1904, from speed + -meter. A Germanic-Greek hybrid and thus much execrated.
[T]he ancient Greeks & Romans knew what speed was, & yet no-one supposes they called it speed, whence it follows that speedo- & speedometer are barbarisms. [Fowler]
The correct classical formation is tachometer.
speechless
speed
speeder
speeding
Speedo
speedometer
speed-trap
speedway
speedy
*spek-
spell