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12.1 Using the operator KeywordIn C#, operators are static methods. The return value of an operator represents the result of an operation. The operator's parameters are the operands. Thus, to create an addition operator for a Fraction class, you use the C# syntax of combining the operator keyword with the plus sign (+) operator to create a static method, operator+. In this example, the overloaded addition operator (the operator+ method) takes two Fraction objects (the fractions you want to add) as parameters and returns another Fraction object representing the sum of the two parameters. Here is its signature: public static Fraction operator+(Fraction lhs, Fraction rhs) And here's what you can do with it. Assume, for instance, you've defined two fractions representing the portion of a pie you've eaten for breakfast and lunch, respectively. (You love pie.) Fraction pieIAteForBreakfast = new Fraction(1,2); // 1/2 of a pie Fraction pieIAteForLunch = new Fraction(1,3); // 1/3 of a pie The overloaded operator+ allows you to figure out how much pie you've eaten in total. You can write: Fraction totalPigOut = pieIAteForBreakfast + pieIAteForLunch; The compiler takes the first operand (pieIAteForBreakfast) and passes it to operator+ as the parameter lhs; it passes the second operand (pieIAteForLunch) as rhs. These two Fractions are then added, and the result is returned and assigned to the Fraction object named totalPigOut. To see how this works, you'll create a Fraction class, as described previously. The complete listing is shown in Example 12-1, followed by a detailed analysis. Example 12-1. Implementing operator+ for Fractionusing System;
public class Fraction
{
private int numerator;
private int denominator;
// create a fraction by passing in the numerator
// and denominator
public Fraction(int numerator, int denominator)
{
this.numerator=numerator;
this.denominator=denominator;
}
// overloaded operator + takes two fractions
// and returns their sum
public static Fraction operator+(Fraction lhs, Fraction rhs)
{
// like fractions (shared denominator) can be added
// by adding their numerators
if (lhs.denominator == rhs.denominator)
{
return new Fraction(lhs.numerator+rhs.numerator,
lhs.denominator);
}
// simplistic solution for unlike fractions
// 1/2 + 3/4 == (1*4) + (3*2) / (2*4) == 10/8
// this method does not reduce.
int firstProduct = lhs.numerator * rhs.denominator;
int secondProduct = rhs.numerator * lhs.denominator;
return new Fraction(
firstProduct + secondProduct,
lhs.denominator * rhs.denominator
);
}
// return a string representation of the fraction
public override string ToString()
{
String s = numerator.ToString() + "/" +
denominator.ToString();
return s;
}
}
public class Tester
{
public void Run()
{
Fraction f1 = new Fraction(3,4);
Console.WriteLine("f1: {0}", f1.ToString());
Fraction f2 = new Fraction(2,4);
Console.WriteLine("f2: {0}", f2.ToString());
Fraction f3 = f1 + f2;
Console.WriteLine("f1 + f2 = f3: {0}", f3.ToString());
}
static void Main()
{
Tester t = new Tester();
t.Run();
}
}
Output:
f1: 3/4
f2: 2/4
f1 + f2 = f3: 5/4
In Example 12-1, you start by creating a Fraction class. The private member data is the numerator and denominator, stored as integers: public class Fraction
{
private int numerator;
private int denominator;
The constructor just initializes these values. The overloaded addition operator takes two Fraction objects: public static Fraction operator+(Fraction lhs, Fraction rhs)
{
If the denominators for the fractions are the same, you add the numerators and return a new Fraction object created by passing in the sum of the numerators as the new numerator and the shared denominator as the new denominator: if (lhs.denominator == rhs.denominator)
{
return new Fraction(lhs.numerator+rhs.numerator,
lhs.denominator);
}
The Fraction objects f1 and f2 are passed in to the overloaded addition operator as lhs and rhs, respectively. The new Fraction is created on the heap and returned to the calling method, Run(), where it is assigned to f3. Fraction f3 = f1 + f2;
Console.WriteLine("f1 + f2 = f3: {0}", f3.ToString());
Back in the implementation of the operator, if the denominators are different, you cross multiply before adding. This allows you to add like Fractions. int firstProduct = lhs.numerator * rhs.denominator;
int secondProduct = rhs.numerator * lhs.denominator;
return new Fraction(
firstProduct + secondProduct,
lhs.denominator * rhs.denominator
);
The two local variables, firstProduct and secondProduct, are temporary; they are destroyed when the method returns. The new Fraction created, however, is not temporary; it is created on the heap, and a reference is returned as previously.
The Fraction class overrides the ToString() method (inherited from Object) to allow you to display the fractions by passing them to Console.WriteLine(). (For more information about overloading methods, see Chapter 9.)
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