Online Encyclopedia

Rome (1899) will also be found useful. There is a monograph by E. Labatut, Histoire de la preture (1868). number of judicial and provincial departments corresponded to the See also:

ANNUAL

annual number of praetors, propraetors and proconsuls. The proportion, however, was not See also:

long maintained: new See also:

pro-vi aces were added to the See also:

EMPIRE

empire—See also:

BITHYNIA (BtOvpta)

Bithynia in 74, See also:

CYRENE [mod. Ain Shahat-Grenna]

Cyrene about the same See also:

time, See also:

CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete in 67, See also:

SYRIA

Syria in 64—and one or more new See also:

law courts were instituted. To keep See also:

pace with the increase of duties See also:

JULIUS

Julius See also:

Caesar increased the number of praetors successively to ten, fourteen and sixteen; after his time the number varied from eight to eighteen. The praetors were elected, like the consuls, by the See also:

PEOPLE

people assembled in the See also:

COMITIA

comitia centuriata and with the same formalities.' They regularly held See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office for a See also:

YEAR

year; only in the transition See also:

period between the See also:

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic and the empire was their See also:

TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure of office sometimes limited to a few months?

The insignia of the See also:

PRAETOR (Lat. prae-itor, " he who goes before," "a leader")

praetor were those See also:

COMMON

common to the higher See also:

ROMAN

Roman magistrates—the See also:

PURPLE

purple-edged robe (toga praetexta) and the See also:

ivory See also:

CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair (See also:

SELLA, QUINTINO (1827-1884)

sella curulis); in Rome he was attended by two See also:

LICTORS (lictores)

lictors, in the provinces by six. The praetors elect See also:

CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast lots to determine the See also:

DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department which each of them should ad-See also:

MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister. A praetor was essentially a See also:

CIVIL

civil See also:

JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge, and as such he was accustomed at or before his entry on office to publish an See also:

EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict setting forth the rules of law and See also:

PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure by which he intended to be guided in his decisions. As these rules were often accepted by his successors, the praetor thus acquired an almost legislatorial See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, and his edicts, thus continued, corrected and amplified from year to year, became, under the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the " perpetual " edicts, one of the most important factors in moulding Roman law. Their tendency was to smooth away the occasional harshness and anomalies of the civil law by substituting rules of See also:

EQUITY (Lat. aequitas)

equity for the See also:

LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of the law, and in this respect the Roman praetor has been compared to the See also:

ENGLISH

English See also:

CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor. His functions were considerably modified by the introduction of the See also:

STANDING

standing See also:

JURY

jury courts (quaestiones perpetuae). Hitherto the praetor had conducted the preliminary inquiry as to whether an See also:

ACTION

action would See also:

lie, and had appointed for the actual trial of the See also:

case a See also:

DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy, whom he instructed in the law applicable to the case and whose decisions he enforced. The proceedings before the praetor were technically known as See also:

jus in distinction from judicium, which was the actual trial before the deputy judge. But in the standing jury courts (of which the first—that for repetundae—was instituted in 149), or rather in the most important of them, the praetors themselves presided and tried the cases. These new courts, though formally civil, were substantially criminal courts; and thus a criminal See also:

jurisdiction was added to the See also:

ORIGINAL

original civil jurisdiction of the praetors. Under the empire various See also:

SPECIAL

special functions were assigned to certain praetors, such as the two See also:

TREASURY

treasury praetors (praetores See also:

AERARII (from Lat. aes, in its subsidiary sense of " poll-tax ")

aerarii),' appointed by See also:

AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus in 23; the See also:

SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear praetor (praetor hastarius), who presided over the See also:

court of the See also:

HUNDRED

Hundred Men, which dealt especially with cases of See also:

INHERITANCE

inheritance; the two See also:

TRUST

trust praetors (praetores ffdeicommissarii), appointed by See also:

Claudius to look after cases of trust estates, but reduced by See also:

Titus to one; the See also:

ward praetor (praetor tutelaris), appointed by See also:

MARCUS

Marcus Aurelius to See also:

DEAL

deal with the affairs of minors; and the liberation praetor (praetor de liberalibus causis), who tried cases turning on the liberation of slaves.' There is no See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that the praetors continued to preside over the standing courts after the beginning of the 3rd See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D., and the See also:

FOREIGN

foreign praetorship disappears about this time.' Even the jurisdiction of the See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city praetor seems not to have survived the reforms of See also:

Diocletian, though the office itself continued to exist. But of the praetorships with special jurisdiction (especially the ward praetorship and the liberation [Until the time of Tiberius, when their See also:

election was transferred to the See also:

SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

Senate.] [The See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age for the office was See also:

FORTY

forty under the republic, See also:

THIRTY

thirty under the empire.] [They took the See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the quaestors; this arrangement continued till the time of Claudius.] [The fiscal praetor (praetor fiscalis) was appointed by See also:

NERVA, MARCUS COCCEIUS

Nerva to hear claims preferred against the imperial fiscus.] 5 See also:

MARQUARDT, JOACHIM (1812–1882)

Marquardt conjectures with much See also:

PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability that when See also:

CARACALLA (or CARACALLUS), MARCUS A U R E L I U S ANTONINUS (186-217)

Caracalla extended the Roman See also:

FRANCHISE (from 0. Fr. franchise, freedom, franc, free)

franchise to the whole empire he at the same time abolished the foreign praetorship.

End of Article: PROVINCE

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