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See also:JOHN (1296-1346) , See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of Bohemia, was a son of the See also:emperor See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry VII. by his wife See also:Margaret, daughter of John I., See also:duke of See also:Brabant, and was a member of the See also:family of See also:Luxemburg. See also:Born on the loth of See also:August 1296, he became See also:count of Luxemburg in 1309; and about the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time was offered the See also:crown of Bohemia, which, after the See also:death of Wenceslas III., the last king of the Premyslides See also:dynasty in 1306, had passed to Henry, duke of See also:Carinthia, under whose weak See also:rule the See also:country was in a very disturbed See also:condition. The emperor accepted this offer on behalf of his son, who married See also:Elizabeth (d. 1330), a See also:sister of Wenceslas, and after Henry's departure for See also:Italy, John was crowned king of Bohemia at See also:Prague in See also:February 1311. Henry of Carinthia was driven from the See also:land, where a certain measure of See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order was restored, and See also:Moravia was again See also:united with Bohemia. As imperial See also:vicar John represented his See also:father at the See also:diet of See also:Nuremberg in See also:January 1313, and was leading an See also:army to his assistance in Italy when he heard of the emperor's death, which took See also:place in August 1313. John was now a See also:candidate for the imperial See also:throne; but, on See also:account of his youth, his claim was not regarded seriously, and he was persuaded to give his support to See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis, duke of Upper See also:Bavaria, afterwards the emperor Louis the Bavarian. At See also:Esslingen and elsewhere he aided Louis in his struggle with See also:Frederick the See also:Fair, duke of See also:Austria, who also claimed the See also:Empire; but his time was mainly passed in quelling disturbances in Bohemia, where his See also:German followers were greatly disliked and where he himself soon became unpopular, especially among the nobles; or in Luxemburg, the See also:borders of which See also:county he was constantly and successfully striving to extend. Restless, adventurous and warlike, John had soon tired of governing his See also:kingdom, and even discussed exchanging it with the emperor Louis for the See also:Palatinate; and while Bohemia was again relapsing into a See also:state of anarchy, her king was winning fame as a See also:warrior in almost every See also:part of See also:Europe. He fought against the citizens of See also:Metz and against his kinsman, John III., duke of Brabant; he led the knights of the See also:Teutonic Order against the See also:heathen in Lithuania and See also:Pomerania and promised See also:Pope John XXII. to See also:head a crusade; and claiming to be king of See also:Poland he attacked the Poles and brought See also:Silesia under his rule. He obtained See also:Tirol by marrying his son, John Henry, to Margaret Maultasch, the heiress of the county, assisted the emperor to defeat and See also:capture Frederick the Fair at the See also:battle of Miihldorf in 1322, and was alternately at See also:peace and at See also:war with the See also:dukes
of Austria and with his former foe, Henry of Carinthia. He was a frequent and welcome visitor to See also:France, in which country he had a See also:personal and hereditary See also:interest; and on several occasions his prowess was serviceable to his See also:brother-in-See also:law King See also:Charles IV., and to Charles's successor See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip VI., whose son John, afterwards King John II., married a daughter of the Bohemian king. Soon after the battle of Miihldorf, the relations between John and the emperor became somewhat strained, partly owing to the king's growing friendship with the Papacy and with France, and partly owing to territorial disputes. An agreement, however, was concluded, and John undertook his invasion of Italy, which was perhaps the most dazzling of his exploits. Invited by the citizens of See also:Brescia, he crossed the See also:Alps with a meagre following in 1331, quickly received the See also:homage of many of the cities of See also:northern Italy, and soon found himself the ruler of a See also:great part of the See also:peninsula. But his soldiers were few and his enemies were many, and a second invasion of Italy in 1333 was followed by the dissipation of his dreams of making himself king of See also:Lombardy and See also:Tuscany, and even of supplanting Louis on the imperial throne. The fresh trouble between king and emperor, caused by this enterprise, was intensified by a See also:quarrel over the lands See also:left by Henry of Carinthia, and still later by the interference of Louis in Tirol; and with bewildering rapidity John was allying himself with the See also:kings of See also:Hungary and Poland, fighting against the emperor and his See also:Austrian See also:allies, defending Bohemia, governing Luxemburg, visiting France and negotiating with the pope. About 1340 the king was overtaken by See also:blindness, but he continued to See also:lead an active See also:life, successfully resisting the attacks of Louis and his allies, and campaigning in Lithuania. In 1346 he made a decisive move against the emperor. Acting in See also:union with Pope See also:Clement VI. he secured the formal deposition of Louis and the See also:election of his own son Charles, See also:margrave of Moravia, as German king, or king of the See also:Romans, in See also:July 1346. Then journeying to help Philip of France against the See also:English, he fought at the battle of See also:Crecy, where his heroic death on the 26th of August 1346 was a fitting conclusion to his adventurous life.
John was a chivalrous and romantic personage, who enjoyed a great reputation for valour both before and after his death; but as a ruler he was careless and extravagant, interested only in his kingdom when seeking See also:relief from his See also:constant pecuniary embarrassments. After the death of his first wife, who See also:bore him two sons, Charles, afterwards the emperor Charles IV., and John Henry (d. 1395), and who had been separated from her See also:husband for some years, the king married See also:Beatrice (d. 1383), daughter of Louis I., duke of See also:Bourbon, by whom he had a son, Wenceslas (d. 1383). According to See also:Camden the See also:crest or badge of three See also:ostrich feathers, with the See also:motto Ich dien, See also:borne by the See also:prince of See also:Wales was originally that of John of Bohemia and was first assumed by See also:Edward the See also:Black Prince after the battle of Crecy. There is no See also:- PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)
proof, however, that this badge was ever worn by John—it certainly was not his crest—and its origin must be sought elsewhere.
See J. Schotter, Johann, See also:Graf von Luxemburg and See also:Konig von Bohmen (Luxemburg, 1865) ; F. von Weech, Kaiser See also:Ludwig der Bayer and Konig Johann von Bohmen (See also:Munich, i86o), and U. See also:Chevalier, Repertoire See also:des See also:sources historiques, tome v. (See also:Paris, i9o5).See also:people, and was utterly defeated at the battle of Aljubarrota, on the 14th of August 1385. King John was killed at Aicali on the 9th of See also:October 1390 by the fall of his See also:horse, while he was See also:riding in a See also:fantasia with some of the See also:light horsemen known as the farfanes, who were mounted and equipped in the Arab See also:style.
End of Article: JOHN (1296-1346)
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