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See also: BUNSEN, See also:CHRISTIAN See also:CHARLES JOSIAS, See also:BARON VON (1791-186o,) , Prussian diplomatist and See also:scholar, was See also:born on the 25th of See also:August 1791 at Korbach, an. old See also:town in the little See also:German principality of Waldeck. His See also:father was a See also:farmer who was driven by poverty to become a soldier. Having studied at the Korbach See also:grammar school and See also:Marburg university, Bunsen went in his nineteenth See also:year to See also:Gottingen, where he supported himself by teaching and later by acting as See also:tutor to W. B. See also:Astor, the See also:American See also:merchant. He won the university See also:prize See also:essay of the year 1812 by a See also:treatise on the Athenian See also:Law of See also:Inheritance, and a few months later the university of See also:Jena granted him the' honorary degree of See also:doctor of See also:philosophy. During 1813 he travelled with Astor in See also:South See also:Germany,. and then turned to the study of the See also:religion, See also:laws, See also:language and literature of the See also:Teutonic
races. He had read See also:Hebrew when a boy, and now worked at Arabic at See also:Munich, See also:Persian at See also:Leiden, and Norse at See also:Copenhagen. At the See also:close of 1815 he went to See also:Berlin, to See also:lay before See also:Niebuhr the See also:plan of See also:research which he had mapped out. Niebuhr was so impressed with Bunsen's ability that, two years later, when he became Prussian See also:envoy to the papal See also:court, he made the See also:young scholar his secretary. The intervening years Bunsen spent in assiduous labour among the See also:libraries and collections of See also:Paris and See also:Florence. In See also:July 1817 he married Frances See also:Waddington, eldest daughter and co-heiress of B. Waddington of Llanover, See also: Monmouthshire.
As secretary to Niebuhr, Bunsen was brought into contact with the Vatican See also:movement for the See also:establishment of the papal See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church in the Prussian dominions, to provide for the largely increased See also:Catholic See also:population. He was among the first to realize the importance of this new vitality on the See also:part of the Vatican, and he made it his See also:duty to provide against its possible dangers by urging upon the Prussian court the See also:wisdom of See also:fair and impartial treatment of its Catholic subjects. In this See also:object he was at first successful, and both from the Vatican and from See also:Frederick See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William III., who put him in See also:charge of the See also:legation on Niebuhr's resignation, he received unqualified approbation. Owing partly to the See also:wise statesmanship of See also:Count Spiegel, See also:arch-See also:bishop of See also:Cologne, an arrangement was made by which the thorny question of " mixed " marriages (i.e. between Catholic and See also:Protestant) would have been happily solved; but the See also:archbishop died in 1835, the arrangement was never ratified, and the Prussian See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king was foolish enough to appoint as Spiegel's successor the narrow-minded See also:partisan Baron Droste. The See also:pope gladly accepted the See also:appointment, and in two years the forward policy of the See also:Jesuits had brought about the strife which Bunsen and Spiegel had tried to prevent. Bunsen rashly recommended that Droste should be seized, but the coup was so clumsily attempted, that the incriminating documents were, it is said, destroyed in advance. The See also:government, in this impasse, took the safest course, refused to support Bunsen, and accepted his resignation in See also:April 1838.
After leaving See also:Rome, where he had become intimate with all that was most interesting in the See also:cosmopolitan society of the papal See also:capital, Bunsen went to See also:England, where, except for a See also:short See also:term as Prussian See also:ambassador to See also:Switzerland (1839–1841), he was destined to pass the See also:rest of his See also:official See also:life. The See also:accession to the See also:throne of See also:Prussia of Frederick William IV., on See also:June 7th, 184o, made a See also:great See also:change in Bunsen's career. Ever since their first See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting in 1828 the two men had been close See also:friends and had exchanged ideas in an intimate See also:correspondence, published under See also:Ranke's editorship in 1873. See also:Enthusiasm for evangelical religion and admiration for the See also:Anglican Church they held in See also:common, and Bunsen was the See also:instrument naturally selected for realizing the king's fantastic See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme of setting up at See also:Jerusalem a Prusso-Anglican bishopric as a sort of See also:advertisement of the unity and aggressive force of Protestantism. The See also: special See also:mission of Bunsen to England, from June to See also:November 1841, was completely successful, in spite of the opposition of See also:English high churchmen and Lutheran extremists. The Jerusalem bishopric, with the consent of the See also:British government and the active encouragement of the archbishop of See also:Canterbury and the bishop of See also:London; was duly established, endowed with Prussian and English See also:money, and remained for some See also:forty years an isolated See also:symbol of Protestant unity and a See also:rock of stumbling to Anglican Catholics.
During his stay in England Bunsen had made himself very popular among all classes of society, and he was selected by See also:Queen See also:Victoria, out of three names proposed by the king of. Prussia, as ambassador to the court of St See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James's. In this See also:post he remained for thirteen years. His See also:tenure of the See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office coincided with the See also:critical See also:period in Prussian and See also:European affairs which culminated in the revolutions of 1848. With the visionary schemes of Frederick William, whether that of setting up a strict episcopal organization in the Evangelical Church, or that of reviving the defunct ideal of the See also:medieval See also:Empire, Bunsen found himself increasingly out of sympathy. He realized the significance of the signs that' heralded the coming See also:storm, and tried invain to move the king to a policy which would have placed him at the See also:head of a Germany See also:united and See also:free. He See also:felt bitterly the humiliation of Prussia by See also:Austria after the victory of the reaction; and in 1852 he set his See also:signature reluctantly to the treaty which, in his view, surrendered the " constitutional rights of See also:Schleswig and See also:Holstein." His whole See also:influence was now directed to withdrawing Prussia from the blighting influence of Austria and See also:Russia, and attempting to draw closer the ties that See also:bound her to Great See also:Britain. On the outbreak of the See also:Crimean See also:War he urged Frederick William to throw in his See also:lot with the western See also:powers, and create a diversion in the See also:north-See also:east which would have forced Russia at once to terms. The rejection of his See also:advice, and the See also:proclamation of Prussia's attitude of ", benevolent See also:neutrality," led him in April 1854 to offer his resignation, which was accepted.
Bunsen's life as a public See also:man was now practically at an end.
He retired first to a See also: villa on the See also:Neckar near See also:Heidelberg and later to See also:Bonn. He refused to stand for a seat, in the Liberal See also:interest, in the See also:Lower See also:House of the Prussian See also:diet, but continued to take an active interest in politics, and in 1855 published in two volumes a See also:work, See also:Die Zeichen der Zeit: Briefe, ere., which exercised an immense influence in reviving the Liberal movement which the failure of the revolution had crushed. In See also:September 1857 Bunsen attended, as the king's See also:guest, a meeting of the Evangelical See also:Alliance at Berlin; and one of the last papers signed by Frederick William, before his mind gave way in See also:October, was that which conferred upon him the See also:title of baron and a See also:peerage for life. In 1858, at the special See also:request of the See also:regent (afterwards the See also:emperor) William, he took his seat in the Prussian Upper House, and, though remaining silent, supported the new See also:ministry, of which his See also:political and See also:personal friends were members. ;
See also:Literary work was, however, his See also:main preoccupationduring all this period. Two discoveries of See also:ancient See also:MSS. made during his stay in London, the one containing a shorter See also:text of the Epistles of St See also:Ignatius, and the other an unknown work On all the Heresies, by Bishop See also:Hippolytus, had already led him to write his Hippolytus and his See also:Age: See also:Doctrine and Practice of Rome under See also:Commodus and See also:Severus (1852). He now concentrated all his efforts upon a See also:translation of the See also:Bible with commentaries. While this was in preparation he published his See also:God in See also:History, in which he contends that the progress of mankind See also:marches parallel to the conception of God formed within each nation by the highest exponents of its thought. At the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he carried through the See also:press, assisted by See also:Samuel See also:Birch, theconcluding volumes of his work (published in English as well as in German) See also:Egypt's See also:Place in Universal History—containing a reconstruction of See also:Egyptian See also:chronology, together with an See also:attempt to determine the relation in which the language and the religion of that See also:country stand to the development of each among the more ancient non-See also:Aryan and Aryan races. His ideas on this subject were most fully See also:developed in two volumes published in London before he quitted England—Outlines of the Philosophy of Universal History as applied to Language and Religion (2 vols., 1854).
In 1858 Bunsen's See also:health began to fail; visits to See also:Cannes in 1858 and 1859 brought no improvement, and he died on November 28th, !86o. One of his last See also:requests having been that his wife would write down recollections of their common life, she published his See also:Memoirs in 1868, which contain much of his private correspondence. The German translation ; of these Memoirs has added extracts from unpublished documents, throwing a new See also: light upon the political events in which he played a part. Baron See also:Humboldt's letters to Bunsen were printed in 1869.
Bunsen's English connexion, both through his wife (d. 1876) and through his own See also:long See also:residence in London, was further in-creased in his See also:family. He had ten See also:children, including five: sons, See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry (1818–1855), Ernest (1819–1903), Karl ,(1821-1887), Georg (1824–1896) and Theodor (-1832-1892). Of these Karl (Charles) and Theodor had careers in the German See also:diplomatic service; and Georg, who for some time was an active politician in Germany, eventually retired to live in London; Henry, who was an English clergyman, became a naturalized Englishman,
and Ernest, who in 1845 married an Englishwoman, See also:Miss See also:Gurney, subsequently resided and died in London. The See also:form of " de " Bunsen was adopted for the surname in England. Ernest de Bunseh was a scholarly writer, who published various See also:works both in German and in English, notably on Biblical chronology and other questions of See also:comparative religion. His son, See also:Sir See also:Maurice de Bunsen (b. 1852), entered the English diplomatic service in 1877, and after a varied experience became See also:minister at See also:Lisbon in 1905.
See also L. von Ranke, Aus dem Briefwechsel See also:Friedrich Wilhelms TV. mit Bunsen (Berlin, 1873). The See also:biography in the 9th edition of this See also:encyclopaedia, which has been See also:drawn upon above, was by Georg von Bunsen.
End of Article: BUNSEN, CHRISTIAN CHARLES JOSIAS, BARON VON (1791-186o,)
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