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economics. It was mainly the spirit of commercial enterprise that led the Phoenicians to plant their colonies upon the islands and along the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the Mediterranean; and even beyond the Pillars of See also:

Hercules this earliest See also:

GREAT

great colonizing See also:

RACE

race See also:

LEFT

left enduring traces of its maritime supremacy. See also:

Carthage, indeed, See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the Phoenician settlements, sent forth colonies to defend her See also:

con-quests and strengthen her military power; and these sub-colonies naturally remained in strict subjection to her power, whereas the other See also:

young Phoenician states assumed and asserted entire See also:

independence. In this latter respect the See also:

Greek colonies resembled those of the Phoenicians. From a very See also:

early See also:

period the little civic communities of See also:

GREECE

Greece had sent forth numerous colonizing streams. At points so far asunder as the Tauric See also:

CHERSONESE, CHERSONESUS

Chersonese, See also:

CYRENE [mod. Ain Shahat-Grenna]

Cyrene and Massilia were found prosperous centres of Greek commercial See also:

ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy; but the regions most thickly peopled by settlers of Greek descent were the western seaboard of See also:

ASIA

Asia See also:

Minor, See also:

SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily and the southern parts of the See also:

ITALIAN

Italian See also:

peninsula. Nor were the least prosperous communities those which were sprung from earlier colonies. The causes that led to the See also:

FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the Greek colonies were very various. As in See also:

PHOENICIA

Phoenicia, pressure created by the narrow limits of the See also:

home country coincided with an adventurous See also:

DESIRE

desire to. seek new See also:

SOURCES

sources of See also:

WEALTH

wealth beyond seas; but very many Greek emigrations were caused by the See also:

EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of the inhabitants of conquered cities, or by the intolerable domination of a hated but triumphant See also:

FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction within the native state. The polity of the new community, often founded in See also:

DEFIANCE

defiance of the home authorities, might either be a copy of that just left behind or be its See also:

DIRECT

direct See also:

POLITICAL

political See also:

ANTITHESIS (the Greek for " setting opposite ")

antithesis. But wherever they went, and whether, as apparently in Asia Minor, Greek See also:

BLOOD

blood was kept See also:

FREE

free from barbaric mixture, or whether, as in Magna Graecia and Sicily, it was mingled with that of theaboriginal races, the Greek emigrants carried with them the Hellenic spirit and the Hellenic See also:

TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue; and the colonies fostered, not infrequently more rapidly and more brilliantly than at home, Greek literature, Greek See also:

art and Greek See also:

SPECULATION

speculation.

The relation to be preserved towards the mother states was seldom or never definitely arranged. But filial feeling and established See also:

CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom secured a measure of kindly sympathy, shown by See also:

PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence yielded at public See also:

GAMES, CLASSICAL

games, and by the almost invariable See also:

ABSTINENCE (from Lat. abstinere, to abstain)

abstinence of the colony from a hostile See also:

SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in See also:

WARS

wars in which the mother See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city was engaged. The relation of See also:

Rome to her colonies was altogether different. No See also:

ROMAN

Roman colony started without the See also:

SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction and direction of the public authority; and while the Colonia See also:

ROMANA

Romana differed from the Colonia See also:

LATINA, VIA

Latina in that the former permitted its members to retain their political rights intact, the colony, whether planted within the See also:

BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds of See also:

Italy or in provinces such as See also:

Gaul or See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, remained an integral See also:

PART

part of the Roman state. In the earlier colonies, the state allotted to proposing emigrants from amongst the needy or discontented class of citizens portions of such lands as, on the subjection of a hostile See also:

PEOPLE

people, the state took into its See also:

possession as public See also:

PROPERTY

property. At a later See also:

time, especially after the days of See also:

SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

Sulla, the See also:

DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of the territories of a vanquished Roman party was employed by the victorious generals as an easy means of satisfying the claims of the soldiery by whose help they had triumphed. The Roman colonies were thus not merely valuable as propugnacula of the state, as permanent supports to Roman garrisons and armies, but they proved a most effective means of extending over wide bounds' the See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language and the See also:

LAWS

laws of Rome, and of inoculating the inhabitants of the provinces with more than the rudiments of Roman civilization. The occupation of the fairest provinces of the Roman See also:

EMPIRE

empire by the See also:

NORTHERN

northern barbarians had little in See also:

COMMON

common with colonization. The Germanic invaders came from no settled state; they maintained loosely, and but for a See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short while, any See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of brotherhood with the allied tribes. A nearer parallel to Greek colonization may be found in See also:

ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland, whither the adherents of the old Norse polity fled from the usurpation of Harold Haar fager; and the early history of the See also:

ENGLISH

English See also:

PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale in See also:

Ireland shows, though not in orderliness and prosperity, several points of resemblance to the Roman colonial See also:

SYSTEM

system. Though both Genoese and Venetians in their See also:

day of power planted numerous trading posts on various portions of the Mediterranean shores, of which some almost deserve the name of colonies, the history of modern colonization on a great See also:

scale opens with the See also:

SPANISH

Spanish conquests in See also:

AMERICA

America. The first Spanish adventurers came, not to colonize, but to satisfy as rapidly as possible and by the labour of the enslaved See also:

ABORIGINES

aborigines; their thirst for See also:

SILVER

silver and See also:

gold.

Their conquests were rapid, but the See also:

EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of their permanent settlements was See also:

GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual and slow. The terrible See also:

CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty at first exercised on the natives was restrained; not merely by the zeal of the missionaries, but by effective See also:

OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

MEASURES

measures; and ultimately home-See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born Spaniards and Creoles lived on terms of See also:

COMPARATIVE

comparative fairness with the See also:

INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians and with the See also:

HALF

half-breed See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population. Till the See also:

general and successful revolt of her See also:

AMERICAN

American colonies, See also:

Spain maintained and employed the latter directly and solely for what she conceived to be her own See also:

ADVANTAGE

advantage. Her commercial policy was one of most irrational and intolerable restriction and repression; and till the end of Spanish See also:

RULE

rule on the American See also:

CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, the whole political power was retained by the See also:

court at See also:

MADRID

Madrid, and administered in the colonies by an See also:

OLIGARCHY (Gr. oXiyot, few, apxil, rule)

oligarchy of home-bred Spaniards. The Portuguese colonization in America, in most respects resembling that of Spain, is remarkable for the development . there given to an institution sadly prominent in the history of the See also:

EUROPEAN

European colonies. The nearness of See also:

Brazil to the coast of See also:

Africa made it easy for the Portuguese to See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply the growing lack of native labour by the wholesale importation of See also:

PURCHASED

purchased or kidnapped Africans. Of the See also:

French it is admitted that in their colonial possessions they displayed an unusual See also:

FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty for conciliating the prejudices of native races, and even for assimilating themselves to the latter. But neither this nor the See also:

GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of successive See also:

GOVERNORS

governors and commanders succeeded in preserving for See also:

France her once extensive colonies in See also:

CANADA

Canada or her great See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in See also:

India. In See also:

Algeria and See also:

West Africa the French See also:

government has not merely found See also:

PRACTICAL

practical training See also:

SCHOOLS

schools for her own soldiers, but by opening a recruiting See also:

field amongst the native tribes it has added an available contingent to the French See also:

army. The Dutch took early a leading share in the carrying See also:

trade of the various European colonies. They have still extensive colonies in the See also:

East See also:

INDIAN

Indian See also:

ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago, as well as possessions in the West Indies. The Danish dependencies in the See also:

ANTILLES

Antilles are but trifling in extent or importance.

It is the English-speaking race, however, that has shown the most remarkable energy and capacity for colonization. The English settlements in See also:

Virginia, New See also:

England, New See also:

York, New See also:

Jersey, See also:

MARYLAND

Maryland, See also:

Pennsylvania, See also:

DELAWARE

Delaware, See also:

South Carolina, See also:

North Carolina, and See also:

GEORGIA

Georgia had, between the first See also:

DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade of the 17th and the seventh decade of the 18th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, See also:

DEVELOPED

developed into a new nation, the See also:

UNITED

United States of America. It is unnecessary here to See also:

DEAL

deal with the development of what have since been the two great See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent branches of the English-speaking people—those of the United States (q.v.) and of the See also:

BRITISH

British Empire (q.v.), as their history is given elsewhere. But the colonizing genius which, with the British Isles as centre, has taken up the " See also:

white See also:

man's See also:

BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden " in all quarters of the globe, is universally recognized. In the problems of government raised by the organization of the British dominions beyond the seas the system of colonization has been developed to an extent unknown under any other national See also:

FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag.

End of Article: COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

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