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early Christian church of the " basilican " type: This type comprised nave and aisles, ending at one end in an apse and two chambers resembling rudimentary transepts, and at the other end in a porch (See also:

NARTHEX (Gr. vapOr7E, the name of the plant giant=fennel, in Lat. ferula)

narthex). Previous to about A.D. 420 the porch was often at the east end and the apse at the west, and the See also:

ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar, often movable, stood in the apse—as at See also:

SILCHESTER

Silchester, perhaps, on the mosaic panel. A See also:

court enclosed the whole; near the porch was a laver for the ablutions of intending worshippers. Many such churches have been found in other countries, especially in See also:

ROMAN

Roman See also:

Africa; no other satisfactory instance is known in See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain. 4.

See also:

TOWN

Town See also:

BATHS

Baths.—A See also:

SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

suite of public baths stood a little east of the forum. At the entrance were a See also:

PERISTYLE (Gr. wept, round, and oriaos, column)

peristyle court for loungers and a latrine: hence the bather passed into the Apodyterium (dressing-See also:

ROOM

room), the See also:

FRIGIDARIUM

Frigidarium (See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold room) fitted with a cold See also:

bath for use at the end of the bathing ceremony, and a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of hot rooms—the whole resembling many;See also:

MODERN

modern See also:

TURKISH

Turkish baths. In their first See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form the baths of Silchester were about 16o ft. by 8o ft., but they were later considerably extended. g. Private Houses.—The private houses of Silchester are of two types. They consist either of a See also:

ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of rooms, with a See also:

CORRIDOR (Fr. corridor, from Ital. corridore, Med. Lat. corridorium, a " running-place," from currere, to run)

corridor along them, and perhaps one or two additional rooms at one or both ends, or of three such corridors and rows of rooms, forming three sides of a large square open yard. They are detached houses, See also:

STANDING

standing each in its own See also:

GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden, and not forming terraces or rows. The See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country houses of Roman Britain have See also:

long been recognized as embodying these (or allied) types; now it becomes plain that they were the normal types throughout Britain. They differ widely from the town houses of See also:

Rome and See also:

POMPEII

Pompeii : ; they are less unlike some of the country houses of See also:

Italy and Roman, Africa; but their real, See also:

PARALLELS

parallels occur in See also:

Gaul, and they may be See also:

CELTIC

Celtic types modified to Roman use—like See also:

INDIAN

Indian bungalows. Their See also:

INTERNAL

internal fittings--, hypocausts, frescoes, mosaics—are everywhere Roman; those at Silchester are See also:

AVERAGE

average specimens, and, except for one mosaic, not individually striking. The largest Silchester See also:

house, with a See also:

SPECIAL

special annexe for baths, is usually taken to be a See also:

guest-house or See also:

inn for travellers between See also:

LONDON

London and the west (fig. 6).

Altogether, the town probably did not contain more than seventy or eighty houses of any See also:

SIZE

size, and large spaces were not built over at all. This fact and the See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the houses must have given to Silchester rather the See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of a See also:

VILLAGE

village with scattered cottages, each in its own See also:

plot facing its own way, than a town with See also:

REGULAR

regular and continuous streets. 6. See also:

INDUSTRIES

Industries.—Shops are conjectured in the forum and elsewhere, but were not numerous. , Many dyers' furnaces; a little sillier refinery, and, perhaps a bakery have also been noticed. 7. Streets; Roads, &c.-The streets were paved with See also:

GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel: they varied in width up to 282 ft. They intersect regularly at right angles, dividing the town into square blocks, like modern See also:

MANNHEIM

Mannheim or See also:

TURIN

Turin, according to a Roman See also:

SYSTEM

system usual in both Italy and the provinces: plainly they were laid out all at once, possibly by See also:

Agricola (Tac. Agr. 21) and most probably about his See also:

time. There were four See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates, not quite symmetrically placed. The town-walls are built of See also:

flint and See also:

concrete bonded with ironstone, and are backed with See also:

earth.

In the plans, though not in the reports, of the excavations, they are shown as built later than the streets. No traces of See also:

MEAT

meat-See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market, See also:

THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre or See also:

AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct have come to Ight; See also:

WATER

water was got from See also:

wells lined with wooden tubs, and must have been scanty in dry summers. Smaller See also:

OBJECTS

objects abound—coins, pottery, window and See also:

BOTTLE (Fr. bouteille, from a diminutive of the Lat. butta, a flask; cf. Eng. " butt ")

bottle and See also:

CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup See also:

glass, See also:

BRONZE

bronze ornaments, See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron tools, &c.—and many belong to the beginnings of Calleva, but few pieces are individually notable. Traces of See also:

LATE

late Celtic See also:

art are singularly absent; Roman fashions See also:

RULE

rule supreme, and inscriptions show that even the See also:

LOWER

lower classes here spoke and wrote Latin. Outside the walls were the cemeteries, not yet explored. Of suburbs we have as yet no hint. Nor indeed is the neighbourhood of Calleva at all See also:

rich in Roman remains. In fact, as well as in Celtic See also:

ETYMOLOGY (Gr. grvµos, true, and X6yos, "account)

etymology, it was " the town in the See also:

FOREST

forest." A similar See also:

ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of remains may be noticed outside other Romano-See also:

BRITISH

British towns, and is significant of their economic position. Such doubtless were most of the towns of Roman Britain—thoroughly Romanized, peopled with Roman-speaking citizens, furnished with Roman See also:

APPURTENANCES (from late Lat. appertinentia, from appertinere, to appertain)

appurtenances, living in Roman ways, but not very large, not very rich, a humble See also:

witness to the assimilating See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the Roman See also:

CIVILIZATION

civilization in Britain. The country, as opposed to the towns, of Roman Britain seems to have been divided into estates, commonly (though perhaps incorrectly) known as " villas." Many examples survive, some of them large and luxurious country-houses, some See also:

mere farms, constructed usually on one of the two patterns described in the See also:

account of Silchester above. The inhabitants were plainly as various—a few of them See also:

GREAT

great nobles and wealthy landowners, others small farmers or possibly bailiffs. Some of these estates were worked on the true " See also:

VILLA

villa " system, by which the See also:

lord occupied the " great house," and cultivated the See also:

LAND

land close round it by slaves, while he let the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest to See also:

HALF

half-See also:

FREE

free coloni.

But other systems may have prevailed as well. Among the most important country-houses are those of Signor in west See also:

Sussex, and Woodchester and Chedworth in See also:

GLOUCESTERSHIRE

Gloucestershire. The See also:

WEALTH

wealth of the country was principally agrarian. See also:

Wheat and See also:

WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool were exported in the See also:

ATH, or AATII

ath See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, when, as we have said, Britain was especially prosperous. But the details of the See also:

trade are unrecorded.

End of Article: NORTH

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