INDUSTRIES . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Forestry is controlled by the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

See also:

• COAL

The tonnage now exceeds the latter figure, but See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

Among the second are coal (chiefly from Great Britain), hides and skins, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

Members of parliament must possess the franchise in their See also:

• CONSTITUENCY (from " constituent," that which forms a necessary part of a thing; Lat. constituere, to create)

These amounted, between 1900 and 1906 (the See also:

• FINANCIAL

In war, men are liable to service from the 18th to the 50th year of age. Only the line can be sent out of the country. The men only meet for military training from 18 to 102 days in each year. The peace See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

There are three See also:

• SUPERIOR

All See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

(O. J. R. H.) See also:

• HISTORY

1700 B.C. (see SCANDINAVIAN See also:

• CIVILIZATION

It is probable that the Horder, who gave their name to Hordaland and Hardanger, were a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

He was certainly See also:

• COMMANDER

There can be no doubt that, in Haalogaland for instance, the aristocracy gained its wealth not only from the See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

In each district Harald offered the herser the opportunity of becoming his vassals, answerable to him for the government of the district. The increased dues and the grants of land made by Harald rendered the position of one of his earls more lucrative than that of king under the older system; and it shows to what a See also:

• PARAMOUNT (Anglo-Fr. paramont, up above, par el mont, up or on top of the mountain)

The Gulathing district consisted of Sondmore, Firdafylke, Sogn, Valdres, Hallingdal, Hordaland and Agde, and met at See also:

• GULA

But finally the earl's disregard of the feelings of the most power-ful " bonder," or landed proprietors, worked them up to revolt, and, in 995, there landed in Norway Olaf, great-See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

He defeated Svein at Nesje in 1016, which left him free to work towards a united and Christian Norway. For some years he was successful, but he strained the See also:

• LOYALTY

(barefoot) and by Haakon, son of Magnus the Good. The latter died in 1095. Besides engaging in an unsuccessful war against the Swedish king Inge, in which he was defeated at Foxerne in 'tor, Magnus undertook three warlike expeditions to the Scottish isles. It was on the last of these expeditions, in 1103, that he met his death. He was succeeded by his three sons, Eystein, Sigurd and Olaf. Olaf died young. Sigurd under-took a See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

At last Inge's party attacked and killed first Sigurd (1155) and then Eystein (1157). Inge fell in a fight against Sigurd's son Haakon Herdebred in 1161, but a powerful See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Sverre died in 1202, his last years harassed by the rise of the Baglers, or " See also:

• CROZIER
• CROZIER, WILLIAM (1855– )

The old landed aristocracy had lost its power so completely that even after Magnus's death in 128o it was unable to reinstate itself during the minority of his son Erik. Erik was succeeded in 1299 by his brother Haakon V., who in 1308 See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

The difficulty was met by filling the throne by election —an innovation in Norway, though it was the custom union of in Sweden and Denmark. The choice fell on King No Haakon's widow Margrete, but a couple of years wegian, later, chiefly in order to gain See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

. Svein, son of Knut the Great 1030—1035 Magnus (I.) den Gode . 1035-1047 Harald (See also:

• ILL

Gudmundsson in Pauls Grundriss der germanischen Philologic (vol. iii., See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

J6nsson (See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

C. Unger, Christiania, and Norges Gamle Love indtil 1397, ed. R. Keyser and P. A. Munch (5 vols., Christiania, 1846-1895). (B. S. P.) 1397-1814.-The history of Norway from 1397 down to the union with Sweden in 1814 falls naturally into four divisions. First, in 1450, the triple See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

But for the See also:

• CONVULSIONS

Soon Norway was dragged by Denmark into the so-called Seven Years' War of the North (1563-70). However, the power of the Hanse League in Bergen was broken. The rule of the Oldenburg dynasty proved neglectful rather than tyrannical, and under it the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Norwegian law was revised and codified under Christian V. (1670-1699), who was well served by the Norwegians in his attempt to regain the lost provinces. Under the sons of these monarchs, Frederick IV. and Carl XII., Norway was once more compelled to pay for Danish aggression. Her shipping was destroyed, and in 1716, when driven from See also:

• CONTINENTAL

In 1800 the Danish government See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

After the power of Napoleon had been broken at 1 In 18ro he was elected heir to the Swedish throne, in succession to the childless king Carl XIII., who died in 181& the battle of See also:

• LEIPZIG

The constitution framed at Eidsvold was retained, and formed the Grundlov, or fundamental law of the kingdom. The union thus concluded between the two countries was really an offensive and defensive See also:

• ALLIANCE

The settlement with Denmark with regard to Norway's share of the national debt common to both, assumed threatening proportions. In the interest of Denmark, the allied powers asked for a speedy settlement, and in order to escape their collective intervention, Bernadotte, who had now succeeded to the throne of Sweden and Norway, on the death (See also:

• FEBRUARY

He had become unpopular through his financial policy, and was also at issue with the king on vital matters. In 1821 he had been impeached before the Rigsret, the supreme court of the See also:

• REALM

For several years the Norwegians had been celebrating the 17th of May as their day of independence, it being the anniversary The king's of the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

This See also:

• EPISODE

The peasant party still continued to exist, but restricted itself principally to the assertion of local interests and the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

In reply to the Storthing's address the king in 1838 conceded the right to all merchant ships to carry the national flag in all waters. This was hailed with great rejoicings all over the country; but the question of the national flag for general use had yet to be settled With regard to the question raised in the address of the Storthing about the conduct of diplomatic affairs, and other matters concerning the equality of Norway in the union, the king in 1839 appointed a committee of four Norwegians and four Swedes, who were to consider and report upon the questions thus raised. During the sitting of this first " Union Committee " its powers were extended to consider a comprehensive revision of the Act Death of of Union, with the limitation that the fundamental King Carl conditions of the union must in no way be interfered Johan; with. But before the committee had finished their succeeded report the king died (March 8th 1844), and was sucbyOscarl. ceeded by his son Oscar I. According to the constitution the Norwegian kings must be crowned in Throndhjem See also:

• CATHEDRAL

During the See also:

• SCHLESWIG (Dan. Slesvig)

But the See also:

• PARAGRAPH

In 1869 the Storthing passed a resolution by which its sessions were made annual instead of triennial according to the constitution of 1814. The first important question which the first yearly Storthing which met in 1871 had to consider was once more the proposed revision of the Act of Union. The Norwegians had persistently maintained that in any discussion on this question the basis for the negotiations should be (1) the full equality of the two kingdoms, and (2) no See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

The king requested the See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

This was the political situation when King Carl died (18th September 1872). He was succeeded by his brother, who ascended Death of the throne as Oscar II. In the following year he Carl gave his sanction to the bill for the abolition of the Xv.; ac- office of viceroy, which the Storthing had again cession of Oscar H. Passed, and the president of the ministry was after- wards recognized as the See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

In June 1882 the king arrived in Christiania to dissolve the Storthing, and on this occasion delivered a speech from the throne, in which he openly censured the representatives of the people for their attitude in legislative work and on the question of the absolute veto, the speech creating considerable surprise throughout the country. Johan Sverdrup and Bjornstjerne See also:

• BJORNSON, BJORNSTJERNE (1832-1910)

Question of that the See also:

• JUDGMENT

During the following years a series of important reforms was carried through. Thus in 1887 the jury system in criminal matters was introduced into the country after violent opposition from the conservatives. A bill intended to give parishioners greater influence in church matters, and introduced by See also:

• JAKOB, LUDWIG HEINRICH VON (1759—1827)

Upon this the liberal ministry resigned (May 1893), and the king appointed a conservative government, with Emil Stang as its chief. Thus matters went on till the end of 1894, when the triennial elections took place, with the result that the majority of the electors declared in favour of national independence on the great question then before the country, The ministry did not at once resign, but waited till the king arrived in Christiania to open the Storthing (January 1895). The king kept the country for over four months without a responsible government, during which time the crisis had become more acute than ever. A See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

The terms of the communique were submitted to a combined Norwegian and Swedish council of state on the 21st of December 1903, when they were unanimously agreed to and were signed by the king, who commissioned the Norwegian and the Swedish governments to proceed with the drafting of the laws and regulations for the separate consular services. In due course the Norwegian government submitted to the Swedish government their draft of the proposed laws and regulations, but no reply was forthcoming for several months. About this time the Swedish foreign minister, Mr Lagerheim, who had zealously worked for a friendly See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

In April 1905 Bostrom resigned, which was considered to be a move on the part of Sweden to facilitate negotiations with Norway. The bill for the establishment of Norwegian consuls was passed by the Storthing without a dissentient See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

The report was unanimously adopted by the Swedish Riksdag on the 27th of July, and on the following day the Norwegian Storthing decided that a general See also:

• PLEBISCITE (Lat. plebiscitum, a decree of the plebs)

In 1907 parliamentary suffrage was granted to women with the same limitation as in the municipal suffrage granted to them in 19o1, viz. to all unmarried women over 25 years, who pay taxes on an income of 300 kroner (about £16) in the country districts and on 400 kroner (about £22) in the towns, as well as to all married women, whose husbands pay taxes on similar incomes. Norway was thus the first sovereign country in Europe where the parliamentary vote was granted to women. (H. L.