late 15c., "one who is rejected," from the verbal phrase "to reject, dismiss" (c. 1300, literal and figurative), from cast (v.) + away (adv.). Specific sense "one adrift at sea" is from 1799. The adjective is first recorded 1540s.
Cassius
cassock
cassowary
cast
castanet
castaway
caste
castellan
castellated
caster
castigate