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Jews). It is perhaps the most regularly built town in Germany, consisting of twelve parallel streets intersected at right angles by others, which cut it up into 136 square sections of equal See also:

SIZE

size. These blocks are distinguished, after the See also:

AMERICAN

American See also:

FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion, by letters and numerals. Except on the See also:

south See also:

side all the streets debouch on the See also:

PROMENADE

promenade, which forms a circle See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the 'town on the site of the old ramparts. Outside this See also:

RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring are the suburbs Schwetzinger-Vorstadt to the south and Neckar-Vorstadt to the See also:

north, others being Lindenhof, Muhlau, Neckarau and Kaferthal. Mannheim is connected by a handsome See also:

BRIDGE

bridge with See also:

LUDWIGSHAFEN

Ludwigshafen, a rapidly growing commercial and manufacturing town on the See also:

LEFT

left bank of the Rhine, in Bavarian territory. The Neckar is spanned by two See also:

bridges. Nearly the whole of the south-See also:

west side of the town is occupied by the See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace (1720-1759), formerly the See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the elector See also:

PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

palatine of the Rhine.

It is one of the largest buildings of the trees are placed about 7 ft. apart, and after they are eight years old, and the See also:

TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk at least 3 in. in See also:

DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, the collection of See also:

MANNA

manna is begun. This operation is performed in See also:

JULY

July or See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August during the dry See also:

WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, by making transverse incisions 11 to 2 in. See also:

long, and about r in. apart, through the bark, one cut being made each See also:

day, the first at the bottom of the See also:

tree, another directly above the first, and so on. In succeeding years the See also:

PROCESS

process is repeated on the untouched sides of the trunk, until the tree has been cut all round and exhausted. It is then cut down, and a See also:

young plant arising from the same See also:

root takes its See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place. The finest or flaky manna appears to have been allowed to harden on the See also:

STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem. A very See also:

SUPERIOR

superior See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, obtained by allowing the juice to encrust pieces of See also:

wood or straws inserted in the cuts, is called manna a cannolo. The fragments adhering to the stem, after the finest flakes have been removed are scraped off, and See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form the small or See also:

TOLFA

Tolfa manna of See also:

commerce. That which flows from the See also:

LOWER

lower incisions is often collected on tiles or on a See also:

CONCAVE

concave piece of the prickly See also:

PEAR (Pyrus communis)

pear (See also:

OPUNTIA

Opuntia), but is less crystalline and more glutinous, and is less esteemed. Manna of See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good quality dissolves at See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary temperatures in about 6 parts of See also:

WATER

water, forming a clear liquid. Its See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief constituent is mannite or manna See also:

SUGAR

sugar, a hexatomic See also:

ALCOHOL

alcohol, C6Hs(OH)6, which likewise occurs, in much smaller quantity, in certain See also:

SPECIES

species of the See also:

brown seaweed, Fucus, and in See also:

PLANTS

plants of several widely separated natural orders. Mannite is obtained by extracting manna with alcohol and crystallizing the See also:

SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution. The best manna contains 7o to 8o%.

It crystallizes in shining rhombic prisms from its aqueous solution and as delicate needles from alcohol. Manna possesses mildly laxative properties, and on See also:

account of its sweet See also:

TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste is employed as a mild aperient for See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children. It is less used in See also:

England now than formerly, but is still largely consumed in South See also:

AMERICA

America. In See also:

Italy mannite is prepared for See also:

sale in the shape of small cones resembling See also:

LOAF

loaf sugar in shape, and is frequently prescribed in See also:

MEDICINE

medicine instead kind in Germany, covering an See also:

AREA

area of 15 acres, and having a frontage of about 600 yards. It has 1500 windows. The left wing was totally destroyed by the See also:

BOMBARDMENT

bombardment of 1795, but has since been restored. The palace contains a picture See also:

GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery and collections of natural See also:

HISTORY

history and antiquities, and in front of it are two monumental fountains and a See also:

MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to the See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

William I. The large and beautiful gardens at the back form the public See also:

park of the town. Among the other prominent buildings are the See also:

THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, the See also:

ARSENAL

arsenal, the See also:

synagogue, the " Kaufhaus," the town-See also:

hall (See also:

RAT (a word common to Teut. and Rom. languages; probably first adopted in Teut.; the ultimate origin is not known; Skeat suggests the root rad-, to scratch; cf. Ger. Ratte, Dan. rotte, Fr. rat, &c.)

Rat/taus, 1771) and the See also:

OBSERVATORY

observatory, A newer See also:

BUILDING

building is the See also:

FINE

fine municipal Festhalle with magnificent rooms. The only noteworthy churches are the Jesuit See also:

church (1737-176o), the interior of which is lavishly decorated with See also:

MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble and See also:

PAINTING

painting; the Koncordienkirche and the Schlosskirche. In front of the theatre are statues of See also:

SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1759-18o5)

Schiller, August Wilhelm Iflland the actor, and Wolfgang Heribert von See also:

DALBERG

Dalberg (1750-18o6), See also:

INTENDANT (from Lat. intendens, pres. part. of intendere, to apply the mind to, to watch over; cf. " superintendent ")

intendant of the theatre in the See also:

time of Schiller. Mannheim is the chief commercial town on the upper Rhine, and yields in importance to See also:

COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne alone among the lower Rhenish towns.

It stands at the See also:

head of the effective See also:

NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation on the Rhine, and is not only the largest See also:

PORT

port on the upper course of that stream, but is the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

EMPORIUM (a Latin adaptation of the Gr. Eµabpuov, from f)

emporium for south Germany for such commodities as cereals, See also:

COAL

coal, See also:

PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum, See also:

TIMBER

timber, sugar and See also:

TOBACCO

tobacco, with a large See also:

trade in hops, See also:

WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine and other south See also:

German produce. Owing to the rapid increase in the See also:

TRAFFIC

traffic, a new See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour at the mouth of the Neckar was opened in 1898. The See also:

INDUSTRIES

industries are equal in importance to the transit trade, and embrace See also:

metal-working, ironfounding and See also:

machine building, the manufacture of electric plant, celluloid, automobiles, See also:

FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture, cables and chemicals, sugar refining, See also:

CIGAR

cigar and tobacco making, and See also:

BREWING

brewing. Mannheim is the seat of the central See also:

BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board for the navigation of the Rhine, of a high See also:

court of See also:

JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, and of the grand ducal See also:

COMMISSIONER

commissioner for north Baden. History.—The name of Mannheim was connected with its See also:

PRESENT

present site in the 8th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, when a small See also:

VILLAGE

village belonging to the See also:

abbey of Lorsch See also:

lay in the marshy See also:

DISTRICT

district between the Neckar and the Rhine. To the south of this village, on the Rhine, was the See also:

castle of Eicholzheim, which acquired some celebrity as the place of confinement assigned to See also:

Pope See also:

John See also:

XXIII

XXIII. by the See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

Constance. The history of See also:

MODERN

modern Mannheim begins, however, with the opening of the 17th century, when the elector palatine See also:

Frederick IV. founded a town here, which was peopled chiefly with See also:

PROTESTANT

Protestant refugees from See also:

Holland. The strongly fortified castle which he erected at the same time had the unfortunate result of making the See also:

INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant town an See also:

OBJECT

object of contention in the See also:

THIRTY

Thirty Years' See also:

War, during which it was five times taken and retaken. In 1688 Mannheim, which had in the meantime recovered from its former disasters, was captured by the See also:

French, and in 1689 it was burned down. Ten years later it was rebuilt on an extended See also:

scale, and provided with fortifications by the elector John William. For its subsequent importance it was indebted to the elector See also:

Charles See also:

Philip, who, owing to ecclesiastical disputes, transferred his residence from Heidelberg to Mannheim in 1720. It remained the See also:

capital of the See also:

PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

Palatinate for nearly sixty years, being especially flourishing under the elector Charles See also:

Theodore.

In 1794 Mannheim See also:

fell into the hands of the French, and in the following See also:

YEAR

year it was retaken by the Austrians after a severe bombardment, which left scarcely a single building uninjured. In 1803 it was assigned to the grand See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Baden, who caused the fortifications to be razed. To-wards the end of the 18th century Mannheim attained See also:

GREAT

great celebrity in the See also:

LITERARY

literary See also:

WORLD

world as the place where Schiller's See also:

early plays were performed for the first time. It was at Mannheim that See also:

Kotzebue was assassinated in 1819. During the revolution in Baden in 1849 the town was for a time in the hands of the insurgents, and was afterwards occupied by the Prussians. See Feder, Geschichte der Stadt Mannheim (1875-1877, 2 vols., new ed. 1903); See also:

PICHLER, KAROLINE (1769-1843)

Pichler, Chronik See also:

des See also:

Hof-und See also:

NATIONAL

National Theaters in Mannheim (Mannheim, 1879); Landgraf, Mannheim und Ludwigshafen (See also:

Zurich, 1890); See also:

Die wirthschaftliche Bedeutung Mannheims, published by the Mannheim Chamber of Commerce (Mannheim, 1905) ; the Forschungen zur Geschichte Mannheims und der Pfolz,published by the Mannheimer Altertumsverein (See also:

LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1898); and the See also:

ANNUAL

annual Chronik der Hauptstadt Mannheim (1901 seq.).

End of Article: MANNHEIM

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