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FUMAROLE

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Originally appearing in Volume V11, Page 301 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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FUMAROLE , a vent from which volcanic vapours issue, named indirectly from the See also:

Lat. fumariolum, a See also:smoke-hole. Fumaric See also:acid. The vapours from fumaroles were studied first by R. W. See also:Bunsen, on his visit to See also:Iceland, and afterwards by H. Sainte-Claire Deville and other chemists and geologists in See also:France, who examined the vapours from See also:Santorin, See also:Etna, &c. The hottest vapours issue from dry fumaroles, at temperatures of at least sod' C., and consist chiefly of anhydrous chlorides, notably See also:sodium chloride. The acid fumaroles yield vapours of See also:Tower temperature (3000 to 400°) containing much See also:water vapour, with See also:hydrogen chloride and See also:sulphur dioxide. The alkaline fumaroles are still cooler, though above too°, and evolve ammonium chloride with other vapours. See also:Cold fumaroles, below too°, See also:discharge principally aqueous vapour, with See also:carbon dioxide, and perhaps hydrogen sulphide. The fumaroles of Mont Pele in See also:Martinique during the eruption of 1902 were examined by A. See also:Lacroix, and the vapours analysed by H.

See also:

Moissan, who found that they consisted chiefly of water vapour, with hydrogen chloride, sulphur, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, hydrogen, See also:nitrogen, See also:oxygen and See also:argon. These vapours issued at a temperature of about 400°. Armand See also:Gautier has pointed out that these gases are practically of the same See also:composition as those which he obtained on See also:heating See also:granite and certain other rocks. (See See also:VOLCANO).

End of Article: FUMAROLE

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