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Gross Glockner (12,455 ft.), the Hochriarr (10,670 ft.) and the Ankogel (11,006 ft.), and is traversed by the saddles of the Hochthor and the Malnitzer Tauern, which separates these See also:

groups from one another. To the east of the Hohe Tauern stretches the See also:

GROUP

group of the primitive Alps of Carinthia and Styria, namely the See also:

PATTER

Patter Alps with the See also:

glacier-covered See also:

PEAK, THE

peak of the Hafner See also:

ECK, JOHANN MAIER (1486-1543)

Eck (10,041 ft.); the Stang Alps with the highest peak the Eisenhut (8007 ft.); the Saualpe with the highest peak the See also:

GROSSE, JULIUS WALDEMAR (1828—1902)

Grosse Saualpe (6825 ft.); and finally the Koralpen See also:

CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain or the Stainzer Alps (7023 ft.) separated from the preceding group by the Lavant valley. The See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country See also:

south of the Drave is occupied by several groups of the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern See also:

LIMESTONE

limestone zone, namely the Carnic Alps, the See also:

JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian Alps, the Karawankas and the See also:

STEINER, JAKOB (1796-1863)

Steiner Alps. The Carnic Alps are divided by the See also:

GAIL, JEAN BAPTISTE (1755-1829)

Gail valley into the South Carnic group and the See also:

NORTHERN

northern Gailthal Alps. They are traversed by the Pontebba or Pontafel Pass, through which passes one of the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal Alpine roads from Italy to Austria. The road is covered by the fortress of Malborgeth, where See also:

CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain Hensel with a handful of men met with a heroic See also:

DEATH

death defending the See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place against an overwhelming See also:

French force in the See also:

CAMPAIGN

campaign of 18o9. A similar See also:

FATE

fate overtook, on the same See also:

day, the 18th of Ma.y 1809, Captain See also:

Hermann von Hermannsdorf and his small See also:

garrison, who were defending the Predil fort.

This fort covers the road which traverses the Predil Pass in the Julian Alps and is the principal road leading from Carinthia to the Coastland. Commemorative monuments have been erected in both places. The Gailthal Alps end with the Dobratsch or Villacher See also:

Alp (7107 ft.), situated to the south-west of See also:

VILLACH

Villach (q.v.), which is celebrated as one of the finest views in the whole eastern Alps. South of Hermagor, the principal place of the Gail valley, is the chain of mountains which is famous as being the only place where the beautiful Wulfenia Carinthiaca is found. The highest peaks in the Karawankas are the Grosse Mittagskogel (7033 ft.), the Och Obir (7023 ft.) and the Petzen (6934 ft.). The See also:

URSULA, ST

Ursula See also:

BERG (Ducatus Montensis)

Berg (5563 ft.) ends the group of the Karawankas; which are continued by the Steiner Alps. The principal See also:

RIVER

river is the Drave, which flows from west to east through the length of the duchy, and receives in its course the See also:

WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of all the other streams, except the Fella, which reaches the Adriatic by its junction with the Tagliamento. Its principal tributaries are the Gail on the right, and the Moll, the Lieser, the Gurk with the Glan, and the Lavant on the See also:

LEFT

left. Carinthia possesses a See also:

GREAT

great number of Alpine lakes, which, unlike the other Alpine lakes, See also:

lie in the See also:

LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal valleys. The principal lakes are: the Millstatter-see (81 sq. m. in extent, 908 ft. deep, at an See also:

ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of 1902 ft.), the WSrther-see (17 sq. m. in extent, 212 ft. deep, at an altitude of 1438 ft.), the Ossiach-see (1oI sq. m. in extent, 1 50 ft. deep, at an altitude of 1599 f t.) , and the elongated Weissen-see (41 M. See also:

long, 309 ft. deep, at an altitude of 3037 ft.). The See also:

CLIMATE

climate is severe in the north and north-west parts, but the south and south-east districts are milder, while the most favoured part is the Lavant valley.

Of the See also:

TOTAL

total area only 13.71 %is arable See also:

LAND

land, 1o• 5o % is occupied by meadows and gardens, 5'18% by pastures, while 44.24% is covered by forests, almost exclusively See also:

PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine-forests. See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

Cattle-rearing is well See also:

DEVELOPED

developed, and the horses bred in Carinthia enjoy a See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good reputation. The See also:

MINERAL

mineral See also:

WEALTH

wealth of Carinthia is great, and consists in See also:

lead, See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, See also:

ZINC

zinc and See also:

COAL

coal. Iron ore is extracted in the region of the Saualpe, and is worked in the foundries of St Leonhard, St Gertraud, Pravali, Hirt, Treibach and Eberstein. About two-thirds of the total See also:

PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of lead in Austria is extracted in Carinthia, the principal places being Bleiberg and Raibl. The metallurgic See also:

INDUSTRIES

industries are well developed, and consist in the production of iron, See also:

STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel, machinery, small-arms, lead articles, See also:

WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire-cables and rails. The principal manufacturing places are Pravali, Bruckl, See also:

KLAGENFURT (Slovene, Celovec)

Klagenfurt, Lippitzbach, Wolfsberg, St See also:

VEIT, PHILIPP (1793-1877)

Veit and Buchscheiden near Feldkirchen. The manufacture of small-arms is concentrated at Ferlach. Other trades are the manufacture of See also:

paper, See also:

leather, See also:

CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement and the exploitation of forests. The See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of Carinthia in 19oo was 367,344, which corresponds to 91 inhabitants per sq. m. According to See also:

NATIONALITY

nationality, 71.54% were Germans, and 28.3g% See also:

SLOVENES [Slovenci, Ger. Winden, to be distinguished from the Slovaks (q.v.) and from the Slovinci (see KASHUBES) west of Danzig]

Slovenes, mostly settled in the districts adjoining the Slovene See also:

province of Carniola. Over 94% of the population were See also:

ROMAN

Roman Catholics.

The See also:

LOCAL

local See also:

DIET

diet, of which the See also:

bishop of Gurk is a member ex officio, is composed of 37 members, and Carinthia sends to deputies to the Reichsrat at See also:

Vienna. For administrative purposes, the province is divided into seven districts, and an autonomous See also:

MUNICIPALITY

municipality, Klagenfurt (pop. 24,314), the See also:

capital. Other principal places are: Villach (9690), Wolfsberg (4852), St Veit (4667), an old See also:

TOWN

town, the former capital of Carinthia up to 1518, Pravali (4047), Travis (3640), a favourite summer-resort and tourist place, Bleiberg (3435), Volkermarkt (2606) and Spittal (2564). Carinthia is so called from the Carni, a See also:

CELTIC

Celtic peopfe, and in the See also:

time of See also:

AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus it formed part of See also:

NORICUM (Noricus ager)

Noricum. After the fall of the Roman See also:

EMPIRE

empire, it was the See also:

NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of the See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom of Carentania, which was founded by Samo, a Frankish adventurer, but soon See also:

fell to pieces after his death. Under See also:

Charlemagne it constituted a margravate, which in 843 passed into the hands of See also:

Louis the See also:

German, whose See also:

GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson See also:

ARNULF (c. 850-899)

Arnulf was the first to See also:

bear the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Carinthia. The duchy was held by various families during the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries, and at length in 1335 was bestowed by Louis the Bavarian on the See also:

dukes of Austria. It was divided into Upper or Western Carinthia and See also:

LOWER

Lower or Eastern; of these the former fell to See also:

France in 1809, but was reconquered in 1813. It was created a See also:

SEPARATE

separate See also:

CROWN

crown-land in 1849. See Aelschker, Geschichte Karntens (Klagenfurt, 1885).

End of Article: CARINTHIA (Ger. Kdrnten)

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