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See also:CYRENE [mod. See also:Ain Shahat-Grenna] , the See also:original See also:capital of See also:ancient See also:Cyrenaica (q.v.) and one of the greatest of See also:Greek colonies. The Theraean See also:story of its See also:foundation, as told by See also:Herodotus, runs thus. See also:Battus (whose true Greek name seems to have been Aristoteles), a native of See also:Thera (See also:Santorin), itself a Laconian See also:colony, was bidden by the Delphic See also:oracle, if he wished to putan end to domestic dissensions, to See also:lead a portion of the citizens to See also:Libya and build a See also:city in a " See also:place between See also:waters." (For other stories see BATTUS.) By this he understood an See also:island, and therefore established his followers on the barren islet of Platea in the gulf of Bomba. The colony being unsuccessful made further application to the oracle and was bidden to See also:transfer itself to the mainland. The Libyan barbarians reported that a fertile and well-watered See also:district See also:lay to the See also:west and were induced to See also:act as guides. They brought the Greeks through forests to high ground from various points of which issued springs, and Battus, recognizing " a place between waters," began to build. This was in the See also:middle of the 7th See also:century B.C.
The result was Cyrene, so called (it was said) from a See also:local nymph, who has been shown by Studniczka to have been a Nature goddess, like the Greek See also:Artemis. The point first occupied was probably the See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill above the " See also:Apollo " See also:fountain on the west; and there was erected the fortress-See also:palace of the Battiadae, who continued to See also:rule the colony for eight generations. The neighbouring Libyans were conciliated and given a position similar to that of Laconian See also:perioeci, and intermarriage between them and Greeks became so frequent that the colony rapidly assumed a somewhat hybrid See also:character, and while being one of the centres of Hellenic culture, showed See also:barbarian characteristics of violence and luxury. Battus I. reigned c. 63o to 590 B.C. and was succeeded by his son See also:Arcesilaus (c. 590—574) of whom nothing is known. The See also:kings henceforth See also:bore alternately the names Battus and Arcesilaus, of which the first is said to be simply the native Libyan word for " See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king ": the latter is, of course, Greek. This fact suggests that some See also:compromise with the natives had been come to, resulting, perhaps, in an See also:alternation of the supreme See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office. Under Battus II. (570 B.C.?) a fresh See also:band of settlers was invited from See also:Greece, and the colony tended to become henceforth more maritime and democratic. Its. See also:port, See also:Apollonia (Marsa See also:Susa), now See also:rose to importance: and a second (See also:winter) port was created at Naustathmos (Marsa Hilal) about 15 M. E. behind a sheltering cape. See also:Fine roads were cut through the See also:rock connecting these harbours with the capital. Trouble followed, however, with the Libyans, who saw them-selves robbed in favour of the new settlers, and they called in See also:Egyptian help; but the force sent by See also:Apries was defeated near the See also:spring Theste, and presently See also:Amasis of See also:Egypt made See also:peace and took a Battiad princess to wife. Under Arcesilaus II. (c. 560—550) domestic dissensions and Libyan revolt led to the See also:founding of a See also:rival inland city, See also:Barca, and a severe defeat and See also:massacre. These misfortunes, coupled with the fact that Battus III. was thought to have disgraced the See also:house by his lameness, prompted the Cyrenaeans to send to See also:Delphi for more See also:advice, and as a result Demonax of Mantinea arrived as arbitrator and framed a constitution limiting the See also:monarchy and dividing the citizens tribally according to the date of their See also:settlement and their place of origin. Further attempts of the Battiadae (e.g. of Pheretima, wife of Battus III., and Arcesilaus his son) to annul this constitution, and See also:bitter See also:family dissensions, brought about a See also:Persian invasion and finally the extinction of the See also:dynasty about 450 B.C. A See also:republic of more or less Spartan type succeeded, but it was often interrupted by tyrannies; and having made submission by See also:embassy to See also:Alexander in 331, Cyrene passed under Ptolemaic domination ten years later. From this See also:epoch See also:dates a decline which was due to economic causes (see CYRENAICA) and to the Ptolemaic policy of favouring easily controlled See also:harbour-towns rather than an inland place like Cyrene, whose ancient factions still continued to give trouble under the earlier See also:Ptolemies. Apollonia and See also:Berenice gradually superseded Cyrene and Barca respectively, being more in See also:touch with Greece and less exposed to the hostile See also:nomad Libyans, who increased in boldness and See also:power: but Cyrene continued to be a See also:great city after it had passed to See also:Rome (96 B.c.), and up to the reign of See also:Trajan, when a Jewish revolt and the repressive See also:measures taken by the imperial See also:government dealt it an irreparable See also:blow. Ere See also:Christianity became the See also:religion of the See also:empire, it was largely a ruin, and henceforward to the epoch of Arab See also:conquest (A.D. 641) its Greek See also:life gradually deserted it for Apollonia. At its
See also:acme Cyrene is said to have had over See also:ioo,000 inhabitants. It was noted among the ancients for its intellectual life. Its medical school was famous, and it numbered among its celebrities See also:Callimachus the poet, See also:Carneades, the founder of the New See also:Academy at See also:Athens, See also:Aristippus, a See also:- PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)
pupil of See also:Socrates and the founder of the so-called See also:Cyrenaics (q.v.), Eratosthenes the polyhistor, and See also:Synesius, one of the most elegant of the ancient See also:Christian writers.
The first See also:account of the site in See also:modern times seems to be that of M. le Maire, who was See also:French See also:consul at See also:Tripoli from 1703 to 1708, and twice visited Cyrene. See also:Paul See also:Lucas was there in 1710, and again in 1723, and Dr See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Shaw in 1738; an See also:Italian, Dr A. Cervelli, who was there in 1812, furnished some See also:information to the Societe de Geographie of See also:Paris; and P. Della See also:Cella published an account of his visit, made in 1817. In 1821–1822 important explorations were made by See also:Lieutenant F. W. See also:Beechey, R.N.; and he was almost immediately followed by a French artist, M. J. R. Pacho, whose See also:pencil preserved a number of interesting monuments that have since disappeared. L. Delaporte, French consul at See also:Tangier, and Vattier de Bourville come next in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time. H.
See also:Barth, the famous See also:African traveller, published an account of his investigations in his Wanderungen durch See also:die Kiistenldnder See also:des Mittelmeers, 1849, and See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James See also:- HAMILTON
- HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
- HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
- HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
- HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
- HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
- HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
- HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
- HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
- HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
- HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
- HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
- HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
- HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
- HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)
Hamilton, who was there in 1851, described the place in his Wanderings in N. See also:Africa. In 1861 excavations were made on behalf of the See also:British Museum by Lieuts. R. Murdoch See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith, R.E., and E. A. Porcher, R.N., the results of which are detailed in their valuable Discoveries in Cyrene (See also:London, 1864). Since that date, owing to the increase of See also:Senussi See also:influence, and the consequent fears of the See also:Ottoman authorities, the site has been very seldom visited. The Italians, M. Camperio and G. Haimann, leading commercial See also:missions, were there in the eighties, and Mr H. W. Blundell succeeded with a See also:special See also:firman and a strong escort in reaching the place in 1895, but had trouble with the local Senussi See also:Arabs. The See also:prohibition of travel became thereafter more stringent, and it has only been overcome by a party from Mr A. V. See also:Armour's yacht " Utowana,'' which marched up from Marsa Susa in See also:April 1904, and stayed one See also:night. They found some fifty families of Cretan refugees established at Ain Shahat and a mudir with a small guard on the spot: but no inhabited houses, except the Senussi See also:convent and the mudiria. Cretans and Arabs live in the ancient rock-tombs. An Italian senator, Chev. G. de Martino, with two Italian residents at See also:Derna, passed through the place in 1907, and found it in Bedouin hands.
The site lies on the See also:crest of the highland of See also:Jebel Akhdar (about 1800 ft.) and 10 m. from the See also:sea. The ground slopes very gradually See also:south, and being entirely denuded of trees, makes See also:good See also:corn See also:land. The northward slope falls more steeply in a See also:succession of shelves, covered here and there with See also:forest. Ravines surround the site on three sides, and there are at least four springs in its See also:area, of which one, having great See also:volume, has been at all times the attraction and See also:focus of the place. This is the so-called " Fount of Apollo," which issues from a See also:tunnel artificially enlarged, and once faced with a See also:portico. The See also:acropolis was immediately above this on the W., and the See also:main entrance of the city, through which came the sacred See also:pro-cessions, passed it. The remains of Cyrene itself are enclosed by a See also:wall having a See also:circuit of about 4 m., of which little remains but the See also:foundations and fragments of two towers; but tombs and isolated structures extend far outside this area. The local Arabs say it takes them six See also:camel-See also:hours to go from one end to the other of the ruins, which they See also:call generally " Grenna " (i.e. Kyrenna). Within the city itself not very much is now to be seen. Below the Apollo fountain on the N. See also:lie a great See also:theatre and the substructures of the main See also:temple of Apollo, both included now in the Senussi convent See also:garden. Above the fountain and by the main road is a smaller theatre. On the E., upon the See also:crown of the See also:plateau, are the sites on which Smith and Porcher placed temples of Bacchus, See also:Venus and See also:Augustus, but they are marked only by rubbish heaps. Remains of a large See also:Byzantine See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church and a much ruined See also:stadium lie to S.E. On the S. are immense covered tanks of See also:ROman date, with remains of the aqueducts which supplied them. On the W. a fine
Many See also:historical and See also:artistic questions concerning Cyrene remain unsettled, but since the discoveries made in See also:Laconia in 1908, the much disputed " Cyrenaic See also:ware " has been ascribed to See also:Sparta. A good See also:deal of Cyrenaic See also:sculpture, all of comparatively See also:late date, was sent to the British Museum by Smith and Porcher. Nothing has yet been found on the site belonging to the great See also:age of the city's See also:independence, the fine vases sent to the British Museum in 1864, by Mr G. See also:Dennis, having been discovered not there, but near Berenice (See also:Bengazi). The latter site, with Ptolemais and Apollonia, has supplied most of the antiquities found latterly in Cyrenaica.
See authorities for CYRENAICA, and F. Studniczka, Kyrene, eine alt-griechische Gottin (1890). (D. G.
End of Article: CYRENE [mod. Ain Shahat-Grenna]
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