not given	5	5	5	5	5
Bit error rate (1 in ...)	1013	1013	1012	1012	1012	1012
Estimated disk shelf life (years)	10	20	20	20	20	20
Drive warranty (years)	1	1	1	1	1	1
Media warranty (years)	5	1	1	1	1	1
Typical bare drive cost	$ 325	$ 270	$ 135	$ 150	$ 160	$ 180
Media cost (per cartridge)	$ 90	$ 40	$ 25	$ 25	$ 25	$ 25
Media cost (per gigabyte)	~ $ 45	~ $ 7	~ $ 11	~ $ 11	~ $ 11	~ $ 11

^[1] With regard to data transfer rates for the USB interface, Castlewood specifies that the transfer rate is limited to 1 MB/s by the USB interface, and further notes that "ORB USB drive is designed to transfer data at the maximum rate of your system's USB interface. Actual transfer rate is dependent upon the type and number of devices connected to the same USB port." In practical terms, we suggest you expect transfer rates no higher than 750 KB/s.

The Castlewood ORB 2.2 Drive has the advantages of higher performance, availability for more interfaces (although USB and FireWire adapters are available for the Jaz), much lower drive cost, and media cost less than a third that of the Jaz Drive. Interestingly, since the preceding edition Castlewood has reduced the warranty on media from lifetime to one year. The Iomega Jaz Drive has the advantages of marginally faster average read access time, a better bit error rate, and the fact that it is more commonly used by service bureaus and other organizations to whom you may need to transfer data. The ORB 5.7 has the additional advantages of larger capacity than the ORB 2.2 Drive and somewhat higher performance.

8.2.5 Dealing with Orphaned Drives

Even the best-selling cartridge-based removable hard drives have always been at best a niche item. Some manufacturers have used the King Gillette model—giving away the razor and selling the blades—and so have sold their drives for less than what it costs to make them, expecting to make large profits by selling high-margin proprietary disks. Unfortunately, it often hasn't worked out that way, as many manufacturers apparently greatly overestimated the number of cartridges that people would buy.

The predictable result has been bankrupt manufacturers and orphaned drives, such as the 230 MB EzFlyer, the 1 GB SparQ, and the 1.5 GB SyJet (all from SyQuest), and the 250 MB Avatar Shark. Although support, maintenance services, and media are still available for some orphaned drives, either from the original manufacturer or from a third party, these drives and disks are on their way out, and it's foolish to depend on them, let alone throw good money after bad. If you have an orphaned drive, we recommend taking the following steps.

• Transfer all data from the orphaned drive to hard disk, CD-RW, tape, or a similar standard technology while you can still do so. Neither your drive nor your disks will last forever. Your data is rotting as you read these words.

• If you have valuable data on disks you cannot read because your drive has failed, search the Web for data recovery services that can read the type of disk you use. There are many such services, and most of them are reasonably priced. Or at least they're reasonably priced if the drive is the problem and the disks themselves are readable. For disks with read errors, expect to pay a high price to have that data recovered, if indeed it is recoverable. Alternatively, search online auction services to locate a functional drive that will read your disks. If you have many disks to transfer or if you're concerned about security, buying a working used drive is definitely the less expensive way to go.

• Once you have good copies of all your data (or all that can be recovered), stop using the orphaned drive. Do a full format of all your disks, and put the drive and disks up for sale on one of the online auction sites. Not only can you recover some of your investment, but you may be doing a favor for someone who's searching desperately for a way to read his own disks. If you're concerned about someone recovering your data from the disks you formatted, use any of the "secure erase" utilities you can find on the Internet to overwrite your data such that it cannot be recovered.

• If you simply must be able to read orphaned disks of a particular type on an ongoing basis, stock up on spare drives that will read those disks. For example, we know of one service company that told all its clients to buy SyQuest SparQ drives. That company frequently exchanges data with its clients on SyQuest SparQ cartridges, and so has bought several used SparQ drives to guard against drive failure. Recognize, however, that those with whom you are exchanging data are also subject to drive and disk failures. Encourage them to upgrade to something sustainable and standardized, such as CD-RW or DDS tape.

Also recognize that today's hot new technology may be tomorrow's orphaned product. For example, we were greatly enamored of the OnStream series of inexpensive tape drives, which combined high capacity, excellent performance, and reasonably high quality. But in spring 2001 OnStream closed its doors, orphaning its drives and stranding its users. Fortunately, as we write this in June 2002, it appears that OnStream's parent company has re-entered the market with compatible new drives and tapes, so all may not be lost. However, there's a lesson to be learned here. Be very careful about adopting single-source technology. At the very least, you want media to be available from multiple sources, and it's better if the drives are second-sourced as well. Although your CD writer or DDS tape drive may be orphaned, it will almost certainly remain usable—although not necessarily repairable—and you will never have a problem buying media for it. The same may not be true of proprietary products.