Online Etymology Dictionary

resident (adj.): late 14c., "dwelling, residing," from Old French resident and directly from Latin residentem (nominative residens), present participle of residere "to sit down, settle" (see reside).
residential (adj.): 1650s, "serving as a residence," from resident (n.) + -ial. Meaning "having to do with housing" is from 1856.
residual (adj.): 1560s, from residue + -al (1), or from French résiduel, from Latin residuum.
residual (n.): 1550s, in mathematics, from residual (adj.) or from residue + -al (2). Residuals "royalties" attested by 1960.
residue (n.): mid-14c., from Old French residu (14c.), from Latin residuum "a remainder, that which is left behind," noun use of neuter of adjective residuus "remaining, left over," from residere "remain behind" (see reside).
resign (v.): late 14c., "give up, surrender, abandon, submit; relinquish," from Old French resigner "renounce, relinquish" (13c.), from Latin resignare "to check off, annul, cancel, give back, give up," from re- "opposite" (see re-) + signare "to make an entry in an account book," literally "to mark" (see sign (v.)).

The sense is of making an entry (signum) "opposite" -- on the credit side -- balancing the former mark and thus canceling the claim it represents. The specific meaning of "give up a position" is first recorded late 14c. Sense of "to give (oneself) up to some emotion or situation" is from 1718. Related: Resigned; resigning.
resignation (n.): late 14c., "act of resigning" (an office, etc.), from Old French resignation (14c.) and directly from Medieval Latin resignationem (nominative resignatio), noun of action from past participle stem of Latin resignare (see resign). Meaning "submission, acquiescence" is from 1640s.
resigned (adj.): "submissive, full of resignation," 1690s, past participle adjective from resign (v.). Related: Resignedly.
resile (v.): 1520s, "draw back," from obsolete French resiler "withdraw from an agreement," or directly from Latin resilire "to jump back" (see resilience). Meaning "spring back, start back, recoil" (of material things) from 1708. Related: Resiled; resiling.
resilience (n.): 1620s, "act of rebounding," from Latin resiliens, present participle of resilire "to rebound, recoil," from re- "back" (see re-) + salire "to jump, leap" (see salient (adj.)). Compare result (v.). Meaning "elasticity" is from 1824.
resiliency (n.): 1660s, "tendency to rebound;" see resilience + -cy. Meaning "power of recovery" is from 1857.
resilient (adj.): 1640s, "springing back," from Latin resilientem "inclined to leap or spring back," present participle of resilire (see resilience). Figuratively, of persons, from 1830. Related: Resiliently.
resin (n.): late 14c., from Old French resine "gum, resin," and directly from Latin resina "resin," from Greek rhetine "resin of the pine," of unknown origin.
resinate (v.): "impregnate with resin," 1891, from resin + -ate (2). Related: Resinated; resinating.
resinous (adj.): 1640s, from Latin resinosus, from resina (see resin).
resist (v.): late 14c., from Old French resister "hold out against" (14c.), from Latin resistere "to make a stand against, oppose; to stand back; withstand," from re- "against" (see re-) + sistere "take a stand, stand firm" (see assist). Related: Resisted; resisting.
resistance (n.): mid-14c., from Old French resistance, earlier resistence, from Late Latin resistentia, from present participle stem of Latin resistere "make a stand against, oppose" (see resist). Meaning "organized covert opposition to an occupying or ruling power" [OED] is from 1939. Electromagnetic sense is from 1860. Path of least resistance is from 1825, originally a term in science and engineering.
resistant (adj.): c. 1600, from French résistant, present participle of résister (see resist). In reference to diseases or drugs from 1897.
resistible (adj.): 1640s, from resist (v.) + -ible. Alternative resistable attested from c. 1600.
resistor (n.): late 14c., "one who resists;" 1580s, "that which resists;" agent noun in Latin form from resist. Specifically in electricity from 1905; resister was used in this sense from 1759.
resoluble (adj.): c. 1600, from Late Latin resulubilis, from re-, (see re-) + solubilis (see soluble).
resolute (adj.): early 15c., "dissolved, of loose structure," also "morally lax," from Latin resolutus, past participle of resolvere "untie, unfasten, loose, loosen" (see resolution). Meaning "determined, decided, absolute, final" is from c. 1500, especially in resolute answer, a phrase "common in 16th c." [OED]. From 1530s of persons. The notion is of "breaking (something) into parts" as the way to arrive at the truth of it and thus make the final determination (compare resolution). Related: Resolutely; resoluteness.
resolution (n.): late 14c., "a breaking into parts," from Old French resolution (14c.) or directly from Latin resolutionem (nominative resolutio) "process of reducing things into simpler forms," from past participle stem of resolvere "loosen" (see resolve). Sense of "a solving" (as of mathematical problems) first recorded 1540s, as is that of "power of holding firmly" (compare resolute). Sense of "decision or expression of a meeting" is from c. 1600. Meaning "effect of an optical instrument" is from 1860. New Year's resolution in reference to a specific intention to better oneself is from at least the 1780s, and through 19c. they generally were of a pious nature.
resolvable (adj.): 1640s, from resolve (v.) + -able.
resolve (v.): late 14c., "melt, dissolve, reduce to liquid;" intransitive sense from c. 1400; from Old French resolver or directly from Latin resolvere "to loosen, loose, unyoke, undo; explain; relax; set free; make void, dispel," from re-, perhaps intensive, or "back" (see re-), + solvere "loosen" (see solve). Early 15c. as "separate into components," hence the use in optics (1785). Meaning "determine, decide upon" is from 1520s, hence "pass a resolution" (1580s). For sense evolution, compare resolute (adj.). Related: Resolved; resolving.
resolve (n.): "determination, firmness or fixedness of purpose; a determination," 1590s, from resolve (v.).
resolved (adj.): "determined," 1520s, past participle adjective from resolve (v.). Related: Resolvedly.
resonance (n.): mid-15c., in acoustics, "prolongation of sound by reverberation;" 1660s, "act of resonating;" from Middle French resonance (15c.), from Latin resonantia "echo," from resonare "to sound again" (see resound). Earlier in same sense was resonation (early 15c.).
resonant (adj.): 1590s, from Latin resonantem (nominative resonans), present participle of resonare (see resonance).
resonate (v.): 1873, from Latin resonatus, past participle of resonare "to sound again" (see resonance). Literal at first; figurative sense, of feelings, emotions, etc., by 1978. Related: Resonated; resonating.
resonator (n.): instrument or chamber formed to respond to a single tone, 1869, agent noun in Latin form from resonate (v.).
resorb (v.): 1630s, from French résorber or directly from Latin resorbere "to suck back," from re- "back, again" (see re-) + sorbere "to suck" (see absorb). Related: Resorbed; resorbing.
resorption (n.): 1670s, noun of action from resorb.
resort (n.): late 14c., "that to which one has recourse for aid or assistance," from Old French resort "resource, a help, an aid, a remedy," back-formation from resortir "to resort," literally "to go out again," from re- "again" (see re-) + sortir "go out" (see sortie). Meaning "place people go for recreation" is first recorded 1754. Phrase in the last resort (1670s) translates French en dernier ressort, originally of legal appeals.
resort (v.): c. 1400, "issue; come out again;" mid-15c., "to go to (someone) for aid," from Old French resortir, from resort (see resort (n.)). Related: Resorted; resorting.
resound (v.): late 14c., resownen, from Old French resoner "reverberate" (12c., Modern French résonner), from Latin resonare "sound again, resound, echo," from re- "back, again" (see re-) + sonare "to sound" (see sonata). Spelling influenced from mid-15c. by sound (v.). Related: Resounded; resounding.
resounding (adj.): late 14c., present participle adjective from resound (v.). Figurative use from 1630s. Related: Resoundingly.
resource (n.): 1610s, "means of supplying a want or deficiency," from French resourse "a source, spring," noun use of fem. past participle of Old French resourdre "to rally, raise again," from Latin resurgere "rise again" (see resurgent). Resources "a country's wealth" first recorded 1779.
resource (v.): 1975, from resource (n.). Related: Resourced; resourcing.
resourceful (adj.): 1807, from resource + -ful. Related: Resourcefully; resourcefulness.
respect (n.): late 14c., "relationship, relation; regard, consideration," from Old French respect and directly from Latin respectus "regard, a looking at," literally "act of looking back (or often) at one," noun use of past participle of respicere "look back at, regard, consider," from re- "back" (see re-) + specere "look at" (see scope (n.1)). Meanings "feeling of esteem excited by actions or attributes of someone or something; courteous or considerate treatment due to personal worth or power" are from 1580s, as is sense of "point, particular feature."
respect (v.): 1540s, "to regard," from Middle French respecter "look back; respect; delay," from Latin respectere, frequentative of respicere (see respect (n.). Meaning "treat with deferential regard or esteem" is from 1550s. Sense of "refrain from injuring" is from 1620s. Meaning "have reference to" is from 1560s. Related: Respected; respecting.

To respect the person was "show undue bias toward (or against) based on regard for the outward circumstances of a person;" hence respecter of persons, usually with negative, from Acts x:34, in the 1611 translation.
respectability (n.): 1785, from respectable + -ity.
respectable (adj.): "worthy of esteem," 1580s; see respect (v.) + -able. Sense of "having an honest reputation" is from 1755. That of "occupying a fairly good position in society" is c. 1800. Related: Respectably.
respectful (adj.): 1580s, "characterized by respect" (implied in respectfully), from respect (n.) + -ful. Meaning "full of outward civility" attested from 1680s. Related: Respectfulness.
respective (adj.): mid-15c., "regardful, observing or noting with attention," from Medieval Latin respectivus "having regard for," from Latin respect- past participle stem of respicere (see respect (n.)). Meaning "relating or pertaining severally each to each" is from 1640s.
respectively (adv.): mid-15c., "relatively;" 1620s, "relatively to each singly," from respective + -ly (2).
respects (n.): "expressions or signs of esteem, deference, or compliment," 1610s; see respect (n.). Earlier (late 14c.) as "aspects, particular respects."
respiration (n.): late 14c., from Latin respirationem (nominative respiratio) "breathing, respiration," noun of action from past participle stem of respirare (see respire).
respirator (n.): 1836, as an aid to breathing (originally a sort of gauze mask, agent noun from respire. As "machine to provide artificial respiration" from 1929.