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JENA , a university See also:town of See also:Germany, in the See also:grand duchy of See also:Saxe-See also:Weimar, on the See also:left See also:bank of the See also:Saale, 56 m. S.W. from See also:Leipzig by the Grossberigen-See also:Saalfeld and 12 M. S.E. of Weimar by the Weimar-See also:Gera lines of railway. Pop. (19o5), 26,355. Its situation in a broad valley environed by See also:limestone hills is somewhat dreary. To the See also:north lies the See also:plateau, descending steeply to the valley, famous as the See also:scene of the See also:battle of Jena. The town is surrounded by promenades occupying the site of the old fortifications; it contains in addition to the See also:medieval See also:market square, many old-fashioned houses and See also:quaint narrow streets. Besides the old university buildings, the most interesting edifices are the 15th-See also:century See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of St See also:Michael, with atower 318 ft. high, containing an See also:altar, beneath which is a See also:door-way leading to a vault, and a See also:bronze statue of See also:Luther, originally destined for his See also:tomb; the university library, in which is preserved a curious figure of a See also:dragon; and the See also:bridge across the Saale, as See also:long as the church See also:steeple is high, the centre See also:arch of which is surmounted by a See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone carved See also:head of a malefactor. Across the See also:river is the " See also:mountain," or See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill, whence a See also:fine view is obtained of the town and surroundings, and hard by the See also:Fuchs-Turm (See also:Fox See also:tower) celebrated for student orgies, while in the centre of the town is the See also:house of an astronomer, Weigel, with a deep See also:shaft through which the stars can be seen in the See also:day See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time. Thus the seven marvels of Jena are summed up in the Latin lines:
Ara, caput, See also:draco, coons, ports, vulpecula turris, Weigeliana domus; septem miracula Jenae.
There must also be mentioned the university church, the new university buildings, which occupy the site of the ducal See also:palace (Schloss) where See also:Goethe wrote his See also:Hermann and Dorothea, the Schwarzer See also:Bar Hotel, where Luther spent the See also:night after his See also:flight from the See also:Wartburg, and four towers and a gateway which now alone See also:mark the position of the See also:ancient walls. The town has of See also:late years become a favourite residential resort and has greatly extended towards the See also:west, where there is a See also:colony of pleasant villas. Its See also:chief prosperity centres, however, in the university. In 1547 the elector See also:John See also:Frederick the Magnanimous of See also:Saxony, while a See also:captive in the hands of the See also:emperor See also:Charles V., conceived the See also:plan of See also:founding a university at Jena, which was accordingly established by his three sons. After having obtained a See also:charter from the emperor See also:Ferdinand I., it was inaugurated on the 2nd of See also:February 1558. It was most numerously attended about the See also:middle of the 18th century; but the most brilliant professoriate was under the See also:duke Charles See also:Augustus, Goethe's•See also:patron (1787–18o6), when See also:Fichte, See also:Hegel, See also:Schelling, See also:Schlegel and See also:Schiller were on its teaching See also:staff. Founded as a See also:home for the new religious opinions of the 16th century, it has ever been in the forefront of See also:German See also:universities in liberally accepting new ideas. It distances perhaps every other German university in the extent to which it carries out what are popularly regarded as the characteristics of German student-See also:life—duelling and the See also:passion for Freiheit. At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, the opening of new universities, co-operating with the suspicions of the various German governments as to the democratic opinions which obtained at Jena, militated against the university, which has never regained its former prosperity. In 1905 it was attended by about Iroo students, and its teaching staff (including privatdocenten) numbered 112. Amongst its numerous auxiliaries may be mentioned the library, with 200,000 volumes, the See also:observatory, the meteorological See also:institute, the botanical See also:garden, seminaries of See also:theology, See also:philology and See also:education, and well equipped clinical, anatomical and See also:physical institutes. There are also veterinary and agricultural colleges in connexion with the university. The manufactures of Jena are not consider-able. The See also:book See also:trade has of late years revived, and there are several See also:printing establishments.
Jena appears to have possessed municipal rights in the 13th century. At the beginning of the 14th century it was in the See also:possession of the margraves of See also:Meissen, from whom it passed in 1423 to the elector of Saxony. Since 1485 it has remained in the Ernestine See also:line of the house of Saxony. In 1662 it See also:fell to Bernhard, youngest son of See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William duke of Weimar, and became the See also:capital of a small See also:separate duchy. Bernhard's line having become See also:extinct in 169o, Jena was See also:united with See also:Eisenach, and in 1741 reverted with that duchy to Weimar. In more See also:modern times Jena has been made famous by the defeat inflicted in the vicinity, on the 14th of See also:October 18o6, by See also:Napoleon upon the Prussian See also:army under the See also:prince of See also:Hohenlohe (see See also:NAPOLEONIC
See also:CAMPAIGNS).
See See also:Schreiber and Farber, Jena von seinem Ursprun bis zur neuesten Zeit (2nd ed., 1858) ; Ortloff, Jena and Umgegend (3rd ed., 1875) ; Leonhardt, Jena als Universitdt and Stadt (Jena, 1902); See also:Ritter, Fuhrer durch Jena and Umgebung (Jena, 1901); See also:Biedermann, See also:Die Universitdt Jena (Jena, 1858) ; and the Urkundenbuch der Stadt Jena edited by J. E. A. See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin and O. See also:Devrient (1888-1903).
End of Article: JENA
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